/ i-1680 November 3, 1986 MEMORANDUM FOR PILE Whe usual method ef design for selective networks of the ‘iter type the individual meshes are considered te be ‘part of en infinite series of similar structures, and the net- Work designed on this basis. fhe reuultent structure is then terminated by impedances which are = elose approximation to ‘those essuned in determining the elements ef the network. the Feoults edteined by this method are in general satisfectery, although theeretiqaliy there mast de peaks in the eharseteris- $26 nese the eritioal frequency or cutoff. In certain mechanics), networks such as phonograph repretucers, these inherent peaks Are of importance due to the application of constant velocity Grave at the inyut md aleo to the lew interns) damping of nest neq@banten] structures. ‘This menoraniun desoribes a method of designing net- works of the seme configuration of elements and with a sities ebaracteristic to the filter type, which does net depend upon considering the network es yart of an infinite line snd, there- fore dees net give the irregular eharacteristio near the evition) frequency. A representative case will be considered in detail first end a disoussion of other cases taken up leter, bomen as ensuite aConsider the network ef Figure 1: Ae z 7 Fi. Asgane that the network ie of the "constant X" tyye, that ie, that 212 = x* , then the ratio of current in te current out is z ota Beadh! +s dpe JL [o- wen ho 2b") where 2) = 3) Bg = Sg ot 4 an (a + bo + 6) Bao ave Ca (leased Considering the absolute magnitude ef the current ratio we have 1,8 3,2 X3,4 23,2 x8 tgp" = a atgh® + ath) ek ~ aan Gy ‘ or [orp sae mgt. gy = n0(A + B) gt + aac er = eB(a + B) ge] w.e rc!whore ato BY, provided ats a® 5 apm mfo(a + 3B) mae aap = a? [ta 2)" 5 200 | Ba mea + B) It is possible to eliminate 4, 3, and ¢ from these four equations, giving the oubie equation in m, wt - dat. Bat 220 ‘fhe three roots of this equetion are readily fount 2 - wf obi ms Eiken gt Fh-2) By trial it may de seen that m,7 ant xg” Go not give a physical solution of the problem, Using the root HM," we find thats ae 0 a2 ae Be anal ) wk wea 8 - Solving for the fundamentel constents a, b, and « we fint er De mwmdi 22S WS (vB ~ 8)Under these conditions: Is war 5 Gh 1-3 i") soe oak y?. *,! . iw)? a de oe Trays n'e” i+ Ge where wo? = (vB. 2° 1008 14%0,5 We have aise x? « nF rh - Sit-y Solving the last two equstions fer Iq ané 0), we fina @, = Sok ae Bs, 2 * ame Applying the constants ¢, >, and o to determine the other constants we have, . -— 2. ae 5( - Bh, Og = 8 0, = WB vB - 2) Bw k Gg = 0 0, = 5 (VB - 2) ory Referring to figure 2 and finding the numerical values of the constants, we have the following formlee. The corresponding values as determined by the filter formilne are given in parentheses.°° saheor Sn bee a ‘The characteristic ef the above network is given ty 2 TW @ 10 108-19 b + & | = 10 log, , ty When f = fp there is a loss of approximately 3 TU. With f f, the lows increases rapidly, although not as rapidly es in the ease of the filter type of structure. It should de noted that the values of the elenents ere mush different from the corresponding filter values. 4 plot of the relative characteristics is given on an attached aketeh. ‘The curves are computed values and neglect internal dissipation in the network which would reduce the peaks in the filter charac- teristic to « considerable extent.a Anan illustration, « phonograph reproduser will: be Genigned by the method described, A reprotuser hasja series Compliance due to the edge of the diaphragn which it is necessary $0 take into account. By the method of impedance transforming networks, it may be shown that the strueture of figure 3 is ddentioal to that ef figure 2, Ss Ce rere eee a igs ant og 2 ¢; 1-20 + and where fT is an ideal transformer of the ratio chown, Figure 3 represents the equivalent eirouit of a phono- graph reproducer, except for the negative compliance in series with the input. Since the solution is simply for the ratic of inyut to output velocity or current, this factor does not enter into the solution and may be neglected.-7- We start by sswuming a Giaphregn of the conical type of one ond three quarters inches effective disneter weighing 80 grems. This is the approximate masse of « duralumin diaphragn ©f .OOLY inch thickness. We take further the value of Gq the complianes of the diaphragm to be .20 x 1076, and select 4000 cyoles as the frequency corresponding to the point where the structure is to have three TU loss. By the relation between I, and R, we find B to ve equal to 5620 obms. Substituting this in the proper formas, we have: Ig © «38 gus. 0, = .oons x 10°* Gy = «0098 x 10-6 Gy = 0120 x 10°F #, = 2.08 iq = 1.06 *ateaty ~ 014s x 20° Ig/o, = 2345 gus 096, Gq - og 0108 x 10°6 The area of the disphragn is 18.5 square contineters. A hern to supply © losd of 5620 ohms on © diaphragm ef this ares 2 x:25.8" must have a throat opening of $1,738:5 1.75 square centineters of a Giemeter of 1,5 centineters. {~ S Next considering the compliance of the air chamber whieh 1s required to be .cos? x 106, the reqired fermise fer the volune of the air chamber is Vo 1.6 x 18.8" x 0088 = .74 cubic centineter. ‘the average depth of the chanber would, therefore, be aEtg 7 +048 continoter oF .019 inhen. ‘The effective mass of the needle arm at the diaphragn should de ig or .545 gms. which is easily realised. Sines the of effective compliance of the necile at the diaphrage is .0129 x 1076 1f 4, represents the distance fron the pivet point of the needle arm to the conter of the disphragn ani ty the distance fron the Pivot point to the needle point, the ratio of is given vy Ga = Mah ort where 0, 1s the compliance of the nestle point. With “the average nesdle this ratio 1s apprexinately unity. 4 reproduser constructed along thege lines would have ‘theoretically a perfectly sncoth characteristic, the reflection peeks which oequr normally in the filter type are not present. It 40 of interest that the network cannet be split up into sections having the same cuteff frequency and impedanse. In other wards, it is not & "natohed impedance” structure.ye 4 two seotion notwork has been selected as deing saffictently general to show the methed of solution. ‘he seme ceneral method applies to simpler anf more complisated struc- tures, the solution of some others are given on the attached sketches. ‘The illustrative exemple considered above gives the solution for the ratio of input te output current, sines this weens to be of more immediate prastionl interest. An electric network usually requires the solution for the ease of a constant Voltage in series with an output impedance connected to the in- pat of the network. This condition would require the equations ef ‘the voltage divided by the current in the lead te be treated as above. It is ordinarily easier, however, to make use of a simple theoren which can readily be proved, that the effect of a constant Voltage E in varies with an inpedince x ant the mtwork is the same as a curvent I» E into « yaraliol combination of the network and the impedence 2, If, as is umelly the ease, Z is a pure Fesistance, the solution of this case reduces to the case treated above for the ratio of two ourrente, with the efditional compli- cation of a resistance shunted seross the inyut terninals of the network. If Z is note resistance the method still applies, but here the variation of the input current F must be taken into account.-lo- Another possible fiel4 ef application depends ugon an equivalent method of voliege ratios, suggested by My.0. Z,Steveusen, ‘Tt may yeadily be shown that if any given network terminated ty ‘the impedance Z, at the enf of 3, then the ratio of the current inte end A to the current in the impedance Z is the seme as the ratio of the two volteges *) where &, 16 n voltage applied in series with the impetance ~ 2 and E, is the open eireuit voltage at the 4 end of the network. As an exeaple, if a voltage B is epplied in series with the resistance R of figure 2, there will ve a certain voltege X, serves the condenser Cg. The ratic of the velseges 3 will be the sume for al treqeneies as the ratio 11 ter the network. One obvious field of application for this is in the case of a network where it ie desired to leave the reseiving ond open and maintain constant voltage scress the terainals, such os @ vacuum tube amplifier for example, where the inpat cireuit may be considered as a capacity. Another interesting result is that an electromagnetic recerder may theoretically be given « Uniform response sharacteristic with no mechanieal demping whatsoever. This comes about from the electromechanical network transformation, whereby sevice masses are replaced by shunt Sapseitios, stunt eomplianoes by series inductances, velocity by voltage and force by eurrent.-ne- In & recorder we are interested in maintaining © Gonstant velocity in the terminal series mass, this is equivalent to maintaining a constant voltage across the terminal shunt Condenser of the equivalent electric network pf the o! otre~ mechanical structure, Henee, the solution given above may ve Spplied to determine the constants of a recorder with substantially ‘uniform response characteristis and with no meahanioal damping. Reference may be made to a Memorandum for File, Mi-1168, "Equivalent Cireuits for Magnete Mechanical Networks", Case 32184, dated Jenuary 2, 1925, for details of the equdvalont eleetric eirouit of en electromechanical network, ‘The came general principles may be applied to electre- mechanical structures te solve for the condition Giving constant amplitade instead of constant Veloeity. This condition was gon- Siderea in some detail in a Memorandum for File, M1212, "Constant Amplitude Motor Elements", Case 14212, dated March 19, 1925.Re, Soe Petes certo bine need Seca wae wae ae dd ALLEL LLM Le Rae ere a ve aaa aa sates acer wr > aaa reaWESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED | VATE Pa Noon yy Sei Vie 3. Two and one half an Tee rs 7 ran y exomeenELM| ES.F/96 50 rake (Geviis a eae) ma RT(ce macy = 4. Same structure trans farmed phto fe oa Par licey) = —£____ Ta ea z Pare rae Ra(eEY) rape ei oe ee en ee Para ed ear Pee CL ee COR (ny achat) yt : 7 == 34 aed CEMA oe aaa oe = (B-! 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