Preguntas Importantes:

**The process of vision is mediated by a light activating G-protein coupled receptor

(GPCR) or photoreceptor in the retina. Whats is the name of the heterotrimeric G-
protein that is coupled to the photoreceptor? Transducin

Life span extension of human cells is obtained by overexpression of which of the

following? Mortalin 2

Clathrin Coated Vesicle formation and Transport

1. Adaptin bind

2. Clathrin triskelion assemble

3. Dynamin (GTP binding protein) pinches off

4. Clathrin coat is peeled off

5. The vesicle docks and fuses

Which metabolic pathway occurs entirely inside the mitochondrion? The Krebs cycle

How does the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL differ from the phagocytosis of
a damaged erythrocyte? Clathrin coated vesicles are involved in the uptake
process (endocytosis)

Disease with their deficiency

Hartnup disease- large neutral amino acid transporter

Phenyketonuria = phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

Homocystinuria = cystathione B-synthase (CBS)

Gyrate Atrophy of the choroid and retina = Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT)

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) = Branched chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase

(BCKDH)

*Which is an epidemiological study that is designed to identify risk factors

associated with a particular disease within a population group? Prospective or
COHORT studies

Match the agonist with the type of membrane receptor that mediates the signal.

Glucagon = G-protein coupled receptor

Insulin = intrinsic enzyme-linked receptor

Glycine (as neurotransmitter) = ligand-gated ion channel receptor

Human growth hormone (somatotrophin) = extrinsic enzyme-linked receptor

Nucleotide Metabolism

Methotrexate is an important cancer chemotherapeutic agent because it slows the

growth of rapidly dividing cells. How does methotrexate slow cell division?
Methotrexate blocks the formation of Tetrahydrofolate (THF) needed for dTMP
Synthesis

Membrane Transport

The affinity of a membrane receptor for its agonist can be described by the
dissociation constant (KD). Which statement is true? The KD is inversely
proportional to the affinity of the receptor for the agonist

For gain in function mutation of Ryanodine Receptor: where a patient had an altered
response to general anesthesia with halothane, the IV drug to control muscle
spasms is Dandrolene

Molecules in a solution when they reach a state of equilibrium, display movement

but NO NET DIFFUSION in the solution

Molecules with High partition coefficients = exhibit high rates of net diffusion across
the cell membrane when concentration gradients are present

Omeprazole is a drug that is used for the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer
disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Zollinguer-Ellison syndrome. Which
transport protein in parietal cells does omeprazole block? The H+/K ATPase (amino
acid absorption and transport to intestinal; peptides)

The hereditary muscle disease myotoniacongenita, also known as Thomsen

myotonia or Becker myotonia is caused by a loss of function mutation in which
transport protein? The voltage-gated chloride channel or ClCN-1 protein

Active Transport is responsible for membrane polarization (*Na/K ATPase)

Membrane-mediated transport rates display saturation kinetics and molecules that

are structurally related to the substrate may compete for transport

Lysosomes

The Fate of soluble proteins in Golgi whose protein N-glycosylation core

oligosaccharides have been modified to the mannose 6- Phosphate form: They
are transported to lysosomes

Genetics
Microtubule associated protein responsible for anterograde transport of vesicle in
axon = kinesin

Centriole duplication is completed during = interphase

Structure (or protein complex) that holds bivalent attached sister chromatids
together during metaphase = cohesin

Which phase of mitosis do kinetochore microtubules shorten? Anaphase A

Correct statement about chromosome separation during anaphase = securing is

targeted to degradation via APC-mediated ubiquitination

Which is NOT a most prominent checkpoint in the cell cycle? S checkpoint

Which has ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity required for G1/S transition? SCF
complex

Which of the following provides cells with the opportunity to repair Damaged DNA
before entering mitosis? G2 checkpoint

Which of the following is one of the key events that occurs during prometaphase?
Kinetochore maturation occurs

The retinoblastoma gene = encodes a protein whose dephosphorylated form can be

found during G1 phase

DNA damage causes an elevation of the intracellular levels of a certain protein. This
protein then activates transcription of the gene that encodes protein p21, which
acts as an inhibitor of a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk). What is the name of this
protein that activates transcription of the p21 gene? p53

Ultraviolet radiation of cells can produce dimers in the DNA between which pair of
Bases? T and T (deletion and frame shift mutation)

Which molecule in the soluble form inhibit apoptosis signaling? Fas

Which molecule does caspase 9 activate during apoptosis? Caspase 3 (executioner;

intrinsic pathway)

DISC is composed of Fas+ FADD + Caspase 8 (extrinsic)

Which connects the extrinsic signaling pathway to the intrinsic signaling pathway?
Bid (tbid)

Ras = encodes a monomeric G-protein and was the first oncogene identified in a
human cancer
Ras oncogene encodes a monomeric G-protein that is important in normal cell
growth control. 30% Human cancers carry a mutated ras gene. The most common
CARCINOGENIC MUTATION is the substitution of glycine at position 12 with valine.
Because of this mutation the ras protein is unable to: Hydrolyze GTP (se va a
mantener activada)

Apoptosome is composed of :Apaf + procaspase 9 + cytochrome c

Which component interacts with and antagonizes inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

(IAPs) and thus allows the activation of caspases and apoptosis? Smac/DIABLO

The most difficult step in metastasis for malignant cells to overcome is: survival in
foreign tissue

A protooncogene may be activated by a mutation that results in increased intrinsic

activity of the protein product

A woman developed ovarian cancer. A genotype analysis for the p53 gene in tumor
cells cultured from the patient showed that they have only mutated alleles for p53.
Analysis of normal fibroblasts from the same patient showed the presence of both
normal and mutated p53 alleles. This patient= has Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A DNA virus can induce tumor formation by which mechanism? Inserting src into
host DNA

A tumor suppressor gene encodes a protein that when active, blocks or inhibits
progression through the cell division cycle

The loss of surface attachment-dependent growth and the loss of contact inhibition
of growth are 2 characteristics of = neoplastically- transformed cells grown in
culture

The Epstein-Barr virus produces a characteristic chromosomal translocation

(18q:14) in the lymphocytes of susceptible persons. This translocation can produce
a form of cancer known as Burkitts lymphoma because = the mycprotooncogene
gets inserted downstream from a strong promoter and is overexpressed.

Imatinab (Gleevec) targets specific cancers like CML and gastrointestinal stromal
tumors (GIST). Why Imatinab is specific for these cancers? Imatinab inhibits specific
protein tyrosine kinases that are overactive in these cancer cells

Female patient with lump in breast with sister and mother with previous breast and
ovarian cancer, respectively but neither of her 2 brothers, father or uncles had
cancer. This patient carry a germline mutation of which gene? BRCA1

Increased p53 = inhibition of DNA replication

Patients with hereditary retinoblastoma will probably develop at least 1 malignant
tumor during their lifetime

Methotrexate is an important cancer chemotherapeutic agent because it slows the

growth of rapidly dividing cells. How does methotrexate slow cell division?
Methotrexate blocks the formation of Tetrahydrofolate (THF) needed for dTMP
Synthesis

False Statements about Rb gene (first tumor suppressor gene discovered):

The Rb protein interacts directly with the regulatory (promoter) region of different
genes

The Rb protein is activated by phosphorylation (lo inactive)

The Rb gene can be classified as a proto-oncogene

When mutated, the Rb gene can becomeanoncogene (tiene que ser primero un
protooncogene pero en este caso, Rb es un tumor suppressor gene)

Correct statement about Rb gene = Dephosphorylated Rb binds E2F (control G1/S)

The mitotic (spindle) cell cycle checkpoint (Metaphase > Anaphase transition):
Prevents the degradation of securin when its activated (asi Evita que se separen las
cromatidashermanas y que continue mitosis)

Which motor protein is located in the contractile ring and is responsible for
cytokinesis? Myosin II

STEROID HORMONES

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors which then bind to specific

enhancer elements in eukaryotic DNA to regulate gene expression. Which of the
following proteins motifs is a DNA binding motif that is found in all steroid hormone
receptors? A Zinc-Finger Motif

Aminoacids and UREA

Aspartate directly donates one nitrogen atom to the urea cycle. Which molecule
DIRECTLY provides the nitrogen atom that enters the urea cycle inside the
mitochondrion? Carbamoyl phosphate

Patients with hyperammonemia due to a urea cycle enzyme deficiency are often
given sodium phenylacetate to lower their plasma ammonia levels. How does
phenylacetate (a phenylketone!) lower plasma ammonia? Phenylacetate reacts
with Glutamine to give phenylacetylglutamine which is excreted to remove nitrogen
from the body.
During periods of drought and famine in northern Africa, the leaves of desert trees
become a dietary staple for certain populations. Which of the following aminoacids
is present in the leaves and satisfies an ESSENTIAL NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT?
Methionine (porque es un aminoacido esencial)

The enzymes a-aminotransferases are very important. Which is the correct

statement for all cytoplasmic a-aminotransferases? They all use PYRIDOXAL
PHOSPHATE (PLP) made from Vitamin B6 as their coenzyme

The intracellular [ ] of SER and GLY are interdependent. This is because of their
freely reversible rxn catalyzed by SHMT. This reaction involves the transfer of 1-
carbon methyl group. Which molecule participates in this methyl group transfer?
Folic acid (in this form tetrahydrolate THF)

The catecholamins norepinephrine and epinephrine are both made from which
aminoacid? Tyrosine

The carbon from which amino acid enters Krebs as succinyl CoA? Valine

The inherited disease known as glutaric academia type 1 causes mental problems.
The disease is caused by deficiency of mitochondrial enzyme that metabolizes
GLutaryl CoA. This is an intermediate of aminoacids degradation of
glutarigenicaminoacids. Which aminoacid is glutarigenic? Lysine (orhydroxylysine,
and Tryptophan)

A 2 month male infant with pampers that left overnight dark stains in them. A urine
specimen was normal until 6 hours later that turned black. The parents were
distantly related. Which inherited disease is this? Alkaptonuria (AKU)

Heme Metabolism

The heme from hemoglobin is metabolized in 2 steps to the yellow compound

bilirubin. In which organ of the body do these 2 steps occur? In the spleen

Which step in heme metabolism occurs inside the mitochondrion? Protoporphyrin IX

+ Fe2+ >Heme

In humans, iron is = stored mostly in liver, spleen and skeletal muscle as ferritin

Nutrition and Vitamins

What statement is FALSE about the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)? The REE is
equal to the total energy expenditure (TEE) in an active individual

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) is defined as = the average nutrient

intake necessary to meet the requirement of most healthy people in a particular
group
What statement is FALSE about the Respiratory Quotient RQ? In the typical
American diet the RQ ratio = 2

Cells from a patient with pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) deficiency would be expected to
display decreased activity all of the following metabolic pathways EXCEPT=
Mitochondrial B-oxidation of Fatty Acids

Which is NOT a good source of Vitamin D? Fruits and vegetables

False statement of RQ Ratio: = In the Typical American Diet the RQ ratio = 1 (carbs
oxidation)

True statements of RQ Ratio = the RQ ratio also reflects the substrate utilization; the
RQ ratio increases during Lipogenesis (cuando hay fat oxidation:
rompimientodisminuyeperoaqui se estncreando); the RQ ratio changes with the
composition of the diet; the RQ ratio refers to the amount of O2 produced during
anaerobic metabolism

In humans, iron is = stored mostly in liver, spleen and skeletal muscle as ferritin

**Exercise: The protein requirement for an adult is 0.8g/kg/day. What is the

approximate recommended protein intake of a man who weighs 165lbs? (Note: 1kg
= 2.2 lbs)

165lb/(2.2lb) = 75 kg > 0.8g/kg/day (75kg) = 60g/day