‘A DATA-BASED METHOD FOR ASSESSING AND REDUCING MLMAR ERROR 10 IMPROVE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE 3.6 wiittane Central Electricity Generating Based Sizevelt "3" Project Nenagenet. Te ‘Greahire inte ee For about the Last decade plaat performace aod safety ansensore have bad a pressing need for ‘an opplicabie tunaa relfabiitey Gatacbane. Although ‘ay etsessors would ike to have fully quantteied ‘sta, ont would settle for enp credLole iatormation, ven 1 te vere only at a qualitative levels Fortunately the hunen factors Licerstute nov extende ack 1a. tiae sone forey years or see, Date collected uring the countless studies reported exhibit massive Sbroluce variability bap ve varlability. Llity that Lt is possible (co a tieat Spproxination) to describe major pecformince modifying effects 1n very single, coasletent aathematicel tetas So that reliable predictions can se aade about the probable extent of an error probability change, given Ene the situetton cea be aolelled with some ciaticy” designed to aasiat engineers not only to assees the lelisood and tapect of hunanvotellabitity bot to syscene designe Ie explores the Ldentity aod sigsttade of crroreprosicing faccore and prevents S bottery of defensive weasvres which can be appited o'conbat thele etfectar ine aethod har been applied fn a vartety of fad rlvustione and sauessed by several eoterprises an an ald te cost-effective ga end sperational decision mating. he current ndteacione ere thet che nethod products faiely consistent predictions which avsesears have. found helpful tn both aa sbeolute and relative senees of elecceicity by suclesr power plaste has been featured as ‘costing’ betuven 0038 ané 1.06% tn ter SF plant unavatlabLitey. Sebjectives extinates on iis Fonat"fired steam generattog plant i] suggest ‘hat operations error sesoctated with control centres sould’ eaves plane outage of as auch as 3-85 Unavallability. Taking the plant outage tiues reported by Dizon and Siaone!(2] and. ehe Hlectete Fover Heseaccn Institute (3} {t aay be concluded. that 45:3 slsinun, outage caueed by operator ction nivel lability ef about Ovi: Eetinazor 49 the US [6] euggest that» sattonvide 0-12 generating plant svailebility {provenene ould have a valve Of about #39" per ‘annus (at 1979 prices). ha up to 20% of place Speracton errors eppeac to have s human £6ctare ortgin [5], and as about half of these appear to be relatively easily huasncenginceres. out, 4 eubatanctal etuen on tavestaeat of effore in ecsor sevesguect 4nd reduction seeas plauslbie, Calculations by Batson [e) suggest that it may be woceh spending about 0,0c2 oe a plane's capital cast to achieve a 0-031 eprovenest in opersttonal porfornances The arithaetic todtcater, cheretore, that apenétog up to 0-032 of capital costs on buan Stserument ond foduction tf likely to bee caste Stfeceive peactiee. As tunaarengiacering to: cheap by comparteon, any technique that will achieve error sseroment and teduction et low-cost looks to be an Te was vith these thoughts {0 aad that the author set about designing, tuck technique Stace {e vas feet published (7} tn outiine ‘opm tn 1905 and Jorcribes fn slightly wore Setatl [Bl HEART (che tan Error Assesasent ond Reduction Technique) har been used by severe! organisations Stteccive destgn and operational perforeance decision Atthough deliberately designed co be otapie and celattvely eestly understood, crittelam telatiog {to these two. iasues and the. justification for the Gederiying rations ie have bean nade: Tels paper Te gives e status report on the use of WEAKT to dave, te perceived tlie, and it attempts to clarify Gone of the sethodologienl bases, responding. te p88, fovsone of the ceiticioas that have’ boon made or practical and commercial reasons he descetpeton that follows te based epon the HEART papers published 2/3 years ago and tefers principally Eo"supporeing evidence er sesertlon applicable at Shae Chae a Since then further evidence has accunslated nich supports the taste concepts and: sheds further Lighe on the subject. Tale mote recently-gathered tnfornation will be published in the neat facure- Application of the cechalgue has steo occurred, vhlch wntlst supporting sone of ‘che basic ideas, Severtheless potas eo stea tn which modelling and data Lnprovenents would te dertrsble: ‘he HEART wathod out tined This ethod 8 dosed on a aunber of prentt The first is the sssvaption that baste’ hussa Feliabilley dependent upon the generic nature of fhe took 2 be performed. "the ascend ie that gives ‘peetect’ condteione this level of rellability will End to be achteved consistently with a given oonlaal Ukelthood wiehin protentitecic Unies. ‘x ented preatse ta thet, given that these perfect eondittons aot exist in all clscumrtances,” the human a5 a: function of the exvont co Unich Ldonelf ied brror~ Peoductng Conditions (Ef6) aight a9p13- 436{5 AMMO RNY ESE ret waen eesti SOUTULTG tetatsy EPs mie ge hves A major HEART sssvaption ts that EFC# have ‘of the hogan taseors Literature certataly todte, (seta fa Taek fea though a fevele of reliability ave narkedly tfterencs whlch 248 fe cucrenty downy be ae is Tole fo davernioing taan reitabiltey, an effort ha teen aude in the HEART acthod to identfy these GPCs Ghd-ateach a Likely strength, in antietpation of the Hegratace's caning op ith the weed to quaceity cause one of the uajor tncerests of any avalyate apd engineers fo ot merely sbaciste fquaatitication of hasan Tellsb{iity, or eves oo fndlcatton of che likely perforsance. shaping £ectors, The following 49 an edited extract of the ‘he Human Exvor Assessment and Reduction Tecnatque 1p order to achieve high hunan veltebiitey Hleuations, wae sore of ceror there might lead co {5 tgportane fo eke engtneer to" have sone ndleat fon of the Likely magnitude of potential error so thot Cogether wich s knovledge of crrorelikely nigoations nest recently St hes been difficult to obtain eiener Cora of informacton- hilse thie paper caanoe for tdeatttying potential wajor sources, types and probebilicies of error, identitying the impacts of Sone perfornance-shaping factors and te, suggests. @ ‘The method for conducting this analytics) process Is based on a cechiiquey developed by the Sutnor ovee a period of 16 years. The technique te based purely on the author's expertence in honan Sahsuseives nor Lett fully vallasceds Ap an tntctal sore helpful thas so guldance at ali: Hdenttfleation of Sources of lunan Unreliabllity Engineers are generally concerned with gross changes {nthe probeblitey of falluce vithin spate Suge factors of 10, the proverbial "order of fagattude's The portion of HEART viteh t= Likely to be of most interest to engineers Ls concerned with ‘hose factors, therefore, whiten aro likely to prodece peobabliey of failure mogitication ia excess of = factor of 3, and whch could poseibty threaten systen Setery, operability oe reltabiliey.— In addition to Udonctiying the attengehe of thous factors a great aay others wlll be wenttoned, which vbilet Eefling fo the aeseasor, precisely for thle Tater reasons (utte a sunber of these Lazter perfornsnce-thaping factors are Frequently nonetoned in the Licereture {nthe context of etge chaages, but ae will te seen ftom the sesvasor's posnt-of view ehete attects are relatively snail and’ aay be tgnored for gost practical ety, tellabiltey aod operational purposes idetttying the 1ikety saurcen, classes and strengths of hunao e¥ror vould Look soscthing Iike ets Iepatred Substitucton Very great, Response Tie Ontesion ‘creat, tf syst Shorea Substicaeton i unforgiving Stgatftcance ontsaton Measurabie “olgenent Stbsrteueton Required of | futtlpte Operator Mee’ level of Onteston ‘comparatively Ducte: Uleheaten or felative Strengths of Error-productag Condietons Im general the Last to sources of hiaan unreliability do oot water greatly {om a safecy, Ueeause che mximin change {2 unreliabiiity watch might occur sll racely exceed a Factor of 2 (although mn operations engineer wey, on occasion, be nore Seasleive to each performace’ chaages) serecniag process. The aageesor should decide whether the possible sources of unreliability ace of the first thee types sad he can do thls by ating wnecher any of the following ertot-prodctog conditions. exlst, SSsebo1og how auch of any piven conaition magne affect ctfecl shown Solow for each taceor how wie Sinreliabilicy atghe change gotne fron good condsstons to bad (excleding exteenes sch at 1iee or Seale theescentng conditions) arBreormproducing Condition potentiatly Important Sue witch only” occurs 1 novel (9, 10) 11, 12] Geteceton aad correction (13, 14) 15, 16, 17, 18, A tov stgoat-notse ratte (20, 21) A seane of torreon estly accessible Ho sane of conveying Informacion co. operators tna fora which they can feadtly asotet ete [22, By 26, 25, 26, 27, 28, 435 40, 3} (eld ane chee. Caogined by a designer (32), No obvious means of Maxton predicted Soatnal enouae. by Untch untelabehicy Bebe shang dee condielons to thad! xv xn fone caused by simultaneous Fedundant inforeation (33, 34, 335 36, 37, 38, 39, 4 May A need to unlesra fechalge and p07 one ‘, Uppitertion of an opposing philosophy (43) The need to transfor spechtie knowledge fron pertoreance stsndards Poor, aabiguous oe 11~ sicched syaten feedback [sy 45, 46, 47) 14. Mo clear dtrece and etely x 4 Soaftraacion of an tntended (Of the syston over whieh (8, 49, 50, 51, 15. Operator snexpertence a (eoge a aewiyrqual ted Eradesnany Bue not 0 Seapect') (11, 12, 33, 62, 553, 34, 35) \6. Ap Inpovertaned guattey a3 by procedures and pecton/person intersceion (56, 575 38,395 0, 6, 62) 17, theete oF ao tadependeat x 3 etput preseated simply because they are Feaguently nenttoned {nthe munan factors literature ae telag of sore bout performance uifterencos of as little as 3%, SUI these factors are Laportant, but to engineers than’ S0Dt, they ste not very aigollicent, The Factors ate Ldentifted 4o thae engineers, can decide wnecher Senor eo take account oF enw 1a contatet between xn omediate end Tong-tere objectives 19, tp dtveretey of Aaformation x 205 fnpae for veracity checks 20. Aatematch between the x2 aucationat achtevenent evel of an tnatviguel sna the requitenents of 21. Am Sncentive £9 use other x 2 22. Leetle opportuatey to xe axercise eid and body confines OF gob 2. UareLiable instrumeatation x 1.6 (Goough that ie ts noticed) 2. A aced for absolute x16 25. uncleae allocation of x16 fnetton and responstbitiey 26, to opvtous vay to keep x1 Reach ef peoarese during an activity 43827. dangor shat fintte xs physical capabilites SUL be exceedee (6, ba 68s 66) 29. Migh-tevel emotLonat nis specially fever [67, 68) 31. tow workforce norate xa 3A poor oF hoattte x Sevteonneat” (below 75% Theeatening severiey) (69, 20, 71, 12, 73, 74, 73-76, aj 3k. Prolonged Lascetvtey of x Ll tor tee Mehy repettehous eeltng sale Soaks 113) 35,87, 385 29, BO, 81, 82, 83, 8h, 83, 88) 35. Diseupeton of normal work x Tal flsep cycles (37, 38, 83, 30, 93), do. Tash pactag caused by 1.06 the thueevencon of others 1592, 93, 38 37. Addsetonal, coum geabers x 1.03 per aad Gielataceorty Bb. Age of personel peeforming x 1.02 edocs of Magottude of Fatture sources of han onreliab(lley,,leparted syste nowisige, response tine pressure oe poor er ambiguous dovermine the extent of any shortfalls ie can do thts by stag the second pare of Veely sontaal eange of aman unreliability might bbe io relation £0 the yen of task he £5 considering: Thus"can be achieves by eonsuicing the Eotloviag List to ace iC any of the task descriptions aatch thowe Generis 1 Progosed Nominal onan Tavetiabiliey (oun = 95en rereesesTe B5deds) (8) TorsLiy sntantitar, perforaed 0.55 Seapead wish no real idea (0.35. 0.97) St Mkely" consequences [93] (8) suite or rs 3 Single steenpe vtthout fapereision oF procedutes i96, 37) (os 2 0.42) (©) compton task seyutsing high ons Sevet ot coppransaston and (O12 = 0.28) Seu (51°35, 98, 99) (0) Falely staple task performed 0.09 tapidly of given scent (0.067 0.13) sttencion (100) (6) aosttne, mgnay-practised, 0.02 apld cask favolting eeladtvely (0.007'= 0-045) low level of aeell [18, 05, 101, "102, 10s, 104, 105, 166), (Fy kestore oF shite a ayster to 0.003 trigtsal of nev state folloeiag (0.0008 = 0.007) itary 108)" © esfened, saniy préceises, highest posaibie standards yinighiyemotivated, Nighiy~ the donet ie of significant ob lds (12, 67, 109, 110) jttae, selt> 0.0004 0.0008 0.00) (0-000006 = 0.0008) (i Respoad correctly to systen ‘ommend oven when there Sipetelsory system providing Ut gone of those task descriptions €4C the engineer {5 considering be way take the folloving opmeed ante G-B5en Percentile Generic Task ‘ounds) (00 MaceLtaneous task for vatch 0.03 fo desceipeton can be found (0-008 OstL) Goatasi Sen to 95eh pereenctie suggeating tog normality (3, 105, 106, 110) Now be aay proceed t0 aaploy the second pact 39Ay using the proposed aominal tan lunceLiabilsty fran on6 of the task descripeione above the engineer can now seaess aot only the baste modified dikelinosd of task fallute, but he can fxanioe what sight happen to this Sone or sll of te eresrepreducing coudietons are present to any extent. (Ar the asceasment pote of Etat will cond tovarde pesstaistic predictions, tt Is toportant that the Lowest plausible generic Case Roe aubeequent investiget tone "Also it t= iaporeane thatthe tompeation to "double-count error-produclog Conddttone by overlaying thea on generte ante watch ‘Heady tnekude such seror~productng. conditions be ‘voided. "Both ehese endencies can be wiaiaieed via treintag.) 1p caleulate the effect of the error-productag conditions all the assessor seed do is eatinate velag Sis'ow Judgenent, that of a group or, preferably, hac af a human factors engineer, vhat proportion Gf any. given enrorsproductng, condition miphe exist Sondtetons A antety coltabélity or operations engineer wishes co antest the foninal Likelihood of 20 Gpecacive's tailing eo seolsce 2 plane bypass route satrly:tnxpertenced operstor's applying an oppoeiee techatque co that which he noraally Sees to cart Out teaistions and Invonees's plece of plane, the {oherent anjor hazards of which he te only dimly sures Wr shail aston eat he san could be {8 the Seventh hour of the shift, that there is Calk of the Plant's famiseae closure, thas hla work aay be checked Sod thac the local sanagenent of the company te desperately eying to keep che plant operational despite the real need for notatenance because of tte fest that partial shutdorn could’ quickly dead to total petmanent shutdown. ang a staplttted HEART che eatery rellability sod operational angiaser’s evscesaest Could look something Iike ents! ype of Tose Brror-producing Condsetone Engineer's Frapareton (ieee D Fe) e} 04 Guy roe Fe Le Opporite Technique x6 1:0 Gly x LOT1 6.0 Risk Wlsperception 2&0: (iy ow ede ae Confer of 325 018 @uL) e081 A 22 Objectives Law voraie LD O66 (21) O66 #1 aL (As total probability of fatlure oan onver the value above 1.00, the probability of fatlure has £5°ne aseuned to 90 1.00 anf no note). ‘The relative contrfbution mde by each of the ecror-producing conditions to the anount of nrellapiticy aodifteation ts as follow Miapercopcion of Rise 26 fo'unreltabitiey Conflict of Objectives 15 moditteation Inexpertence 2 and the conelustons that say be drawn from chts Sssesonent (LF coreect) should be ately ebvious- 41€ te sonowhat unreasonable to impose a doctrine of high avatlabittey on an Inexpeclenced worker sod Sls ‘hon trying to potfore theie doctes. Should we wish to reduce the predicted uorertapitey slenout changlag any" of the eeror~ producing conditions ve would-have to introduce an Sccurace tncerpeetations of the plant states The MEARE gecod predicts Uhat the ‘atroductton of uch 2'dgaign nodtFlestion (without nosiftestion of the Sesecsed error~producing conditions) should reduce uanmoaitted P-type of genoric task was predicted to be benefits associated vith (say) modifying thts operators tothe hacards avaoctated with this, portion fof plane ete. vereut inteoducing an antosated or Sughened' upeevisoy ayatens” 1 would seen St Least bo parttelly successtol aod allow us to Sentech higher haan seltahtsy then ght If we wished we could explore the Te Wit have become apparent that appiteacton ‘ftects of the ertor-produciag conditions, or else to Hirst four types of generic task scenario ay not be secepeabie when Man reliability fe requived ducing asks vould perhaps be worth explortes- eeror-producing conditions and taske are desctlbed below 40Sonie wen any conea ty 9008) wa oes OF tntzequene ty-occoreing yetpocet rene sage right plehsdicess "tay a0 tor ay oe wo es) 5 fe os be2ayog/ Incomplete oo ay Seuralde moet be ease3) Checking os Opjecetves conftter es) 19 to biverstey (25) 21, Dangerous Theeartves 2 Procederee should be haan Shptneered and vested for speeebey’~ 12 shut be 5 ehae very fot rely on accurate verbal Daraaount, tadependent. checks fn accuracy should be aa 1) poopie and ayetens that {neerest {5 the success of failure of an tagividual = any Toadequactes found at Objectives should be casted by sanageneat for mutual Potential conflices ere Raraonious of aade pros nent so that + comprehensive Shonganar, conto, progcaane such conflsces ae they ati n'a rational fashion operators will rely eotally Gia singis inforateion source find soquieies should be unde” fo ascertain hat addicional Ste eanancede H ‘The job profile shout ety" any poceatish feeplicies there ehould be mo aabigutty- ef sntutctvely obvious that people work for rewards of various agtures = if the Accurately, or the cewerd Perforning it we sould not Sevacrpeteed 1f thas ta, 15 rovard sjsten must be cvaluazed carefully, horetore, to ensure thee being appropriate siaply eB) 23, UnceLtable ise) 18) foubey neck advice from Hanagenene Setenttsts and/or Poyehologists. Fraquent rose breaks should ‘we desigocd tnto the Job, hd the system sade tolerant fo personnel taring brenke should be given fa techetques foe matatetning high levels Sd recopattion of Fatigue yecome = encouragement, of physical exercise and Felaxteton and eevese control Ertlning anould be’ plven ond ‘Frequent exerctses to watntain ant'ennance levels of Competence and avereness of Esehefeal progress insovstion ives. WELT oeare to trust Lee of {geortng valid thforaation Sed preferring t0 bell despite overviclatag evidcace tothe coneeaty = At Ingtroseneat ion te. thovght ce, al nore teliable Snseranoatatton substteated io doves shovld exist sbout Operators most not be placed {nthe position 9€ having o nate judgeneate bout the ‘easing af ata whlch are Sototde their saan of “pprehention or experience 27a" task analysts Will reves Likely to arise, and he clteuetances and taking fait responstbiiiey for Storaing” and problea-solving deotlty sone of the wont Staff and sonageneat. can find thentelver Siete itkely ‘putual respect, and anctetpace Eitore contitee and/or tenes 4225. Unclear ALlocatton 2. of Fonction Gils), fx 1-4) Pysteal Gapabiiteces criss) ey wei) Ae with the area above, doubt Feaponsibilitice - whilst they can, and should, be Stated’ ob paper, Joine Prapacatton of & tunctlonsl 20. tacheatth pectficatton will remove G12 doubes. sod anvletten, and ead to the developacnt of healthy atettader tovarde the ayaten design concepts ntsattonalDevelopaent foe Behaviors) Tieatiog the preparation of 4 satlefactocy Vartous Job ade must be that operators do not get fut of step with the cask from checkliste through atatce fo electronte monizoring of Letuch stds are fateossced Me Los Norate Chey muse be piloted to ensure eid that they are: compatible with sasee acede and enae there 1s. on Incentive to ure chen “"eegonaatste can adv!a0 on these job design aspects. 1 should be setf-evident that tasks aust soe exveed the operators’ capabilites cxcecded Wenning san be bulls tnto rob" by prepay sb Stgntfleance of theie Sbjectivess acoso esetoty ine ete docten by sees for sn features such no at Pociosie evtees of wecking ytptoc’ of sllenetion are Serccicescing thoncines 32. Inconstatency of Managenent and medical stat tea the onset af eaotionsl Problens which can anotfert theaselver via syaptoms, such persistent lateness, obsessive behaviour, lack of com cperation and excepttonal ‘ould be consldered, and bporencistiy steeesfel, identified so that ave conditions can be modified teste occurrence of ext [genaralived steer nett 16 ts potnted out, te health cam have such perforaasce - often the GHlects of, way, 2 cold oF "te do fot annexe thoagelvee until well Lato Santte = by nov Te should fied minagees ho are id Should nee attempt to Aadertake york cequiring hgh rellabilteyy aad out of Fespect for others, for syst Intepeley oof peace of mina they should stay avay, wet Apart from the gore sbvious bigh oocate by vay of Financial tevaré, fof example, ‘mitual respect, often hold Palostaking process, which {involves a Lisele ick and rest sencttieiey ~ employees Uelleve fn ehefr employer te accompitoned ey 2 tactery of activitdesy such 96, Jotnt Sind objectives, saxteal egation of authority, sevatd for clfort and venutte, provision of subsidised fringe Senettes, fleaene of rorolve sear openena = te te mo by appeate co worktorces to stick by eanagenent ~ the eapect accessary to pake orale rlae is carhed not fo encounter such probleas- ven ££ che conventone opted for atepisy Layout ani” procedure desiga ae sot umarcengineered for ate ot sey thoy aust be Conatatese wtnin thenselves Ifa etsplay ts showing Sev inceeasing value even hough in'an analogue senee the pottion shoen ie decreasing, thie convention fist be adhered co throughout Seven ehough such 4 pelnetple Is. Nweong” (Cor preference Sich an apprasch woud not be encouraged, of course) a20. Poor Envtonsent oes) 2 Law Loading eta) we ', nour (x 1.05) Shoteateer 35. Sleep cycle ity 2b. Task Pactog ‘oe 08) ively fo tapatr pertors “by and Taege this shovld ot occur nowedaye wich the £9 Sininise soy delerertoue cffecea ork Paystologiste, Ergonouists and/or Arehieccts Should be conruited for (03) 38. Age Prolongod inactivity or Mighty (x 1-02) Fepettttous cycling of Lor be svotdee ~ generally when Signal frequency falls below vo per alaute oe iovolves iteele‘of to vartabitiey, vigilance perforsence #tit degrade = fo combat such Seeistetal stgnais has been {ound to be helptat, aad Job fnrtehent (with ome Introduction of ditterent, tore varied tasks) nas. boca Found"eo aisiaise boredoay Votantiiar Taske ‘ensure that such conditions fo not arise tn che fret place tre, observation tacks fonandiag heh Ronan. eeltabiiiey should sever and tance involving very low Signal frequency should not ble Bich ease should” be sutosated: ty extreme sleep 4 fegeadacion’= cur aajor fils can te achieves by eeping operazoce oo 6 changes to elther the pattern fr the tige of day aver which Sieh changer sceat °"ehe Frequency With witch Schteved ~ advice should te Phystologtst Atchough all work ultinately pacing, the unsltting oF deliberate tnerodsctton of Tedoctlon ia reliability = Enis can’be avoided by Restoration of Systea work at. their own proferred pace "the one whteh test Setchee their capablaiey- rere porsible, Matt Workplaces co those aece unt itien of pecnonae, Asaunding igh sculey and Securace:tatormstion Suppression ad control of error-productag casks Plan the trstning and work Vivelthood’ of new, wnfoatter tanks arising ie extremely Sito Elsetoute, fanibiezons, defaulee ates to ensure that Fesponsibitity doce sot rest Gn the operator to shift or possible, Job aida and” ely the hope fe that score wilt be. become Surttctencly peottetent. that he sore of cask tdeneitied ‘Ll ot prove to. be a complex tne, requiring & Beh level OF comprehension aad. skill xf uch a task exfots. te training aight be fodsed to Ihave fatled this potenciat problen then should’ te removed Ey training #9 x00 Yor high roliabtlicy his £5 banunt to in the sinde {ashton = thecefore wallet fppes staple, te, Ltegral GML be fovatere operators fo. the pittalls of ehtsking Contest, of piven scant rofateher inproveneets can cay spdfor Increasing amounts fur. to cate," one by the thor, and one by Belt (ah a a ec, Ene" siapeiy Sigher shan are sbnerved fo toy be Sodgee| otuble® with 70k of sesenanenes Ancepndenty my Bettah Wocene Fue ples nd ¢o ‘eae the enite avalned by she others br ool bleed sialacity (convergent veils) (GeoNtotgue fst winon devas tate Pesiictton) hlay fel the PatredcComaciton (UG) settee 6 fwcleat todustey by way of contrast, bas than far iste hdgegnts Shag olga wn ‘Resificcion ot tse at ome of the tenooe, somsey es Useracace, ond 4¢ presente a bghiy stapltsted foeanlagéai Snes to support such phenomena (114, 115, Mgr ity]. “also te doce not disease the fev 1ocal aed Gonatctons (eee) te to slighely enhance i zeae (Un practice, mileiplicative) nature of #°Cs, and ia muleipie Eece ie'a meh eete Likely ovtcomn 16, oor Ths, "t29, ‘fats? ‘Segone ive asthod which wilt identity the 80J0€ sdctlon Of eefeee nit fe aoe endotaed by ay Sh the operators and aaltestnces of process syotens 485by methods such au HEART, chould be tn postcton to work eovards identifying potate of welsersbilicy, sing thetr Likely tupact, reductog the potential for hunan error and theredy iaprore operational pertorasnce- Acknovledgeneats for preparing this paper, and tr BV George, Prefect dnd Fechaical Dlzector of the Stewvell "Et droject ‘G8 tor perataaion to publish it. The view expressed are thote of the suthor olone: 1 2 By 4 15) te m (8) 1 ‘Assessment of the use of Hunan Factors n'the design of foseil-fred stean EPR Repare cs 1560, Reseacch Project TIEBSHES THT. btxon end HX Stnoas, ‘The coated Electricity Generating’ Soued's nuclear power stations =a tevlew of the ft sf Hagnon fenctor plane cares Aeallabllity Muctear Plaats (Bolling Hesctore), Volune 2 Actlvlty Shoots, EPRI Report SPCLi36, Research Proect B9E-T, 1975: 4 Douglas, ‘the Value of 124, Elecerte Poser arearch Insticute Joufsal™ Vole Ty or Seppe Te Sa Ta "aa Anelyeis of Rose cxuses a 1985" snd 1984 Stgatticest Bent Reports, T8P0 toport 85-097, July 1985 Terovechntca, Vols 2, pp zi ~ 134, So ceed Jc ition, "MEARE - a proposed wethod for achieving high rellabliity {rn process operstion by means of fants {neoriag technology's 8 of Sfapsstun 98 ‘chteveneat_of Reliability ta Operatin Haut, safety and Reliability Societe ‘Teen sipteaber 1985. 4.6 WtLttane, ‘HEART - 4 proposed Method for Absessing and Reducing Hunan Ervor' Eegeading of che ach Avances pp. B3/R/L = BS/RI LD. 1 Klomor ond & Lockhead, Freoascetvity and Eetors tn two of Applied Peyehatogy, Vole 46 ‘er HOI-W0B, 1962. 19} my 12) 103) may 13) na 9] nay 129) my 4.5 tavktna, JM Reteing BX Hoodson, ‘a 'seudy of Feogrannabie Setech Syabology', in Proceedings of the Hunan Factors. Soctaty = 2605 agus) WrevTag 1984, pp. 16 = 1. for Software taplications for Probl Behaviour and’ Information Technology, Wore STi, pps 1S =, SEB 1 ¢ vilitane and J Wiley, ‘quantiétestion of Hanan error in ent", 18 Series 40.93, ppe 990" 6, fate JS Mare (ed), ‘Sustatned Attention Tn tonan Performance’, ot Wiley a San, Chichester, 1984. to preiice per eet ovcest counts foreach taopie', to Proceedings ot fie Rina Fatcory_Socfety= 208 femal ibetog 1980, fants Wonton, Pal, pp: 660 = 666, 1380, Aw estworth and JR Buck, "rrosentation Effects and fye-Notton, ehaviors tn Dynamic Visual Conplextty bn operator. perforannee'y {ie Peoceedsags ut the tunan Factors Saclany-> 2th Antal Necttag’= 138, Since tonles, Cottforains pee TOO “Tet, isn : R conead, *5peed sex ted A Telford (ee! exposure tine ani. display complexity on scale reading efficiency" USAF Weight Ace Defense Conter, Sechaba! Report 580072, Pobruary 1959" 3.5 Kidd, *4 compartzon of one=, e¥o Conditions of woektoad", Jounal of apples Popehology, Vol: SO), GA NMillec, GA tise and ¥ Lichten, "me ateliigibiiity of Speech ae a Function of the Context of tho Test Natertais', Journal ot Eeperisen Eopedology, Vo. tly pp M8 5, WH Sunby and 1 Potack, *Viaval Gonertbutton co puerh inelitgthtitey By pps 212 a612 rea 4 (26) en (28) 123) 60) by fey roo Ba folattonships for Moviog-Seate Instruments’; Onto, Urigne-Patcerson Af, wright ALr Oevelopeest Center, ‘iabé Technical Report £0492, Septonber i334. BL collioe and W 0 Lerner, ‘Assessuont of Fiee-Satety Syebols', suman Factors, Yor By pps 35 Bey 1982. in the Design of Deta-kncey Keyboarda: 4 Interface betweon short-term actoty nd Gok compatibility’, Joutaal of Apptted Payenology, Voi G)y— Fee 35-58, TaES. tho Atphabeetc Alzernative ig Light Cotes for Telecommonications Exutpnent’, Haetieshan st Ofeise comyassasiane testo} Heparaont HD Ray and WD Ray, tAn Analyste of domestic cooker control design", Ergoncaice, Vole 22, ppe iz0h ~"1268, 1. Wsibtliey Studies’ of Directional Syabols uted in Traffte Contra! Steet "Segnentce, Vols My eps 267 KD Wobby J martin aad W Fisher, "aesponse Scereotypes. foe Retaey conerols tnvolving the application of fore Becepead a tetae Sits, WS 2vaga and T Boersens, ‘Eysluatton of a set of graphite ayatole', Applied Exgonoates, Vols 14, ppr 43 © Sty THB. WA Vince, ‘Dicectton of Novenest of Machine COntroie', Flying Personnod Rossareh Constcted, Report 46. 637, Condon Ale Miststty, oguae TOOS- PM Fites and © M Seeger, *5-8 Goupatibiiey: spatial Cheractertatice of Stigulus and responte codes", Sournai of ‘expacisencal”Payehalagy, Vols $6, Fp 199 = 710, 1953. 5 0 clecworehy, "Teach Pendants tor Industrial RoQses? As Tavese gatos [nto the coatore and asfoty sepects of thelt desige', Fiaal Year Fro fepore, Teparéavte of Hunan Seleaces, University of Techaology, Loughborough, 383: WP colqshous, ‘Stmsltancoss Monttort Ot a masher of sudltory Sonne evtpute't hi Relie: (ed) Vgltance, aseye Hebe cy Sgr ad, "Sone effects on pertormince ade to perceptual toas! y Journal Sf Bxportwoncel Psychology, Volt Foe Bs Tass 051 16) on (38) 191 140) 1 (21 13) 4) 45) 46) iro U4 Jorisony "0m the decreneae functton {mn human vigtiance', in DN Buckner aed J J Mecrath (eds), "Vigilance A Spec's escent, ype Vigilance and Task Complextey*, Honan Vols 135 pp~ 106 = 108, 1973. NM Yaclworth and JF Mackvorthy "visual Seareh for succes Bp 210 = 221, E ¢ Poultos, "Measuring the ond Gftteutey of visusl ocor treks! Begonoates, Vols 1y ppr 234 239, 1958. Af tHekner and & € Poulton, Swoattoring ap to 16 synthetic levision, plecures, showing a ate deal of severest" Ergonont cr, Vols 16, pps 381 = 401, 1979" AP Kanartck aod RC Petersen, ‘Effects of value on the nonteoring of aultt= Vole pps 313 = S20, 1965 Aavestigation of the interaction betwen problea load and level of training’, Huson Factors, Vols 3, pp. 53* 39, 186 J Sehuriek, "The HEfecte of Shape Coding aed Wtzror Imaging of control Yeote", Proceedings of the tvaan fees Siete 7 g8e Herat ettng actertacten a0d rd elope on the Leying ertor frequency", Proceadings of the Fourth {otereatfosat Syapoefaeon Manat stots ie telepogy, Borie, 1570 Graafteld Institute of Tecwaologyy nd Raax terox Bogineering Groups Welaya Garden ciey, E7BO1261 Applied txgonsates, €.4 Roo, WH Mito and T Blake, "Foedback and key dlsctiainat ion on geabeone herpes Proeesinge ot ihe Hectlag 1985, 92 TB ar8 149) 150) ou (521 (33) 154) 153) 156) bn 138) 69) 160) J tong, "Visual Feedback and Setlled Keying! DltGerential sifects of Masking the Feloted Copy and the Eaybo Engoreniesy VoL. 19/1, ppe 33 Teedbick on Onell led ane Skilled Keying Perforaance’, Brponoates, Nols t9/2y pps 185 > DOE, TSTEe" WS & Xao and KU Salt, "Untaanuad rakung Tan's Eeonantee, Yoh 3/19, KL Detninger, ‘Hunan Factors lnginoertng Studies of the Desiga and pp: 996 = 1018, 1360. VA Spiker, WR larper and J F Bayes, aincenance Protietency of Army Avtonotive Mechanics", Suan Factors, ole 27 (3), ppe 301 ~ SIT, 1985. DH Bolding, "Repeated Breors tn Hotor earning’, fegonoates, Vole 1376, bee ah The 197 Anaiyais of Acetdent Date for Franchised Peslic.Suses ta Hong Kong! Aceldeat Anaiyeis a0d Pravert on, 48 Anderson and R Jeffeles, Morice Inforastion fos Working Menory" lsansGongucer Tnteract{ons Vol." ls pe 107 = Tot, 1985. A blatwer, "Formace for presenting procedural instructions’, Soureal Applies Poychotogy, Yol.'59, pp+ 683, a6, 197. Hf fooher, *Relative Coaprohenstbtiiey Human factors, Vol. 17, pp- 266 ~ 277, 1 Kommann, ‘The Compreheastbtitey of NX Sakala, tEftecte of Format ‘on the Coupreneaeion of Procedsral Instructions", Departaest of Industrial Unlversity, Raleigh, NC, Conzrace Yo Nos” 395-730112, Phagneepare, Raval Aue Syetons Chama, Washington Dy Graphics, and Voice Messages in Froceduratteed Instructions" ety = Hine heating 14, 181) 162) 169) (64) 163) (66) wr (68) 169) 10) m fray 31 oy ‘hy use sentences?", Applied ‘ Eegononten, Vole 2," 207 ~ 209, ET Klemner, ‘Comuntcation and Human Performance’, uwan Factors, Vole peeis 19, 6 6 terest aod WH tachworth‘tlanned Sgging!, HM Seactonery office, Tendon, 3 4 chasings, ‘Atpha-hunertcs for tole iste pps ob SSETE. 4 ¥ sradtey, ‘opeinun Kao’ Crowding", enan Factors, Vols IL (3)y ppe 227 WF Seibert, DF tarten and J 8 Porter, "a study of factors Influenciag the Laghbitiey of Televised Characters Journal of Soclety of Notion Ploturee Ca ie floss clazealy ob ‘Jovroai of tadustetal Medieine, Vote, Ba Allutet, Wm setset, ‘eahavioral Effects of Telarea andfly over tn sae", Journal of Intectlous Dlsensea, Golo TE pyr 710 P A Boll, tEefects of Hotse and Heat Setess oh Peinary and Sobetdiary Task po. 749 = 752, 1978 PR foyce, "Hunan actors tn Lighting’, london, Appiled SeLence Publishers, teen 4.0 Geisetene ond PR Boyce, ggorntcn, Vols Wy pps 457 = oth, TF G Manpton and & Levis, ‘rayenologicat and phyolologteal roaponses. to ratsed” body temperature’ Sournal of Applied Phystotogy, Wot. 13, ip drat Tae DE Broadbent, "Sone EFtects of Nose Ga. vttea Perdoraancey uxeseiy foe pe KD Carcia and ¥ W terwtite, "effect of Clare oo Pesforanncs of « VOT Noadtng-comprehension Task", Haase Faezors, Vols 27 (2), ppe 100 = 173, ate1731 09 on v8 179) (60) on (321 (09) (64) (331 6) 1c Heston, "the Retetton bervoon fiintaseica and vival efFlcLency Slope etfect of brightness contrast, Gomnela, 1985: b enor and E Shearts, ‘Effect of body Efftcteney", Springttelg, tiinole, Telattonships anong fatigue, hours fof truck and bus drivers. Pioal Peport', (Tech Rep 1127-2), Colet faske!, Canadign Jouraal of Psychology, Egguonic, Wole 3, epe 2) = 31, Vols 163, ppe 970-971, 18bte Ho Llsper, Laurell and J van toon (2986), "Rotation between tine to Brolonged ariving on # soeoreay", Exgonoatea, Yole 29, ppe 4a5 ~ 459, br BA Mackie (ed), "Vigilance: Theory Inv sinatko (oa), Selected Papers fn iuaan Factors in" che-Bostga and Fas 3a, 196i. JF Maokwort, "the d! ensure of Stgonl detectability in vigiLanee-fee Poychotogy, Voie Ty ppr 302 > 325, Fayetologys Vole 30,-9Pe Ue cotgunous (ed), Beltcteney"y Proc ‘3 Serasbourg te July = 3, 196. 18) (91 190) eu (921 0 (4 09) 6) on 191 (1001 4? colguhoun and J Ratenfsaate (eds), stuien of Shietsoek', London, Taylor © belt, 1 Fook, D toonan, J Yelasquex de to" Sleep Deprivation: & Flele ene", In Peocondinge of the Hansa tote Sorlety = HN Anat testi Satay sor fore of Grouping of Printed Digits on Foreecchaced Manual Eacey Pertorasnce", ASS tor ae a7 078, THT. T Peddads and C A Senscte, "Inspection lag and Machine with Input pacing and muleipte dectsian jie er ops 3h = 39 573. ‘ Baeee Inthe une of pah borton telephones toe Baan needing of ‘Serna Factors te Telephony, Berta, Baga De S L Saleh and C Goodein, *Atphabette iignan'Factors, Vol. 13, pp- 188-~'190, ii 1 DC Andree, ‘Werasonte RAL] Testing Ergonomics Unit, Report 12/72, Novenber Eegerates, Vol. 20/5, pyr 50 ~"s52, 1 Wéliiage, *Opecsbiitey Oaee ~ a Comparison’, 1atertal exnorandon, 27ch tester 1424 soron Research 08) 89voy 103) (108) 1105) 106) 197) (108) 1108) (110) nny P Branton, {9 "2000 Acetdents', London Nattooaa tasetcuee of Tedustrtal Payonology, 1971. Lb Brown, A 9 Hulk and A C cox, *Dtgte Nateices for Dota entry and Kecetoval;, Studies of Scanning Direction and Colour contrast ins Telephone Selechooers Applicat ton", Bepooontcs, sa RA peels sor Ector io Staple Design Tasks", Report 1 3/1982, Clvil ngineertog hesestch Reports, wonssh Uatvorstey, 1982. Homogeneous, Patterned, and Rondow Alphisaneet¢ Displays", Etgonoatee, Yoke 19/6, ppe Jal = 150, 18Yer Ao Baddeley and 9.34 tongean, "The Tnfiwence of Length and Frequency of Teatniag Seasfon_on the Race of Leaealag to Type’, Begononies, Vols 21/8, pps 62 = 635, 1976. P aabolee, ‘Detection of Berors by Seilled Typists"y Eegonosiee, Sole A/T pps 345 958, 1578. fquastifieseion of Banat Beror Aveoctated vith Instrumentation and Goneroi system Componente’, Nuclear Satety, Vole 23/6, pps 665 ~ 868, 1982. AW Scare, HE Dorrte, CH Bovett, in ouclear pover plant control room ate, MUREC/CRC4309,_ SAND 83-7095, Aiboqudsdue, Roo Mowto, Sande National Laboratories, Janssry 1984. Ww RhaLid, *Peetpherat Visual Petforaance and Cesteal Task Afesertatton, Departasnt of Paychology, te Retluay Acetdents, HERA, 68/6, Lose. oard Ergonomics Ute Report 1/72, Senuacy 137° may irre} cas cast (6) nn cs] ras) 20) pay Comission, 1983. eee > Washington, 0¢, 0S tuclear Regulatory Commission, 1984. "ko Evidence for Relattonshtp betweet Dblorhytiws and industriel acctdente’y Peseepeuel and Hoeor Skis, Vols 46, Fees = Was, ToT ie of inguaerial Sistas Seal of ater tesne, ‘Aviation Acetdents vith the Biortytha ‘Theory’, Honan Factors, Yol- 19 ()r ppe 283"= 293, 197 1 want and € B Rurver, ‘The Inglvenco of Borhyeha on Acel dent Ergonomics, Vol: 20/4, pp- 389 ~ 398, F 8 Chaney and KS Tool, “Taproving Ingpector Fortoraance through erating and vissal alda"y. Journal of Applied Feyeologe, vole SPC, Fee UP colgahoun, ‘Evaluation of Audttory, Prolonged Sonar Honttoring in Repeated Scsstons", human factorey Vol- Ty pr 625 — 7, TTS. etogl of tagertwatat tyson, Nf Loveless, "Signal Detection with ‘simleaneous visual sad auditory station", Piping Personnel 450