Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMRAN KHAN
By Faisal Taquie
1 December 2012
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 3
2. BIOGRAPHIC SUMMARY........................................................................................ 3
3. RESULTS AND RESPONSE TO CHALLENGES..........................................................6
3.1 INTELLECT...................................................................................................... 6
3.2 SPORTSMAN................................................................................................... 6
3.2.1 Cornered Tigers and 1992 Cricket World Cup..........................................7
3.3 PHILANTHORPIST........................................................................................... 8
3.4 POLITICS.......................................................................................................... 10
3.5 RECOGNITION................................................................................................. 11
4.0 LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS.................................................................................... 11
4.1 LEADERSHIP PERCEPTION............................................................................ 11
4.2 MISSION....................................................................................................... 12
4.3 DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTES......................................................................12
4.4 PRINCIPLES, VALUES, AND SKILLS...................................................................14
4.4.1 PERSONALITY......................................................................................... 14
4.4.2.1 INTELLIGENCE:....................................................................................... 14
4.4.2.2 SELF-CONFIDENCE:................................................................................14
4.4.2.3 DETERMINATION:................................................................................... 15
4.4.2.4 INTEGRITY:............................................................................................. 15
4.4.2.5 SOCIABILITY:.......................................................................................... 16
4.4.3.1 TECHNICAL SKILLS:................................................................................ 16
4.4.3.2 HUMAN SKILLS:...................................................................................... 17
4.4.3.3 CONCEPTUAL SKILLS:............................................................................18
4.5 LEADERSHIP STYLE:.................................................................................. 18
5.0 PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE.................................................................................19
6.0 FOLLOW UP..................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 22
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1. INTRODUCTION
Imran Khan is currently the leader of political party, Pakistan Justice Party, in Pakistan,
which is aiming to challenge the status quo, corruption, and lack of action in all fronts. My
interest in Imran Khan was increased by multiple roles he has played over the years. In addition,
he has proven his leadership by being a successful social worker, leading the creation of first
cancer hospital in South Asia, as well as being a professional sportsman by leading a fairy tale
story to win Cricket World Cup 20 years ago. With his ability to produce success results in
multiple different fields, he has won support globally. He has been a childhood hero for many in
the country, purely because of his ability to make progress despite obstacles.
2. BIOGRAPHIC SUMMARY
According to Mirza (2010), Imran Khan was born in 1952 to a civil engineer in
Pakistans cultural center, Lahore, to a family which produced many great personalities for the
country including engineers and sportsmen. According to Mirza (2010), his parents paid great
emphasis on education and Imran Khan had to constantly balance education and cricket.
According to Imran Khans own admission at TedxKarachi (2011), he was not seriously
interested in cricket until he watched his cousins Javed Burki and Majid Khan represent
Pakistan.
During his teen years, he started playing for local teams in Lahore until 1970. In 1971,
after completing his education at Aitchison College, Lahore, he went abroad to England to study
economics and political science at Oxford University, while taking active part in cricket. His
skills in cricket at Oxford University resulted in him becoming captain of the University team.
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Soon he was noticed by Pakistan selectors and he was given a chance to make his debut
for the visiting Pakistan team in England, in 1971, while he was still attending Oxford. While
studying in England, he also played country cricket, equivalent to franchise sports, from 1971 to
1975, representing Worcester. He returned to Pakistan after completing his education and
represented the national team as well as various domestic teams in Pakistan and England.
Imran Khan soon secured a permanent place in Pakistans national cricket team in 1975
and continued a successful 20 year career which included representing Pakistan in World Cups
from 1975 to 1992, becoming one of the fastest bowlers (baseball equivalent pitcher) in the
world, one of the most successful captains of all time, and a devastating batter. According to
Cricinfo (2012), Imran Khan played roughly 250 cricket matches representing Pakistan and
around 400 matches representing various domestic teams in Pakistan, England, and Australia. As
a player, he broke many records and is one of only five players, according to Cricinfo (2012), to
take around 500 wickets in all formats (baseball equivalent out) and score around 7,500 runs, an
After retiring from Cricket in 1992, Imran Khan began writing articles and columns to
express his views on cricket and social issues in newspapers while appearing as a cricket expert
for Pakistani matches as well major international tournaments. In addition, in 1990, he began a
journey of developing countrys first cancer hospital, Shaukat Khanam Memorial Hospital,
named after his mother who died of cancer in 1985. To date, according to Royal College (2012)
news, up to 75% of patients from under privileged backgrounds have been provided free
treatment.
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In 1995, he married British Jemima Goldsmith in England. As he achieved the milestone
of completing the hospital in 1995, he set his foot on a new field by forming a political party in
1996, Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf, (English: Pakistan Justice Party). Over the subsequent years,
Imran Khan put in effort in revolutionizing Pakistans political system with his wife on his side.
Imran Khans political party contested elections in 1997 but did not win a single seat and
in 2002, his party won only a single seat and that too of Imran Khan, which led him to become a
member of the National Assembly, Pakistans equivalent of Congress. In 2007, he resigned from
his post, along with 85 other members to protest against President Musharraf who was contesting
the election without resigning his post as the army chief and to protest nepotism. As a result of
this protest, Imran Khan was put under house arrest by President Musharraf and his family
tortured. His party boycotted elections in 2008 as a protest of massive corruption and planned
rigging which brought a felon, Asif Ali Zardari, as a President, as mentioned by Soofi (2010).
Largely ignored in the political field by his opposition from 1996 until late 2000s, Imran
Khan had a steady support from Pakistanis who wanted an end to corruption and admired Imran
Khans uncompromising stance on his principles. In 2011, he announced his partys firm
determination for 2013 elections by addressing over 100,000 people in Lahore and Karachi, and
increasing numbers in every rally he conducts across Pakistan, as mentioned by Imtiaz (2011).
Over the years, Imran Khan has also continued to write books and expanded his social
work by building colleges, schools, and agricultural support from his own as well as donation
funds.
Amid many struggles, his marriage ended amicably in 2004 as his political ambitions
coincided with his wifes family life aspirations. Though they are divorced, his wife of 10 years
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still supports and advocates his cause in England, writes columns in his support and Pakistans
struggles.
Imran Khans leadership impact can be assessed from his accomplishments and his
actions when faced with challenges. Following is a brief account of Imran Khans achievements.
3.1 INTELLECT
According to Sandford (2009) and Wikipedia, Imran Khan has been an author of six
books including a personal biography, cricket skills, Pakistans beautiful Northwest frontier,
social issues, motivation, and a book capturing historic events of Pakistan and the lessons from
those. In addition, he has written hundreds of articles and columns for various prestigious
newspapers including Britains Guardian, Telegraph, Independent, and Pakistans The News and
Dawn.
In addition, he has been interviewed by many noted authors, domestic and international,
who have written books about him. Recently, in 2012, a Pakistani movie, Kaptaan (Captain), was
3.2 SPORTSMAN
Although cricket is a relatively unknown sport in the United States, Imran Khan is
regarded for his hard work, talent, and leadership across the cricket playing countries. When he
retired from cricket after a 19 year career, he had broken many records and won many trophies
including the prestigious World Cup and Australasia Cup. As mentioned by Samiuddin (2006),
under his leadership, Pakistan was one of the few countries from 1982 to 1992 to have beaten all
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cricket playing countries on their home turfs, which in cricket terms is an extraordinary
achievement. At the peak of his career, he was considered as one of the fastest bowlers, baseball
equivalent of a pitcher, and under his captaincy, Pakistan exceled from a team with potential
In addition to being a successful captain that united a rather talented but fractional team,
he was famous for discovering raw talent, nurturing them, and thrusting them with opportunities
and confidence to play to their potential. Some of these included world record breakers like
Wasim Akram, Inzimam-Ul-Haq, and Waqar Younus, who to this date credit their captain,
Imran Khan, for developing supreme confidence in them that generated a playing career of
In 1992, at the twilight of his career, Imran Khan led the Pakistan cricket team to his final
tournament, the 1992 World Cup. His team included only four players with substantial
experience while the rest were either rookies or less experienced players. With Imran injured and
at post-retirement age of 39, his star tactician Javed Miandad fighting sickness, and with the
team made up of largely young, inexperienced, or unknown players, no one, not even the local
media had given his team any chance of even a respectable show at the Cricket World Cup.
As predicted in the media, Imran Khans team won only one out of the first five matches.
On the brink of elimination, the team had to win every game going forward against formidable
opponents. Imran, with firm belief and conviction, set the self-confidence and belief in the team
to win against the odds and famously motivated the team by playing like Cornered Tigers, a
term he used for his team to play their best when their backs were against the wall. He played
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most of the matches in the tournament with an injured shoulder with painkilling injections while
his most experienced star team member, Javed Miandad, played in matches despite high fever.
Imran led from the front in bowling (baseball equivalent pitching), and batting and entrusted
younger team members, like Inzamam and Wasim, with responsibility and confidence to deliver.
This motivation was a turning point in Pakistans cricket history as in a matter of days,
his largely unheard of rookies became household Cornered Tiger names in Pakistan, India,
England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and many other cricket playing nations by
Cricket World Cup 1992 was not Pakistans first or last global victory. Prior to that and
after that, Pakistan has won many sporting glories in cricket, field hockey, squash, and snooker
among others. It was not the most dominated performance that Pakistan had produced on a
cricket pitch. It was the teams unity, motivation, getting strength from failures, and will to win
against the odds and the matter in which they performed, that has become folklore in Pakistan
even after 20 years. Pakistan won another cricket T20 World Cup in 2009 but not many in the
country would rate the transformation that Imran did in 1992 to other achievements by Pakistan
3.3 PHILANTHORPIST
Some people excel in one industry, few make their mark in two arenas, yet even fewer set
out to accomplish the firsts across many new arenas and succeed in multiple arenas. When his
mother was diagnosed with cancer, Imran Khan realized that there was not a single cancer
hospital in Pakistan. He leveraged his popularity from cricket and set out to build the first cancer
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In a developing country where regular hospital treatment could be challenging, building a
achievement. When he sat out with the idea of building a cancer hospital, no one in the history of
South Asia and the World in general, had seen a single man determined to build a free hospital
for one of the most expensive treatments in the world. No wonder, he was laughed at, mocked,
but nothing deterred his will and soon he started to gain supporters to the extent that celebrities
across the world including Pakistan, India, England, and Australia, supported his cause and
Imran Khan did not stop at the building of Shaukat Memorial Cancer Hospital. He
continues to be involved in generating funds and donation to run the hospital every year. As
mentioned by Imran Khan Foundation (IKF), Imran Khan has spread his social work to other
needed areas of the society, including building a technical college, Namal College, in rural
Pakistan, where most of the youth were unemployed due to lack of qualifications. As mentioned
by Imran Khan at TEDxKarachi (2011), his vision is to build a technical city to transform
Namal from a place with no colleges to a beacon of education. The Namal College is affiliated
with University of Bradford (UK) and provides high quality of education from reduced tuition
people after 2009 and 2010 floods in Pakistan. His organization, IKF, set up 25 relief camps,
provided relief in 25 trucks with 241,200 bags of food and seeds to 131,530 farmers, and
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3.4 POLITICS
After completing the hospital, Imran Khan set out to new challenges. At that
time, he could have easily carved out a successful career by becoming a TV commentator like
former cricket players, made millions by giving speeches around the world, or settled in England
and led a comfortable life with his wife. Instead of all the easy options, he chose a formidable
He started his political career as a sole member of the party and was laughed around by
the government, the opposition, and local and international media alike. Over time, he got air
time in media to express his views on current domestic situation, economy, and corruption.
His political party only won a single National Assembly seat in elections and he is in the
process of transforming the nation in political arena. Just like his sports and philanthropic career,
people were not giving him chance or taking seriously. With the national elections around the
corner in 2013, his political party has the support around the country, as mentioned by in the
previous section about massive attendance by public in various Pakistani cities. In addition, Bano
(2012) mentioned that registration to his party has increased dramatically with over a million
registered supporters and Bano (2012) claims that he is considered as the most popular politician
3.5 RECOGNITION
Based on his contributions to society, Imran Khan has been recognized globally. These
President of Pakistan, Crescent of Excellence which is the highest civilian award by the
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government of Pakistan, Honorary Chancellor of the University of Bradford, UK, Jinnah Award,
Although Imran Khan is relatively unknown in the US, he has been the center of media
attention in Pakistan, India, and Britain. The following is my analysis of Imran Khan as a leader
persistent, trustworthy, and outspoken about injustice. His perception among the young Pakistani
population is that of a folklore hero, his opposition in politics perceives him as a threat as
someone who challenges nepotism, and the Taliban have threaten to assassinate him as he is
outspoken about their twisted views. According to Qazi (2010), Wikileaks have confirmed that
the US and Europe consider him as the only political leader in Pakistan worthy of negotiations
His leadership on the cricket field has been much celebrated and he proved his leadership
in social work by accomplishing what none had done before him in the region, which is to build
a cancer hospital from scratch. On the political front, he was not taken seriously for about 16
years from 1995 to 2011. He started a political party as a lone member and founder, and in 2012
he had masses of over 100,000 in major cities of Pakistan to listen to his speeches.
Overall, the perception among his followers, opposition, distractors, and critics is the
same, which is when he sets out to do something, he is resilient, uncompromising on his vision,
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blatantly honest, challenges the status quo, and willing to make sacrifices for the greater benefit
of the group, whether it is his cricket team members, cancer patients, or the public of Pakistan.
4.2 MISSION
Imran Khan has had a transformative leadership style in every field he has been involved.
In cricket, his mission was to transform Pakistan from raw talent to a highly competitive team. In
philanthropy, his mission was to transform the society with the culture of giving by celebrities
while doing several firsts. In politics, his mission is even higher, which is to rid Pakistan of
corruption and nepotism and transform the country from a struggling geopolitical country to a
In all the fields, it is clear that he has set very high standards and goals for himself and for
his followers. In addition, his missions are not short term, they are long term which needs a lot of
As mentioned by Doyle and Smith (2001), there are many different attributes about
leadership. Utilizing the behavioral model described by Doyle and Smith (2001), Imran Khan
has high concern for people with a high concern for tasks. That is, his followers, whether in
sports, social work, or in politics, look up to him to set the path and he focuses on achieving the
As mentioned by Doyle and Smith (2001), charisma is an inherent attribute of the leader
that attracts followers to the leader. Imran Khan possesses this attribute which has resulted in him
not only generating support from Pakistan, Britain, or Australia, but even celebrities and
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sportsmen from India, historically arch rival, gathered to support his cause for building the
cancer hospital.
Imran Khan also possesses the five exemplary leadership practices as mentioned by
Kousez and Posner (2002). He has set out clear vision in all fields that he was involved and
recently in politics, he has casted a vision of corruption free country that has created hope for the
younger generation. Throughout his life, he has challenged the process and searched for
In a country, where dictatorship is prime even in democratic political parties, Imran Khan
has enabled his followers to perform, whether it was entrusting rookies to perform in the biggest
stage of a World Cup match, delegating responsibility of the administration of the cancer
hospital, enabling local workers to set up a university in rural Pakistan, or mobilizing his
Imran Khan has modeled the way by leading all these efforts whether spearheading the
effort on a cricket pitch, hands on involvement in setting up the cancer hospital, or taking brutal
punishment for his uncompromising and uncorrupted political stance. During all his successes,
he has always paid credit to his followers. In his speeches, he always mentions that he was
neither the best cricketer in the country nor the most compassionate philanthropist nor the best
politician but he always set his standards high and models the way by striving hardest to achieve
those standards.
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4.4 PRINCIPLES, VALUES, AND SKILLS
4.4.1 PERSONALITY
based on Jungs 16 personality types from Northouse (2012). However, my assessment is that he
is an Introvert, Intuitive, Thinker, and Judger (INTJ) personality type as he reflects internally, as
mentioned by him in TedxKarachi (2011), prefers to focus on the big picture by creating a vision,
and his decisions are generally based on rational thinking rather than emotional attachment to a
4.4.2 TRAITS
Over the years, there have been several studies to determine the traits and characteristics
that describe great leaders. From the research conducted, Northouse (2012) categorized
leadership into five major traits: intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and
sociability.
4.4.2.1 INTELLIGENCE:
Imran Khan possesses all five major traits, as described by Northouse (2012). His
intelligence can be portrayed in him graduating from a premier domestic college, graduating
from Oxford University, writing six books, and writing numerous articles for local and
4.4.2.2 SELF-CONFIDENCE:
Imran Khans self-confidence has been apparent on several instances, whether it was his
confidence in giving young players chance on the biggest occasion in cricket, believing in his
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ability to build a cancer hospital, and promising a vision of change in politics when he was the
4.4.2.3 DETERMINATION:
extremely tough to start a challenging field, prepare for failures, and be reasonably good with
success. Imran Khan has shown immense determination to be a pioneer in multiple fields and
4.4.2.4 INTEGRITY:
Imran Khans political opposition has started to target him in every possible direction and
recently, his association with the cancer hospital was targeted. The people of the country came to
his side and vouched for his integrity. As mentioned by Um-er (2012) on tumblr, one of the
protestor said I may not trust Imran Khan with my vote, but I will, with my money! With my
eyes closed. These remarks are contrary to the ones normally reserved for politicians
As a cricketer, he was known for no tolerance for nepotism and he was very rigid against
those that tried to affect team harmony. In fact, as mentioned by Tirmizi (2012), he famously
dropped his first cousin, Majid Khan a great player, with whom he was very close with, on the
basis of performance. For him, it was a simple choice between nepotism and winning for
Imran Khans life is filled with instances such as these where he made no compromise to
his principles. A recent survey, as indicated by Bano (2012), revealed that Imran Khan is the
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most popular Pakistani leader, not only in politics but across the country in various fields largely
4.4.2.5 SOCIABILITY:
Imran Khan has been in the public eye in Pakistan for over 35 years, yet he is a private
person, as mentioned by Mishra (2012). Despite that, he has made an effort to reach out to the
people in every walk of life. As an example of his inclusion philosophy, Zakariya (2011)
mentioned his die-hard attitude, determination, and inviting women to politics won her over to
the extent that she is determined to vote for the first time in elections in 33 years.
In addition to the personality traits, a great leader should have balanced skills to lead his
followers. As mentioned by Northouse (2012), a leader should have optimal balance of technical,
human, and conceptual skills, depending upon their organizational position. I think over the
years, Imran Khan has created a great balance in each role he has played.
In cricket, Imran Khans talent was never in doubt since he started representing Pakistan
at the international level. In fact, Crickets main media body, Cricinfo (2012), included him as
one of the greatest of all time cricket players in Legends of Cricket. In any sport, one has to have
tremendous skills and talent to last over 20 years. Imran Khan not only did that but also led the
In philanthropy, he has been successful in relying on experts for building the hospital,
colleges, and schools. In addition, as an author of six books and numerous columns, I think
Imran Khan possesses critical analytical and research skills to write on various subjects from
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cricket to social issues to existing political and defense issues in Pakistan. He is well respected
as an author and his articles and views have been published in numerous newspapers.
various countries, while playing cricket, provided him with exposure and experience to justice
Overall, as mentioned in the tribute to him by other legends in Cricinfo (2011), Imran
Khan was immensely talented himself but when he lacked technical skills, he either learned them
or found the best people in that area who knew those skills.
Northouse (2012) defined human skill as knowledge about the ability to work with
people. Simply put, it means getting the best out the peers, colleagues, subordinates, and even
superiors. Imran Khan had a niche in finding talent and getting the best out of them in cricket. In
fact, more than half of his World Cup winning team was named in renowned cricket journalist
Similarly, while building the cancel hospital from 1990, Imran Khan did not act alone. He
formed an effective team with clear responsibilities and focus on various aspects. For example,
as mentioned on the Shaukat Memorial Hospitals website (2012), the master plan for the
hospital was created by a doctor and the executive management comprises of doctors, with Imran
Khan focusing on generating funds and providing overall vision and direction. This is very
contrary in a country where leaders become the CEOs, President, or the center figure in any
accomplishment they might achieve. Imran Khan achieved the balance of putting together the
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In politics, he started as a lone member but has been instrumental to revolutionize his
political party to 1.5 million registered members, as reported by Alvi (2012), in a society where
concept of registering to a political party is very foreign. In politics, he has relied on forming a
I think Imran Khans key asset is his vision and conceptual skills, regardless of the field
that he was involved in. As mentioned in Cricinfo Legends (2012), despite losing many games,
he casted a vision on his team to win. Similarly, as Imran Khan himself mentioned in
TedxKarachi (2011), he has used his vision to create infrastructure in multiple fronts including
cricket, hospital, colleges, and politics. Arguably, no other leader in Pakistans history has been
Using the Path-Goal Theory described by Northouse (2012), Imran Khan consistently
utilizes the achievement oriented leadership style. Achievement oriented leadership focuses on
As mentioned by one of his prodigies, Wasim Akram on ESPN Legends (2012), Imran
Khan set the belief in the team and the highest standards for himself and the team. As Akram
mentioned, He (Imran Khan) was a hard worker to the core. He would be the first to come to
the ground and the last one to leave. Even in social work and politics, there have been
numerous incidents of him leading a simple yet assertive agenda to provide the best to his nation.
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Another great aspect about his leadership is the lack of out-groups as mentioned by
Northouse (2012) in the Leader-Member Exchange Theory. A key characteristic of Imran Khan,
as a leader, has been to discover the inherent talent of his key team members, whether it is his
cricket team, his cancer hospital board, his political party leadership, or his social foundation.
Imran Khan also represents an example of not only transformational leadership but also
authentic leadership in the sense that he genuinely cares about the goals and well-being of his
followers. His cricket team members still refer to him as Captain even 20 years after his
retirement while people associate with his cause so much to pour in donations every year for the
cancer hospital to run. According to Royal College (2012), Shaukat Memorial hospital has
conducted operations worth of $130M received in donations, which makes it not only unique in
As mentioned by Mishra (2012), despite tricks from opposition to affect Imran Khans
image as a leader, he is getting immense support from youth, women, minorities, well-educated,
and people who want an end to corruption in Pakistan. In addition, the Taliban have threatened to
assassinate him, as mentioned by the Indian Express (2012). The army does not see eye to eye
with Mr. Khan as he opposes their lack of effort in eradicating the country of Taliban. This
concluded Mishra (2012) to suggest that he must be doing something right that all those who
want a better Pakistan are supporting him to the fullest while the corrupted politicians, Taliban,
and some in the army who only want their own benefit are trying their fullest to reprieve him of
his support.
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My personal perspective is that he has been a real asset for Pakistan and has shown the
country that nothing is impossible to achieve. In my opinion, he realized very early that if he can
be the best at cricket and if his countrymen can be great engineers, lawyers, and doctors outside
of Pakistan, they certainly have the potential to make progress within the country.
The greatest charismatic effect of Imran Khan is that every person, not just in Pakistan,
who has experienced failures, dreams of success, and works hard towards his goals, can relate to
him. In Pakistan, people normally enter politics as way to become rich. Imran Khan, on the other
end has invested and sacrificed most of his own life, funds, and efforts in the betterment of the
country and its people. I personally have not come across another person to struggle as much as
Imran Khan has, not only in one but multiple different arenas. For a person to become successful
in one field is amazing but to strive and overcome obstacles in multiple different fields is simply
extraordinary.
We may not see Imran Khan become a Prime Minister of Pakistan in his lifetime or even
gain even seats in the elections in 2013 but he has transformed the youth of Pakistan to start
believing themselves that they too could become a prosperous country. He has prompted many
societies we live in. In short, over the decades, he has challenged the status quo, set new
standards, and created a dream, and strived to achieve those dreams, whether those dreams were
on a cricket pitch, writing a book, building a hospital, developing a college, building a political
In my opinion, he has accomplished not only his dream, but inspired many to be like him,
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6.0 FOLLOW UP
From Imran Khans leadership analysis, I have learned that a person should explore new
opportunities, not be afraid of new challenges, and be prepared to handle failures. The larger the
goals, the larger the possibility of failures but these failures should not cause our goals to reduce.
In addition, his leadership analysis has indicated that a person can learn and make an impact in
many different areas of society whether it is sports, education, social reforms, or academics.
However, the most important lesson that I have learned is to be honest, ethical, and authentic in
leadership and take the stance for what is right rather than what is convenient.
One thing that I will change about my leadership, after this analysis, is to be prepared for
failures. Although I have achieved most of my goals in life thus far, I have given up at times in
life when persistence could have made larger impacts. The other thing that I will change is to
Although I was aware of Imran Khan as a leader before this analysis, I did not know his
failures, hardships, personality, and views in as detail as I do now. Although I may never achieve
his level of success, but I feel really proud that my mental attitude, leadership style, and
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