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Retrieval of The Green S Function From Cross Correlation PDF
Retrieval of The Green S Function From Cross Correlation PDF
1785/0120050181
Abstract In realistic materials, multiple scattering takes place and average field
intensities or energy densities follow diffusive processes. Multiple P to S energy
conversions by the random inhomogeneities result in equipartition of elastic waves,
which means that in the phase space the available elastic energy is distributed among
all the possible states of P and S waves, with equal amounts in average. In such
diffusive regimes, the P to S energy ratio equilibrates in a universal way independent
of the particular details of the scattering. We study the canonical problem of isotropic
plane waves in an elastic medium and show that the Fourier transform of azimuthal
average of the cross correlation of motion between two points within an elastic
medium is proportional to the imaginary part of the exact Greens tensor function
between these points, provided the energy ratio ES /EP is the one predicted by equi-
partition in two and three dimensions, respectively. These results clearly show that
equipartition is a necessary condition to retrieve the exact Greens function from
correlations of the elastic field. However, even if there is not an equipartitioned
regime and correlations do not allow to retrieve precisely the exact Greens function,
the correlations may provide valuable results of physical significance by reconstruct-
ing specific arrivals.
Introduction
In order to build descriptions of the Earth structure use- used. In fact, for waves within a diffusive regime, Weaver
ful for exploration or seismic risk studies, geophysicists have (1982) employed an elegant mode-counting argument that
studied seismic noise and the coda waves generated after the we explain in the Appendix together with an interpretation
passage of the direct arrivals, also called ballistic waves. In in the phase space. Later he showed (Weaver, 1990) the
his pioneering studies Aki pointed out that seismic noise and equipartition as a limit of multiple scattering, whereas Ry-
coda waves may contain valuable information of the prop- zhik et al. (1996) formally established the transport equation
agation media (Aki, 1957; Aki and Chouet, 1975). Akis of elastic waves and the associated diffusion approximation.
long term program ranged from single and multiple scatter- They pointed out that in such diffusive regimes the P to S
ing descriptions to radiative transfer ideas aimed to explain energy ratio equilibrates in a universal way independent of
coda envelopes. A comprehensive account can be found in the details of the multiple scattering. On the other hand,
Sato and Fehler (1998). Snieder (2002) used an ingenious probabilistic ball-counting
It has been demonstrated recently that the elastody- algorithm.
namic Greens function can be recovered from isotropic In real materials the multiple scattering that takes place
elastic wavefield generated by either multiple scattering or generates an interesting fact. Although in the microscale the
by a large number of sources (such as microseisms) as well field equations remain the same (Newton and Hookes laws,
(Campillo and Paul, 2003; Shapiro and Campillo, 2004; Sa- thus Naviers equations) intensities, like other averages, they
bra et al., 2005). Moreover, these experimental results follow diffusive processes and these averages satisfy diffu-
clearly show the existence of long range correlation. sion-like equations (e.g., heat equation). Therefore, in the
On the other hand, equipartition means that in the phase diffusive regime (when traveled distances are much longer
space the available energy is equally distributed, with fixed than the transport mean free path and the travel times long
average amounts, among all the possible states. This simple compared to the transport mean free time) the P to S energy
yet powerful concept is one of the building blocks of modern conversion by the random inhomogeneities equilibrates in a
thermodynamics, and it has also been put forward for mul- universal way independent of the details of the scattering.
tiple scattered waves and specifically for elastic waves. To The equipartition of energy in 3D for a homogeneous back-
establish the corresponding ratios, several devices have been ground medium leads to the relation ES(t,x) 2(/b)3
1182
Short Notes 1183
EP(t,x), where ES and EP are the S and P spatial energy in a homogeneous elastic medium (see, e.g., Aki and Rich-
densities, and and b are the P- and S-wave speeds, re- ards, 1980). Propagation takes place in the x1x3 plane.
spectively. Therefore, the antiplane (out-of-plane) displacement v(x, t)
Evidence of the transition toward equipartition has been fulfils the wave equation
observed in real data (Hennino et al., 2001; Shapiro et al.,
2000) from the observation of the stabilization of the P to S 2m 2m 1 2m
energies ratio in the coda at a value compatible with the 2 2 2 , (1)
x1 x3 b t2
theory. In fact, coda waves are natural candidates to undergo
equipartition. This is attested by the stabilization of the en- where b shear wave velocity and t time.
ergies ratio. Coda waves continue ringing for a duration A typical harmonic, homogeneous plane wave can be
many times longer than the sourcesite travel time, and this written as
suggests, at least, intense multipathing. The exponential de-
cay of coda waves, characterized by the coda Q that, al- m(x, x, t) F(x, w)exp(ikxj nj)exp(ixt), (2)
though frequency dependent, is a regional constant, is in-
dependent of magnitude and source depth (Aki and Chouet, where k x/b S wavenumber, F(x, w) complex
1975). This is very strong indication that coda waves sample waveform, x circular frequency, xT (x1, x3) Car-
the Earth uniformly around the recording station. Equipar- tesian coordinates (such that x1 r cosh rc1, x3 r sinh
tition is expected to arise naturally in the diffusive regime. rc3, with r, h polar coordinates) and nj direction
The energy ratio stabilization appears before the complete cosines (n1 cosw, n3 sinw) that define wave propa-
isotropy of the field but indicates that the diffusion can be gation.
used as a good approximation (Paul et al., 2005). Consider the correlation of the motion described in
In this work we deal with the canonical problem of a equation (2), evaluated at positions x and y, respectively.
uniform random distribution of plane waves within a ho- For simplicity assume y at the origin. In this way the scalar
mogeneous elastic medium. The cross correlation of the product nj xj rnjcj r cos[w h]. Thus, we can write
fields produced at two points by generic plane waves is com-
puted then azimuthally averaged. Polar and spherical coor-
m(y, x)m*(x, x)
dinates are used for 2D and 3D, respectively. We show that
F(x, w)F*(x, w)exp(ikr cos[w h]) . (3)
the Fourier transform of the average of the cross correlation
of motion between two points is proportional to the imagi-
Here and hereafter the time factor exp(ixt) is omitted.
nary part of the tensor Greens function between these
If we assume an isotropic field in which waves propagate
points, provided the energy ratio ES /EP is (/b)2 and 2(/
back and forth in directions given by w and such that the
b)3, in two and three dimensions, respectively (see the Ap-
average spectral density is F(x, w)F* (x, w) |F(x)|2,
pendix). These results clearly show that, for an elastic me-
roughly independent of w, then an azimuthal average over
dium, equipartition is a necessary condition to retrieve the
w leads to
Greens function from correlations of the isotropic elastic
field. However, the usefulness of correlations is not confined
to the equipartitioned case. Indeed, correlations do provide m(y, x)m*(x, x)
2p
significant information even in cases where the fully diffuse
exp(ikr cos[w h]) dw
1
nature of the fields is not at all obvious, as it was demon- |F(x)| 2
(4)
2p
strated in the several applications already mentioned. 0
where H Heaviside function. We should note that this is ul(x, x, t) P(x, u)nl exp(iqxj nj)
a causal Greens function because imaginary and real part S(x, w)ml exp(ikxj mj), (12)
contribute equally in the positive times and cancel out ex-
actly in negative times. where P and S complex waveforms and mj, nj direction
cosines (m1cosw, m3 sinw, n1 cos u, n3 sin u).
The 2D Vector Case Note that polarization of the P part is given by nl while for
S part we have m1 m3 and m3 m1 and this guarantees
With reference to Figure 1, assume we are dealing with the proper polarization for shear waves (see e. g., Aki and
P and SV waves in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic me- Richards, 1980).
dium. Again, propagation takes place in the x1-x3 (or x-z) Consider the cross-correlation of this vector motion,
plane. Therefore, the in-plane displacements ui(x, t), where evaluated at positions x and y, respectively. For simplicity
i 1, 3, fulfills the Navier equation assume y at the origin. Thus, we can write
Specializing equation (11) for l 1 and s 1 we have that is easily found to be ES /EP (/b)2 by a mode counting
argument (see Appendix).
u1(y)u1*(x) (14) The case without equipartition, namely P22 S2b2,
(P cos u SP* sinw cosu)exp(iqr cos[u h])
2 2 does not allow to retrieve the exact Greens function. How-
(S2 sin2w PS* cosu sinw)exp(ikr cos[w h]) ever, it is of great practical interest as all the Greens func-
tion components are there, with amplitudes for each wave
for l 3 and s 3 we can write consistent with the actual energy ratio.
[1 i/(kr) 1 /(kr)2]exp(ikr).
J0(qr) J (kr)
Ae 0 2 and
2 b (18) These functions have the constants 1 and (1 (b/)2)/
2, respectively as limits if x or r tend to zero. It is convenient
J2(qr) J (kr)
Be 2 2 , for our analysis to express f1 and f2 in terms of spherical
2 b Hankels functions of the second kind. Then, it is possible
to show that
with Jn(kr) Bessel function of the first kind and order n
of argument kr. This result is precisely the extension of the f1 ikrb3(a 2b)/3,
scalar SH case. It can be demonstrated that the cross terms (23)
cancel out in the averaging. If e 1 in equation (18), then f2 ikrb3(a b)/3,
from equations (10) and (11) one can see that the expression
within brackets in equation (17) is precisely 8q where
Im[Gij(x,y;x)]. Considering that l qb2 and ES qx2S2/
2 we can write h(2)
0 (qr) 2h(2)(kr)
a 03 ,
3
b (24)
ui (y, x)uj*(x, x) 8Es k2 Im[Gij(x, y, x)] , (19)
h(2)
2 (qr) h2(2)(kr)
b , and
which generalizes the result of equation (7). These two equa- 3
b 3
where, k x/b and q x/, P, SV, and SH complex Figure 2. Propagation of plane P, SV, and SH
waveforms and nj, mj, hj direction cosines, respectively. waves in 3D.
A convenient way to express all the possible propaga-
tion directions is by means of the spherical coordinates r, h,
and (the values j 1, 2, and 3 correspond as usual to ul(y)u*s (x) (P2nl ns SV P*mn
l s
(PS*V nl ms SV2 mm
l s (29)
SH SV* hm)exp(ikr cosh1)
sinh0 cosu0 sinh1 cosu1 l s
sinh2 cosu2 This vector product is a second-order tensor and is ex-
and {hj} sinh2 sinu2 . (26) pressed as the sum of nine elementary tensors (the exponen-
cosh2 tials are scalars). The squares in this equation stand for spec-
tral densities. Lets perform the azimuthal average over all
possible incidences of P, SV, and SH waves by formally
The polarization of motions is important and has to be applying three times (over the angles m and hm for m 0,
described using the spherical coordinates. P waves are po- 1, and 2, respectively) upon our tensor of equation (29) of
larized as the propagation directions nj. For SV and SH waves an operator of the form
we choose vertical and horizontal polarizations expressed by
2p p
du sinhdh,
1
cosh1 cosu1 (30)
4p
{m}
j cosh1 sinu1 , and 0 0
sinh1
(27) which gives one when acting over a unitary constant because
sinu2 the integrand of the double integral is the differential of area
{h}
j cosu2 . of the unit sphere.
0 Performing the average for l 1 and s 1, one obtains
p
P2
It is convenient to express the position vector xj as rcj u1(y)u1* (x)
4 sin h 2
0 exp(iqr cosh0)sinh0 dh0
where 0
p
S2
V cos h2
1 exp(ikr cosh1)sinh1 dh1 (31)
sinh cosu 4
0
{cj} sinh sinu . (28) 2
p
For l 3 and s 3, the result is Without equipartition, P22 S2V b2 S2H b2, we do
p not retrieve precisely the exact Greens function. However,
P2
cos h
the relevant physics is there with amplitudes for each wave
u3(y)u*3 (x) 2
0 exp(iqr cosh0)sinh0 dh0
2 consistent with the actual energy ratios.
0
p
Note that equation (34) for n 0 and z krcosh with
S2V k x/c(x) expresses the azimuthal average of correlation
2 sin h 2
1 exp(ikr cosh1)sinh1 dh1 . (33) coefficient for the acoustic case in three dimensions.
0
counterparts of P and SV waves, respectively. On the other ground, he gives a geometrical interpretation (stationary
hand, for the vertical displacements of Rayleigh waves, the phase in a region around the direction of the receivers re-
problem is analogous to the 2D scalar homogeneous problem ferred to as end fire lobes). One must note that none of
(i j 2). Because the symmetries are the same, it suffices these last authors really deal with a Greens function made
a proper interpretation. The x and z axis should be horizontal, of different contributions for which the relative amplitudes
the y axis vertical, and wavenumbers q x/cR(x) and k of the contributions are discussed. Our analytical results in-
x/cL(x) would correspond to Rayleigh and Love waves. Af- dicate that both equipartition and isotropy of the field are
ter tensor rotation, the longitudinal and transverse compo- required to exactly retrieve the elastic Greens function.
nents will give the contributions of Rayleigh and Love Since equipartition is expected for multiply scattered waves,
waves. This analysis is similar of the one given by Snieder late coda records are good candidates for use in reconstruc-
(2004). With the presence of various modes, equipartition tion of complete Greens functions. Furthermore, the ran-
will certainly arise in the diffusive regime but the precise domness of the field and particularly its isotropy can be im-
relationship of correlation with Greens function requires proved by averaging the cross correlation over a set of
further scrutiny. In any case, the Fourier transform of cor- sources (see Paul et al., 2005 for a thorough discussion).
relations may reveal the various modes. Seismic noise on Earth has an origin that is not fully under-
Lobkis and Weaver (2001) give a demonstration of the stood, and there is no guarantee that noise has a homoge-
proportionality between Greens function and correlation neous distribution of arrival directions or any kind of equi-
based on a modal approach that was later extended to an partition between the different waves since it can be
open medium (Weaver and Lobkis, 2004). They considered dominated by ballistic arrivals. It can be isotropic enough to
a source distribution in their acoustic formulation. They did make it possible good reconstructions of specific arrivals,
not require any sources in the neighborhood of receivers and such as fundamental mode of surface waves. It was dem-
extended the argument to apply to the far more useful case onstrated that long-range correlations in the noise can actu-
of the receiver region insonified by a conventionally diffuse ally be used to retrieve the surface-wave part of the Greens
equipartitioned set of random plane waves. Van Tiggelen functions (Shapiro and Campillo, 2004; Sabra et al., 2005)
(2003) gives a theoretical analysis of the reconstruction of and even to produce tomographic maps (Shapiro et al.,
the scalar Greens function from correlation of the signals 2005). In spite of the practical success of these approaches,
produced by a single source in a disordered medium with which shows the robustness of the method, its interpretation
homogeneous background using the diffusion approxima- and the limits of the method are still open for discussion. It
tion. Wapenaar (2004) gives an interpretation based on a is noteworthy that the P and S energy densities equilibrate
special kind of representation theorem and assumes a con- to the equipartition ratio before the field isotropy is reached
tinuous distribution of sources on a closed surface surround- (e.g., Paul et al., 2005). An anisotropic flux as well as the
ing the receivers. Using a heterogeneous acoustic model, absence of equipartition has to be considered to fully un-
Van Manen et al. (2005) actually test this idea and computes derstand the limitations of the method.
the field with finite differences. Wapenaars (2004) is a for-
mal argument that is close to the one of the perfect time Conclusions
reversal mirror (Derode et al., 2003) but generalized to elas-
ticity. The analogy with the time reversal, as well as Wap- The equipartition of the energy carried by diffuse elastic
enaars argument, indicates that the reconstructed signal, waves in three dimensions leads to the relationship ES
when it emerges correctly from the remnant fluctuations, is 2(/b)3 EP, where ES and EP are the S and P spatial energy
the actual Greens function of the medium. densities, and and b are the P- and S-wave speeds, re-
Snieder (2004) uses a model for surface waves that as- spectively. In two dimensions that factor is simply (/b)2.
sumes that multiple scattering is equivalent to the contribu- The case of the elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous body
tion of a random, uncorrelated (secondary) source distribu- under isotropic random distribution of plane waves is an
tion. Indeed, he obtains the surface waves in the correlation important canonical problem. We retrieve from the field cor-
and gives a geometrical interpretation (stationary phase: con- relations the exact properties of Greens function, like dis-
structive contributions from the sources located in the direc- tance behavior of P and S waves and the precise balance
tion defined by the two receivers). Snieder also concludes between P and S energies. Even if there is no scattering at
that Greens function reconstruction has no relation with all, equipartition can be reached within a portion of a perfect
equipartition, while we show here that in canonical cases, it elastic solid if random sources are isotropically distributed
is a clear requirement. The stationary phase argument is also far away from the center of the station pair. The energy ratio
strongly used by researchers from ocean acoustics since the between P and S in the diffuse incoming random field gov-
early works by Kuperman and Ingenito (1980). For example, erns the balance in the correlation. In the elastic case, the
Roux et al. (2005) compute the correlation in a three- particular value of this ratio that leads to the exact full
dimensional (3D) acoustic medium with a homogeneous dis- Greens function is precisely the one predicted by the theory
tribution of uncorrelated sources and get the 3D Greens of equipartition. Without equipartition we do not retrieve the
function. Again dealing with a purely homogeneous back- exact Greens function from the correlation. However, dif-
Short Notes 1189
ferent arrivals can be usefully reconstructed with each am- Sanchez-Sesma, F. J., and M. Campillo (1991). Diffraction of P, SV and
plitude governed by the energy distribution among the Rayleigh waves by topographic features: a boundary integral formu-
lation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 81, 22342253.
modes of the recorded field. Sanchez-Sesma, F. J., and F. Luzon (1995). Seismic response of three-
dimensional alluvial valleys for incident P, S and Rayleigh waves,
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 85, 269284.
Acknowledgments Sato, H., and M. Fehler (1998). Wave Propagation and Scattering in the
Heterogeneous Earth, Springer-Verlag, New York.
We dedicate this work to the late K. Aki (19302005). His extra- Shapiro, N. M., and M. Campillo (2004). Emergence of broadband Ray-
ordinary contributions and unselfish advice to generations of seismologists leigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise, Geophys.
are among the multifarious legacy of this great man. We acknowledge Res. Lett. 31, L07614, doi 10.1029/2004GL019491.
enlightening comments from R. L. Weaver and the keen critical comments Shapiro, N. M., M. Campillo, L. Margerin, S. K. Singh, V. Kostoglodov,
by H. Sato. Thanks are given to A. Cisternas, F. Luzon, and V. J. Palencia and J. Pacheco (2000). The energy partitioning between P and S
for the careful reading of the manuscript and their constructive remarks. waves and the diffusive character of the seismic coda, Bull. Seism.
G. Sanchez N. and her team of Unidad de Servicios de Informacion (USI) Soc. Am. 90, 655665.
were crucial to locate useful references. Partial support from CONACYT, Shapiro, N. M., M. Campillo, L. Stehly, and M. Ritzwoller (2005). High
Mexico, under Grant NC-204; from DGAPA-UNAM, Mexico, under Project resolution surface wave tomography from ambient seismic noise,
IN114706 and from Project DyETI of INSU-CNRS are gratefully acknowl- Science 307, 16151618.
edged. Snieder, R. (2002). Coda wave interferometry and the equilibration of en-
ergy in elastic media, Phys. Rev. E 66, 04615-1-8.
Snieder, R. (2004). Extracting the Greens function from the correlation of
coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase, Phys. Rev. E 69,
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Appendix Equipartition Ratio of Elastic Waves
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1190 Short Notes
respectively. Then, using the same arguments above, the en- EP 4p(x/)2Dq 4px23Dx, (A14)
ergy ratio in two dimensions becomes simply
while for the two polarizations of S waves, the energy is:
2
ES
. (A11)
EP b ES 2 4p(x/b )2Dk 8px2b3Dx. (A15)
Up to here the equipartition concept a` la Weaver is based The ratio of energy in three dimensions is therefore:
upon the extension of the results from those of a finite body
to and infinite domain.
3
ES
EP
2
b
, (A16)
Plane Waves Approach
If instead of modes we speak of plane waves defining and corresponds to equation (A10). The argument for the 2D
the phase space, a simple argument can be given for the case case follows in parallel.
of the homogeneous infinite space. In this case, the P and S
plane waves form a continuous set of solutions of the Navier Instituto de Ingenieria (UNAM)
Cd. Universitaria,
equation. Assuming equipartition in the phase space means Circuito Escolar S/N,
an excitation of all plane waves at a constant energy level. Coyoacan 04510, Mexico D. F.
At a given frequency x, the phase space is defined by (qx, Mexico
(F.J.S.-S.)
qy, qz). The plane P waves are distributed on a sphere defined
by Laboratoire de Geophysique
Interne et Tectonophysique
q2x q2y q2z (x/)2, (A12) Observatoire de Grenoble
Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 53
38041 Grenoble Cedex
where P-wave speed. Similarly, S waves are distributed France
on a sphere defined by (M.C.)
k2x k2y k2z (x/b )2, (A13) Manuscript received 25 August 2005.