Course code: MME2132

Course Name: Manufacturing Engineering Lab

II
Experiment no: 3
Name of the Experiment: Determination of
friction losses in straight pipes, bends, elbows
by applying Darcy-Weisbach equation
Section: 2

Instructors name:
Date of Experiment: 11/4/2017
Date of Submission: 18/4/2017
No Name Matric No.
.
1 Mohamad Fikri Bin Mahmod 1422107
2 Mohamad Firdaus Bin Mohd Razis 1420235
3 Mohd Fawwazuddin Bin Abu Seman 1423263
4 Amir Fauzi Bin Sujari 1418845
5 Naurah Binti Zainal Abidin 1426942
6 Nur Sofwati Binti Daud @ Ab Aziz 1426764
 1. Introduction

Laminar flow
In laminar flow, the individual fluid particles flow through a parallel path in a
manner that they retain same relative position in successive cross section. In
other words, Laminar flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between the layers. At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without
lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another. There is no cross
currents perpendicular to the direction of flow.

Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow occurs when the individual particles have secondary irregular
motions superimposed on the principle on the principal or averaged direction of
motion and as a result a thorough mixing of fluid takes place.

Minor loss is caused when there is additional component os added to the

straight pipe such as tees, elbows and bend. This minor loss will contribute to
head loss due to the friction across bends and elbows.

Bernoullis equation relates pressure, velocity and elevation between

any two points in the flow. But since the equations have some restriction, a
new term must be introduce.

P1/g + V1/2g + z1= P2/g + V2/2g + z2+ hL

Head loss is added because in real life situation there are losses.
The head loss will increasewhen the fluid flow through fittings (elbows or
bends) due to the friction effect that caused bythe viscosity. This situation can
be proved by calculation of the drop in the flow rate. Minor losses expressed in
terms of

loss coefficient, K

and defined as: K = h / (V/ (2g). The valuesof K are related to the pipe
friction factors by a constant which is dependent on the ratio of the
bend radius to the pipe diameter R/D.