ABOUT DISHA PUBLICATION

One of the leading publishers in India, Disha Publication provides books and study materials for
schools and various competitive exams being continuously held across the country. Disha's sole
purpose is to encourage a student to get the best out of preparation. Disha Publication offers an
online bookstore to help students buy exam books online with ease. We, at Disha provide a wide
array of Bank / Engg./ Medical & Other Competitive Exam books to help all those aspirants who
wish to crack their respective different levels of Bank / Engg./ Medical & Other Competitive
exams. At Disha Publication, we strive to bring out the best guidebooks that students would find
to be the most useful for all kind of competitive exam.

THEORY OF MACHINES
It is the branch of Engineering Science, which deals with the 2. Based on the type of mechanical constraint (or mechanical
study of relative motion between the various parts of machine contact)
along with the forces acting on the parts is known as the Theory (a) Self Closed Pair: If the links in the pair have direct
of Machines (TOM). mechanical contact, even without the application of
Kinematic Link: Each resistant body in a machine which moves external force.
relative to another resistant body is called kinematic link or element. (b) Force Closed Pair: If the links in the pair are kept in
A resistant body is which donot go under deformation while contact by the application of external forces.
transmitting the force. 3. Based on the type of relative motion between the elements
Kinematic Pair: If the relative motion between the two elements of the pair
of a machine in contact with each other is completely or (a) Sliding Pair: A kinematic pair in which each element
successfully constrained then these elements together is known has sliding contact with respect to the other element.
as kinematic pair. (b) Rolling Pair: In a rolling pair, one element undergoes
CONSTRAINED MOTIONS rolling motion with respect to the other.
(c) Turning Pair: In a turning pair, one link undergoes
Constrained motion (or relative motion) can be broadly classified turning motion relative to the other link.
is to three types. (d) Screw Pair: It consists of links that have both turning
1. Completely Constrained: Constrained motion in which and sliding motion relative to each other.
relative motion between the links of a kinematic pair occurs (e) Cylindrical Pair: A kinematic pair in which the links
in a definite direction by itself irrespective of the external undergo both rotational and translational motion
forces applied. For example a square bar in a square hole relative to one another.
undergoes completely constrained motion. (f) Spherical Pair: In a spherical pair, a spherical link turns
2. Incompletely Constrained: Constrained motion in which inside a fixed link. It has three degrees of freedom.
the relative motion between the links depend on the direction
of external forces acting on them. These motions between a DEFINITION OF KINEMATIC CHAIN
pair can take place in more than one direction. For example Combination of kinematic pairs joined in such a way that the last
a shaft inside a circular hole. link is joined to the first link and the relative motion between them
3. Partially (or Successfully) Constrained Motion: If the is definite. There are two equations to find out. Whether the
relative motion between its links occurs in a definite chain is kinematic or not.
direction, not by itself, but by some other means, then l = 2p 4
kinematic pair is said to be partially or successfully where l = number of links
constrained. For example a piston reciprocating inside a p = number of pairs
cylinder in an internal combustion engine. also
TYPES OF KINEMATIC PAIRS 3
j= l 2
The classified of kinematic pairs is listed as below: 2
1. Based on the nature of contact between the pairing elements. where
(a) Lower Pair: Links in the pair have surface or area j = number of joints
contact between them. The surface of one element To determine the nature of chain we use equation
slides over the surface of the other. For example: a
piston along with cylinder. h 3
j+ = l2
(b) Higher Pair: In which the links have point or line 2 2
contact and motions are partly turing and partly sliding. where h = No. of higher pairs
For example: ball bearings, can and follower. If L.H.S > R.H.S. then it is a locked chain
44
L.H.S. = R.H.S. then it is a kinematic chain
L.H.S. < R.H.S. then it is an unconstrained chain
GRUBLERS CRITERION
In a mechanism total no. of degrees of freedom is given by
F = 3(n 1) 2j
where n is no. of links and
j = no. of joints (simple hinges)
most of the mechanism are constrained so F = 1 which produces
1 = 3(n 1) 2j
2j 3n + 4 = 0 this is called Grublers criterion. If
there are higher pairs also no. of degrees of freedom is given by
F = 3(n 1) 2j h
where h = no. of higher pairs. Also known as Kutz Bach
criterion to determine the number of degree of freedom.
This statement says that if the higher pairs are present in the
mechanism like as slider crank mechanism or a mechanism in which
slipping is possible between the wheel and fixed links.
Higher pair: When the two element of a pair have a line or point
contact when relative motion takes place and the motion between
two elements is partly turning and partly sliding. E.g. Cam and
follower, bale and bearing, belt and rope drive etc.
Number of degree of freedom (movability): The number of
independent parameters that define its configuration. The number
of input parameters which must be independently controlled in
order to bring the mechanism into useful engineering purpose.
GRASHOFS CRITERIA
Grashofs criteria is applied to pinned four bar linkages and states
that the sum of the shortest and longest link of a planar four-bar
linkage cannot be greater than the sum of remaining two links if
there is to be continuous relative motion between the links.
l
p q
s points on the body as shown in Fig., we can write as
Fig.
Linkage shown in Fig. 1 is Grashof type if
s+l<p+q
MECHANISM
A mechanism is obtained by fixing one of the links of a kinematic
chain, for example a typewriter. Basically there are two types of a
mechanism.
1. Simple mechanism: A mechanism with four links.
2. Compound mechanism: Mechanism with more than four links.
Inversion of a Mechanism
We can obtain different mechanisms by fixing different links in a
kinematic chain, this method is known as inversion of a mechanism.
INSTANTANEOUS CENTRE
A point located in the plane (of motion of a body) which has zero
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
velocity. The plane motion of all the particles of the body may be
considered as pure rotation about the point. Such a point is called
the instantaneous centre of the body. If there are three rigid bodies
in relative planar motion and share three instantaneous centre, all
lie on the straight line, called Kennedys theorem.
Instantaneous axis of rotation: The axis passing through the
instaneous centre of the body at right angles to the plane of
motion is called instantaneous axis of rotation.
Axode: The instantaneous centre changes every moment, its locus
is called centrods, and the surface generated by the instantaneous
axis is called the axode.
Methods to Locate Instantaneous Centre
Locating the instantaneous centre of a body depends on the
situation given. Following are some examples:
Va
(i) The instantaneous centre I lies at a distance along the
perpendicular to the direction of velocity Va at point A on a
rigid body shown in Fig.
Va
IA =
I
I B
Vb
B
Va
A Va A
A
Fig. Fig.
(ii) The instantaneous centre I is the point of intersection of the
lines perpendicular to the direction of velocities at the given
Va = IA
Vb = IB
where is the angular velocity with which the body shall
appear to rotate about the instantaneous centre I.
(iii) If the two links have a pure rolling contact, the instantaneous
centre lies on their point of contact.
(iv) If the slider moves on a fixed link having straight surface, the
instantaneous centre lies at infinity and each point on the
slider have the same velocity.
Number of Instantaneous Centres in a Constrained
Kinematic Chain
If n are the number of links in a constrained kinematic chain, then
the number of instantaneous centre (N) is given by
n (n 1)
N=
2
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF MECHANISMS
To analyse velocity and acceleration of a mechanism we proceed
 45
link by link associated in the mechanism. Let us consider two
points P and Q on a rigid link PQ, as shown in Fig. Let point Q of A B

the link moves in clockwise direction relative to point P. In this C

v
case the relative velocity of point Q with respect to P would be 2 v
perpendicular to the line PQ. Fig.
where v is the velocity of the particle C with respect to coincident
VQP point C.
P
ACKERMAN STEERING GEAR MECHANISM
All the four wheels must turn about the same instantaneous centre
Q
to fulfill the condition for correct steering.
Equation for the correct steering is
Fig. cot cot = c/b
Now if the point Q moves with respect to P with an angular velocity where c = Distance between the pivots of the front axles
and angular acceleration , thus velocity has two components, b = Wheel base
perpendicular to each other. and are angle through which the axis of the outer wheel and
(a) Radial or centripetal component inner whel turns respectively.
For approximately correct steering, value of c/b should be in
(b) Tangential component
between 0.4 and 0.5.
These components of velocity can be determined by calculating
linear accelerations in radial and tangential directions. Figure DAVIS STEERING GEAR MECHANISM
shows the link representing both the components of acceleration. According to Davis Steering gear the condition for the correct
steering is given by
tan = c/2b
where c = Distance between the pivots of the front axles
P
b = Wheel base
r
aQP Q
= Angle of inclination of the links to the vertical
HOOKS JOINT
VQP To connect two shafts intersecting at a small angle (say ) we use
Hooks joint also known as universal joint. Velocity ratio of the
aQP
t shafts connected by hooks joint is given by
N Driving 1 cos 2 sin2
=
Fig. N Driven cos
Radial component of the linear acceleration of Q with respect to P
where NDriving = Speed of the driving shaft in r.p.m.
is given by NDriven = Speed of the driven shaft in r.p.m.
2 2
= Angle through which the arms of the cross turn
r 2
VQP VQP = Angle of intersection of two shafts
a QP = PQ = PQ =
PQ PQ Hooks joint can be represented as shown in Fig.

and the tangential component of the linear acceleration of Q with

respect to P is given by
a tQP = PQ Fig.
Condition for the unit velocity ratio is given by
t
a QP tan = cos
= which is perpendicular to the link PQ
PQ
FRACTIONAL TORQUE IN PIVOT AND COLLAR
CORIOLIS COMPONENT OF ACCELERATION BEARING
If a particle C moves with a velocity v on a link AB rotating with Pivot and Collar bearings are used to take axial thrust of the
rotating shaft. While studying the friction in bearing it is assumed
angular velocity , as shown in Fig., then the tangential component
that
of the acceleration of the particle C with respect to the coincident
1. The pressure over the rubbing surfaces is uniformly
point on the link AB is called coriolis component of acceleration distributed through out the bearing surface.
which is given by 2. The wear is uniform throughout the bearing surface.
(i) Frictional torque transmitted in a flat bearing is given by
a CCC = a CC
t
=2 v

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

46

2 T2 Slack Side
T= WR while considering uniform pressure T2
3
And in case of uniform wear
1
T= WR Driven
2
Side T1 Pulley
where = Coefficient of friction Driving T1 Tension
W = Load transmitted to the bearing Pulley
R = Radius of the shaft Fig.: Belt drive-open system
(ii) Frictional torque transmitted in a Conical Pivot bearing is
given by
2 T2
T= WR cosec T1
3
while considering uniform pressure
And in case of uniform wear T2
T1
1
T= WR cosec Driver
2 Pulley
where
= semi angle of the cone Fig. : Belt drive-cross system
(iii) Frictional torque trnsmitted in a trapezoidal or truncated When a number of pulleys are used to transmit the power from
conical pivot bearing is given by one shaft to another, then a compound drive is used as shown in
Fig.
2 r 13 r 32
T= W cosec
3 r 12 r 22
while considering uniform pressure.
And in case of uniform wear
1
T= W (r1 + r2 ) cosec = WR cosec
2
where r1 and r2 are the external and internal radii of the
conical bearing respectively Fig.: Belt drive-compound system
r1 r2 Types of Belts
R= is the mean radius of the bearing.
2 There are three types of belts
(iv) Frictional torque transmitted in a flat collar bearing is given (a) Flat belts: Cross section of a flat belt is shown in Fig. 14.
by Flat belts are easier to use and are subjected to minimum
bending stress. The load carrying capacity of a flat belt
2 r 13 r 32 depends on its width.
T= W
3 r 12 r 22
while considering uniform pressure
And in case of uniform wear
1
T= W (r1 r2 )
2
The frictional torque transmitted by a disc or plate clutch is
same as that of flat collar bearing and by a cone clutch is
same as that of truncated conical pivot bearing.
Fig. : Flat belt
BELT DRIVE The ratio of driving tensions for flat belt drive is given by
The transmission of power from one rotating shaft to another T1
lying at a considerable distance, is achieved using belts and ropes. =e
Two parallel shafts may be connected by open belt or by cross T2
belt. In the open belt system, the rotation of both the pulleys is in
the same direction. If a crossed belt system is used, the rotation T1
2.3 log =
of pulleys will be in the opposite direction. Fig. 11 and Fig. shows T2
open and crossed system respectively.
where = coefficient of friction between the belt and the
pulley
= angle of contact in radians
Material used for flat belt is generally leather of various
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
 47
types having ultimate tensile strength between 4.5 to 7 N
per cm width. For heavy duty, two or three piles of leather r2 )2
(r1
L = (r1 + r2) + + 2x
are cemented and pressed one above the other such belts x
are called double or triple ply belts. where r1 and r2 are radii of the two pulleys
(b) V-belts: Fig. shows the cross section of the V-belts. V-belts x = distance between the centres of two pulleys
are available in five sections designed A, B, C, D, and E and In a crossed belt drive the length of the belt is given by
there are used in order of increasing loads. Section A is
used for light loads only and section E is used for heavy r2 ) 2
(r1
L = (r1 + r2) + + 2x
duty machines. The angle of V-belt for all sections is about x
40. In order to increase the power output, several V-belts When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side a certain
may be operated side by side. In multiple V-belt drive, all the portion of the belt extends and when the belt passes from the
belts should stretch at the same rate so that the load is tight to slack side the belt contracts. Due to these changes in
equally divided between them. If one of the set of belts length, there is relative motion (called creep) between the belt
break, the entire set should be replaced at the same time. and pulley surfaces. Creep reduces the velocity of the belt drive
The groove angle in the pulley for running the belt is system like slip do.
between 40to 60. Due to reduced slipping, V-belts offer a Centrifugal Tension
more positive drive. V-belt drives run quietly at high speeds
The centrifugal tension (Tc) is given by
and are capable of absorbing high shock.
Tc = mV2
where m = Mass per unit length of the belt
V = Linear velocity of the belt
The power transmitted can be calculated as below:
The total tension on the tight side = T1 + Tc
The total tension on the slack side = T2 + Tc
Power Transmitted = [(T1 + Tc) (T2 + Tc)] V
= (T1 T2) V
Which is equal to the value of power transmitted given by effective
Fig. V-belt turning force (T1 T2), that is the centrifugal tension has no
The ratio of driving tension for the V-belt drive is given by effect on the power transmitted.
T1 The maximum power transmitted by the belt is given by the
= e( cosec )
maximum total tension in the tight side of the belt when it is three
T2
times the centrifugal tension.
T1 T = 3Tc
2.3 log = cosec T = 3 mV2
T2
So velocity for the maximum power transmitted is given by
where = Semi-angle of the groove
= Angle of contact in radians T
v=
V-belts are usually made of cotton fabric, cards and rubber. 3m
(c) Circular belts: The cross section of a circular belt is shown
in Fig. The circular belts are also known as round belts. Velocity Ratio
These are employed when low power is to be transmitted, The velocity ratio of speeds of driver and driven pulleys is given
for example in house hold appliances, table top tools and by
machinery of the clothing. Round belts are made of leather,
canvas and rubber. 2 N2 d1 t S
= = 1
1 N1 d 2 t 100
where d1, d2 = diameters of driver and driven pulleys
1, 2 = angular velocities of driver and driven pulleys
N1, N2 = rotational speeds of driver and driven pulleys
expressed in revoluations per minute (r.p.m.)
S = S1 + S2 + 0.01S1S2 is percentage of total
effective slip
S1 = Percentage slip between driver and the belt
S2 = Percentage slip between belt and the follower
Fig. Circular Belt (driven pulleys)
The ratio of driving tensions in round belts and rope drive GEARS AND GEAR DRIVE
is same as V-belt drive.
A wheel with teeth on its periphery is known as gear. The gears
Length of Belt are used to transmit power from one shaft to another when the
In an open belt drive system the length of the belt is given by shafts are at a small distance apart.

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

48

Types of Gears
Commonly used gear are as below: Pinion
(a) Spur gear: A cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight
lines parallel to the gear axis. These are used for transmitting
motion between two shafts whose axis are parallel and
coplanar. Rack
(b) Helical gear: A cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are
straight helices, teeth are inclined at an angle to the gear
axis. Double helical gears called herringbone gears. The
helical gears are used in automobile gear boxes and in steam Fig. : Rack and pinion
and gas turbines for speed reduction. The herringbone gears (g) Internal and external gearing: Two gears on parallel shaft
are used in machinery where large power is transmitted at may gear either externally or internally as shown in Fig.
low speeds.
(c) Bevel gear: The bevel gear wheels conform to the frusta of Annular
Spur wheel
cones having a common vertex,tooth traces are straight line gear Pinion
generators of the cone. Bevel gears are used to connect
two shafts whose axis are coplanar but intersecting when
Rack
the shafts are at right angles and the wheels equal in size,
the bevel gears are called mitre gears. When the bevel gears Pinion
have their teeth inclined to the face of the bevel, they are Pinion
known as helical bevel gears. (a) (b) (c)

Fig. : Bevel gear
(d) Spiral gear: These are identical to helical gears with the
difference that these gears have a point contact rather than
a line contact.These gears are used to connect intersecting
and coplanar shafts.
(e) Worm gear: The system consists of a worm basically part
of a screw. The warm meshes with the teeth on a gear wheel
called worm wheel. It is used for connecting two non-parallel,
non-intersecting shafts which are usually at right angles.
Fig.
Gear Terminology
Terms associated with profile of a gear tooth are illustrated in
Fig.
Pitch circle: Essentially an imaginary circle which by pure rolling
action gives the same motion as the actual gear.
Pressure angle or angle of obliquity: Angle between the common
normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common
tangent at the pitch point (common point of contact between two
pitch circles). It is usually denoted by . The standard pressure
1
angles are 14 and 20.
2
Addendum: Radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
top of the tooth.

Worm
wheel

Worm

Fig. : Worm gear Fig.

(f) Rack and pinion: Rack is a straight line spur gear of infinite
diameter. It meshes,both internally and externally, with a
circular wheel called pinion. Rack and pinion is used to
convert linear motion into rotary motion and vice versa.
Dedendum: Radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
bottom of the tooth.
Addendum circle: Circle drawn through the top of the teeth and
is concentric with the pitch circle.
Dedendum circle: Circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth.
It is also called root circle.

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

 49
Root circle diameter = Pitch circle diameter cos Working depth = Addendum of first gear +
where is the pressure angle. Addendum of second gear
Circular pitch: Distance measured on the circumference of the Back lash: Difference between the tooth space and tooth
pitch circle from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point thickness, measured along the pitch circle. In actual practice
on the next tooth. It is denoted by Pc, mathematically Pc can be somebacklash must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth
calculated as due to tooth errors and thermal expansion.
Path of contact: Path traced by the point of contact of two teeth
D
Pc = from the begining to the end of engagement.
T
Length of the path of contact: Length of the common normal cut-
where D = Pitch circle diameter
off by the addendum circles of the wheel and pinion.
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
For two gears to mesh correctly their circular pitch should be Arc of contact: The path traced by a point on the pitch circle from
same the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
It consists of
D1 D2 (a) Arc of approach
Pc = =
T1 T2 (b) Arc of recess
D1 D
Arc of approach: Portion of the path of contact from the beginning
= 2 of the engagement to the pitch point.
T1 T2
Arc of recess: Portion of the path of contact from the pitch point
Velocity ratio of two meshing gears is given by to the end of the engagement of a pair of teeth.
V1 = D1 N1
V2 = D2 N2 Length of arc of contact
Contact Ratio =
Linear speed of the two meshing gears is equal Circular Pitch
So D1 N1 = D2 N2 Contact ratio is the number pairs of teeth in contact.

N2 D Length of Arc of contact: Length of the arc of contact can be

= 1 calculated as
N1 D2
Length of path of contact
N2 T Length of Arc of contact =
= 1 cos
N1 T2
where is pressure angle
Diametral pitch: It represents the number of teeth on a wheel per Interference: The phenomenon, when the tip of a tooth under
unit of its diameter. cuts the root on its mating gear. It may only be avoided, if the
T addendum circles of the two mating gears cut the common tangent
Diameter pitch Pd = = to the base circles between the points of tangency.
D Pc
Pc Pd = Law of gearing: According to the law of gearing, the common
normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always
Module: It represents the ratio of pitch circle diameter (in mm) to pass through the pitch point.
the number of teeth.
Gear Trains
D 1
m= = Any combination of gear wheels by means of which power and
T Pd motion is transmitted from one shaft to another is known as gear
m Pd = 1 train. Various types of gear train are
Recommended series of modules in Indian Standards are 1. Simple gear train: A gear train in which each shaft carries
1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20. one wheel only. Fig. shows the arrangement of a simple gear
Modules of second choice are train.
1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14 and 18.
Total depth: Radial distance between the addendum and the Driver Idle gears 4 Driven
1 or follower
dedendum circles of gear. 2 3
Tooth depth = Addendum + dedendum
Clearance: Radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom
of the tooth in a meshing gear. Circle passing through the top of
the meshing gear is known as clearance circle. Standard value of
clearance is 0.157 m, where m is module.
Dedendum = Addendum + 0.157 m = m + 0.157 m = 1.157 m
Working depth: Radial distance from the addendum circle to the Fig. : Simple gear train
clearance circle.

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

50
one or the other gears in the train. Fig. shows an arrangement
Speed of the driving wheel of an epicyclic gear train.
Velocity ratio =
Speed of the driven wheel
Q Wheel B
no. of teeth on the driven wheel
=
no. of teeth on the driving wheel Arm C

N1 N N2 N3 T2 T3 T4 T4 P
= 1 = = Wheel A
N4 N2 N3 N 4 T1 T2 T3 T1

N 4 T1 Fig. : Epicyclic gear train

Train value = =
N1 T4 NB TA
Velocity Ratio 1
2. Compound gear train: A compound gear train includes two NC TB
gears mounted on the same shaft as shown in Fig.
Driver
Compound gears
FLY WHEEL
1 3 5 A wheel used in machines to control the speed variations caused
6 Driven or by the fluctuation of the engine turning moment during each
follower
cycle of operation. These wheels are known as flywheel. It absorbs
4 energy when crank turning moment is greater than resisting
moment and gives energy when turning moment is less than
L M resisting moment. The speed of a flywheel increases during it
1 2 absorbs energy and decreases when it gives up energy. This way
P flywheel supplies energy from the power source to the machine
3 4 at a constant rate throughout the operation.
Q
5 6 Coefficient of fluctution of energy: Ratio of the maximum
fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle, is called
Fig. : Compound gear train coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
N1 N1 N3 N5 T2 T4 T6 Emax = Emax Emin
Velocity ratio = = =
N6 N 2 N 4 N6 T1 T3 T5
E max
3. Reverted gear train: A reverted gear train manifests when Cenergy =
Wper cycle
the first driving gear and the last driven gear are on the same
axis. Axes are coincidental and coaxial. Fig. shows an where
arrangement of the reverted gear train. Emax = maximum fluctuation of energy
If D1, D2, D3, D4 be the pitch circle diameters of the respective
gears and corresponding speeds are N1, N2,N3, N4 then Cenergy = coefficient of fluctuation of energy
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed: Ratio of the maximum
D1 D2 D3 D 4 fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of
=
2 2 fluctuation of speed.
D1 + D2 = D3 + D4
max = max min
N1 T2 T4
Velocity ratio = = max
N 4 T1 T3 Cs =
mean
Compound gear
1 Relation between maximum fluctution of energy E max and
3
4 2
coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
Emax = I mean ( max min)
( max min )
=I mean mean
mean

2 max
Co-axial = I mean
shafts mean

2
Emax = I mean Cs (1)
also energy stored is a flywheel is given by
Fig. : Reverted gear train
1
In a clock mechanism a reverted gear train is used to connect E = I 2mean
hour hand to minute hand in a clock mechanism. 2
4. Epicyclic gear train: A special type of gear train in which
Buy books
axis of: rotation
http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
of one or more of the wheels is carried on an
arm and this arm is free to rotate about the axis of rotation of
 51
increases and decreases as the sleeve moves upwards or
2 2E
mean = (2) downwards respectively.
I If hp is the height of porter governor (when length of arms
from (1) and (2) and links are equal).
Emax = 2ECs and hw is height of watts governor then
where Cs = coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
hp m+M
GOVERNORS =
hw m
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an
where m = mass of the ball
engine within mentioned speed limits for varying type of load
M = mass of the sleeve
condition.
(3) Hartnell governor: This is a spring controlled governor. If
Terms Used in Governors
lsleeve is the lift of the sleeve and Xcompression is the compression
(a) Height of Governor: Vertical distance from the centre of the
of the spring then
ball to a point where arms intersect on the spindle axis.
(b) Equilibrium Speed: The speed at which the governor balls, y
arms etc. are in complete equilibrium and the sleeve does lsleeve = Xcompression = (r 2 r 1)
x
not tend to move upwards or downwards. where r1 = Minimum radius of rotation
(c) Sleeve Lift: Vertical distance with the sleeve travels because r2 = Maximum radius of rotation
of change in equilibrium speed.
x = Length of ball arm of lever
(d) Mean Equilibrium Speed: The speed at the mean position
y = Length of sleeve arm of lever
of the balls or sleeve.
Stiffness of the spring is given by
(e) Maximum and Minimum Equilibrium Speeds: The speeds
at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the balls, S2 S1
S=
without tending to move either way are known as maximum h
and minimum equilibrium speeds respectively. If N1 and N2 where S1 = Spring force at minimum radius of rotation
are maximum and minimum speeds then S2 = Spring force at maximum radius of rotation
2 (N1 N 2 )
Sensitiveness = BRAKES
(N1 N 2 )
A device which applies artificial frictional resistance to a moving
(f) Sensitiveness: A governor is said to be sensitive, if its machine member, inorder to retard or stop the motion of machine,
change of speed is from no load to full load may be small a
is known as brake.
fraction of the mean equilibrium speed as possible and the
corresponding sleeve lift may be as large as possible. Types of Brakes
(g) Stability: If for every speed within the working range there There are four types of brakes commonly used listed below:
is a configuration of governor balls, then it is said that 1. Shoe brake
governor is stable. For a stable governor, the radius of 2. Band and block brake
governor balls must increase with increase in the equilibrium 3. Internal expanding brake
speed.
Dynamometers
(h) Hunting: Fluctuation in the speed engine continuously
above and below the mean speed is called hunting. It is a brake having a device to measure the frictional resistance.
(i) Isochronism: A governor is isochronous provided the We may obtain the torque transmitted and have power of the engine
equilibrium speed is constant for all radii of rotation of the by knowing the frictional resistance. There are two types of
balls upto the working range. dynamometers, used for measuring the brake power of the engine.
(j) Governor Effort: The average force required on the sleeve 1. Absorption dynamometers: A dynamometer in which the
to make it rise or come down for a given change in speed. entire energy or power produced by the engine is absorbed
(k) Power of Governor: The work done at sleeve for a given by the friction resistances of the brakes and is transformed
percentage change in speed. Mathematically into heat, during process of measurement. There are two
Power = Mean effort Lift of sleeve types of absorption dynamometers.
(i) Prony brake dynamometer
Types of Governors
(ii) Rope brake dynamometer.
Different types of Governors are:
2. Transmission dynamometers: A dynamometer in which the
(1) Simple governor-Watt type: The simplest type a centrifugal energy is not wasted in friction but is used for doing work.
governor is known as watt type or watt governor. Height of The energy or power produced by the engine is transmitted
the governor is given by through the dynamometer to some other machines where the
895 power developed is suitably measured. There are three types
h= metres of transmission dynamometer
N2
(i) Epicyclic-train dynamometer
where N = speed of the arm and ball about the spindle axis. (ii) Belt transmission dynamometer
(2) Porter governor: It is obtained by modifying a Watt governor (iii) Torsion dynamometer
with a central load attached to the sleeve. The governor speed
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
52

CAMS 9. Angle of Ascent: It is the angle moved by cam from the time
A rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating the follower begins to rise till it reaches the highest point.
motion to another element called follower is known as cam. These 10. Angle of Descent: Angle during which follower returns to
are mainly used for inlet and exhaust values of I.C. engines, lathes its initial position.
etc. 11. Angle of Action: It is the total angle moved by cam from the
beginning of ascent to finish of descent.
Types of Cams
12. Under Cutting: The situation of a Cam Profile which has an
1. Radial cam: A cam in which follower reciprocates or oscillates
inadequate curvature to provide correct follower movement,
in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cam. Radial
is known as under cutting.
cam is further classified as
(a) Reciprocating cam VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF THE FOLLOWER
(b) Tangent cam (a) Tangent Cam with Reciprocating Roller Follower
(c) Circular cam In the tangent cam flanks of the cam are straight and
2. Cylindrical Cam: A cam in which the follower reciprocates tangential to the base circle and nose circle. Tangent cams
or oscillates in a direction parallel to the cam axis. are used for operating the inlet and exhaust values of I.C.
engines. Displacement of the follower is given by
CAMS TERMINOLOGY
yf = (r1 + r2) (1 cos ) sec
A radial cam with reciprocating roller follower is shown in Fig. Velocity of the follower is given by
1. Base Circle: Smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam vf = (r1 + r2) sin sec2
profile. and acceleration of the follower is given by
2. Trace Point: The reference point on the follower which is af = 2 (r1 + r2) (2 cos2 ) sec2
used to generate the pitch curve that varies from case to where r1 = Minimum value of the radius of the cam
case. For example, in case of knife edge follower, the knife r2 = Radius of the roller follower
edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve = Angle turned by the cam, from the beginning
corresponds to the cam profile while in case of roller follower, of the follower displacement
the centre of the roller represents the trace point. = Angular velocity of the cam
3. Pressure Angle: The angle between the direction of the (b) Circular Arc Cam with Flat-faced Follower
follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. Keeping In the circular arc cam the flanks of the cam connecting the
the pressure angle too large will lead to joining of base circle and nose are of convex circular arcs.
reciprocating follower. Displacement of the flat faced follower is given by
4. Pitch Point: A point on the pitch pitch curve having the yf = (R r 1) (1 cos )
maximum pressure angle. Velocity of the follower is given by
vf = (R r1) sin
and acceleration of the follower is given by
Reciprocating roller follower af = 2 (R r1) cos
where R = Radius of circular flank
r1 = Minimum radius of the cam
Trace point Total follower travel
= Angle turned through by the cam
Maximum Pitch circle = Angular velocity of the cam
pressure
Cam shaft
angle BALANCING
Pitch Base circle The main aim of balancing is to remove the effects of the inertial
point
Prime circle force due to acceleration of various parts of the engine.
Pitch point (a) Balancing of rotating masses
The process of providing the second mass in order to
Cam profile counter act the effect of the centrifugal force of the first
mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
m1 2 r1=m2 2 r2
Fig. where = angular speed of the shaft
5. Pitch Circle: A circle drawn from the centre of the cam m1= mass attached to rotating shaft
through the pitch points. m2 =balancing mass
6. Pitch Curve: The curve generated by the trace point as the In order to put the system in complete balance it has to
follower moves relative to the cam. have
7. Prime Circle: Smallest circle that can be drawn from the (i) Static balancing
centre of the cam and tangent to the pitch curve. For a roller (ii) Dynamic balancing
follower, the prime circle is larger than the base circle by the (i) Static balancing: In this balancing the net dynamic
radius of the roller while in case of knife edge and a flat face force acting on the shaft is equal to zero.
follower it is equal. (ii) Dynamic balancing: In this balancing the net couple
8. Lift or Stroke: The maximum travel of follower from its lowest due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to
position to the topmost position is called life or stroke. zero along with the static balancing.
If several masses revolve in different planes then in order to
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
 53
have a complete balance FT = (1 C) m 2 r (cos sin )
FResultant = 0 where m = mass of the reciprocating parts
and CoupleResultant = 0 = angular velocity of crank
(b) Balancing of reciprocating masses r = radius of crank
To eliminate the shaking force and a shaking couple is called C = fraction of balanced reciprocating mass
balancing of reciprocating masses. It is usually not practical FTmax or FTmin occurs when = 135 or 315
to eliminate shaking force and shaking couple completely,
2
only we can do if we can reduce them. The reciprocating FTmax = 2 (1 C) m r
masses are only partially balanced.
FTmin = 2 (1 C) m 2 r
Inertia force due to reciprocating parts is given by
Swaying Couple: This is the effect caused by the couple that is
2 cos 2 produced by the unbalanced forces. This effect tends to sway
FI = FR = m r cos
n the engine alternately clock-wise and anti-clockwise. Swaying
where = angle made by the crank. couple is given by
The horizontal component of the force exerted on the crank 2a
Swaying couple = (1 C) m r
(cos + sin )
shaft bearing = Fu (unbalanced force) 2
F u = FI where a = distance between the central line of two cylinders
Swaying couple is maximum or minimum when
In magnitude
= 45 or 225
Fu = FI
Value of minimum and maximum swaying couple
2 cos 2
Fu = m r cos a
n = (1 C) m 2 r
2
Fu = FP + FS
2 Hammer Blow: It is the maximum unbalanced force in
whereFP (Primary unbalanced force) = m r cos
perpendicular direction to the line of stroke. If P is the downward
2 cos 2 pressure on rails and B is the balancing mass at radius b then the
FS (Secondary unbalanced force) = m r
n value of downward pressure so that wheels do not lift from the
Tractive Force: Unbalanced forces produced due to two cylinders rails is given by
along the line of the stroke. The tractive force (FT) in a locomotive P=B 2 b
with two cylinders is given by

EXERCISE
1. A rotating disc of 1 m diameter has two eccentric masses of S. Prime circle 4. Gear
0.5 kg each at radii of 50 mm and 60 mm at angular positions (a) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1 (b) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
of 0 and 150, respectively. A balancing mass of 0.1 kg is to (c) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4 (d) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
be used to balance the rotor. What is the radial position of 5. The number of inversions for a slider crank mechanism is
the balancing mass? (a) 6 (b) 5
(a) 50mm (b) 120 mm (c) 4 (d) 3
(c) 150 mm (d) 280 mm 6. For a four-bar linkage in toggle-position, the value of
2. The number of degrees of freedom of a planar linkage with 8 mechanical advantage is
links and 9 simple revolute joints is (a) zero (b) 0.5
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1.0 (d) infinite
(c) 3 (d) 4 7. The speed of an engine varies from 210 rad/s to 190 rad/s.
3. Match the items in Column I and Column II. During a cycle, the change in kinetic energy is found to be
Column I Column II 400 N-m. The inertia of the flywheel in kg-m2 is
P. Higher kinematic pair 1. crublers equation (a) 0.10 (b) 0.20
Q. Lower kinematic pair 2. Line contact (c) 0.30 (d) 0.40
R. Quick return mechanism 3. Eulers equation 8. The rotor shaft of a large electric motor supported between
S. Mobility of a linkage 4. Planar short bearings at both deflection of 1.8 mm in the middle of
5. Shaper the rotor. Assuming the rotor to be perfectly balanced and
6. Surface contact supported at knife edges at both the ends, the likely critical
(a) P-2, Q-6, R-4, S-3 (b) P-6, Q-2, R-4, S-1 speed (in rpm) of the shaft is
(c) P-6, Q-2, R-5, S-3 (d) P-2, Q-6, R-5, S-1 (a) 350 (b) 705
4. Match the items in Column I and Column II. (c) 2810 (d) 4430
Column I Column II
9. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
P. Addendum 1. Cam
(a) Gashoffs rule states that for a planar crank-rocker four
Q. Instantaneous centre 2. Beam
of velocity bar mechanism, the sum of the shortest and longest
R. Section modulus 3. Linkage link lengths cannot be less than the sum of remaining
two link lengths
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
54

(b) Inversions of a mechanism are created by fixing different

links one at a time
(c) Geneva mechanism is an intermittent motion device
(d) Grublers criterion assumes mobility of a planar
mechanism to be one
10. Mobility of a statically indeterminate structure is
(a) 1 (b) zero
(c) 1 (d) 2
11. A double-parallelogram mechanism is shown in the figure. (a) 2 degrees of freedom (b) 3 degrees of freedom
Note that PQ is a single link. The mobility of the mechanism is (c) 4 degrees of freedom (d) 6 degrees of freedom
P Q 18. If the ratio of the length of connecting rod to the crank
radius increases, then
(a) primary unbalanced forces will increase
(b) primary unbalanced forces will decrease
(c) secondary unbalanced forces will increase
(d) secondary unbalanced forces will decrease
19. In a cam mechanism with reciprocating roller follower, the
follower has a constant acceleration in the case of
(a) 1 (b) zero (a) cycloidal motion
(c) 1 (d) 2 (b) simple harmonic motion
12. A circular object of radius r rolls without slipping on a (c) parabolic motion
horizontal level floor with the centre having velocity V. The (d) 3 - 4 - 5 polynomial motion
velocity at the point of contact between the object and the 20. A flywheel fitted in a steam engine has a mass of 800 kg. Its
floor is radius of gyration is 360 mm. The starting torque of engine
(a) zero is 580 N-m. Find the kinetic energy of flywheel after 12
(b) V in the direction of motion seconds?
(c) V opposite to the direction of motion (a) 233.3 kJ (b) 349.8 kJ
(d) V vertically upward from the floor (c) 487.5 kJ (d) None of these
13. For the given statements: 21. In a slider-crank mechanism, the maximum acceleration of
I. Mating spur gear teeth is an example of higher pair. slider is obtained when the crank is
II. A revolute joint is an example of lower pair. (a) at the inner dead centre position
Indicate the correct answer.
(b) at the outer dead centre position
(a) Both I and II are false
(c) exactly midway position between the two dead centres
(b) I is true and II is false
(d) none of these
(c) I is false and II is true
22. If the rotating mass of a rim type flywheel is distributed on
(d) Both I and II are true
another rim type flywheel whose mean radius is half the
14. In a mechanism, the fixed instantaneous centres are those
mean radius of the former, then energy stored in the later at
centres which
the same speed will be
(a) Remain in the same place for all configuration of
mechanism (a) four times the first one
(b) Large with configuration of mechanism (b) same as the first one
(c) Moves as the mechanism moves, but joints are of (c) one fourth of the first one
permanent nature (d) one and a half times the first one
(d) None of the above 23. What will be the number of pair of teeth in contact if arc of
15. Maximum fluctuation of energy is the contact is 31.4 mm and module is equal to 5.
(a) Ratio of maximum and minimum energies (a) 3 pairs (b) 4 pairs
(b) sum of maximum and minimum energies (c) 2 pairs (d) 5 pairs
(c) Difference of maximum and minimum energies 24. The distance between the parallel shaft is 18 mm and they
(d) Difference of maximum and minimum energies from are conntected by an Oldhams couling. The driving shaft
mean value revalues at 160 rpm. What will be the maximum speed of
16. In full depth 1/4 degree involute system, the smallest number sliding the tongue of the intermediate piece along its grow?
of teeth in a pinion which meshes with rack without (a) 0.302 m/s (b) 0.604 m/s
interference is (c) 0.906 m/s (d) None of these
(a) 12 (b) 16 25. Two spur gears have a velocity ratio of 1/3. The driven gear
(c) 25 (d) 32 has 72 teeth of 8 mm module and rotates at 300 rpm. The
17. The two-link system, shown in the figure, is constrained to pitch line velocity will be
move with planer motion. It possesses (a) 3.08 m/s (b) 6.12 m/s
(c) 9.04 m/s (d) 12.13 m/s
26. Instantaneous centre of a body rolling with sliding on a
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
 55
stationary curved surface lies 2 and 4 have equal lengths. The point P on the coupler 3 will
(a) at the point of contact generate a/an
(b) on the common normal at the point of contact (a) ellipse (b) parabola
(c) at the centre of curvature of the stationary surface (c) approximately straight line
(d) Both (b) and (c) (d) circle
27. If Cf is the coefficient of speed fluctuation of a flywheel 33. A system of masses rotating in different parallel planes is in
then the ratio of max/ min will be dynamic balance if the resultant
1 2Cf 2 Cf (a) force is equal to zero
(a) (b) (b) couple is equal to zero
1 2Cf 2 Cf (c) force and the resultant couple are both equal to zero
1 Cf 2 Cf (d) force is numerically equal to the resultant couple, but
(c) (d) neither of them need necessarily be zero.
1 Cf 2 Cf 34. A bicycle remains stable in running through a bend because of
28. A rotor supported at A and B, carries two masses as shown (a) Gyroscopic action (b) Corioliss acceleration
in the given figure. The rotor is (c) Centrifugal action (d) Radius of curved path
35. The maximum fluctuation of energy Ef, during a cycle for a
flywheel is
(a) l( 2max 2min)
(b) 1/2 l av ( 2max 2min)
1
(c) lK 2
(a) dynamically balanced 2 es av
(b) statically balanced (d) lKes 2av
(c) statically and dynamically balanced (where l = Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel
(d) not balanced
av = Average rotational speed
29. A body of mass m and radius of gyration k is to be replaced Kes = coefficient of fluctuation of speed)
by two masses m1 and m2 located at distances h1 and h2
36. The road roller shown in the given figure is being moved
from the CG of the original body. An equivalent dynamic
over an obstacle by a pull P. The value of P required will
system will result, if
be the minimum when it is
(a) h1 + h2 = k (b) h12 h 22 k2
(c) h1h2 = k2 (d) h1 h 2 k 2
30. A cord is wrapped around a cylinder of radius r and mass
m as shown in the given figure. If the cylinder is releasd
from rest, velocity of the cylinder, after it has moved through
a distance h will be (a) horizontal
(b) vertical
(c) at 45 to the horizontal
(d) perpendicular to the line CO
37. Two gear 20 and 40 teeth respectively are in mesh. Pressure
angle is 20, module is 12 and line of contact on each side of
the pitch point is half the maximum length. What will be the
height of addendum for the gear wheel
(a) 4 mm (b) 6mm
(a) 2 gh (b) gh (c) 8 mm (d) 10mm
38. In a slider-bar mechanism, when does the connecting rod
4 gh gh
(c) (d) have zero angular velocity?
3 3
(a) When crank angle = 0 (b) When crank angle = 90
31. There are six gears A, B, C, D, E, F, in a compound train. The
number of teeths in the gears are 20, 60, 30, 80, 25 and 75 (c) When crank angle = 45 (d) Never
respectively. The ratio of the angular speeds of the driven 39. A disc of mass m is attached to a spring of stiffness k as
(F) to the driver (A) of the drive is shown in the figure. The disc rolls without slipping on a
horizontal surface. The natural frequency of vibration of
1 1 the system is
(a) (b)
24 8
4
(c) (d) 12
15
32. In the four-bar mechanism shown in the given figure, links

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

56
(b) tip of the pinion and flank of gear
1 k 1 2k (c) flanks of both gear and pinion
(a) (b)
2 m 2 m (d) tip of both gear and pinion.
47. ABCD is a four-bar mechanism in which AB = 30 cm and CD
1 2k 1 3k = 45 cm. AB and CD are both perpendicular to fixed link AD,
(c) (d)
2 3m 2 2m as shown in the figure. If velocity of B at this condition is V,
40. For a four bar linkage in toggle position, the value of then velocity of C is
mechanical advantage is
(a) 0.0 (b) 0.5
(c) 1.0 (d)
41. What will the normal circular pitch and axial pitch of helical
gear if circular pitch is 15 mm and helix angle is 30
(a) 13 mm and 39 mm
(b) 26 mm and 39 mm
(c) 26 mm and 13 mm
(d) 13 m and 26 mm
42. The speed of an engine varies from 210 rad/s to rad/s. During
3
cycle the change in kinetic energy is found to be 400 Nm. (a) V (b) V
2
The inertia of the flywheel in kgm2 is
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.20 9 2
(c) V (d) V
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.40 4 3
43. If first and last gear having teeth 30 and 50 respectively of a 48. The transmission angle is maximum when the crank angle
simple gear train, what will be the train value and speed with the fixed link is
(a) 0 (b) 90
ratio gear respectively if first gear is driving gear (c) 180 (d) 270
(a) 3/5 and 5/3 (b) 3/5 and 4/5 49. In the given figure, ABCD is a four-bar mechanism. At the
(c) 5/3 and 3/5 (d) 4/5 and 3/5 instant shown, AB and CD are vertical and BC is horizontal.
44. The centre of gravity of the coupler link in a 4-bar mechanism AB is shorter than CD by 30 cm, AB is rotating at 5 rad/s
would experience and CD is rotating at 2 rad/s. The length of AB is
(a) no acceleration
(b) only linear acceleration
(c) only angular acceleration
(d) both linear and angular accelerations
45. In a four-bar linkage, S denotes the shortest link length, L is
the longest link length, P and Q are the lengths of other two
links. At least one of the three moving links will rotate by (a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm
360 if (c) 30 cm (d) 50 cm
50. A link OP is 0.5 m long and rotate about point O. It has a
(a) S + L P + Q (b) S + L > P + Q
slider at permit B. Centripetal acceleration of P relative to O
(c) S + P L + Q (d) S + P > L + Q is 8 m/sec2. The sliding velocity of slider relative to P is 2 m/
46. An involute pinion and gear are in mesh. If both have the sec. The magnitude of Coriolis component of acceleration
same size of addendum, then there will be an interference is
(a) 16 m/sec2 (b) 8 m/sec2
between the 2
(c) 32 m/sec (d) Data insufficient
(a) tip of the gear teeth and flank of pinion

ANSWER KEY
1 (c) 11 (c) 21 (a) 31 (a) 41 (d)
2 (c) 12 (a) 22 (c) 32 (a) 42 (a)
3 (d) 13 (d) 23 (c) 33 (c) 43 (a)
4 (b) 14 (a) 24 (a) 34 (c) 44 (d)
5 (c) 15 (c) 25 (c) 35 (d) 45 (a)
6 (d) 16 (d) 26 (d) 36 (c) 46 (a)
7 (a) 17 (a) 27 (d) 37 (c) 47 (b)
8 (b) 18 (d) 28 (c) 38 (b) 48 (c)
9 (a) 19 (c) 29 (c) 39 (c) 49 (b)
10 (d) 20 (a) 30 (a) 40 (d) 50 (a)
Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html
 57

HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS

1. (c) Since, all the masses lie in the single plane of the disc. For a four bar linkage in toggle position
So, we have a force polygon. Effort = 0
Mechanical advantage =
7. (a) For flywheel which controls the fluctuations in speed
during a cycle at constant output load,
1 2 2
E I 2 1
2
1
400 .I 210 2 1902
2
I = 0.1 kg-m2.
Let be angular velocity of disc 8. (b) The critical or whirling speed of centrally loaded shaft
F1 = m1r1 2. = 0.5 0.05 2 = 0.025 2 N between two bearings
F2 = m2r2 2.= 0.5 0.06 2 = 0.030 2 N k g
If r is the radial position of balancing mass 0.1 kg, so c n
m
9.81
c 73.82 rad / s
0.0018
F2 R 2 Nc
R 73.82
60
Nc = 704.96 705 rpm
150
9. (a) According to Grsashoffs rule for a planar crank-rocker
F1 four bar mechanism, the sum of lengths of shortest
and longest links should be less than the sum of lengths
r = mr 2 = 0.1 r 2 N of other two remaining links.
From the above force polygon, So, statement (a) is incorrect and rest are correct.
10. (d) The mobility or degrees of freedom of a plane structure
R F11 F22 2F1 F2 cos 150 is the number of inputs (i. e., number of independent
coordinates required to determine the configuration
2 2
or position of all the links of the mechanism w.r.t. fixed
2 2 link. It is determined by Grublers equation as
= 0.025 0.030 2
F = 3(n 1) 2j h
4 where F = degrees of freedom or movability of
0.025 0.030 0.866
mechanism
= 0.015033 2. n = number of links
Now 0.1r 2 = 0.015033 2. j = number of lower pairs
h = numbers of higher pairs
r = 0.150 m r = 150 mm
Now, a 5-bar chain is the simplest statically
2. (c) According to Grublers criterion, the number of degrees indeterminate structure in which link 1 is fixed as shown.
of freedom of a mechanism is given by Hence to specify the position of all links, two
F = 3(n 1) 2j h = 3(8 1) 2 9 0 = 21 18 = 3 coordinates 1 and 2 are required. So two inputs are
5. (c) For a 4-bar chain/mechanism like slider-crank required to give a unique output. So, F = 2 or the
mechanism, there are as number of inversions as the mobility is 2.
number of links or bars. These different inversions are
obtained by fixing different links one at a item for one 3
inversion. 4
Hence, number of inversions for a slider-crank
mechanism will be four. 2
5
Load to be lifted 1
2
6. (d) Mechanical advantage =
Effort applied 1
Output force Similarly, for 6-bar or more chains, F > 2
= Hence, for a statically indeterminate structures,
Input force
Mobility 2

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

58

11. (c) P 18. (d) FP = Primary unbalanced force = mr 2cos

Q
Fs = Secondary unbalanced force
mr 2 l
cos 2 n
n r
19. (c) For uniform acceleration and retardation the velocity
of the follower must change at a constant rate and
hence the velocity diagram of the follower consists of
sloping straight lines. The velocity diagram represents
F = 3(n 1) + 2f1 f2. = 3(5 1) 2 5 1 everywhere the slope of the displacement diagram, the
= 12 10 1 = 1 latter must be curve whose slope changes at a constant
12. (a) As we know that, velocity at point of contact between
rate. Hence the displacement diagram consists of
object and floor will be R. While, radius R will be
double parabola.
equal to zero an instantaneous centre is situated at the
intersection point of object (radius r) and floor. T 580
20. (a) 5.59 rad/s 2
14. (a) Type of instantaneous centres: mk 2 800 (0.36)2
(a) Fixed instantaneous centres
2 1 t = 0. + 5.59 12 = 67.08 rad/s
(b) Permanent instantaneous centres
(c) Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centres 1 1
(a) Fixed instantaneous centre : KE = mk2 2 800 (0.36) 2 (67.08) 2
2 2
They remains in the same place for all configuration of
= 233270 N = 233.3 kJ
the mechanism.
21. (a)
(b) Permanent instantaneous centres :
They move when the mechanism move, but the joints
are of permanent mature.
(c) Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centre:-
They vary with the configuration of the Mechanism.
15. (c) The fluctuation of energy may be determined by the
turning moment diagram for one complete cycle of
operation. The difference between the maximum and cos 2
fp = r 2 cos 1
minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation n
of energy. At IDC =0
AE = Maximum energy Minimum energy
16. (d) The minimum number of teeth on a pinion is found on 1
fp = r 2 1
the basis of consideration of avoiding interference. n
In case of 14 involute system, the minimum number
At ODC = 180
of teeth in a pinion which meshes with rack
2 1
t min 32 fp = r 2 1
sin 2 n
17. (a) Y 22. (c) Energy stored in flywheel is dependent on moment of
inertia given by :
I = (w/g)k2
where k = radius of gyration
In case of rim type of flywheel,
higher link 2 k = radius of flywheel.
pair
k
Since, k =
2
link 1
23. (c) Arc of contact = 31.4 mm
Module (m) = 5
Circular pitch = m = 5
O X
Kutzbach criterion for movability of a mechanism, Arc of contact
So, No. of pair of teeth in contact =
Number of degree of freedom = 3 (l 1) 2j h Circular pitch
= 3(2 1) 2 0 1
=31=2 31.4
Hence, it possesses 2 degree of freedom. = = 2 pairs.
5

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

 59

2 N 2 160 From the equations (ii) and (iii); we get

24. (a) = 16.75 rad/s
60 60 m1h12 (m1h1 ) h 2 mk 2
maximum velocity of sliding = d
= 16.75 0.018 = 0.302 m/s mk 2
m1 = ...(iii)
25. (c) T2 = 72 h1 (h1 h 2 )
1 From the equations (i) and (ii) we get
VR =
3 m1h1
N2 = 300 rpm m1 m
h2
N2 T1 1
N1 T2 3 mh 2
m1 = h h ...(iv)
1 2
T1 1
T1 24 From equations (iii) and (iv)
T2 3
Pitch line velocity = w1r1 or w2r2 mk 2 mh 2
d2 8 72 h1 (h1 h 2 ) (h1 h 2 )
= 2 N2 = 2 300 k2 = h1h2
2 2
= 542867 mm/min = 9.04 m/s 30. (a) Since cylinder falls freely under effect of gravity, it
26. (d) The position of the instantaneous centre changes with follows basic law of motion and
the motion of the body. Instantaneous centre of a body 2
= 2gh and =2gh
rolling with sliding on a stationary curved surface lies 31. (a) Ratio of angular speeds of F to A
(i) on the common normal at the point of contact, and
also TA TC TE 20 30 25 1
(ii) at the centre of curvature of the stationary surface TB TD TF 60 80 75 24
27. (d) We know that coefficient of fluctuation of speed (CS) 32. (a) Point P being rigidly connected to point 3, will trace
is same path as point 3, i.e. ellipse.
33. (c) A system of masses rotating in different parallel planes
( max min )
CS is in dynamic balance if the resultant force and the
max min resultant couple are both to zero. This is known as
2 dynamic balancing.
or, CS max + CS min = 2 max 2 min
34. (c) A bicycle remains stable in running through a bond
because of centrifugal action.
max 2 CS
1 2 2
min 2 CS 35. (d) e max l( max min )
2
28. (c) Static balance is a balance of forces due to the action
of gravity. 1
l( max min )( max min ) l av CS av
Consider a rigid rotor with the shaft laid on horizontal 2
parallel ways. if it is in static balance, the shaft will not e max 1 2
CS
av
on the ways whatever may be the angular position of
36. (c) From the figure, it shows that the value of P required
the rotor. For this to happen, the centre of gravity of
will be minimum when it is at 452 to the horizontal. This
the system of masses must lie at the axis of rotation of
can be solved by resolution of forces.
the shaft. For the centre of gravity to be at the axis of
the shaft, the horizontal and vertical moments of the mT 40 12
37. (c) R = 240 mm
rotors must be equal to zero 2 2
Wr sin = 0, Wr cos = 0
mt 20 12
The above equations are also true with the dynamic r=
2 2
balance of the inertia forces. Thus if the conditions for
the dynamic balance are met, the conditions for static r sin
R 2a R 2 cos 2 R sin
balance are also met. 2
29. (c) For dynamically equivalent
120 sin 20
m1 + m2 = m ...(i) R 2a (240 cos 20) 2 240sin 20
2
m1h1 = m2h2 ...(ii)
Ra = 248 mm
m1h12 m 2 h 22 mk 2 ...(iii) addendum = 248 240 = 8 mm

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html

60

cos Tfirst 30 3
38. (b) cr 43. (a) Train values =
n 2
sin 2 Tlast 50 5

cos 1 5
If n is large cr = Speed ratio =
n Train value 3
Angular velocity is maximum at = 0, 180 44. (d) The centre of gravity of the coupler link in a 4 bar
Angular velocity is zero at = 90 mechanism would experience both linear and angular
accelerations.
39. (c) 45. (a) According to Grashofs law for a four bar mechanism.
The sum of shortest and longest link lengths should
not be greater than the sum of the remaining two link
length.
i.e. S + L P + Q
46. (a) An involve pinion and gear in mesh. If both have the
same size of addendum, then there will be interference
between the tip of the gear teeth and blank of renion.
Taking moments about instantaneous centre A This is a phenomenon of interference.
47. (b) We know that, VB = V, CD = 45 cm, AB = 30 cm
Ia (kx) r 0
VCD VC W .CD CD
(IO + mr2) + kx ( r) r = 0
VBA VB W . AB AB
1 2
mr mr 2 + k ( r2) = 0 VC CD
2
VB AB
kr 2
+ =0 CD 45 3 3
3 2 VC VB V V V
mr
2 AB 30 2 2

2k 3
+ =0 Velocity of C = V.
3m 2
48. (c) The transmission angle is maximum when crank angle
1 2k with fixed link is 180.
n=
2 3m The transmission angle is minimum when crank angle
40. (d) In toggle position, for a four bar linkage, the mechanical with fixed link is 0.
advantage will be infinity. The transmission angle is optimum when crank angle
41. (d) = 30 with fixed link is 90.
Normal circular pitch = circular pitch cos 49. (b) CD = AB + 30 cm
Rotation of AB, 1 = 5 rad/s
= 15 cos 30 = 13 mm
Rotation of CD, 2 = 2 rad/s
Circular pitch 15 15 So, 1AB = 2CD
Axial pitch = = = 5 AB = 2 (AB + 30)
tan 30 tan 30 1 3
AB = 20 cm
= 26 mm
50. (a) aC = r 2
42. (a) We know that
8 = 0.5 2
1 2
1 2 2 2 2 = 16
E= l 1 2
400 210 190
2 2 = 4 rad/sec
Coridis component of acceleration = 2 v
400 400 l
= 2 4 2 = 16 m/s2
l = 0.1 kg-m 2

Buy books : http://www.dishapublication.com/new-release/guide-to-drdo-ceptam-mechanical-engineer-exam-with-practice-set.html