t

'

CONTENTS

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6.Node 88

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44 a L
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P
rev
io l
ypubl
ish
edundert
hesamet
it
lei
nth
ePowerJ
apa
nes
e

-
S
eri
es(
1991)
. 9
.Toka 4
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pyri
ghtC 1991byNaokoCh i
no. 1
3.Ni 5
2 3
2.Monono 9
5
Alr
l igh
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serve
d.P r
inte
dinJap
an.
ISBN
-
ISBN
13
1
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:97

-4-
: 770
7
0-
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2
00-
781
2
-
8
78
1-8 1
1 1
4.E 60 3
3.Tokorog
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009080706 1
51413121
110987
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1
7.No 6
8 1
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 3
8.T
oko
ro 1
05 5
9.Na 1
35
3
9.Monoo 1
06 6
0.S
a 1
37
PREFACE
4
0.-
Nag
ara 6 1
07 .K
6l o
to 1
38
.-
4l T
ari 1
08 2.-
6 Kke 1
39
2.S
4 hi 1
10 6
3.-
Tte
ba 1
40
4
".T
3 omo 1
11 6
4.-
1 1
40 Somet hin
gsa reeasi
ertol ear
n o t
hers
.T akefo
ri n
stan
ce
4
4.Y
ara Japane
sen o
u nsverb
s a
dject
ivesan
da dverbs.O ncey ouh a
vea
1
14 6
5.Mono 1
41 l
itt
1egrammaru ndery o
urbeltyoucanp ic
kt hemu pa ndsquir
rel
4
5.Dano 1
16 6
6.Z
e 1
43 the maw
a ywir e
lati
veeas
e.F o
rs omer ea
sonthoughisd oe
sn't
N
ari workw i
thp ar
tic1e
s.T heycan'tbeloo kedupp inneddowno r
46~ 1
17 6
7.Zo 1
43 pigeonh
oledint h
es amewayt hatthe
irfel
10w scan.Yett he
ircor-
4
7.-Tewa(
-de
wa) 6
8.Monoka 1
44 re
ctu sa
geise ss
enti
alt ospeakingJapanesew ia nyd egre
eo f
() 1
19 uency.
6
9.N
i 1
45
4
8.D
oko
ro Wh yarepar
tic1e
ssoe l
usi
ve?Becausepart
ic1e
sa r
en exttom ean-
1
21
in
gles
sasisola
tedenti
tie
s.Ap a
rtic
1einfact
mightbed efine
da s
4
9.T
osh
ite 1
22 anon-conj
ugatingpartofs pee
ch b
earingana bsolu
teminimum
I
nde
x 1
46
5
0.Y
ori 1
23 ofindepend
entm ean ingwhichatlache
si t
selftoo t
herp art
so f
speec
ha ndt h
e re
byp la
cest hemi nc ontex
.Thu
t sas t a
tement
.S
5l a
e 1
26 con
sisti
ngofas i
nglepar
tic1ewouldn'tc onveymuchm eanin
g .
5
2.S
ura 1
27 Buttheaddi
tiono fanotherw o
r dwoul dmakeaw orldo fdif
fer-
en
ce.Ap hr
asel ie
k on i( t
oT okyo)f orinstancew o
ul d
5
3.K
oso 1
27 communicates om
et hin
g b
utn otnibyi t
sel
f.T heruleo fthum b
ightbe:Japa
nesep ar
tic
1esh a
vev ir
tual
1yn om eaningb eref
to f
context
.
S
enten
ce-en
din
g Inisb ook1prop o
set oc1a
rif
yt hefunctionsofac on
side
r -
Pa
rti
cle
s ablen umbero fpart
ic1e
stod escr
ibetheirvar i
ousu sagesand
5
4.Ne
m ostirnpo
rtan
t t
oe xempli
fye achande ve.
yusagewithsample
1
28 senten
ces.Onlyi n isway- throughc onte
xt -c anthes tude
nt
5
5.Yo 1
31 trulycometog r
ipsw i
tht h
eJ apane
separtic
1e.
Don'tbes u
rprisedbyc ert
ainoft h
ep art
i c
1est ak
enu phere.
5
6.Wa 1
32

v


Fore xampl
e t
hereis-baa
si nno m
eba( i
f[ y
ou]d rink
). Youmay
5
7.Kana 1
33 i Eat- bai
sn otap a
rtic
1eatalb
1 u tani nfle
ctio
no ft h
everb
5
8.K
ash
ira n omu.Grammaticallyspeakinghowever-baiso neofas p
eci
es
1
34
ofp ar
tic
1e f ol
1 owsc on
jugatedve r
b s(i
ni sc a
sen ome
-).
 1
1! 1
8 P
ref
ace

1l
Sin
ce- baando therso fit
st r
ibea renoto nlyt r
uep ar
ticl
esbut
ex
hibi
tamt ip
lici
tyo fusagewellw orthyou rattenti
on1have
chos
ent oincludethem.
A
IIAboutP
art
icl
es
Ane ff
orth asbee nmadet op resentthep a
r t
icle
si norderof
freque
n cy-themorecommonf i
rs
t;t h
el e
sslate
r.Ana tte
mpt
ha
sa l
sob eenmadet og roupparticle
sbym eaning.N ei
therthe
or
deringn orthegro upinghoweverisent
irelyconsiste
ntsin
ce
t
hetwos ystemsarenowandt hena tlogger
heads.Af urthe
rcom-
p
lica
tionist ha
tsomeo fthemoreb a s
icparticle
sh aveu sa
ges
b
elongingmorep roperlytoani ntermediat
eo ra dvancedlev
elof

141isll11
s
tudy
.( A
llu sag
esatt hes
etwol evel
sa remarkedw itha s
ter
isk
s.)
Cro
ssr efer
encesarep rovi
dedw heres i
mil
aritie
se xi
stbetween

114aubipJP6111141141111911u!
dieren
tp art
icl
es.Th isw a
sn otdonew ithoutsomem is
giving
s
forwhilecertai
np a
rticle
smayb ebasical
lyalikee yareusua
lly
nott r
uee quiva
lentsi nt h
es en
s ea tonec anr e
placeanother
withoute venas li
ghtc hangeinmeaningo rac ertai
no ddness
creepi
ngi n.I np ar
t i
culartherea renumerous c omparisons
betweenwaandg ab ecauseo fthef reque
nti n
terpla
yb etween
thes
etwop articu
larlypeskypart
icle
s.
F
ort hosewhow isht otes
tt h
eirp r
oficien
cyt hroughexerc
ises
orwhowantmores am plesent
encesseemyG a ikokuinnot ama
nojos
hi()p ublishedinTokyobyMusashino
Shoin().
Fina
llyI ankS uzukiShigeyoshiandM ichaelB r
a s
emyedi-
to
rsatKodanshaI nt
e r
nationa
lfort h
eirhelp
.Mys incerethanks
al
sogot oJ ayThomas whodidmostoft h
et r
ansl
a t
ion e
bodyoft hebookand0 redm yv a
l u
ablesu g
gest
i o
ns.With-
outthecoo per
ationo fthesethreethi
sbookwouldn everh a
ve
comeintob ei
ng.
1
0 WA
WA 1
1

l
WAI

N
ote:Wah asseve
ralus
age
sbutit
sbasicfun
ctio
nistose
toffatopi
c(e..
g A
satt
ewanich
iyo
bide
sune
.
o
fconve
rsat
ion)fromthere
stofthesente
ncewh
ichtal
ksaboutthetop
ic
.
Ch
igaim
asu
Ashi
tagani
chi
yob
ide
suy
o.
T
echn
ical
lywad o
esn o
tindic
atecas
e( sub
jec
tobj
ecte
tc Howeverin
p
rac
tic
alters
m itof
ten(bu
tnotalways)comesae s
ubj
ectofthesen
- Thedayaf
tertomorrowi
sSundayisn
' t
.
ti
t
en
ce.Seeal
sowa(#7)andt ewa(#47). You
'rewrongthe
re.Tomorr
owjsSun
day.

1
.Indi
cate
st ha
ti nf
orm
ati
onisbein
gpres
entedaboutsome-
3
.I ntheco
nstru
ctionN +waN +g wain
dicat
esatopc(
i e
t
hin
gthatisa
lread
yknownor.
ath
asbeenid
ent
ifi
ed.
f
irs
tnoun)aboutwhichanpecto
rq ua
lit
y( t
hesecondnoun)
i
sexpl
ain
ed.
Asokoniak
aihongaarim
a sune.Arewak
anjinohond
esu
.
Overther
eisar edbookright
.It
'saka
njibook
./Seet h
ere
d Zowah
anagan
aga
ide
su.
bookov
erth
ere?Tha'sak
t anj
ibook
.
Thee
lep
han
t i
t
snosei
slo
ng.
/El
eph
ant
shavel
ongn
ose
s.


Anod
aig
akuw Y
ots
uya
-ek
inoc
hik
akun
iar
ima
su.
T
ake
mot
o-s
anwas
eik
akugay
asa
shi
ide
su
.
Thatunivers
ity
-i'sn
t earYotsuyaS
tat
ion./Thatu
niv
ers
ityi
s
ne
arYotsuyaS
tat
ion
.
AsforTakemotoherp
ers
ona
lit
yisg
ent
le./Takemotoh
as a
ge
ntlena
ture
.

2
.In
dic
ate
sat
opc
i whichi
s eni
den
tif
iedo
rex
pla
ine
d.
4. Usedtoshowcon
tra
stbetweentwoi
tem
sori
dea
sbothof

As
hitawanic
hiy
obides
u.
6

'
whichare
signi
fie
dbywa.

Asfo
rtomorrowi
t'
sSunday./Tomorrowi
sSu
nda
y.
aiJhf

K
anj
iwam uzu
kashiides
ugaNih
on-
gonobun
powaamarimuz
u-
ka
shik
unai-ndesu.
K
uji
rawas
aka
nad
ewaa
rim
ase
n.
Asf
ort
h
ewhale i
tisnotaf
is
h./Th
ewhalei
snotaf
is
h.
K
anjia
di
ffi
cul
tbutJapa
nes
egrammari
snotv
eryd
iff
icu
lt
.

N
ote
:Ifgarep
lac
eswai nt
hes
ese
nte
nce
sth
enounw hic
hitfol
low
sisno
l
ong
erbein
gpres
ente
dasatop
icb
utasth
esubj
ectoft
hepre
dic
ate(s
eeg
H
okk
aid
onoyuwas
amu
ide
sug
aT
oky
owaa
tat
aka
ide
su.
#
21-
2)
.Theswitc
hf ro
mtopc(
i w
a)todef
ini
tesub
jet(
c ga
)lay
ss t
re
sson l
eHokkaidow
int
eri
sco
ld
but[
e]Tokyo[
win
ter
]iswarm./
t
hel
att
er
.Forex
ample
: I
t'
sco
l nHokkaidoh t
di hew
int
er
butwarmi
nTokyo-

'
GA 1
3
1
2 WA R

N
ote
:I nsomeca
seo
s nlyo n
ei te
mo ri
deai
se x
pli
ci
tlymen
tion
ed.Fo
r
e
xamp
lei
nthef
ollo
wingsen
tenc
eth
eimpJ
ica
tio
nis epe
rsonm
igh
t
g
otoache
aperr
est
aura
n t
. Oc
hawanomi
mash
itag
aj
ika
nga.
na
kat
tan
odes
hok
ujiwas
hi
-
mas
end
es
hi
ta.
1hadsomete
a buts
inc
eth
erew
asn
'tmuchtime1d
idn
'te
at
Ta
kaik
ar
aan
ore
sut
ora
nniwai
kim
ase
n. (hav
eamea
l).
Becausei
t'sexp
ensiv
e 1won'tgoto a
trest
aurat
n.I1amnot
goingt
ot h
atres
taura
n tbeca
usei
'st
t ooex
pensi
ve.

l
N
ote:Init
scon
tra
sti
vefu
ncti
onwacomesa
ft
ero
the
rp a
rti
cle
s(e
..n
g iwa
ew
d a).Twoi mpo
rtan
texce
ptio
nsarewheni
tre
pla
cesgaand0asi
nth
e GAI
n
extexam
ple.
1 subjectof esentenceor
. Indicat wi certain

verbsandadjectives theo
bje
ct.

Ba
t a0ka
ima
shitak
a. .I
1 n
dic
ate
sex
ist
enc
e;usedw
ithsuchv
erb
sasa
ru
goz
aim
as
uir
u

i
ras
sha
ru.
Ma
g ar
inwak a
imas
hitaga
bat
awak
aim
.as
end
esh
ita
.
Didyoubuysomebut
ter
?
1boughtsomemargarinebut1d
idn'tbuy yb
utt
er.
11bought A
sok
oniw
ata
shin
obo
rup
engaa
rim
asuk
a.
somemargarine
butnotanybutt
er. I
smyb
all
-po
intpeno
ver e
re?

5
.I ntheformsV-t
ewai ru(f
ir
stexamplebelow)andV -masu
ba
sef o
llowdbywaands
e uru(secondandthirdexamples) b

As
okoniy
ubin'ok
ugaar
imasu
.
i
ndic
atese
mphasi
s.Seea
lsotewa(#47). The
re'
sapos
t0 c
eove
re r
e.

() 5 0
K
onp
yut
a0m
ott
ewai
mas
u madat
suk
a (
wa)i
mas
en. Wa
tas
hin
oka
ish
an
iwaon
nanoh
it
ogag
oju
-ni
nij
oim
asu
.
1ownacomput 1doownacomputerl
[ but1h
ave
n'tusedi t
.
tye Therea
remorethan ywomen mycompany.

N
ot:Wac
e anr
epl
aceg
ains
uchs
ent
enc
eswhen(
fi
rs
tex
amp
leb
elo
w)s
ome
-
Anohit
o0sh
it
tewaimas
ugaamarih
ana
shi
takot
owaa
rim
ase
n. gi
sbe
ingc
ont
ras
ted(myb
all
-po
intp
en
sa
yinc
ont
ras
ttomyp
enc
il)
1knowhim
but1h
ave
n'tspokent
ohimmuch. o
rwhen( s
econdex
amp
le)i n
form
atio
nisb
ein
gpr
ese
nte
dab
outas
ubj
ect
a
lre
adyi
den
tif
ied
.Seewa(#1
nos.1
4)
.
 --
E
0
1
;"

1
4 GA GA 1
5

-tae
3
.In
dic
ate
sth
esu
bje
ctofani
ntr
ans
iti
vev
erb
.
Wat
ash
inoborupe
nwaa s
okonia
rim
asuk
a.

lol

smyb
I all
-po
intp
enovert
here
? Togaa
kim
ash
ita
.

'li--!
Thedooro
pen
ed.

()
Yu
bin-k
yokuwad o
konia r
ima
suka
. Amegafu
ttei
ru
.
(Y
ubi
n-kyo
k uwa)ekinomaen mu
ia . !
t'
sra
ini
ng.
Wher
eis eposto
ffi
ce?
(Thepost0 i
s)i
nfr
ohtoft
hes
tat
ion
. N
ot:Wa(
e #1
no.4
)ca
nre
pla
ceg
afo
rco
ntr
ast
ivep
urp
ose
s:

2
.In
dic
ate
sth
esu
bje
cto
fth
epr
edi
cat
e.
Amewaf u
tteiru y
ukiwamada im
ase
n.
I'sr
t ain
ingbuti'sn
t t
otsnowingye.
A
sok
onis
aku
ragas
ai
tei
mu
.
Thec
her
ryt
ree
sar
ebloomingo
ver e
re. 4
.Indi
cat
esthes
ubje
ctofthes
ent
enc
ewhennewas
-ye
t-unknown
i
nfo
rmationi
sbein
gp r
ese
nted
.

Anoyama0mitekud
asa
.
iMaday u
kiganok
otteima
suyo.
Lookat m
ount
ain.The
re'
sst
il
lsnowoni.(
t L
i
t.
. .
.snows
ti
ll K
och
ira
gaY
ama
da-
sand
esu
.
rem
n
s.) T
hisi
sMr.Yamada.(
ape
rso
nali
ntr
odu
cti
on)

N
ote
:Whe
nma
kin
gac
ont
ras
tw
a(#1
no.4)nr
epl
aceg
a:
Ki
nt
omo
dac
hin
oJa
kkugaa
nat
ania
it
ait
oit
tei
mas
hit
a.
Y
est
erd
aymyi
endJ
acks
aid a
thewantedt
omeety
ou.
A
sok
onis
aku
rawas
ai
tei
mas
ug
aumewas
ai
tei
mas
en.
l
ech
err
ytr
eesa
rebloomingo
vert
her
eb
utt
heplumt
ree
sar t
.
eno N
ote
:He
rea
ganw
i a(#1
no.4
)ca
nre
pla
ceg
afo
rco
ntr
ast
ivep
urp
ose
s:

G
oshk
aish
imu
.Ko
chi
rag
aYa
mad
a-s
and
ek
och
irawaS
uzu
ki-
sa
ndes
u.
L
etmedoth
ein
tro
duc
tio
ns.T
hi sMr.Yamada
si and i
sisMs.
Su
zuk
i.
 '
.
.. GA 1
7
1
6 GA

5
.Usedw
ithi
nte
rro
gat
ivewordsi
nqu
est
ion
s. 1 4
I
ssh
uka
ndew
ata
shigayomuh
onway
ons
ats
ude
su.
1r
eadfou
rbooksaweek[
inonew
eek
].(
L
it
.Fourbooksi
swhat
1rea
dinoneweek
.)

D~no h
it
ogak
ach
de
suk
a. N
ote
:No(#17
1-)m
5 ayr
epl
aceg
ain i
sus
ag
e.
Whichone[
per
son
)ist
hes
ect
ionc
hif
e?

7
.ln
dic
ate
sth
esu
bje
c fac
to 1au
see
ndi
n nk
gi a
.
Da
regaic
hib
anhayak
uk i
mas
hit
aka
.
Whocame[a
rri
ved
)fir
st
? Nazeka
regaso
nnako
to0yat
takaw a karima
sen.
1don
'tknowwhyhedidt
hat[
l.
i
t somethingl
iket
hat
].
N
ote
:Wa(
#1
no.1
s 2)c
anr
epl
acegai
fat
opi
cisb
ein
gpr
ese
nte
d:


K
ach
owad
onoh
it
ode
suk
a. Dosh
it
eka
noj
ogaa
nnat
sum
ara
naih
on0y
ond
eir
unok
af
ush
igi
Thesec
tio
nchie-whichone[
per
son
)ish
e?/Wh
ichonei
s e de
su.
sec
tionc
hif
e? l
tisam
ystetome[ be
yondme)whys
he'
sre
adi
ngs
uchab
ori
ng
book[ab
ori
n gbookli
ket
hat
).
b
)lna
ski
ngf
orac
hoi
ce:
8
.l n
dic
ate
sthesub
jec
tofasub
ordi
nat
eorcon
ditio
nalc
1au
se
wheni
tisd
ie
ren
tfromth
esu
bjec
toftemainc
h 1au
se.
S
ush
itot
enpu
radochi
ragasuk
ide
suka.
.
a)S
ubo
rdi
naec
t 1
aus
es.
Whic
hdoyouli
keb
ett
ers
ush
iortemp
ura?
()

Ch
ugoku
-goNihon-got
od
och
iragamu
zuka
shi
ide
suk
a. HahagaNiho
nnikur
umaen
i[
wat
ash
iwa
Jko
noh
eya0k
ir
ein
i
Whic
hismored
iff
icu
ltC
hin
esedrJa
pan
ese
? so
jish
ina
ker
eban
ara
nai
.
B
efor
emymothercomest
oJa
pan
1ha
vet
omaket
hisroomn
ice
6
.ln
dic
ate
sth
esu
bje
cto
far
ela
tiec
v 1
aus
e. andc1
ean
.

S
ens
huwa s
higam
itae
ig
awat
sum
ara
nak
att
a. Hahagaki
takiwa
tash
iwago
chis
o0tsu
kut
ta.
Themovie1sawl
as
tweekwasb
ori
ng. Wh enmymothercame
1pr
epar
edqui
teaspre
ad.
 ~

GA 1
9

I
li--

111H

Hahagak
it
aatow
ata
shiwak a
imon
onidek
ake
ta. Ya
mada-s
anW
aCh
ugo
ku-
gowaw
aka
riug
m aE
igowaw
aka
ri
A mymo erme1wentou
tsho
ppi
ng. mas
en.

hi'
Yan
aunde
a
ndsC
hin
es
ebu
tno
tEn
gli
sh.

Efies
b
)Co
ndi
tina
o 1c
Iau
ses.

l--
ir
n(m
ier
uandk
iko
eru
)

-
i1
10.I
ndicat
esth
eob
jec
tofve
rbso
fse
nsa
tio

-

1
ssurui

3
Anohit
ogaiku
-nd
att
ar
awa
tas
hiwai
ka
na
i. a
sw~ll a nce
rta
inu
ses
.

1
-1j
11%
If
he'
sgoin
g1amno.
t
Ko
kokar
aFuji
-sa
ngami
ema
su.

JRth141i1


Mt
.Fu
jicanbese
enomhe
re.IYouc
ans
eeMt
.Fu
jiomhere.
Anatagasoi
unar
ana
tto0tab
etemim
asu.
Ifyousa
yso[if
yourecommendi
tin
sis
te
tc
.J
Ilt
' somef
er
-

Jt14ifftT
mentedb
ean
s.
Asan
od a
idok
orow
ak o
hinokaor
igas
him
asu.

t
:
:h
; i''
.II

!
Theki
tchensm
ell
so fco ei
nt h
emo
rning nt
hemorning

h11
1 1h



youc
ans
mel
lco
ffe
e[b
rew
ing
]int
hek
itc
hen
.

li
i
9.
Ind
icatest
heo b
jectofVEr
bsofabHity(ddim k
ar
u
and

1)
i
H
t
hepot
ent
ialfor
mso f
verb
s).

ih
'
i

N
ot:Wa(
e # n
1o.
4)nr
epl
aceg
afo
rco
nt
ra
st
:

l
.d1

l
Abe
-sa
n go
rufug
adeki
mu
. I~
Abeca
npl
ay[
l
.
tdoJg
i o
If
. KokokaraF
uji
-sa
nwam i
emasuganob
oruhit
onosugwa
a
mJemas
en.
YounseeMt.Fiomhee
r bu
tn o
tthefi
gur
eso
fth
ep e
opl
e
Ok
ada
-sa
nwap
ian
ogah
ike
mas
u. clim
bin t
.
gi
Okadac
anp
layt
hep
ian
o.

11
.In
dic
ate
sth
eob
jec
tofv
erb
s and a
dje
cti
veso
fne
ces
sit
y
(
hit
suy
od i
ru
).
Ya
mad
a-s
anwaC
hug
oku-
gogaw
aka
rim
asu
.

Yamadau
nde
rst
and
sCh
ine
se. a

Wa
tas
hiwao
kan
egai
ru
.
N
ot:Wa(
e # n
1o.4)nr
epl
aceg
atoc
rea
teac
ont
ras
t: 1needmoney
.
 20 GA

8 GA 2
1

1
3.Indi
cat
estheo bje
ctofv
e rbsanda
dje
cti
vesofemo
tion(su
ki
K
otsun
oa n
zennotam
eki
bi
shi
iki
sok
ugah
its
uyod
es
u. d k
ir
aidau
res
hii k
ana
shi
i k
oish
inp
aisur
e
u t
c.
).Compare
S
tr
ic
trul
esaren
eed
edfortr
af
fi
csa
fet
y. t
heuseofo(#8
1 n o.5)wiv erb
sint
he- i
and-g
aruform
5.

N
ote
:"(
' #
1n
o.4
)re
pl
ac
esg
awh
enac
on
tr
as
ti
sbe
ingm
ade
:
Wa
tash
iwaMots
uar
utogad
ais
ukid
esu
.
1l
oveM
oza
rt.
Wa
tash
iwqoka
newair
ug
amonowair
ana
i.
1n
ee
dmoneybut1d
on'
tnee
dthi
ngs
.
J
on-
sanwan
attogaki
ra
ides
u.
12
.In
dic
ate
stheobj
ectof
adje
ctiv
esofdesi
re(11
05h
iiade-
n t
ai J
ohndoe
sn'
tli
kefer
mente
dsoy
bea
ns.
fo
rmofv
erb
s).Comparetheuseof0 (
#18no
.5)withe-
garu
a
nd-tai
form
sofv
erbs.
A
kin
inarut
ota
ig ashi
npa
ides
u.
I
nth
efa
l
lty
phoon
sa r
eaw o
rry[ap
rob
lem
].
J
ikanokan
egahos
hi
i.
1wa
n tt
imeandm
oney.

Hanakowakonnasu
bar
ash
iipu
rez
enok ure
ta-
nd e
suyo.S
ono
Ts
ume
taimonogan
omi
tai
. k
imoc
higaur
esh
iide
su
.
1w
antsom
ethin
gco
ldtodr
ink
. Hanakogav
emet h
iswond
erf
ulpres
ent
.Im5
' 0p l
ease
dbyher
thou
ght
fnl
nes
s.
N
ot:W
e a(
#1
no.
4)r
epl
acsg
e aw
henac
on
tr
as
ti
sbe
ingm
ade
:
N
ot:Wa(
e #1
no
.4)c
anb
esu
bst
itu
tedf
org
atoc
re
at
eac
on
tr
as
t:

Tsu
meta
imonowano
mita
igaa
tat
aka
imonowairim
ase
n. l e
t
I
'dli
ket
odri
nkso
meth
ingco
ldbu
tnota
nyth
inghot
. J
imu
-sanwana
ttwaki
ra
idagas
urumewadai
suk
ides
u.
J
imdoe
sn'
tli
kefer
men
tedso
ybe
ansb
uthelo
vesdr
iedc
utt
lef
i5h.


"
"...'.'

i
GA
A 2

1
4.I
ndi
cat
est
heo
bje
ctofa
dje
cti
veso
fab
ty(
joz
un
a h
etan

a 2
.Indi
cat
es a
tag
ive
nsu
bje
cth
astwod
iff
ere
ntq
ual
iti
e:
s
but
k
uin
ak
i
yon
ae
t
c.
).
a
lough


A
tar
ash
iis
hus
h
waha
iku
gaiZUd
asd
esu
.
S
aku
ranohan
a k i
re
id aga
kao
rigan
ai
.
Thenewprimem
ini
ste
riss
aidt
obegooda
tha
iku
.
C
her
ryb
l o
ssomsa
pre
tty
butthe
yhav
enof
rag
ran
ce.

-
f
U
4
z
z:
;gogtaku


k
ui F
ura
1 om
g o
/
;
t
G om


Konoe
igawaom
oshi
roig
l n
agasug
i m
asune
.
O
g.
:a
w
a
is
g

'
Ood
a
t
l
ang
u
a
g e
s
;shecans
i
pe
a
k
bot
hP
r
enc
handI
ta
li
an
.
Thi
smoviei
sin
ter
est
in
gbutit
'sj
usttool
ong
.

N
ot:Wa(
e #1
no.4
)re
pla
cesg
awhenac
ont
ras
tisi
nte
nde
d: .C
3 o
nnectstwocla
use
swi
th.
o
utanya
dve
rsa
tiv
eim
pli
cat
ion

t1i
(
c.1
f 11
- a
bove
):a
nd."

iiil

l
u
}

-
AUmMispusM h a
ik .
uwajiZUd
es iwama
u

14

-
T
ani
-sa
nwaa
tam
aga
ii Y
oko-
sanmoid
es
u.

1Jv
Thenewnrim

1in-H
so:0 pruneml T
anii
sin
tel
lig
en
tands
oisY
oko
ta.

1
J1rt
t1
1kt

!-t
ILUsedbetweendauses( dsometimesattheendof Kin
Fu
ji-
san0haj
ime
temim
ash
itagak
ir
eid
es
hit
a.

i
l
sentences) ng
usuallywiththeme but." 1sawM.Fif
t o
rthef
irs
tti
meyes
ter
da
yandi
twasbe
aut
ifu
I
.

1.usedb
etwee
n t
woclaus
est
oindica
ted
lat
the
YEa
reo
ppo
sed
irl 4
.In
dic
ate
sap
rel
imi
n y k
remar.
meaning(.
fI
c I3b
elo
w):bu
ta1
ou
N
ote:Th
isty
peofsen
ten
cei
s0e
ntermi
nate
daf
te
rgaa
twhi
chpoi
ntthe
t
:
:'
n
;
;t
mh
m i
-nd
5 kun
ar

i
ma
i
nte
rlo
cut
or
sen
sin
gwhati
ti
st
ofol
low
ta
kesupt
heth
rea
dofc
onv
ers
ati
on.

L
at
el
ye
daa
rewarm
bu
tth
eni
dlt
sha
veurnedc
old
./I
t's Wa
tas
hiH
iro
notomo
shimasugago
shu
jinwai
ras
sha
ima
suk
a.
warmd
uri
ngt
hed
ayt
imet
hes
eda
ys
butc
olda
tni
ght
-
.Mynamei
sHiro
no.I
syourhusbandhome?
o

Mt
dsh
inoieK
uras
dpdwud
ika
i-nde5149aeb-wut
6i-
F1d
a--
-
Sen
jit
suone
gaish
itak
otod
esuga
donar
ima
shi
tad
eshok
a.
Thnupm
ke
tisc
l t
omyhousebu
tth
etr
ain tion-hr Aboutth
ereque
st1madesev
era
1day
sago
howha
sittu
rnedo
ut
-
[
hast
her
ebeenanyp
rog
res
s]?
 .
.4

24 GA "
GA 2
5

'

5
. Useda
tth
eendo
fth
ese
nte
nce
. .
No
te:Theeu
s sag
esarees
sen
tia
llyth
esar
neasth
osei
n11-
4abo
vee
xc
ept Kan
ojog
ado
kus
hindaindaga
th
esecon
dclau
seis
n'tsta
te
do u
tri
gh.(
t Wo
rdsinbr
acke
tssho
wonly 1hopes
hei
ssi
ngl
e
./(Or knowingt
hats
hei
sno
t)1w
ishs
he
on
eofvar
iou
simagi
nabl
ec o
nte
xts
.) weres
ing
le.

a
)I mpl
iesanuns
tat
edmeaning a
tisi
nco
ntr
astt
oth
eone . Used i
7 dio
mat
ica
llya
fte
rco
ntr
ast
ivev
erb
sora
dje
cti
ves
:
s
tat
ed:Wel
ly
es
but w
hethe
rornot.
"
)A
a f
tert
he-
ofo
rmso
fco
ntr
ast
ivev
erb
sora
dje
cti
ves
.
Os
sharuko
towamott
omodesuga.
Whatyous
ayi
squ
iter
igh
tb
ut[ i
t
'sd
i1tt
oim
p1e
men
tno
w].
Wa
tashiwata
suk
arogash
ingak
amaim
ase
n.
1d
on'
tc a
rew
hether1l
iv
e[l
i
.
tams a
ved
]ordi
e.
b
)So
fte
nsar
efu
sa:
l lamso y
but.
..
"

.
A
tsu
kar
dgas
amu
kar
oga-
wa
tas
hiwad
ili
job
ude
su
.
B
uch
owai
mak
aig
i-c
hud
ego
zai
mas
uga
..
'm a
I llr
igh
t[i
tdo
esQ
'tb
oth
erme]w
het
heri
t'
sho
torc
old
.
Thed
ivi
sio
nchi
efi
sinameetingnow'
"[s
oyo
u'l
lha
vet
owa
it
tos
eehim
].
b
)Ae- m
oand-aiformsoft
hesamev
erb
.
. Wh
6 en edatth
eendofase n
tenceo
rdauseandprec
ededby

ii in
dica
tes espea
kerw antst
heeven
ttocomeo utas
s
tated.Contextdet
erm
iri
eswhe the
rorno!the~sh isact
ual
ly Wa
tashig
aikogaiku
maig
aan
ataniwakan
kein
aik
otod
esu
.
r
eallz
able
: i
twouldbeni
ceif
;'
itwouldhaebnn
v ic
eif.
" Wheth
er1goornoth
asna
thi
ngtodowit
hyou[i
sno
tyourcOs
-
ce
rn]
.

R
ainenga
iko
kue
kd eki
rutoigadamenoyode
su. UFO
I
twouldbenic
eif1cou
1dmakeat ri
pa br
oadne
xtyea
r b
uti
t
seemsough1ca
h't[see
msimp
ossib
le]. Ta
naka-s
angashi
nji
yogashi
nji
ma
iga b
okuwaha
kki
riy
ufd
o
mim
ashit
a.
. Wheth
erTanakab
elie
vesi
torno
t1de
arlysawaU
FO.
Hayakuha
rugak
uruii-
ndag
a...
I
twouldbeni
cei
fsp
rin
gcamesoo
n./1hopes
pri
ngcomess
oon
.
2
6 MO MO 2
1

8
. Used ee
xpr
ess
ionV+g
aha
yaik
a:
assoona
snos
oon
er . Showings
2 imi
larnounsi
npa
ral
lelc
ons
tru
cti
on and
: aswe
U
h
ad." bo"

Mado0a
ker
ugah
aya
ikn
a e
kog
ato~ikonde k
it
a. Wa
tas
hin
oka
ish
an
iwaAm
eri
kaj
inmoC
hug
okuj
inmoi
ma
'1
4.
Nosoone
rhadth
ewindowbeenopenedth t
heca
tjumpedi
n. T
her
ear
ebothAme
ric
ansandC
hin
esei
nmycompany
.
IAssoona
s1openedt
hewindowtheca
tjumpedin
.

Ha
nak
o-s
a
nwasu
shimot
enp
uramos
ukid
esuy
o.
Yo
konin
arugah
ayaik
asu
gune
muttes
himat
ta. Hanakol
ike
sboths
ush
iandt
emp
ura
.
Noso
onrhad1
e l
aindownt 1
h f
e1
1asl
ee.I1f
p 1a
sle
epa
ssoon
a
smyheadh
itt
hep
ill
ow.
3
.In
dic
ate
sana
ddi
tio
n:
asw
ella
si
nad
dit
ion.
"

K
orewak
urod
esug
as
hi
ro
iku
tsumoa
rim
asuy
o.
MOj T
hes
ear
ebl
ac
kbutweh
avew
hit
esh
oesa
swe
ll.

N
ote
:Se
eal
sot
emo(
-d
em)
o #4
andd
emo#5
.
N
iho
ndewak
odo
moJ
ced
ena
kuo
t
onamomanga0y
on-
dei
mas
u.
.I
1 n
dic
ate
sth
attwowordsa
r:e
c q
uali
nwe
igh
ta
: l
so
too
." I
nJa
pan
noto
nlyc
hil
dre
nre
adcomicbooks
buta
dul
tsa
swe
l.

4
. Showsempha
sisorabs
enceofdoubtcon
c erningaque s
tio
n
Kor
ewasaku
rad
esu
.Koremosak
urad
esu
.
o
ftimequ
ant
itye
tc
.:
anynumberoftim
escontinually.~'
T
hisisac
her
ryt
re
e.Th
isisac
herr
ytr
eet
oo.

Anoe
igawan
and
omom
ima
shi
ta.
1h
aves
eent
hatmovieanynumbero
fti
mes
.
P
oru
-sa
nwaN ih
on-go0 b
enk
yos
hi
tei
mas
u.N
ans
hii
-sa
nmo
Ni
hon
-go0 b
enkyos
hi
teimu
.
P
auli
sst
udy
ingJ
apa
nes
e.Nancyi
sal
sos
tud
yin
gJa
pan
ese
. Konor
esu
tor
a
nwait
sumok
ond
eim
asu
.
T
hisr
est
aur
anti
sal
way
scr
owd
ed.
 -TEMO(
OEMO) 2
9
2
8 MO

5
.Indi
catestota
ln ega
tionc
oncer
nig~ _q~estion ~~ q
n u
alit
yor 5
q
uan
tity(accompaniedbyane
gat
ivev
erb
): nO noi n
g." Gom
an-enmod as
eb
a ika
meragakae
masuy
o.

I
fyouspendupto5
0000
youcang
etagoodcamera.
/Youc
an
buyagoodcamerafr50
o 000
.
Nanimoa ri
masengmesh
iaga
tteku
das
ai.
Weh a
v enoth
ingspe
cia
ltooffe
rbu
tplea
seh e
lpyo
urs
elf
.(L
i
.
t
Thereisn
othir
ig
butple
aseea
t[acon
venti
onalp
hras
e].
)

Anoh
eyan
iwada
remoi
mas
eny
o.
1 TEMO(-DEMO)I()

T
her
eisnoonei
nth
atroom. N
ote
:Her
ewear
econ
cern
edwi
thmoinco
mbi
nat
ior
iwitht
h t
e(
e- -
de
)f orm
o
fve
rbsa
ndt
he-ku
tefo
rmofa
dje
ct
iv
es
.Seeal
somo(#3)a
ndd
emo(#5).
. Toe
6 mph
asi
zet
hee
xte
nto
fanumber: ofasmuch(m
y
)
1
.Eveni
fe
ven o
ugh
."
a
s.

5 0
Sumi
su-sanwaka
nji0g
osenmosh
itt
eima
su. A
shi
tat
enk
igaw
aru
kut
emodo
rai
bun
iik
ima
sho
.
Mr.Smithknowsal
loff
ivetho
usa
ndkan
ji
. E
ver
iif
thewe
atheri
sbadtomorrowle
t'
sgoforadr
lv./L
e et'
sgo
fo
radri
vetomorrowe
venifth
eweat
her'sb
ad.
1 9 0
So
noa
pan
oya
chi
nwaik
kag
ets
u~~man-en mos
urus
ode
su.


Ther
entf
ora
tap
art
men
tiss
aidt
obe h
igha
s90000
0.
To
mod
achig
atsu
kut
teku
ret
an od
ea
mar
ioi
shi
kun
aku
temo
'o
ri
wazen
buta
bem
ashi
tayo
.-
7
.I nd
ica
tesappr
oxi
mati
on(byshowingana pp
rox
imat
eupp

S
inceaiendprep
aredthef
ood[f
orme]
1at
eev
ery
thi
nge
ven
l
imi
t)regar
din
gnumberorq
uan
tity
:
aroundupto
." thoughi
tdid
n'tta
stev
erygoo
d.
1
I
chi
-ji
kanmoa
reb
ah
ote
ruk
arak
ukoei
kem
asu
. .A
2 fte
rverb
susedi
ncounctionwithint
err
oga
tiv
esf
orempha-
I
fyouhaveasmuchasanhouryoucang
etomth
ehot
eltot
he s
i
s:
nom a
tterwhere(who
what e
tc.
)."
air
por
t./Youc ange
t m t
h eho
telt
othea
irp
orti
nsi
dean

hour[inanhourors
o].
Ta
ked
a-s
a
nwaik
uranondemoyow
anai-
nd e
suyo
.
Noma
tte
rhowmuchTakedad
rin
kshedo
esn'
tgetd
run
k.

3
0 DEMO DEMO 3
1

Ohanamin okiwado
koeit
temoh
itodei
ppa
ida. Kir
ainatabem
o n
odemo k
ar:
l
aniyok
ere
bata
betahog aj
ides
une.
Duringflow
er-
view
ingtim
et
her
ear
ec r
owd
so fp
eopl
ewh
ere
ver Evenifi
t
'sfoodyoudi
sli
keyoushoulde
ati
tifit
'sgoodforyour
yougo. h
eal
th./Yous ho
uldeatevenf o
odyoudis
l i
keifi
t'sgoodfor
y
ourheal
.

.E
3 m
pha
siz
esana
ppr
oxi
mat
eli
mit
:a
tth t
emos."
2
. Useda
fte
rnounsf
ore
mph
asi
s:
eve
n
5 6
Son
ok am
er anar
atak
aku
temogo-ma
n-enkura
idesh
o.
Atthemo atcamerawi
llcos
taround500
00.(L
i
.
t That

camera
e ve
nifi
t'
sexpe
nsi
ve
wil
lbeabout50
000
.) Son
os h
igo
t owawata
shidemodeki
mash
itaka
raana
tanar
asugu
dekimasuyo
.
3 S
inceeven1wasa bl
etodothatworkyouw
illbeabl
etodoit
Anoshi
baiwanaga
kutemosan
-ji
kand
eowar
ima
suy
o. immedi
at el
y. f1c
/I andoi
tyoush
ouldbea
bletodoi
t[han
dle
Thatp
laywi
lll
astt
hre
ehour
satthemost
. tha
tjob]w i
thea
se.

Dobut
sudemoningennok ok
orogawaka
rim
asu.
Evenani
mal
scanunderstandthehumanhe
art
.
DEMOI
3
. Usedaft
erani n
ter
rot
ivewordf
orp
osi
tiv
eem
pha
si:
s a
ny-
N
ote
:InaIu
I s
age
sexc
eptn
o.6democanb
erepl
acedbyt
hem
orein
form
al
(
onewheree
tc.
)."
d
at
te(n
otinc
lud
ed i
sboo
k).Seea
lomo
s
#3 d-
temo(
-dem
o)#
4.

1
. Useda
.e
rnounst
oem
pha
siz
eah
ypo
the
tic
al:
eve
ne
veni
f.
" Jon-
sanwaN
iho
n-r
yorin
aranandemotab
ema
su.
Johnwi
lle
atany[k
indof
]Jap
anes
efoo
d.
Tsuma
ranaika
igidemoshi
gotod
esuka
radena
kerebanar
imase
n.

Eveni
fi'sab
t oringmee
tin
gyouhavet
oatl
endsin
cei's[
t pa
rtof
]
t
hejo
b./Youh avetoatt
endeventh
eboringmeet
ingssince Wat
ashiwayo
rudatta
raits
udemoides
uyo
.
i
t
's[p
artof
]e jo
b. Aslonga
sit
'satnig
htanytim
eisa
l
lri
ghtf
orm
e./Anyt
imea
t
nigh
tl ewit
hme.
 .
. TO 3
3
3
2 DEMO

4.Usedi
nteformd
h onad
n emo
:w
hat
eve
r."
f R
eko
dod
emok
iki
mas
hok
a.
Yor
opp
aei t
tar
adonn
abij
uts
uk
andemomi
temit
ai. S
hal
lwel
ist
ent
oar
eco
rdo
rso
met
hin
g?
f
IIgotoEurope
Ilwantt
' os w
h a
tev
ermuseums[1c
an]
.

Ei
gon
Aslo
n
od
ga
ek
si
u
r
t
'
uh
itonar
ado
nn
ssomeonewhoc
ah
a
i
ns
t
od
pea
emok
kEng1
a
i
s
ma
h
i
i
m
td
a
o
s
e
e
n
s
n'
.
tma
tte
r
TOI
whoiti
s
./Anyonewhoc anspe
akEng1
ishwi
lldo. .Followsnouns;i
1 ndi
t a
essuchme nd"and

wi"dsetsoffnames.
5
. Usedwit
htwoormorenounswhichser
veasexa
mpleso
fa
l
arg
erli
st
:
e i
thro
e r(andot
her
so fasi
mil
arn
atu
re)." .J
1 oin
s.
nounsus
ual
lytwoo
rr
ee(
butn
otp
hra
sesandc
lau
ses
):

and
."

N
ote
:Co
ntr
astw
ithya(
#8
no.
1)
.

M
atsu
mot
o-sanwaund
o-s
hin
keig
aiin
odt
e e
nis
ud
emogo
ru

demodek
imas
uyo
.
GivenMatsumoto'sgoodref
lex
eshec
anp
laye
ith
ert
enn
iso
r
A
ran
-sa
ntoPOT'la
nwaF
ura
nsi
u nd
esu
.
g
olf[
oranyo thers
por
t]. A
lai
nandP
aula
reF
ren
ch.

S
hir
oiy
urit
oak
aib
aran
oha
na0k
aim
ash
.
Ka
taok
a-sanwagai
koku-
gonik y
m
i0m o
tteir
uk a
ra
Fura
nsu
-go L
et'
sbuysomew
hit
eli
li
esandr
edr
ose
s.
demoC hug
oku-
god emo-
;Suguobo
eteshim
au
S
inceKat
aokaisint
eres
tedinf o
rei
gnl a
nguag
eshecanea
sil
y 2
.Indi
cat
esacomparisono
rco
ntr
ast
:
an
d'?o
r(whenac
hoi
ce
p
ickupe
ith
erF
ren
cho
rCh
ine
se[
oranyo
the
rla
na
ge]
. i
sas
kedfo
r)o
r."

N
ote
:In i
sus
ag
emustf
oll
owe
acho
fth
eno
uns
.
6
.In
dic
ate
sonep
oss
ibi
lit
y:
.
..orsomething."

Ead
einominii
kim
ase
nka. Konok
ais
hat
oso
nok
ais
had
ewash
iho
n-k
ing
ach
iga
ima
su.
Howabo
utgoi
ngtos
eeamovieo
rso
met
hin
g? T
hiscompanyandt
hatcompanyh
aved
.
if
fe
ren
tamountso
f p
i.
34 TO
TO 3
S

5
.Foll
owi
ngane x
pre
ssio
nofqu
ant
ityr
ein
for
cest
hen
ega
tiv
e
Ri
ngotom
ikant
odoch
iraga k
idesuka
. i
deao
fthesen
ten
ce:(
not
)asmuchas
."
Whic
hdoyouli
keb
ett
era
pplesormandarino
ran
ges
?
2
Anoyamanino
bor
uniwan
iiknk
a ak
ari
mas
en.
3
.T
oge
the
rw
ith
I
twon'tt
akea
slon
gas[w
on'tt
akeev
en)twoho
urstoc
lim
b
l
oun
tai
n.
S
hac
howab
uch
s
hok
uji0s
hi
teim
u.
2
Thecompanyp
res
ide
nti
sea
tin
gou
twi
tht
hed
ivi
sio
nma
nag
er.
Anok
ais
hat
owan
idot
oto
ri
hi
ki0s
hit
akun
ai
.
1don
'twantt ohavedea
lin
gsw i
th companyevera
gain.
A
shi
tak
onom
ond
ain
its
ui
te
sen
seit
oha
nas
uts
umo
rid
esu
.
(L
i
.
t 1d o
n'twanttohavedeali
ngsw
ithth
atcompanytwo
time
s[ b
ecaus
eI'ved
ealtwit
hthemo nc
ealre
adyandknow
Tomorrow1inte
ndtodis
cus
s isproblemw
i myt
eac
her whatth
ey'r
elik
e)
.)
[
ins
tru
cto
rd
oct
or
law
yere
tc
.)
.

dicatesachangeorresult(commonlyusedinthephrase 11
.Useda f
teronomatopoeicadverbsorfollowsaword
n
aru
l
.
.
dause orsentenceandprecedessuchverbsasi k
ik
u
domoutoindicatewhatmeonesaid ke dought
No
te:Ni(
#1 n
3o.8)i
saI
S ni
Ousedi spa
m;ism
oref
orm
ala
ndi
sco
m- et
c.
m
onlyuse
dinwrit
ing
.
1
.In
dic
ate
swhatsomeones
ai
dor
der
ed
ask
ed
et
c.

O
rin
pik
kun
oka
ika
i-s
hik
inoh
i n
att
a.
Thedayofth
eopeningceremonyoft
heO ly
mpicsa
rri
ved.(
L
i.
t Ya
mam
oto
-sa
ng
aat
oded
enw
asu
rut
oos
sha
ima
shi
ta.
Itbecamet
hedayoftheopenin
gceremonyoft
heOlym
pics
.) Yamamotos
aidt
hats
hewouldphonel
at
er
.

1 o

K
otos
hinokai
gai
-ry
okos
hawaisse
n-m
an-
nin n
at
ta. Hahag
ase
nse
iniy
oro
shi
kut
oms
hi
teo
rim
ash
ita
.
[T
henumberof
]over
seast
rav
ele
rsisye
arre
achedt
enm
ill
ion
. Mothersai
dtog
iveh
err
ega
rdst
oyou(whoa
remyt
eac
he
rdoc-
t
ore
tc
.)
.

9
Wa
tan
abe
ng
aku
jimaden
iji
mu-
shon
iku
ruy
on
ii
t
tei
mas
hit
a.
Watanabesaidt
hatyoushoul
dcometoh
isoff
icebynin
eo'c
loc
k.
/Watanabeaske
dthatyoucomet
otheof
fic
ebyn i
neo'c
lock
.
 ~

3
6 TO 10 3
7

2
.In
dic
ate
swhatsomeonet
hin
kso
rfe
el
s. 4
. Useda
fte
ronomatopoeica
dve
rbs
.

Rai
nenwaAm
e r
ikaei
kt
oka
ngae
teima
su. Ogawagasa
rasa
rat
omic
hinos
oba0na
gare
t
ei.
I
'mt h
ink
ingofgoi
ngt
oth
eUni
tedSt
ate
snexty
ear
. Aspar
kli
ngbrookf
lowe
dalo
ngs
idet
heroa
d.

9 1 0
De
nshawak uj
inideruo moim
ashitagaj
uj
id e
sh
ita
. Hos
higakir
aki
ratoka
gay
ait
eim
asu
.
1t
houghtthetr
ainwouldlea
veatni
neo' c
loc
kbut[i
tlea
t]te
n. Thest
arsa
retwi
nkl
ing
.
/Or1t h
oughtthetra
inwasgoingtoleav
e[ wassch
edu
ledto
le
ave
]a tnin
eo'cloc
kbuti
tturn
edo uttobeten
.
.Followsverbsandadjectivestoformaconditional:
3
.I ndi
cate
st h
enameofsometh
ing
aboutwhichanexpla
natio
n

i
f
unlesswhetherornot."
foU
ows;usual
lyusedwhenth
enamea l
onewouldn o
tbeu nd
er-
.I
1 ndi
cate
st h
atas e
conda
cti
onf
oUow
s u
nedi
ate
lyuponthe
st
ood.Alwaysuse
di nteformt
h oiu(orsomev a
ria
tio
n):
a
cti
onprecedi
ngit
;o ft
enuse
dwi su
gu(im
medi
ate
lyri
ght
(whowhi
ch)isca
Uedknownas
."
a
way
):assoonas
o
Note
:-T
ara(#35
no.
5) dn
ar
i(#46n
o.3
)ca
nbeu
sedh
erewithmuch
"S
eka
i"toi
uza
ssh
i0shi
tt
eim
asuka
. ameme g.
Doyouknowt
hemag
azineS
eka
t?

Asaoki
rutosu
gu
kate
n0akema
su.
Bu
ruSuk
aiz
utoiuh
ote
runit
omar
ima
shi
ta. Assoonas1g
etupinth
emorning1opent
hec
urt
ain
s.
1s
tay
eda
tahot
elca
UedBl
ueSk
ies
.

Kin
wak a
ishanos
hig
otogaow
arutomassugui
enikae
tta
.
MazuTana
katoiub
uchonish
oru
i0mor
attekud
asa
i. Y
ester
da
yassoo
nasworkwasove
r1wenthome./1wentst
rai
ght
Fi
rstofaUg
etth
edocumentsfromase
ctio
nmanagernamed homeafte
rworkye
ster
day
.
Tanaka
.
3
8 TO
3
TO 3
9

2
.Indi
cate
sthei
nev
ita
bil
ityo
fas
eco
nda
cti
onf
oll
owi
ngt
heo
ne 4
.Indic
ate
stha
tsomet
hin
ghasb
eenl
eam
eda
sar
es
ul
tofac
er
tn
p
rec
edingi
t:
whena
s.
' a
cti
on:when
aft
er
asar
esu
lto
f.
"
N
ote
:-T
ara(#35
no.
4)c
ana
ls
obeu
sedw
itht
h
isme
g
.
Ni
hondewaharuninarutosa
kuragasak
imu.
Whens
pringcomesinJap
anth
ec h
ertree
sbloom./I
nJa
pa
n
ech
e r
rytr
eesbloomwithth
ec omi
ngofspr
ing
. Gi
nkoei
kut
omoshi
mat
tei
When1w
entt
oth
ebank[1fou
nd]i
twa
sal
rea
dyc
los
ed.

Kurumagaokunaru k
ots
u-j
ikol em
asu.
As(t
henumbero)c
f ar
scre
ase
se(inci
den
ceof
)tr
acacc
ide
nts Kob
andemich
i0kik
ut
oson
oka
ish
awasug
umitsu
kat
ta.
ri
se
s./Themorecar
sthe
rear
ethemore cacc
ide
ntsocc
ur. Ae
rask
ingth
ewa
yatapo
lic
ebo
x1fo
und[
loc
ate
d]th
ecomp
Y
ri
ghta
way.

F
u-k
eik
ininaus
r h
its
ugy
o-sal
h em
asu
. 5
.U dwitwoverbs(e
iert
wod i
ffe
ren
tver
bsendi
ngin-yo
l-
o
Whenth
erei
sare
ces
sin
o th
enumbero
fjo
ble
ssi
ncr
eas
es. o
rthesam
everb p
eated
thef
ir
stendin
gin-yo
l-o
thesec
ondin
en
egat
ive-m0;indi
cat
esalackofconc
ernove
rwh i
chofthe
3
.In
dic
ate
sah
ypo
the
tic
alc
ond
iti
on:i
f
unl
ess
." Woeve
ntsoc
curs:w
hethero r(no
t).
"

N
ot:B
e a(
#34n
o. l)an
dta
ra(#35
no.
1)h
avem
ucht
hes
amem
ean
ing
. "
C
ompar
eals
o-ba(#34n
o.2
).

'
En"gatsu
yokuna y owa
k u
n aro wa
tas
hin
ose
ikat
suniwa
kan
keiar
ime n
.
Yamada-sa
ngakonik
a a
igig
ahaji
merar
emas
en: Wheth
erth
ey enge s
tro
nger01'g
r o
wsweak
er[
ri
se
sorfa )
ls.i
t
IfYamadadoe
sn'
tcomet
hemeet
ingcan'
tbest
art
ed./Wec
an'
t hasnoe
ectonmy[ dai
ly]
lif
e.
s
ta
rtthemee
tingu
nle
ssYamadacom
es.


A
shi
ta
ten
kigaitoya
kyugadekim
asu
Ka
nojog
ahit
or
idep
atini
. i
i kum
aito hi
k e
amaim n
.
I
fth
eweat
heri
sgoodtomorrowwecanp
layb
ase
bal
l. 1do
n'tc
arewhe
the
rs h
egoest
oep a
rtyal
oneo
rno
t.
40 TOWA
YA 4
1

TOWAI
.I
1 nd
ica
tesawordorp
l ebe
ingd
efi
ne
dorf
orw
hic
had
ef
i- .J
1 o
insn
oun
stoi
ndi
cat
eanon-
exh
aus
tiv
eli
s
tofi
tem
s:
suc
h
M
tio
nisbein
gask
ed. g
sas d and."
UN No
te:Y
aimpl
ie
st h
atth
eitem
ss t
at
edar
etake
nasexa
mpl
esfro
malar
ge
r
tV ko
kur
ennok
otod
esu
. g
roupo
fite
ms
.Incont
ra
st(#61
1)i
mp
lie
stha
tth
eite
msst
at
eda
reth
e
UN"r
eferst
otheU
nit
edNat
ions
. o
nlyon
esundercon
sid
era
tio
n.Y aisof
te
nc o
mbin
edwithna
do(a
nd
s
uch
")
rei
nf
orc
ingi
tsba
si
cmeanin
g.

Ri
danojo
kentowanandes
hok
a.
Whata
rethep
rer
equ
isi
teso
fle
ade
rsh
ip? Te
burun
ouenios
ush
iyaya
kit
oriyate
npur
an a
dogaar
ima
su.
Onth
eta
bl
eth
erear
esucht
hin
gsassu
shi
yak
ito dt
empu
ra.
2
.Usedbe
tweentwocla
uses a
tar
eoppo
sedinmean.
g;th
e
f
ir
stc
lau
serep
res
entsaco
ncess
iontoth
eseco
nd(us
ual
lyine
f
ormtowai: ough
e
) even ou
gh.
"
Wat
ash
inoh
eyaniwak
onp
yutayasu
ter
eog
aoi
tea
rim
asu
.
I
nmyroomthe
reisac
ompute
rast
ero
e an
dsu
ch.


*
2.I
ntheidi
oma
ticexp
res
siny
o ai
nay
a(f
oll
owi
ngav
erbr
oot
):
S
eos
i hin'
yoshi
teina i wa s e
i
.n oya
rikn
a is
hita
ga nai s
oona
snosoone
rhad.
"
keniwaikana.
i
E
venoughyoud o
n ' tt ru
sttheg overnmen
tyou[s
ti
ll
]h av
eto
ad
heretoi~ ~ay~f.c:l.og ings.l Y
smmaynptt r
ustth
eg ov
- .
Ek
ini tl~uylnq ya_d~$hag4detg_shimatta. .
ern
m e
n
tbutyoum u s tst
il
ladheret oit
swaysofdo
ingthin
gs. Nosoonerh ad1a
r rivedatthesta
tiona nt h
et ra
inl
e
ft
.

h
Haru waiemadasa
mui
. Of
uronihai
ruyai
naya
denw
aganat

Even o
ughit
'
sspri
ngi
t
sst
i
llc
old
. Nosoo
n e
rh a
d1go
tte
nint
oth
ebat
ha nt
hep
hon
era
ng.
 s
TOKA NA 4

TOKAI
lNADOI
.J
1 o
in
snouns v
erb
s(c
lau
se)
s o
rad
jec
tiv
est
oin
dic
ates
eve
ral N
ote:Nankai
s i
nfo
rma
leq
uiv
ale
nt
andn
a.
zoa
ndn
an%
omoreC
orm
oJ
r
epr
ese
nta
tiv
ei t
emso
niamuchl
arg
erp
oss
ibl
eli
st
ii
lg
:among e
qui
val
ent
s.
o
thert
hin
gssu
ching
sas
."
.I
1 nd
ica
testha
taseri
esofite
msisnon-
exh
aus
ti
veio
fte
nus
ed
N
ote
:Whenu
sedwi
thnou
nskahasthesam
eme
ani
n sy
ga a(#8
no
.1) w
ithy
a(#8n
o.1):
et.
c ands
of o
rth
."
b
uti
smor
ein
for
mal
.Se
ealok
s a(#11
II-
4).

S
onoh
enn
iwar
eur
s any
adi
suk
oyae
iga
-ka
nnadog
aar
ima
su.
K
inod
epa
tod
es
etat
okak
uts
utok
a0k
at
ta
. T
herear
eres
taur
ants
dis
cos
moviet
hea
tes
r ands
ofo
rtharound
Y
est
erd
ay1boughtasw
eat
er
sho
es
andsomeo
the
ri
ngsa
te th
ere[i
ntha
tarea
].
de
partm
entsto
re.


Ya
sumin
iwaj o
gin
gu0s u
rutokate
nis
u0s u
rukas
hiteimu. Watas
hiwam
ik
anyaring
oy aban
ananadokudamononar
ana
n
Whenl
'm owork1doth
ingsl
ikejo
ggin
gandpl
ayin
gtenn
is. demos u
kide
su.
1l
ikeanyki
ndofut
i:mandarinor
ang
esa
pplesba
nana
s.
2
.Usedafte
rpa
irso
fwordso
fop
pos
it i
emeaning n
dic
ati
ng
un
cer
tai
nty
. 2
.I n
dic
ate
sat
ent
ati
ves
ugg
est
ion
:o
rso
met
hin
g(somewhere
e
t
c
.
)
.'

K
awagu
chi-s
a nwaa
nogi
nkonitum
s e
rut
okat
sut
ome
nai R
ais o1
n okawaHakonen
iid
odl
des
uka
.
it
t
eimas
hitaga
donar
imas
hitaka
. Howa b
outsomepla
cel
ikeHakonefo
rnextw
eek
'st
rip
?/How
Kawaguchiwassa
yin
gthathe
'dworkf
ort
hatbankandt
hent
hat wouldHakonebef
ort
hetri
pnextw
eek?
t
hewouldn'.What
eve
rh a
ppen
ed?


P
ure
zen
to0k
aun
aras
h
inj
unob
uro
chin
ank
aii
-nj
ana
i-nd
esuk
a.
Anohi
towas
onok
iniyo
tte
sho
gao
mos
hir
oitokao
mos
hir
oku I
fyou'r
egoin
gtobuyaprese
ntwo
uldn'tsom
ethi
nglik
eapear
l
n
ait
okaiunod
edoc
hirananokawa
kar
imas
en. broochbea
llrig
ht?/I
fyou'
regoin
gt obuyapres
en
t ap
ear
l
Dependingonwhichdayiti
ss
hesay
sshelik
esherworkors
he brooch
orsom
ethingl
iket
hat
mightbeni
ce.
d
oesn'tl
ikei
ts
o1don'
tknoww h
ethersh
ed oe
sornot.
4
4 NADO KA 4
5

3.E
xpr
ess
esh
umb
len
ess
:s
ucha
st
hel
ike
sof
." o
I
enankato
tem
oka
ena
i.
Wa
tas
h
inadoso
nnam
uzu
kas
hii
sh
iknniwat
e emog
oka
kud
eki
- 1c
oul
dne
verbuya
nyt
hin
gli
keah
ous
e.
mas
en.
Someoneli
kemec oul
dneverpa
ssad i
ffi
cul
texam
ina
tio
nl i
ke
6
.Af
terv
erb
sanda
dje
cti
ve:
s somethi
ngt
o ee
ctt
hat
."
a t
.1The
re'snowayth
at1[t
heli
kesofme]co
uldpssuc
ha
dicul
ttest
.



Ya
mamoto-
sang
aso
nok
ons
at at
og emoy
okat
tanadoi
t
t
ima
shi
tayo
.
Ha
shimo
to-sen
seinog o
kyodaic h
igat
te
wat
ashinokyod
aina
zo Yamamotowassa
yin
gtha
tth
econc
ertwasqu
itegood[andsuc
h
waatamagawaruimonob aka
ridesu
. g s]
./Yamamotowass
ayi
ngsometh
ingaboutth
ec on
cert
U
nlikeProfe
ssorHashimoto
' sbrot
herandsis
tesnoneo
r fmy bein
gv er
ygo
od.
bro
thersandsis
ter
ssuc
ha sthe
ya r
ei
sver
ybrigh
t.

K
arewas
onos
hig
oto0j
ibu
ngay
att
anadot
oit
tei
.
*4
.Usedt
oe m
phasizethene
gative p
ectoft
hes i
tua
tin
o e
spe
-
H
e'ssay
ingsuchthi
ngsasitwashetha
td idt
hatwo
rk./He'
da1
lyi
nabe
lit
tli
ngmanner: yoneli
keeli
kesof.
"
sa
yin
g athewastheonewhodidt
hatjo
b.

Tan
aka-
sannadowaemos ha
choniwan
are
nai
.
T
here
'snoway yone eT a
ka[telik
esofTan
a]
c
oul
dbecomep
res
ide
nto
fth
ecomp
y.
1
. Indicatesaquestion;founda
ttheendofase
ntence.
Anoh
n
kase
non
ide
temodamed
esuy
o.
I
t'
snou
sef
orsomeonel
ikehimt
orunf
ore
lec
tio
n. 1
.In
dic
ate
sas
imp
leq
ues
tio
n.

K
ore d
aren
oka
sad
esuka
.
5.Emp
hasize
sth
eim
pos
sii
b1
it
yoft
hes
itu
ati
on:
suc
hany-
th
i n
glik
e." Who
seu
mbr
ell
aisi
s?

S
onn
ata
kaimonon
az
oit
ada
kuw
aken
iwai
kim
ase
n. A
shi
tan
opa
tin
iik
ima
suk
a.
1c
oul
dne
vera
c p
tsu
chane
xpe
nsi
vet
hig(
n
). Areyoug
oin
gto epa
ytomorrow?
46 KA KA 4
7

2
.In
dica
tesaninq
uir
ya b
outsomeone'sfe
eli
ngso
rin
ten
tio
ns q.I
ndi
cat
es a
tsomeonei
sta
lki
ngt
ohim
-orhe
rse
lf
.
o
rasu
ggest
iona
boutso
methi
ng t
:((howabou.
)
)

Kyowage
uy
obi
ka.
E
iga0min
iik
ima
senk
a. y
Toda'
sMondayisi
t
?
Howa
bou
tgo
ingt
ose
eam
ovi
e?

S
oro
sor
ona
tsumoo
war
ika
.
S
ato
-sa
nnik
ii
tem
ita
rad
ode
suk
a. 50summer'salm
osto
ve
r huh?/W
ell
itl
ook
sli
kesummer'
Howa
bou
tas
kin
g5a
t almo
sto v
er.

3
.In
dic
ate
sar
het
ori
calq
ues
tio
n. 11
.I ndicat
e
sachoice
doubt t
uncertainy;foundw
ith
ln
asentence.

Konnan
iki
reinat
okor
ogah
okaniarud
aroka
. .I
1 n
dic
ate
sac
hoi
ce:
or
whe
the
ro t
rno."
l
st h
ere
ano
therpl
aceasl
ove
lyth
is?/Wheree
lsec
oul
dyouf
ind

ap
lac
easl
ove
lya
sth
is?
K
ohikak
och
akan
omi
taid
esun
e.
l
'ds
urel
ik
etod
riksomec
n o o
rte
a./5
0mec
oe
ort
eawo
d
S
onn
awa
ruih
it
ogai
rumonod
esuk
a. ben
ic
ewo
uld
n' t
.
ti
et
Ar h
erep
eop
learounda
sbad[
awf
ul]a
sa
t?

R
yok
onii
kukai
kan
aik
madak
a ime
tei
mas
en
.
4
.In
dic
ate
san
gero
rce
nsu
re:
50you..
?
)) 1s
tiUh
ave
n'td
eci
dedwJ
ietnerTmg
oin
gto
-ta
keat
ripo
rno
t.
o

Matak
y
omook
ure
tek
ita
-nd
esuk
a.
H
iro
ta-
sanwao
sak
egan
ome
rukad
okak
ii
tem
ima
shd
.
50y
ou'
rel
at
eag
aint
oda
y?
L
et'sa
skH
iro
taw
het
herh
edr
ink
s[a
lcoh
oHcbe
ver
ase
s]o
rno
t.

Madak
onos
hioos
g hi
tei
nai
-nd
esuk
a.
Youh
ave
n'tdone[
fin
ish
ed]t
hisworky
et?
K
aze0h
ii
tan
oka mag
ait
ai
-nd
esu.
1wonderi
fI
'veca
ugh t
tacold-myh dh s
.1I
'VI
1
aybeI
'veca
ughtacold
.
48 KA DE 4
9

5
.Inthei
dioma
tice
xpr
ess
ionk
a..-
. n
aiu
chin
:ih
ard
l
yhad
nos
oon
erhad
."
Shi
kengaarunok
aminn
atosh
oka
ndeb
enk
ys
h
it
eimasuy
O.
1wonderi
fthe
re'
sat
es
t-e v
ery
one
'ss
tud
yin
gatth
eli
bra
ry.
E
kin
its
ukuk
ats
uka
naiu
chin
ide
nsh
agak
i.
. Usedw
3 ianint
erro
gat
ivewordi
ndi
cati
ngs
uchmeanings 1hadh
ard
lya
rri
veda
tth
est
ati
onwhent
het
rai
nca
me.
s
omethi
nga
nyt
hing
;someonean
yone."

O
fur
onih
air
uka1
ra
naiu
chin
ide
nwag
ana .
D
arekaY
ama
da-
sann
ode
nwa
-ba
ngl
os
hi
tt
eim
asuk
a. Nos
oon
erhad1g
ott
eni
ntot
heb
athanephoner
g
.
DoesanyoneknowYamada'st
ele
pho
nenumber?

N
anikat
sum
eta
imonog
ano
mit
ai.
1wantt
odr
inksome
in
gco
ld./l
'dl
ik
eso
met
hin
gco
ldt
odr
ink
. DE/
.I
1 n
dic
ate
sth
elo
cat
iono
fana
cti
on:
at
in
."
.F
4 o
llo
win
got
herp
art
icl
esli
ndi
cat
esu
nce
rta
int
yo t
rdoub.S
ee
a
Isok
a(#
9)
. N
ot:C
e o
ntr
astw
ithn
i(#
13
no.2
).


Yamadas
ankaiuh
ik ar
ad e
nwag aa
rima
shi
ta.
The
rewasacal
lfromsomeonecal
ledYamadaorsom
eth
ingo
r Kin
oGinzanore
sut
orandeban
gohan0ta
bem
ashi
ta.
oer. Y
ester
day1hadd
inneratar
esta
ura
ntinG
inza
.

W
ata
shin
oto
mod
ach
iwato
shok
and
eho
n0y
o
nd
eim
asu
.
K
ano
j
owade
pat
odekab
uti
kkud
ekd
a o
chi
rak
adek
aim
ono0 Myi
end[
ai
endo
fmi
ne]i
sre
adi
ngabooki
nth
eli
bra

s
hi
tii
a t
tei
mas
hit
a.
S
hesai
dshewantedt
odosomes
hop
pin
ga
tad
epa
rtm
ents
tor
e 2
.In
dic
ate
sameanso
rim
ple
men
t:
by
wi"
ora
bout
i q
ue1k it
was
.

Wata
shiwaNiho
neti
edek
ima
shi
ta.
1cametoJ
apa t
nbyboa.
 4
5
0 DE
DE 5
1'

1 0
B
oru
pend
eka
itek
us
a
i. Anot
er
eb
iwaj
u-ma
n-e
ndek
aer
u.
P
lea
sew
rit
ewi
ab
all
-po
intp
en. Youc
anbuyt
hatTVs
etf
or1
00
00
0.

3
.In
dic
ate
sma
ter
ial
sus
ed:
of
fromwi
6
.Ind
icat
esthemodeorcon
ditio
noft
hea
gen
tofana
cti
on(
not
t
obecon
fuse
dw it
hthesu
bje
ct)
.
Konok
ek
iwata
maos
g atodet
suk
uri
mas
u. 1
T
hisc
akei
smadeofe
ggsands
uga
r. Ya
mad
a-s
anwaa
pan
ihi
to
rid
esu
ndei
mas
u.
Yamadal
ive
sinanapartmentbyh
ims
elf
.

Mus
hi
Nih
onnwakik
i amid
ets
uku
ttai
enis
und
eim
ash
ita
.
Longa
go
theJ
apa
nes
eli
vedi
nho
use
smadeofwoodandp
ape
r. Ka
zok
uUdeHawaier
yok
sh
it
a.
1madeat
ript
oHawaiiw
itht
hewholef
ami
ly.
N
ot:K
e ar
amayrepla
cedeinthi
susageex
cep
twhent herawm
ate
riIi
a s
u
nmi
staka
blye
vid
ent(wilp
aperwd
g
Ias
scl
ot
hsn
gandle
ath
e)
r
nw
i hic
hcased
emustbeus
ed.Compareka
ra(#5
116)
. 7
.In
dic
ate
sti
meora
ge when
: att
hea
geo
f."

N
ote
:Co
mpa
ren
i(#13
no.3
).
4
.In
dic
ate
segr
s
t(l
arg
es
tsm
all
es
tle
as
tol
des
tn
ewe
st
etc
.)
2 5


Anos
hi
ji
nwan
ij
u
go-
said
esh
ind
a.
S
eka
ideichi
bantak
aiyamawana
ndes
uka
.
l
atp
oetd
ieda
tth
eag
eoft
wen
ty-
fiv
e.
What
is eh
ighe
stnioun
tai
nint
hewor
1d
?
5 0


S
ens
ogao
wat
ter
ain
end
egoju
-ne
nnin
aru
.
K
orewak
onomurad
eic
hib
anr
uio
ter
ade
su.
Nexty
earw
illbet
hei
ey
ears
inc
eth
eware
nde
d.
T
hisi
sth
eol
des
tte
mpl
eint
hev
ill
age
.

8
.In
dic
ate
sth
ere
aso
nfo
rso
met
hin
g:
bec
aus
eof
."
5
.In
dit
esamountands
cop
e:
M.
esp
ace(
ne
)o
fi
nfo
r

1
B
yok
ideryok
oniike
nak
atta
.
Konohon i
ch
ii
kand
eyomemasuy
o.
B
eca
use1wassi
ck
1coul
dn'tgoont
het
ri
p.
Youc
anr
eadt
hisbooki
nanh
our
.
;
2 N
I N
J 5
'

2
.In
dic
ate
sth
elo
cat
iono
fana
cti
on:
in
at
."
dedenshagama .
Ta N
ote:Inc
ont
ras
ttot
hi
sus fn~ d
eo e(#12
no.1
)isu
sedt
oin
di
ca
teao
ne-
Thet
rai
nst
opp
edona
cco
unto
fth
ety
pho
on. t
imeorsh
ort
-te
rmac
ti
on
.

a
)Usedw i
thcer
tan
i non
-acti
on"ver
bswhichimpl
yth
att
he
s
ubj
ecti
sperm
anent
lyl
ocate
dinthep
laceofac
tio
n.

I
I
[NII
Yamadas
anwage
nzaiYo
tsu
yanisu
ndei
mas
u.
1
.In
dic
ate
swhereap
ers
ono
rth
ingi
s
:i
na
to
n." Yamadali
vesi
nYot
suyaa
tpres
en.
t
a
)In
dic
ate
sac
onc
ret
epl
ace
.
T
era
da-
sanwaS
hin
juk
unog
ink
onit
sut
ome
tei
mas
u.

Teradaworks(
i
swo
rki
ng)a
tabanki
nSh
iuku.
Yam
ada-s
enseiwa
imato
shokann
iir
ass
hai
mu
.
P
rofes
sorYamadai
sinelib
rar
ynow. N
ote
:Thev
ersh
b a
tar
akua
nds
hi
go
to0s
ur
u(t
owo
rk)a
rep
rec
ede
dbyd
e
.

b
)Usedw ithv
erbsa tindica
tet hatanact
ionhastak
en(ori
sto
Denwac
howat
suk
uen
ouen
iar
ima
su. t
ake)pla
ceand.
!!resultingconditionis(
orwil
lbe)sta
ti
c.le
Thephonebooki
sont
hed
esk
. l
astse
ntenc
eexem
pli
fie stheparentheti
cald
efin
iti
on.

b
)In
dic
ate
sana
bst
rac
tpl
ace
.
Anoi
sun
isu
wat
teh
on0y
ond
eir
uhi
t
owada
red
esuk
a.
-
Whoi
sep
ers
oris
itt
ing a
tch
aira
ildr
ead
ingabook?
K
ach
owai
mak
ain
ish
uss
ekis
hi
tei
mas
u.
Thes
ect
ionc
hie
fisnowi
nco
nfe
ren
ce. Yamanoueniy
ukig
at s
umo
tteim
asune.
Snowi
spi
ledupontopoft
hemountain
isn
'ti
t./T
her
eissnow

ont
hemountaintop
is
n'tt
her
e.
K
arewai
mad
emoe
nge
ki-
kain
iku
nri
nsh
it
eim
asu
.
Evennowher
ule
sov
er[
dom
ina
tes
]th
eth
eat
ric
alw
orl
d.

Sumi
masengakabenikak
att
eir
uwata
shinoko
to0 t
ot
teku
re-
masuka
.
Ex
cusemebutwouldyouge
tmycoa
thangi
ngonth
ewa l
l
?
5
4 NI NI 5
5

a
)In
dic
ate
smovementfroml
arg
ert
osm
all
erphy
sic
alpl
ace.
S
hin
bunwat
suk
uen
ouen
ioi
tek
uda
sai
.
P
lea
sep
uten
ews
pap
eront
hed
esk
.
T
oky
oek
in
omaed
eba
sun
ino
ttek
uda
sai
.
P
lea
seb
oar
dth
ebu
sino
ntofTokyos
tat
ion
.
3
.In
dic
ate
sti
me:
at
on
in
;ev
er
ype
r."
a
)In
dic
ate
sth
esp
eci
ct
imea
twhichs
ome
thi
ngt
ake
spl
ace
.
o
fts
unih
ait
tar
at
aba
kowas
uwa
naid
eku
das
ai.
9 P
lea
sedon
'tsmokea
ere
nte
rin
gth
eof
fi
ce
./P
lea
sedon
'tsmoke
K
ais
hawak
uji
nih
aji
mar
ima
su. in
sid
e eoce
.
Work[
the0]b
egi
nsa
tni
neo
'cl
ock
.
b
)In
dic
ate
smovementoml
arg
ert
osm
all
era
bst
rac
tpl
ace
.

G
ets
uyo
b ik
in
aei
kim
asu
.
I
'mg
oin
gtoOsakaonMonday. Kyon
enW a
tanab
e-sa
nwarek
ish
i-g
akka
inihai
tta
.
L
astyea
rWata
rtabej
oin
edah
ist
ori
calso
cie
ty.
b
)I n
dic
ate
sth
ein
ter
valo
fti
med
uri
ngwhichs
ome
thi
ngt
ake
s
p
lac
e.
A
nat
awab
okun
o4
men
ona
kan
ina
ndomod
etek
ima
shi
ta.
1 1 Youh
avea
ppe
are
d mydreamsanynumbero
fti
mes
.
I
ssh
uka
nnii
chi
dot
eni
su0s
him
asu
.
1p
layt
enn
isonceawee
k. 5
.In
dic
ate
smovementt
owa
rdap
lac
e:
to."
3
0 N
ot:E(#14
e no.1
)ca
nas
1ob
eus
edh
er
e.
Konob
asuwas
anj
ipp
uno
kin
iki
mas
u.
T
hisb
uscomese
ver
yi
rt
ymi
nut
es.
A
mer
ican
iik
it
ai
.
1wantt
ogot
oA me
ric
a.
4.Ind
icat
esmovementfromal ar
gertoasma
llerpl
ace(
e.
g.
fromatrai
nplatfo
rmi n
toatran
i orfromt
helaywo
rldin
toa
o
re
lig
iou
sorgan
iza
tion)
: n
i i
nto
."
]
on-
sanwagin
koniik
imashi
tayo.
N
ote
:Co
ntr
astw
ith0(
#1 n
8o.
6). J
ohnwentt
othebankyouknow.
56 N
I N
I 5
7

6.I
ndi
cat
est
heo
bje
ctofana
cti
on:
to.
N
ote
:I1t
I h
isu
sag
eemayn
otb
eus
ed.
K
uri
sum
asun
ito
mod
ach
inip
ure
zenom
orat
t
a.
1r
ece
ive
dap
res
entfrommyi
enda
tCh
ris
tma
s.
a
)Useda ft
eran o
un.ledist
inc
tio
nbetweenisu
sageand
ati
nn o
.5i sathe
rethenounimp
lie
sana c
tio
n(e
.g
.go
ing

sh
oppin
gseei
ngKabi)
. K
inoF
ura
nsun
iir
uNa
nsh
init
ega
mi0d
ash
itea
get
a.
Y
est
erd
ay1s
ental
ett
ert
oNancy F
ran
ce.

Kaimonon
iik
ima
su.
8
.In
dic
ate
sth
ere
sul
tofac
han
geo
ranimpendingc
han
ge.
'm g
I oin
gsh
opp
ing
.

J
on-
sanwad
aig
aku0s
ots
ugy
osh
it
ei
shan
ina .
A
shi
tawak
abu
kin
iik
uts
umo
rid
esu
. Johng
rad
uat
edomu
niv
ers
ityandbecamead
oct
or.
1p
lant
ogot
o[s
ee]Kabukitomorrow.
3
b
)Useda
ert
heb
aseofa-
mas
uve
rb. Konok
eki0m
itt
sun
iwa
ket
eku
dt
.
P
lea
sed
ivi
dei
sca
kei
ntot
hre
e[p
art
s].

Moohi
rudesuk
a sho
kuj
i0sh
iniiki
mas
enka.
S
inc
eit
'snoonal
rea
dys
hal
lwegot
oeatlu
nch
? Watanabe
-sanwash
igo
tonoshis
ugideb
yok
inin
at
ta
.
Watanabebecomei
l
lfromoverwork
.

K
ino
shi
ta-
sanwato
mod
achi0m
ukaeniN
a T
m adedek
akeh
m i
tl

9
.I
ndi
cate
sac o
ndi
tional
rea
dy
i
Ilex
ist
enc
e(usu
all
yfo
llo
wed
K
inos
hit
awentou
ttoNar
ita[
Aior
t]tomeet[pic
kup]aie
nd. byn
att
eir
uande
qui
val
enttot
heE
ngl
ish
)
be"

7
.Ind
icate
stherec
ipi
entofana
cti
on(
inE
ngl
ish
equ
iva
len
tto

t
hei
ndir
ectob
jec
t):t
oom Konot
ate
mon
onomwagal
os
hiun
inat
tei
mu
.
Ther
igh
tsi
deo
fth
isb
uil
din
gisad
ass
roo
m.
N
ote
:Whe
nth
eme
ani
ngi
st
o
>e
> mayr
epl
acen
ijw
hent
hem
ean
ingi
s
om
"k
ar
amayr
epl
acen
i
.
H
ote
runomaeg
ab i
chin
inatt
eim
asu.

I
nontoft
heho
telisabe
ach.(
Li
t.Thef
ron
toft
heh
ote
lisa
Ku
ris
uma
suniwatomo
dac
hinip
ure
zent
o0a g
eru
.
b
eac
h.)
Wegi
vep
res
ent
stoourie
ndsa
tChr
istma
s.
5
8 NI NI 5
9

10
.Indi
cat
est
heagen
to fa veverb(
ep
ers
ono
rth
ingp
er- 1
3.J
oin
snouns(
usu
all
yth
reeo
rmo
re:
) and
."
.
.fo
rrn
ingth
eac
tio
n):by
."
N
ote:l
isus
ageofn
iise
qui
val
entto(#6
I1b


) u
tism
orec
omm
onl
y
f
oundi
nwri
ti
ng.
De
nshanonak
ade
sur
inioka
ne0tor
at
et
a.

Mymoneywastenbyap
ickpo
cke
tinthet
ra.

50n n
o. is
hsekish
it
ahi
tow
C
hug
oku-
jinni
Kanko
kuj
inn~
I
enik
aer
utoch
udeamenif
ura
ret
a. Nih
on-ji
nda .
Thepeopleat
tend
i ngt
heco
nfer
enc
ewereChin
eseK
oreas
n and
Onmywayhome1g
otra
ine
don.(L
i
.
t1wasf
all
enonbyt
her
n.
)
Japane
se.

11
.Indi
cate
sth
epe
rso
n(s
)madet
odos
ome
thi
ngi
nac
aus
ati
ve
se
nte
nce. Pa
tinonomimonowaNih
on-
shuni
uis
ukiniwainde
sh
it
a.
Thed
rink
s[ a
vai
lab
le]a
tthep
aryweres
t ak
whiskeyandwi
ne.
Se
nse
iwag a
kus
ein
ika
nji0ka
kasem
ash
ita.
Thetea
che
rhadth
est
uden
tswri
tekan
ji
. 1
4.I
ndi
catesapa
irofp
eop
leo
rth
ing
sth
ata
recommonlymen-
ti
one
dtoge
ther
:and
."


Kodomot
ach
inihon0yom
aseruko
towato
temota
is
et
sud
a.
Romeon
iJur
ie
tto
.
I
tisveimport
anttoh
avech
ildr
enrea
dboo
ks.
RomeoandJu
lit
e.

1
2.Ind
icate
sthea
gentofacau
sat
ive
-pa
ssi
vev
erb(
epersonor

t
hin
gp er
formi
ngtheac
tio
n):by
F
uji
-sa
nnige
ish
a.
.Fiandg
Mt ei
sha(
aha
ckn
eye
dph
ras
einr
efe
ren
cet
oJa
pan
).
Gak
use
iwas e
nse
inikan
ji0kak
asa
rem
ash
ita
.
Thest
ude
ntsweremadetow
ritek
anj
ibythet
eac
her
. 1
5.Ind
icate
st h
eb a
si
sonwhich rmeansbywhich
o ana
ction
ta
kesplac
e( us
uall
yu se
dwiththever
bsmozuku(tobebased
on)andyoru(owingto
).
Wat
ashiwak o
domon oto
kih
ahaniki
ra
in amonomot a
bes
ase

o
rare
mas
hit
a.
Anoe
igaway
ume
inas
hos
eun
imo
toz
uit
ets
uku
rar
emh
i.
When1wasac hi
ld1wasmadetoea
te v
enthin
gs1dis
lik
edby
Thatmoviewas[
mad
e]b
ase
donafamousnove
.
J
mymother(mymothermademee a
tfood1did
n'tl
ik
e)
.
E KARA 61

Te
rebinokyun
iyott
eg
aikok
un oy
osugayokuwakaruy
oninat
ta. Y
uga
taK
awa
da-
saned
enw
a0k
ake
tag
ai
nak
att
a.
lan
k s
to esp
read[owin
gtothespr
ead]ofte
les
ionwe[now
] 1t
ele
pho
nedKawadai
nth
eev
eni
ng
buthew
asn
'tt
her
e.
haveabet
terund
ersta
ndingofcon
dition
sinfore
igncou
ntr
ies.

Kawadas
anenoden
wagaat
tanowanan
jide
shi
tak
a.
WhattImedi
dtha
tphonec
al
lcomefo
rKawada?

N
ote
:Inbot
hofth
e a
gesbel
own
imayre
p1a
ceEe
xce
ptwhenei
sfo
1-
1
0we yn
db o(a
sint
he1
as
tsen
ten
ceofn
o.2
) R
AI
1
.I n
dic
ate
sad i
rec
tio
no rgol
a oradest
inati
ontowardwhich
1
.Followsnounsandthe-teformofverbs:om."
onei
smovingo
ratwhichonehasa
rri
ve:
d t
o

l rnounsi
. Ae ndi
cat
est
het
imea
twhichs
ome
thi
ngb
egi
ns:
I
ts
uKyo
toeiki
masuk
a.
fromat
.
"
Whena
reyougo
ingt
oKyo
to? 9 5
G
ink
owak
uj
ika
raa
it
eim
asu
.
Banksa
reopenfromn
ineo
'cl
oc./BSopena
k tni
ne.
T
ani
guc
hi-
sanwak
inoA
mer
ikaes
hup
pat
sus
him
ash
ita
.
T
ani
guc
hil
ef
tfo
rth
eUn
ite
dSt
ate
sye
ste
rda
y. 1 54
N
ih -
g.
onokurasuwai
ch
ij
ika
tay
oj
irr
ta
ded
esu
.
6 J
apa
nes
ecl
assl
as
tsomonet
ofo
ur0
'cl
ock
.
Konoh
ikok

iwaro
kuj
iniN
ari
tak
ukoet
och
akus
him
ash
ita
.
T
hisa
irp
lan
ear
riv
eda
tNa
riaA
t i
rpo
ats
ix0
'cl
ock
.
2
.Aft
ernouns
ind
ica
test
hep
lac
eomwhichs
ome
thi
ngbe
gin
s:

fromat
."
2
.Ind
icate
sthereci
pien
tof t
ion(
inE
ngl
is
h e
qui
val
entt
o
t
hei
ndir
ectob
jec
t):to
5
M
ara
sonwak
okok
aras
hup
pat
sus
him
asu
.
l
emarathons
tar
ts[
fro
m]h
ere
.
G
aik
okun
iir
uto
mod
ach
iet
ega
mi0k
ai
ta
.
1w
rot
eal
ett
ert
oai
enda
bro
ad.
KARA KARA 6

5 5
.Aftre t
e eformo
fve
rbsi
ndi
cat
est
hep
ass
ageoft
ime
:
sin
ce
for

Sha
chowaParikar
ah i
ko-
kid
eSup
eineiku
mas
u.
Thecomp ypr
esid
entwi
llg
ofromPa
rist
oSpai
nbyp
lan
e. 55
Yama
da-sa
ng ad
aigak
u0sot
sug
yoshi
tekar
agone
nninari
masu
.
.Cert
aini
dio
mat
icu
sag
esi
nwh
ichf
igu
rat
iver
efe
ren
cest
opl
ace F
iveyea
rsha
vepass
edsin
ceYamadagra
duate
dfromc
oll
ege
.
ar
emad
e.
2 520
5 Anofut
arig
akekk
o nsh
it
ek arani
ju-
nendasode
su.
Sh
inbun0sumikar
asu
mimadeyo
nda
. 1und
erstan
dth
atitistwe
ntyyear
ssin
cetho
setwow e
remarr
ied.
1r
eadthenew
spa
perombe
ginn
ingt
oen
d.(Lit.~ fromcorner J1hearatt
hosetwoh av
eb e
enmarri
edfortwe
ntyye
ars..
toco
rner
.)

5 6
.In
dic
ate
sma
ter
ial
sus
ed f
:ro
m."
Onnanoh i
tonomekaramir
ebaNihonniwamadasab
ets
uga N
ot:K
e araa
ndde(#1
2no.3) e
simi
lar
ina
ge.Ho
wevert
hef
orr
ne
rtend
s
t
aku
sanaru
. t
oaccom
panyma
teri
alstha
tarether
es
ul
tofasomewha
tcomple
xproc
ess
Fromawoman'svie
wpoin
tt
her
eisst alo
to(di
scr
imin
atio
n w
her
easth
elat
te
risgene
ral
lyu s
edwi
thmat
eri
al
sthatre
ta
ino
rappea
rto
inJa
pan.(L
i.
t L
ookin
gfromawoman'seye
s) r
et
ai
nth
ei
rori
gi
nalst
ates
uchaswoodr
oc
kle
at
he
rpap
eran
dgla
ss.

5
4.Af
ter.e-
teformofver
bsind
ica
testh
atana
cti
onb
egi
ns
im
media
tel
yaf
ter ep
rev
iousoneend
s:a
er.
" Wainwabud
ok a
ratsu
kur
ima
su.
Winei
smadefromg
rap
es.
5
Kowat
ash
iwashi
got
gaowa
ttekar
ak ai
mon
oos
him
ash
ita
. 5
Ye
ste
rda
y1wents
hoppin
gaerf
ini
shin
gwork
. Ttwananikarat
suku
rukash
it
teim
asuk
a.
Doyouknowwhatto
fuismadefr
om?
5
As
hit
anoyo
rush
oku
ji0sh
it
ekaraeig
a0m i
m a
s e
nka.
7
.Indi
cat
est
heagentofap s
ivev
erb(
ep
ers
ono
rth
ingpe
r-
Howabo
utsee
ingamov
ietomorrowni
ghtaer[ha
vin
g]d
inn
er? f
orm
ingthea
cti
on:
) by

N
ote:Theagentofapsiv
everbi
sus
ual
lyind
ica
te yn
db ib
utkar
ama y
r
epl
acen~ w
ithnobasi
cchang
einmea
ningw
h
en(1)t
henounpre
ced
ing
k
aracanbeperc
eive
dm o
reasthes
our
ceofanac
tio
ntha
nast
isage
ntand
(
2)whenk a
ramakesth
em e
aningc
le
are
rbyavoi
din
garepe
ti
ti
onofn
i(
A MADE 6
5

efir
stex
amp
lebelow
).Exam
ple
sofoth
erve
rbsincon
jun
cti
onwit
h 2
.Usedt ra
ili
ngl
yattheendofase
nte
n in
dic
ate
sce
nsu
reo
r
l
ichk
araca
nrep
laen
c iarea
isu
ru(t
olo
v)
e ki
ku(t
oas)
k me
ir
eisur
u(t
o warningt
othelis
ten
er:oyouhadbe
tte
r."
d
er s
)hi
ka
ru(t
osco
ld s
)hir
ab
er
u(t
oexa
min
e).
5
.
.
..
.
5 S
onn
akb
o a
kar
iit
t
eiuminnan
r iki
raw
are
ruk
ara.
a
t
Tas
hiwat
ai
sh
ika
rap
atin
ish
ota
isa
rem
ash
ita
. I
fyous ayonlyt
hosekindsofth
ingsyo
u'rego
ingtobedi
sli
ked
H
asi
nvi
tedt
oap
art
ybyt
hea
mba
ssa
dor
. byeveryone[sos
t o
ps a
yingthem
] ./Ifyoukee
psayi
ngthi
ngs
li
kthatp
eoplea
ren'tgoin
gtolikei
t
.
2 5
5
i
nok
ach
oka
ras
hik
ara
ret
a.
H
ass
col
dedbyt
hes
ect
ionc
hie
fye
ste
rda
y.
Benkys
hinis
a h
ikennigok
akud
ekin
aik
ara..
.
Ifyoudon
'ts t
ud
y youwo
n'tbeabl
etopas
stheexam[
soyou
hadb
ett
ers
tud
y].
Followsverbsanda
dje
cti
vestoinditeacauseor
~ason: since be
use."

o
t
I
n
e
d
:K
i
ca
a
t
e
r
sac
aca
au
nb
s
eo
er
rr
e
e
p
l
a
a
s
o
c
e
n:
db
si
yn
n
ce
od
beuse."
e(#26) t
hi
sus
age
.I nge
ner
al
(1)k
ar
a
l
MADEI
d
ica
tesamo
r esu
bje
cti
ver
eas
on nodeamoreobj
ect
iveon
e;and(
2)nod
e 1.In
dic
atesatimelim
itati
onf
ora
cti
onso
rev
ent
s(o
fte
npa
ire
d
s
oft
erandmorepo
lie k
t ar
wikar
a):u
nti
ltl
i
l to.
"

: 5 9 5
o
glhik
att
akaa.
r wa
tas
hi-
tac
hiw~ k
oeneiki
mJl
Sent
J
.e
sh
i. Konoka
ishan
osh
ain kik
arag
ojimadeh
atar
akim
asu.
ed
l i
dn'
tgototh
eparkbe
causeweweret
oobusy. Theemplo
yee
sofismpanyworkfromni
neo'c
Iockt
il
lfi
ve
o'c
I k
oc.
S
8
nore
suto
ranwayu
ika
rait
sumokondei
mas
u.
ha
trest
aura
nti
sinex
pen
siv
esoi
tsa
' 1
wayscr
owd
ed.
Konod
epat
owad
oyobinich
iyo
biwahac
hij
imadedes
u.
Thi
sdepa
rtme
ntsto
reisopenunt
ilei
ghto'c
IockonSat
urd
ays
andS
und
ays
.
6. MADE MAD
E 6
7

2
.Ind
ica
testh
ep l
acet
owhichana
cti
one
xte
nds(
oft
enp
air
ed S
ait
owasa
pparent
1yevenc
ont
emp
lat
ings
uic
idei
fsh
ewe
reu
nab
le
w
ithk
ara
):t
o." tom theman.

Konoh
ikok
iwaT
oky
oka
raH
ono
rur
umadei
kim
asu
.
T
hisp
lan
ego
esomTokyot
oHo
nol
ulu
. S
onor yo
shi
nwakodomon ob yok
ig an
aorunaraz
en-z
aisa
n0
su
tetemoitomadek anga
e t
eita
.
I
fthe
irchil
dwouldo nl
yg e
tw e
llthepar
ent
st ho
ughtatthey
K
okok
ar madena i
aKyo kank
aka
rim
asuk
a. wouldevensac
rif
icea
lltheyowned.IThechi
ld'
spare
ntswere
Howl
ongd
oesi
tta
ket
oge
tfromh
eret
oKy
oto
? [ev
en]prepa
redtosac
rif
iceale
l fon
yownedi 1yhe
/shewould
re
cover
.
3.Ind
icat
esth
ed e
greeofacon
diti
onbyci
tin
ganex
ample(
e.
g.
i
tisnotju
stcol
di
tissocol
dt h
atmygla
sse
shav
efroz
enov
er)
: .A
5 tt
heendo
fas
ent
ene
c i
ndi
cat
esal
imi
tat
iono
rex
ten
t:
ev
enso..
.th
at.
" i
sal
l.
"

Kodomoda
kedenak
uoton
amadeso
nogemu0ta
nos
hin
da. Kyowak o
koma
de.
Noton1
ythec
hil
drenb
uteve
nth
eadu
lt oyed[
se p
lay
ing
]th
at Tha'sa
t llfo
rto
day
.(L
itAsf
ort
oda
yupt
ohe
re.
)
game.

Tor
iaezu
gohk
okuma
de.
Sonoh
iyaman ouewat ote
mosamu
kuteyugat
aniwayukimade F
ory o
urref
ere
nce
.(L
itF
ort
h
emomentasf
ara
sar
epo
rt.
)
k i
ta
.
Thetopofthemountainwasvecold atday;i
teve
ns ta
rte
d
*
6.Intheformmademonai(wh
ichfo
llowsv
erbr
oot
s)empha-
snowingintheeven
ing.IThemountaintopwassocoldat
s
ize
se x
ten
to rde
gre
e;th
ec o
mpletephr
asemaybet r
ans
late
d:
day a
titeve
ns t
arte
dtosnowintheeven
ing.
t
herei
snoneedto
."

*
4.I
ndi
cat
esa
nex
tre
mec
ond
iti
on.
A
shi
tan
opa
tin
iwaw
aza
waz
aik
umademon
ai
.
T
hereisnoneedtogooutofo
ne'sway[t
omakeasp
eci
aleff
ort
]
toatte
ndtomorro
w'sp
art
y.ITomorro
w'sp
art
yish
ardlywor
S
ait
o-s
anwaanoo
tok
onohit
otok
ekk
ond
eki
nak
ere
bas
hin
to goi
ngto.
madeom
oits
umet
asode
su.
 -
4
'
NO N

2.I
ndi
cat
esp
osi
tio
norl
oca
tio
n.


I
umademon a
ik o
todes
ug
k on
okais
han ok
eie
ij
o iwa k
anar
i
akk
ashi
teimu. Tsuk
ueno i s
unos h
it
ag
a onom k o
notate
mono"0hi
ro
.
N
eed
lesst
osay[i
tgoe
swithou
tsayi
ngth
at]t
hi
sc o
mpany'sope
r- Thetopoft
hed e
sk[i onthede
sk]
;u nd
erthecha
irj
the[
are
a
a
tio
nsh
aved
ete
rio
rat
edc
ons
ide
rab
ly. in
]fron
to ft
hes c
hool
;behi
ndth
isbui
ldin
g.

3
.Ind
ica
test
hatthef
i
rn i
ounismodi n
gth
ese
con
dint
erm
s
o
fki
ndorcat
ego

Nol
Y
ama
da-
sen
seiwaE
igonos
ens
eid
es
u.
1
. Usedbetweentwonouns indicatingthatthefirst I
Ya1
!ad
aisat
eac
hero g
fEn1i
sh[
a g
!En
I 1i
sht
eac
her
].
possessesori ringthesecond;alsousedinplace
srnodi
ofgatoi ndic
atethesubjectinrnodiringdauses.
Konogakk
waryr
inoga
kkde
su
.
.I
1 n
dic
ate
spo
sse
ssi
on:'
sJ
'
Thi
ss c
hoo
lisac
o o
kin
gscho
o.
l

K
orewaT
aka
gi-
sannok
asad
esu
. 4
.In
dic
ate
sth
attwonounsa
rei
nap
pos
iti
on.
T
hisi
sTa
kag
i'su
mbr
ell
a.
K
Kd
aig
akugak
uchonoIm
ai-
shigae nzetsu0s h
it
eimas
u.
S
ore
gaS
atos
annokurumat
e
}su
. r
.Im
ait
hepre
side
ntofKUnive!~~!y i
S.
Il
!ak
ingas
pee
ch.
T
hati
sSa
t'
sca
r.

N
ote
:Ift
hec
ont
exti
sun
der
sto
od
thes
.
eco
ndn
ounc
anb
eom
itt
ed: K
och
irag
aSa
yam
a-s
ann
oon
esa
nnoC
hik
ako
-sa
nde
su
.
T
hi sChikako
si Say
ama
'se
lde
rsi
st
er
.

S
ore
gaS
atos
annod
esu
. 5
. Usedtore
pla
ceg
ato d
ica
tees
ubj
ecto
fac
lau
semodify

a
Thti
sSa
t'
s. mganoun.

K
orewaS
aka
mot
o-s
annok
ait
aab
ura
ede
su.
T
hisi
sth
eoi
lpa
int
ingt
hatSakamotop
;l
Int
ed.
NO NO 11

.Usedattheendofsentences.
Ki
noanat
anoh a
nash
itei
tar
esut
oranwado
kode
suka
.
1
.In
dic
ate
saq
ues
tio
n(c
oll
oqu
ialu
sag
e).
Wher
eisther
esta
uran
tyouwer
et a
lki
nga
bouty
est
erd
ay?

Kai
shah
ont
oniyam
eruno.
1
1.Usedtonominalizeverbsanda
dje
cti
ves
.
Youre
all
yqui
tti
ngt
hecompany?
1.Simplen
omi
nal
ize
r:
in
g t
wha.
"
A
shi
tawananj
inide
kake
run o
.
Ten
kiga r
uid
esukar
adora
ibun
iikuno yamemah
o. Wha
ttimeyoule
avi
ngtomorrow?
S
incet
hewea
the
risbadl
et
'sca
llo
ffg
oingf
oradr
ive
.
2
.Im
par
tsas
oft
ert
oneas
tat
eme
nt(
usu
all
yus
edbywomen).

Gai
koku
-go0manabunow
m
uzukas
hiide
sune.
L
arni
ngafor
eig
nl a
ngu
agei
sdi
ffi
cul
ti
sn
'tit
. Wat
a s
hi
raig
ets
uFura
nsuni1
tuga
kusur
uno.
1w
illbego
ingtoFr
anctostud
ynextmon

Ka
nojogah
osh
iinow
ara
shi
ipi
anod
esu
.
Whatsh
ewantsi
sanewp
ian
o. Doy
obiwakons
atoniik
it
ait
oomot
teirun
o.
I
'mt h
ink
ingI
'dli
ketogotoac
oncer
tonSatu
rda
y.
2
. Usedasanom
inaliz
erb e
forev
erbofp
erc
ept
ion(
e.
g.
mie
ru
[
tobevi
sle;k
] iko
eru[tobeau
dib
le]
). I
ndi
cat
esam
ildcommand.

Konob
irunook
tk ar
ak
urumagaha
shi
ttei
runogayokum u. Son
nako
toi
1
-n
aino.
Fromtheroo
f[ t
op]oft
hisbuil
ding
youc anc
lear
lyseet
hecar
s D
on'ts
aysu
c ht
hin
gs./D
on'
tsa t
.
ya
goin
gby.(Li
t.
t hedriv
ingcar
sareeas
ilyv
isi
ble
.)

Anawadamatteir
ebaino.
Onnanohit
ogautt
eir
unogakiko
emasu
.ne. Youj
ustk
eepquiet
.(L
i.
t Asfo
ryouifyouk
eeps
ile
nt
it
'sg
ood
.)
Youcanhe
arawomansgi
n
gn'tyou.(
Li
.
tAwoman'ss
in1
9
isa
udib
le..)
O ?

i

.I
4 n
bys
u
d
r
i
u
)
c
a
.
te
sas
pec
ifi
coc
cup
ati
ono
rpo
sit
ion(
usu
aly(
oll
owe
d

1
.In
dic
ate
sth
eob
jec
tof a
cti
on(
dir
ecto
bje
ct)
.
Ya
mam
oto
-sa
nnoo
tos
anw
i
sha0s
hi
tei
ru
.

Yamamoto'
sfa
eri
sap
hys
ici
an.
Yubewaeig
a0 m
ita
.
1sawamoviey
este
rda
yev
eni
ng.
Wa
tas
hinoan
iwash
inbun-
kisha0sh
iteima
su.

Myel
derb
rot
heri
sanewspaperre
por
ter.
H
ara
da-
sanwat
ega
mi0k
ait
eir
u
.
Haradai
swr
iti
ngal
ett
er.
t
5.Usedwi:
Qverbsindicatingwishesordc
!s
:ire
sen
din
gin-
tai
or
-
tag
aru
.
2
.In
dic
ate
sth
edi
rec
tob
jec
tofap s
ivev
erb.

Kohi0 n
omi
tai-
ndesu
.
w hi k
indenshanonakadeokanep5 onusumare- 1wanttodri
nksomeco
ffe
e.
m
ash
ita
.
1hadmymoneyandp a
sspo
rtstol
enint h
etr
ainye
ste
rday.
Jon-
sanwaosu
shi0 t
abe
tag
att
eimas
uyo
.

Johnfe
el
sli
keeati
ngsomesush.
i
Kano
jowainunit
e0 k
ama
ret
a.
Shehadh
erhandbi
tte
nbyadog
.
..
6 I
ndi
cat
es.
IDovement'om.
asm
all
ert
oal
arg
er.
pla
cei
nbot
h
c
onc
ret
eandabstr
actsen
ses
.
3.Ind
icate
sthep
ers
ono
rth
ingmadet
odos
ome
thi
ngi
nac
aus
-
abvesen
tence
. N
ote
:()C
1 o
ntr
astw
ithn
i(#13n
o.4
).(
2)A
lth
ouhk
g a
ras
oun
dsc
orr
ect
omt
hes
tan
dpo
into
fEn
gli
shi
ts
h
oul
dno
tbes
ubs
tit
utdr
e o i
sus
ag
e.

S
onos
ei
ji
-k
awaza
ika
i-j
inn
opa
tin
ihi
sho0s
hus
sek
isa
se
ta
. a
)Movementomasmal
lerph
ysi
calspacet
oal
arg
erph
ysi
cal
Thatp
oli
tic
ianhadh
ers
ecr
eta
rya
tte
ndab
usi
nes
sle
ade
rs'p
art
y. p
lac
e(w
ithth
ela
rge
rpl
aceus
ual
lyimp
lic
it)
.

B
uch
wab
ukao
shu
tch
sa
se
. M
ain
ich
iSh
inj
uku
-ek
idec
hik
ate
tsu0 o
rim
asu
.
Thede
par
tme
ntheads
entas
ubo
rdi
nat
eonab
usi
nes
str
ip
. 1g
eto
fft
hesubwaya
tSh
iukuStationeveryd
ay.
 t
f
7
4 0 KURAI(
QU
A1) 1
'5

5 8
.In
dic
ate
sth
est
art
ingp
oin
tofana
cti
on.
Ya
mam
oto
-sa
nway
uga
tag
oji
-ha
nnik
ais
ha0d
ema
se.
6
Yamamotol
eav
est
heo
ffi
cea
t5:
30i
nth
eev
eni
ng.
Sh
a c
howak ay
obinogog
oroku
jiniNa
rit
a0s h
upp
a s h
imasu
.
lecor
rip
anypre
sid
entw l
eav
efromNa
rit
aat6P
.M.onTue
sday
.
b
)Movementomas m
allers
paceinanabs
tra
ctsens
et oa
l
arg
era
bst
rac
tsp
ace(
e.
g.froms
cho
oll
ifei
ntos
oci
etya
tlar
ge)
. 8
1'
0
Konode
nshawah
ach
ijin
iTo
kyo
-ek
i0 d
ema
suk
arao
kur
ena
ide
Shu
showaW as
edadaig
aku0so
tsu
gyos
hi
ta
. k
it
eku
das
ai.
Theprimem
inis
terg
raduat
edomWasedaU
niv
ers
ity
. T
hist
rainl
eav
esTokyoS
tat
iona
tei
ghto
'cl
oc
ksop
lea
sed
on'
t
bel
at
e.
7 0
Ok
i-s
hiwana
naju
ssa
ininatt
atosh
inik
eiz
ai-
kai0i
nta
ish
it
a.
Mr.Okire
tir
edfromthebusin
esswor
ldwhen[ i
ntheye i
n
whi
ch]heturn
edseve
nty
.
i
KURAI(GURAI) I
(
.Wh
7 enu
sedw
ithv
erb
so i
fmotion n
dic
ate
sth
epl
aceo
fth
e 1
.In
dic
ate
sana
ppr
oxi
mat
eamounto
rex
ten
t;i
nco
ntr
astw
ith
m
oti
on. hod
o dbaka
k ur
aid
eno
t e
sana pp
roxim
atequan
tityw
itho
ut
C
onnot
ingi
t
su pp
erorl
owerlim
it:
s app
roxim
ate
ly t
abou.
"
Kurumadea
tar
ash
iiha
shi0wat
att
a. N
ot:H
e o
do(#20
no
.1)andb
ak
ar
i(#21
no
.1)mayr
ep
lk
a u
ra
ii
ni
sus
ag
e.
1cr
osse
dove
rthenewbrid
gebyca
r.
(3
0
5
Kok
ok a
rason
ogakkomadeku
rumades
anj
ipp
ung
uro
ikaka
rim
asu.
Wat
ashinokun
id ewakurumawamichinohid
ariga
wa0 h
ash
i- I
ttak
esabo
utthi
rtyminut
esbyca
rtog
ettot
hes
cho
olfromhe
re.
nmas
u .
I
nmyc ount
ryc
arsdr
iveont h
ele
fts
ideofth
eroad
. 1 00 5
Ki
non
opa
tin
ikh
i i
t
owahy
aku
ning
uroid
atao
t moi
mas
u.

1t
hin
kab
out1
00p
eop
lecamet
o ep
art
yye
ste
rda
y.
Konob
as u
wl d
epa
tonomae0 to
rim
asuk
a.
Doesisbuspa
ssinon
toft
h edep
artm
ents
tor
e?
6 KURAI(GURA
I) HODO 7
7

2.I n
dicat
est
exampleisgi
v
h
e
ee
n
x
:
s
t
entofana
o a
tt
ct
i
ot
o
h
no
ee
x
rc
te
n
on
dit
i
t a
t
o

na
fte
ras
pec
ifi
c
lHODOI
N
ot:H
e o
do(#20no.
3)mayr
epl
acek
ur
ai
lg
ur
aii
ni
sug
e. 1.Indic
ate
sanapproximateamountorapproximatemaximum
ext
ent
;i ncon
trastwi kur
aiandb aka

irh odotendstostr
ess
appro
mateu pperli
mi:
t appro
ximat
elyabout
."
5 N
ot:K
e ura
i(#19no
.l)andb
aka
ri(#21no1)mayr
ep ceh
la odoi
nthi
s
Ya
sud
a-s
annoryo
konoha
nash
iwao
mos
hir
oku
te
jik
ann
ota
ts
u u
sag
ea
lth
ouhh
g od
oisso
mewh
atmoref orma
.
l
nomowas
ure
takur
aid
att
a.
Y
asuda
'ssto
rie
sofher i
pweres
oin
ter
est
inga
twel
ostt
rac
k
of
time. Raeuwa is
shu
kanh od
oKyush ues h
utch
oshimasu
.
5 Nextmorith1
'1begoingonabusinesstr
iptoKyushufo
rasl
ong
a k
sawee.
Hazui kut
ea nagaat
tar
ahair
ita
igura
idat
ta.
1wassoembarrassedat1f
el
tlik
ec r
awl
inginaho
le.(
Lit
.
if 1 00
t
her
ehadbeenah
ol
e 1wouldhavewantedt
ogoi
nit
.) Kondon
oji
kod
eh
yaku
ninhodon
ohi
tog
ash
ind
asod
esu
.
1hear a
tsome1
00peoplediedi
nth
ist
raf
fica
cci
den
t.
3
.In
dic
atsacomparison:
e as...
2
.Indi
catesacomparison(usedonlyi
nne
gat
ives
ent
enc
es):
N
ot:H
e o
do(#20
no.2
)mayr
epl
acek
ur
ai
lg
ur
ai t
hi
sus
age
.

as..as.
"
4
5

N
ot:K
e u
raimayr
epl
aceh
odo i
sus
ag
ebth
u o
doi
smorecommon.
qw
.
Y
a

ma
s
k
i
h
s
i
ad
t
a
a
-
.
sa
nnoa
tar
ash
iii
enon
iw a_
go
ruf
u-j
ogu
rain
o

Thegardena
tYa
mas
hit
a'snewhousei
sasb
iga
sag
olfc
our
se. K
oto
shiwak
yon
enhodosamukun
aid
esu
.
T
hisy
eari
snota
sco
lda
sla
sty
ear
.
5
J
ibu
nnoi
eku
ra
iib
ash
owan
ai.
T
her
e'snop
lac
easn
icea
son
e'sownhome. hodoatamanoih
Anohi iwai
naid
esh
o.
Noonehasa
sgoodaheada
sheh
as./Noonei
sassmarta
shei
s
.
'
8 BAKARI
8AKAR
I 7
9

3
.I n
dic
ate
st h
ee x
tentofanact
ionorco
nditi
onbyc
iti
ngas
pe- 2
c
if
icexa
mple:so...a
ttot
hee x
ten
t at
.
"
A
shi
tak
arat
suk
aba
kar
iry
okon
iit
t
eki
mas
u.
Not
e:1
i
sus
agei
ssi
mil
a ok
rt u
ra
i(#19
no.2
). Bi
nni
n 1
gtomorrow 1bemakingat
' ripf
oradayo
rt/
10rrowr
libel
eav
ingonat
riphrac
oup
leo
fda
ys-

Kyowab
enk
yog
ade
kin
aihodot
suk
are
ta. 1 D
TodayI
'ms
oti
redt
hat1c
an'
tst
udy
. Ich
i-man-
enbak
arik
ash
iteitadakem
asenka
.
Couldyoule
ndmes
aysomethingl
ike
1O
O O
O?

S
hik
enn
igo
kak
ush
itan
odu
res
hik
uten
emu
ren
aihodod
esu
. . "Noto
2 nl .buta
y.
. 1s
o."
S
inc
e1p
ass
edt
hee
xam
ina
tio
nI
'ms
ohappya
t1c
an'
tsl
eep
.
N
ote:Whied
l a
ke(#22no.4)mayr
epl
aceb
ak
ar
iint
hi
sus
agb
e a
ka
rii
s
s
li
gh
tlym
oreem
pha
tic.
. Usedi
4 nteformV
h -ba+V h
odo
:t
hemore.
.
.th
emore."

K
itaei
keb
aik
uhodosamukun
ari
mas
u. H
ara
da-
sanwap
ian
oba
kar
iden
aku
u t
amou
mai
-nd
esuy
o
Thef
urt
hern
orhyougo
t thec
old
eri
tge
ts. Haradai
sgoodnoto
nlya
tth
epi
anobuta
1soa
tsi
ngi
ng.

To
shi0 t
ore
bar
uhodoka
rad
agayowakun
ari
mas
u. Eig
ob a
kar
idenak
uFura
nsu-g
omob enkyos
hi
ta
i-nde
su.
Theo
lde
ryoug
et
theweakeryourbodyb
eco
mes
. 1wanttos
tud
ynotonl
yEngl
ishbutFrencha
swel.
l

-
Ei
n
ph e

?
sl
ty
o r
I
feIm
r

me
-

BA

o

No
l
n

1

t
ynothingb

e:(1)S
in
u

C


.
'

eth
ep os
it ionofb a
kar
iint h
es er acts
t
heme
a
n
in
l
1:
1
1
:
.
fba
ka
riaeb
akk
a db
ak
ka
sh
i. e vers
io
nsofon
e s
sen

N
ote
:Morei
nfo
rma
lfo
rmso r r bakash~ a

i n V




E

lnloo
seu sagehow
eve rb
'
a
k
ari
t
e
nd
sto
s
h
iomt he
w o
rdi
ti
sin
tend
edto
.I
1 n
dicat
esanapproximateamounto rext
ent
;i ncon
tra
stt
o modi

l

F ea
vingt
hem1

ku
raiandh o
dob
akaritends(butonlytend
s)tof o
cusonth
e a
b k
a
ri
con
1
ta


in
s
sadegreeo f
dis
ap
p r
ovalwhichd
ak
e
doesnot
.
sma
1lne
ssofteamount
h :
a ppr
oximatel
yabout
."

N
ot:K
e u
rai(#19
no
.1)a
ndh
odo(#20
no
.1)mayr
epl
aceb
ak
ar
iint
hi
sus
age
. K
ach
wak
ono
gor
oui
suk
iba
kar
ino
ndei
mas
un
Thes
ect
ionc
hie
fisd
rin
kin
gnothingbutwhiskeyt
hes
eda
ys.
 AKs 81
I
.
8
0 BAKARI
5
.Emp
hasiz
esareas
onorcau
seint
hephr
aseb
aka
ri"
;
( t
:Jus
m
ere
ly)be
caus
efo
rthes
imp
lerea
son
."
Kach
wak on
ogorou
isu
ki0non
debaka
riima
sune.
Thesec
tio
nchie
fisd
oingno
thingb
utdri
nkwhi
skeyt
hes
eda
ys.

q O Wat
anabe-
sanwasut
ere
o0ka
itai
baka
rin
ii
ss
h o-
kenm
einiar
ubai
to
KMJ16wuK3n
ogo
rouiSUMomMeiruba
karid
e5Une
. oshi
teir
u.
Alt
l hese
cti
onch
iefd
oesthe
seda
ysi
sdri
nkwhis
key. W
atanabeiswo
r k
ingli
keadoga
thispa
rt-timejobf
orthesimpl
e
reas
on athewan
tstobuyaste
reo./Watanabewantstobuy
aste
reosoba
dlyth
athei
sworkin
gforal
lh e'
swortha
thispar
t-
ti~ejob.
T
ere
bibaka
rimiteiume0w
r a
rukushi
masuy
o

I
fa
llyoudoiswat
chTV y
ou'
llru
inyo
ureye
s./Ify
ouw
atc
hTV
a
llth
etimey
ou'
llrui
nyourey
es.
Yam
ada-sanwasei
ji-
kakekko
nshi
tabakar
iniku
rshi
tei
ru
.
N
ote
:Heret
er
eb
i0 mi
teir
ubaka
ridam e0 w
aru
kush
ima
suyoi
sals
o S
implybec
auseYamadamar
riedapo
lit
ici
ansh
eishav
ingahard
p
oss
ib
le(a
ndgrarn
mat
ill
ymoreacc
ep
tab
le)b
utth
eexa
mpleab
ovei
s ti
me./Jus
tbecau
ses h
emarr
ied[happe
nedtomarry
]ap o
li
ti-
m
orecommonandha
sthesam
emean
ing
. ci
anYamadai
sfindin
gth
eg o
ingto
ugh.

.Us
4 eda
ft
ert
h t
e-aformo
fve
rbs
:j
ust
.
"
N
ote
:Iftok
or
o(#38n
o1
)rep
la
csb
e a
kar
ii
nth
isu
sag
et
hem
ean
ingi
s
s
im
ila
rb
utbak
ar
ishow
smor
eemph
asi
s.

DA
.I
1 n
dic
ate
sa na
bso
luteq
uan
tit
ati
veli
mitw
itht
hec
onn
ota
tio
n

t
hatth
earnou
nti
ssmal
l:"o
nly
jus
t.
"
Ch
ich
iwai maka
ett
ekiba
karide
su.
Myfat
herj
ustnowcamehomej[u
stgo
tho
me]
. 5
Kink
uras
uniki
tag
aku
seiwag
oni
nd ak
ede
shi
t

Onlyf
iv
estud
ent
scametocl
as
syes
ter
day
.

J
un-cha
nw
gohan0bet
abakar
inanon
i mooya oh
osh
igat
te 1l
tmas
u. Kyowaic
hij
ika
ndak
eter
eb
i0m i
mash
ita
.
Eve
noughJ unha
sjus
te a
tenamea
l[justfi
nish
edea
tin
g]h
e Today1w
atchedTVfo
ronlya
nh o
ur.
alre
adyw
ant
sas n
ack
.
8
2 DAKE DAKE 8
3

2
.In
dic
ate
sane
xte
nto
ram
oun
t:
as.
.
.as
." )Wh
b enther
esu
ltdoe
sno
tmeetex
pec
tat
ion
sandi
sth
ere
for
e
d
isc
our
agi
ng:g
ivenec
tat

D
ozoo
suk
inad
akeo
nom
iku
das
ai.
P
lea
sed
rin
kasmuchyouw
ish
.
K
arewak a
nojonimuchudatt
adaken
ish
its
urennosho
kkuwa
to
temook
ikat
ta.
Dek
irudakeh
ayak
ui k
ima
su. G
iventhef
act a
thewasheadov
erhe
elsi
nlovel
osi
ngherwas
'1g
1 o[beonmyway
lea
veg
ett
her
e]ass
oona
sIc
an.(
L
i.
tTo abig
blow
.
theex
ten
ttha
tIcanIw
illg
oqu
ick
ly.
)


.Int hephr
asesd aken~ dakeat
teandd a
kenokowaa ru I
ssho-k
enm
e inibenky
oshit
ad ae-
k goka
kun ots
uchi0 u
ke-
in
dic
atestheca
u s
eo rprec
onditio
nforac e
rta
inr
esu
ltors
tat
eo f ttato
kiYama
m oto
-sanwah i
joniga
kkarish
ita
..
airs(whentheres
ultmeetsexpe
cta
tionsdo
esno
tmeetexpec

t
atio
nsori
sconsideredanatu
raloutc
o me
).
S
incehehads tu
d i
edsohardYamamotowase x
treme
lyd is
ap-
poin
tedwhenh erec
eiv
ednot
ific
ati
onthathehadfi
!
aed./Given
a
)Whent h
eresu
ltmee
tsexpe
ctat
ion
sandist
her
efo
reworth thefa
ct athehads t
udie
ds ohardYamamotowasc r
ushed
t
hee
ffo
rto
fach
ievi
ng:
.
..waswor
thwh
ile
." whenhel ea
rnedathehadn o
tb e
ena c
cepte
d.

Anodai
kag
unigok
aku k a
rab
enk
yosh
it
akenok
otowaa )Wh
c entheoutcomei
sseena
san
atu
ralr
esu
lto
ffo
reg
oin
g
Ipas
sed[theen
tran
cee xa
minati
onto]atu
niv
ers
itys
oth e c
ond
iti
ons
:asyoumigh
tex
pect
.
"
stungIdidwasworthi
d t
.


Sa
tos
anwaEikokunodai
gak
ud eben
kyoshi
tadak
eatt
eEi
gog
a
Ter
ada-s
anwaw a
tashinopurez
ento0 y
oro
kondekur
etanod
e umaide
sune.
murish
itekat
tadakenokotowaatta
. Asyoumigh
te xp
ectomh i
sh av
ingstu
dieda
tau n
ive
rsi
tyi
n
S
inceTeradawashappy[ple
ase
d]w i
thmypres
ent
itwasworth Engl
andS
ato
'sEngl
ishi
squi
tegood.
al
lthetro
ubleIwenttoinbuyin
git
.
 DAKE

. SHIKA 8
S

1

5
lSHI
Jo
n-sanwaKyt
onijugo-
nenmos u
ndeirudakeatto
e ter
an o
N
ot:S
e h
ikai
sus
edon
lywithne
gat
ivev
erb
s.I
tmayc
omb
inewith(
fo
ll
ow
)
koto0yokus
hit
teimasu
.
d
akno
mia
ndk
ir
ifo
rfurt
here
mpha
sis
.
Asyoumightexpectomh ishavinglive
dinKyotof o
rf i
fte
en
yea
rsJohni
sveryknowledge
ableabouttemp
les./SinceJohn .A
1 f
ternounsin
dic
atesthe
reisnot
hingmoreanthequ
hasliv
edinKyotoforfif
tee
ny e
arsi
tisnotsur
pri
singthathe t
it
yspec
ifie
dwit
ht h
ec on
notat
ionatthequa
nti
tyi
ssmal
lor
knowsalotaboutte
mples
. u
nsa
tisf
ac: o
nlyno
thingbut
mere
ly.
"

I
chi
ryun
opi
ani
sudaken
is
uba
ras
hiie
nso0s
him
asun
e. Anom
isen
iwako
noz
ass
his
hik
aar
ima
send
esh
ita
.
Asyoumighte
xpe
cto
faf
irs
t-r
atep
ian
is
t hep
lay
swo
nde
rfu
ll
y 1Iswast
heo
nlymagazinea
tth
ats
to ./ Theo
nlym
aga
zin
e
does
n'th
e. t
hats
tor
ehadwast
hiso
ne.

1 3

KokowaHokkaid
od ak
eni s
amusagakibish
iid
esu
.
Asyoumightex
pectomi sbeingHokkaidoi
tist
err
ibl
yco
ld. Imawas e
n-sa
nby
aku-e
nki
rishi
kamot
teina
ikar
ato
tem
oFu
ran
su

/Iti
ster
rib
lycol
dhereinHokkaido your
nig
htexpet
.
c r
yor
in a
dotabe
rar
enaiy
o.
Sin
ceall1haveatt
hemomenti sl
300th
erei
snoway1can
[
affo
rdto]e
atFrenc
hfood
.
4
. n
Noto1yb
uta
lso
."

N
ot:Whileb
e a
ka
ri(#21
no.2
)mayr
epl
aced
akei
n i
sus
ag
ei
ti
ssl
ig
ht
ly 2
.Aft
erv e
rbsin
dic
ate
sal im
itt
o eac
tio
ns t
ip.
ate
dbyt
he
m
oreem
phati
c.
y b:th
ereisnocho
ic
ebutal
l0 c
andois
."

Harada
-sanwap
ian
od ak
edena
kuut
amou m
a i
-ndesuyo
. dakere
dos
hutch
d aka
raik
ush
ikana
i.
Haradai
sgoodn
oton1
yatth
epian
obuta
lsoatsi
ngi
ng. 1d
on'twantt
o b
uts in
cei
'scomp
t ybusin
ess[
l
i
.
t ab
usi
nes
s
tr
i]
p 1can
'thel
pb utgo[
1hav
enocho
ice
].

Eig
od a
kedenak
uFur
ansu.
g
omob e
nky
shit
ai-
ndes
u.
1wanttos
tud
ynoton
1yEn g
1i
shb
utFrenc
haswel
l.
Kon
o r
ep a shi
tamadeda l
o-
juniowa
raseu.
r
.l
kRnai
.
S
inceisrep
orti
sduetomorrow
1hav
enoc ho
icebuttof
ini
shi
t
sometimetoda
y[wil
lju
sttoha
vetolis
hitsometimet
oda
y].
86 NOMI K
JRJ 1
1
7

NOMII KIRII


l.Ae
in
g(s
rnouns
)sti
pula
t
i
e
n
d
d
:
i
c
o
a
n
t
e
l
y
s
."
t
her
eisn
oth
ingo
the
rth
ant
he .U
1
al
im
i
seda
t;m
e

ay
r

al
nou
n
ob
s
sand
epro
n
v
<
o
er

u
n
b
s
c

e
i
n

d
dk
i
c
k
a
i
r

t
e
i
sac
u
t
t
t

t
i
n
I

8
():n
-
" p
o
y11'
l

ln
t

l
.e

N
ote
:Inth
isus
ag
enom
iandda
kehav
ethesa
memean
ingb
utnom
iisu
sed N
ot:K
e ir
imean
sba
sic
al
lyt
hes
amet
hin
gasda
ke(#22
no
.1)b
ut1
5amo
re
m
oreinwr
iti
ngth
aninth
espok
enla
ngu
ag.N
e o
micanbecom
binedw
ith c
ol
loq
ui
alus
ag
e.Sh
ik
amaybeu
seda
erk
ir
ifo
rempha
sis
.
(
fol
low
edb
y)sh
ia
k
a s t
hes
econ
dsamp
lese
nte
nceb
elo
w.
1
4 Anooj
i-s
anwa
hit
or
ikir
idek
inaien
isund
eiru
.
Konokain
iwa
yot
tsunok
uninoda
ihyonomigash
uss
ekis
hi
ta
. Tha
toldmanli
ve
sa l
one[
al
lbyhi
msef
l]i
nabighou
se.
lere
pr n
tat
ive
sofonl
yfo
urco
unt
rie
sa t
ten
dedt
hi
sconf
ere
nce
.

Sonokodomowad
amatt
akir
iden a
nimoi w
anak
atta
.
I
ze
nko
nodai
gak
uniwadan
seinomishi
kahai
ren
aka
tta. Thech
ildju
stsa
t[sto
ode
tc
.]the
rewi
tho
uts a
yingawo
rd.(
L
i
t.

I
nthep
as
ton
lymenwer
eabletoen
ter i
sun
ive
rsi
ty. T
hatchi
ldon
lykee
pingqu
ie
tdi1'
tsa
yanythi
ng.
)

.
Use
dineformAn
omin
ara
zuBm
o:
not
onl
y butalso." 2
.Usedwi
asma
llnumbero
ramountt
oem
pha
siz
ean
ega
tiv
e
m
ean
ing;da
kemayre
plaek
i
r:
i o
nly
N
ote:lISu
sag
eise
ss
en
tia
llye
qui
val
entt
oba
ka n
i(#21
r o.2)an
dl kke(#22
n
o.4)buti
sfou
ndmoreinth
ewri
tte
ntha
nin spo
kenlan
gua 2
o
Ato shamadenif
unki
ridak
araYamamo a
n to
temoma
ni
-aw
anaidar
o.
Konodaig
akun obungak
u-bunogakus
eiwaEigonominar
azu Thetra
inleav
esinjus
ttwom i
nutessoit
'
sve
ryu
nli
kel
ythat
F
uran
su-gomobenkyoshi
nak
ere
banaran
ai. Yamamotow i
l ti
lmakei nti
me.
Thest
uden
tsiqthelit
era
tur
edepart
mentof i
suni
ver
sit
ymust
stud
ynoto n
lyEng
lishb
utFren
chaswel
l. 1

Okan
ewai chi
man
-enki
ris
hik
anaika o k
onpy
uta0kaunowa
S
hek
usu
piawagi
kyo
kunominar
azush
imotakus
ank
ait
a. murida.
S
hak
esp
earew
rot
enoton
lypl
aysb
utmanypoemsa
swel
l. 1h
aveonly10
000tomynamesoth
ere
'snoway1canbuy
compute./S
r inc
eall1ha
veis10
000th
erei
snoway1c an
aff
ordtha
tcomp
uter.
8
8 NODE 8

3
.In
dic
ate
sth
emostr
ece
nti
nci
den
ceofs
ome
thi
ng:
thel
ast
."
Byo
kinanoder
yok
niik
unowam ur
ides
u.
S
inceI
'mil
lt
aki
ngatr
ipi
soutoft
heque
stio
n.
Ara
n-sankarawa'on
enkur
isu
mas
uka
dogak
ik i
rides
onoa
t
egamigakimas
en. Note:&ini
sex
amp
led
ac
han
ge on
st ab
efo
ren
ode
.
Thela
st[1he
a r
d]fromAll
enwasaCh
ristm
ascar
dlas
tyear
;sin
ce
en
nol
ett
ershavecome.

Kis
hi-
sanwa
sen
get
sunoku
rasukaideattak
ir
id e
su.
iMONODEI
Thela
st[t
im]1sawK
e ish
iwasatla
stmonth'scl
assmee
tin
g. 1
.In
dic
ate
sac
aus
eorr
eas
on:
int
hat s
inasmucha g
ive
n

N
ot:M
e o
nod
ei
smorep
oli
tea
ndf
orm
alt
hann
odeandk
ar
a.

iNODEI

Tok
yowab u
kkagatak
aimonode
seik
ats
ugata
ihe
ndesu
.
S
incep
ric
esareh
i h
g li
fei
nTokyoisdi
c
t./Pr
ice
si nTokyo
.I
1 n
dic
ate
sac
aus
eorr
eas
on:
in a
ts
inc
eb
eca
use
b
ein
ghigh
iti
sdi
ffi
cul
ttomakeendsm
eet
.
No
te:Nodeandkar
a(#151
1 )d
-1 if
fe
rintwowa
y s
:fir
stn
ode
uallyi
ndite
s
v
amoreobj
ect
ivecau
seo rreasnk
o a
raamores ubje
cti
veon
e; uskarai
s
o
ftenus
edinsent
ence
si nvol
vin
gprohi
bit
ionscommands
andq u
est
ions
; Wa
tas
hiwak
ara
dag
ayo
waimonod
en
aga
iry
okwam
urid
esu
.
se
cond
insen
tenc
esotherw
iseide
nti
can

odelendsamorepo
lit
etone
. I
n a
tmycons
titut
ioni
sweak[
hea
lthispo
or]
lon
gtr
ipsa
reo
ut
oft
heq
ues
tion.

Kurumanoji
kogaat
tanode
michigako
ndeimas
u.
Si
nceth
erewasaca
racc
ide
ntth
er o
adsar
ecrowded.

Yu
kig
ata
kus
ant
tan
od
ede
nsh
agao
kur
erus
ode
su.
B
ecausealotofsnowhasf
all
eni
tiss
aid[th
eys
ay1hear]e
tr
ainisgoin
gtobela
te
./Becau
seofa
llth
esnowt
hetrainw
ill
belae
t 1hear
.
90 KEREDOMO 91

KEREDOMOI
. ..
..
Wat
ash
iwago
rt
l os
hina
iw ak
edewana
i-ndesubdo...
N
ote:()M
1 orecol
loq
uia
lform
sofkere d
omoaek
r er
ed
o k
edo
andked
omo. I
t'
snotth
at1don
'tpl
ayg o
lf [bu
t1rea
llydon'
tlik
eit
Ker
edomoinali
l t
sf o
rmsle
ndsasoertonea
ndini
tsfu
llform(n
otthe much].
a
lte
rna
tiv
ef o
rms)ten
dstobepr
ece
d e
db ydes
uandthe-mas
uverbfor
ms.
(
2)Ineac
ho ft
heusag
esbel
owg
a(#211-
12
45
6)canre
pla
ceker
edomo
3
.In
dic
ate
sap
rel
imi
nar
yre
mar
k.
a
ndi
t
smorei
nfo
rma
lva
ria
tio
ns.
1
1. Usedbetweentwocl
aus
est
oin
dic
atea
t eyareopposedi
n Madah
ass
hamadei
Ch
ii
kanmoa
rim
asuk
ed
odo'
s
him
ash
oka
.
meaning:buta
ltho
ugh
."
T
her
e'sst
anhouru n
til[
thet
rai
n]d
epa
rts[
so]whats
hal
lwe
do[i
nthemeanwhilel
?

T
enki-
yoh
od ek
yowaamewara
naii
tt
and
esuk
ere
dom
o
yu
gataka
ratt
eki
mas
hit
ane
. Ta
nid
esuk
edT
o o
mok
o-s
ani
ras
sha
ima
suk
a.
Theys a
idontheweatherrep
ortatitwouldn'tr
ai
ntodaybuti
t T
his[mynamei
s]i i
sTan.I
sTomokot
her
e?
beganra
ini
ngint heeve
ningd
idn
'tit
.
4
. Useda ttheendofasen
ten
ceemphasizesth
es e
nseth
ate
sp
eakerwantsthee
ventt
ocomeoutasstat
ed:i
twouldbenic
ei
f
Ta
keu
chi
-sa
nnid
enw
a0k
ake
tak
ere
dor
usud
esh
ita
. 1hop
e."
1c
all
edTa
keu
ch
ibuts
hewasout.
.....
Hayakua
tat
aka
kun
arui
i-
ndak
edo.
.
2.Useda
ttheendofasen
tenc
e
i m
pli
essOl
llc
thi
ngt
batq
ual
ifi
es
I
twouldben
icei
fitg
otwarms
oon
./1hopei
tge
tswarms
oon
.
whati
sac
tua
llyst
ate
d:
well
yesbut..
."

N
ote:Thi
susag
eisess
ent
ial
lyth
es ameast
hatinn.1
o a
bove
exce
ptth
at .....
h
ereth
esecon
dclau
seis
n'tst
ate
doutri
gh.
t(Wordsi
nbr
acke
tsbel
owshow Mos
uko
shio
ki
inog
aho
shi
i-nd
ake
red
o..
o
nlyoneofv
ari
ousima
ginab
lecont
ext
s.) I
'dl
iket
ohaveonetha
t'sal
it
tl
ebi
gge
r./1hadhopedforsome-
th
ingali
tt
lel
arg
er.
..
Tamaniwary
okn
imoi
kit
aio m
ott
eiru
-nd
esuked
o.
I
'dre
all
yli
ket
ogoonat
riponcei
nawhi
le [bu
t1don
'thave
et
ime
].
 TOKORODE NONI

lTOKORODEI
Tak
aok
a-sa
nnita
nondat
okor
odeyat
teku
rer
uhaz
ugana
ides
hd.
N
ote:Toko
rodei
salw
aysus
edaf
te
rthe-af
t o
rmofave
rb.
Thete
ns
eofth
is E
venifwea
ske
dTaka
oka
the
re'
sli
tt
l
ec h
anc
ehewou
lddoi
tfo
rus
.
v
erbho
wever
i
snotne
ces
sa
ril
ypas
tbu
tisd
ete
rmin
edbyth
ete
nseo
fthe
v
erbinth
emaincl
au
se
.

1
b
.B
e
r
e
o
tw
eenco
nt
ramounto
ra
s
fs
t
o
i
n
m
e
gc
t
l
h
i
a
n
u
se
gi
s
e
sl
e
m
s
ph
a
sa
siz
e
ne
sa
xp
ec
ta
t
ed
ne
:
e
x
v
t
e
e
n
t
ni
f
num-
ev
en lNONII

oug
h."
.U
1 sedbe
tweentwocla
use
stoi
ndi
cat
eatth
eyar
eo pp
ose
din
N
ote:T
hisu
sag
eiss
im
il
a o-
rt t
emo(#4
no.
1 b
)utt
hee
mph
asi
sisg
re
at
er m
ean
ing:
a1t
houghe
venoughd
esp
itet
hef
ac
ta t
.
"
w
ithto
ko
rod
e.
N
ot:Non
e iindi
ca
te
sast
ron
gero
ppo
sit
ioni
nme
ani
ngt
ha a(#2
ng 1 1
1-)o
r
k
ere
dom
o(#28n
o.1)
.

Tokyowa 4
kor
odes
onnan
i m
Ev

g
e
n

et
t

st
h
oug
h
a
1
tde
i
1
e
ts
p]
n
.
ows
inT
o
ky
O

i
tn
eve
rs now
sa
tmuch[
nev
er

I
kedas
anwaka
zedese
kigaderunont
i ab
akoba
kar
isut
teimu.
E
ven oughIk
edai
sco u
ghingomac ol
da
11hedoe
sissmoke
ci
gare
tte
s[h
eis(
st)smokingalt
l het
ime
].


Anohi
tonar
aikur
aganb
attat
okor
od
kon
ote
idon
osh
igo
tos
hik
a
dek
inaid
esh
o.
Ya
mamoto-s
annopatin
iwai k
anaii t
tanonidosh
it
eikun
Tashemight
thi
sisabo
uttheb
est[
lev
elof
work
]hecand
o.
des
uka.
Yous
a
idyouwou
ldn'
tgotoYamamoto'spart
ysowhyar
eyou
2
.Indi
cate
stha
ttheoutcomeofwhatiss
tat
edin ef
ir
stc
lau
se go
ing?/Wh yar
eyougoin
gt oYamamoto'spart
ywhenyou
w
illn
otb efa
vor
abl
e:ev
enifnomatt
erhowm u
c h
." s
aidyouwodn'
t?
1
2
.Usedattheendo
fas e
nten
cei
ndicat
esaf
eel
ingo
fdi
ssa
tis-
Imakar
ai s
oi
deit
ta k
orodei
ch
ij
inoshin
kans
enniwamani
- fa
cti
on d
:es
pitet
hef
actat
even ough
atma
senyo
.
N
ote
:t i
susa
gei
sess
en
ti
all
yth
esamea
sno
.1abo
vee
xce
ptth
atth
esec
-
Nomatte
rhowmuchweh ur
rynowwe'
reju
stnotgo
ingt
obe o
ndclau
seis
n
'tst
ate
dout
rig
h.(
t Wo
rdsi
nbr
ack
etsbe
10wshowo
nlyoneo
f
ontimefo
rtheoneo'
clo
ckShi
nkans
en. v
ari
ousim
agi
nabl
econ
te
xts
.)
9
4 KUSENI
.

MONONO "
youarenott
obu
tti
nongrown-up
'st
alk[
thewayyoua
rl
Be
nky
os
hin
aii
tt
anon
i do
ing
].)
D
espi
tethefa
ctat1tol
dyout
ostud
y[y
oud
idn
't
anda
renow
inhotw
ate
r]./1to
ldyout
ost
udy
! e
wanr
Anohi yok
umon
aik
usen
ic
hi
ida
kewah
osh
iga
ttei
ru
.
..... D
esp
itet
hef
act a
theh
asnoa
bil
it
yal
lhewant
siss
tat
us.
K
ots
u-j
iko0o
kos
ana
iyon
iki0t
suk
etei
t i
anon
Eventhough1t
rie
dtobeca
refu
lsoasnott
ohaveana
ccid
ent.
.
. 2
. Useda
tth
eendo
fas
ent
enc
etoe
xpr
essc
ens
ur rcontempt
eo .
[
1smashedup ec yway].IIwastry
ingmybe
stnott
o
g
etinvo
lvedi
naa u
tom
obileacc
ide
nt.
A
nat
ada
tted
eki
naik
usen
i.
3
.
Toino
rde
rto
." Asi
fyouco
ulddoity
ours
elE(
Li.
t Des
pit
e ef
actt
hate
venYOU
co
uld
n'tdoitI
youaretr
yin
gtote
llmehowt o l . ) '

Kokok
aram
izu
umiei
kunon
ina
nji
kang
ura
ika
kar
ima
suk
a. -
Howlongdo i
tta
ketogetomher
etot
hela
ke?(Lt
i I
norde
rto Ji
bundemow akaranaik
us i
en
getomh e
retothela
keab
outhowmanyhour
sw itt
ake?
) Asify
ouunderstood.(L
i
.
tDesp
itet
hef
acta
tev
enyoud
on'
t
u
nde
rst
and[
youpresumet
ogi
vea
dvi
cet
oot
her
s].
)

Ka
nji0obo
erunoniihoh
o0osh
iet
ekud
asa
i.
P
leas
ete
llmeagoodwaytol
eank
r an
ji
.
MONONOI

1."
Bu
tal
ou
gh.
"
lKUSENII
N
ote:Monon
omeanse
sse
nti
al
lyth
esam
ethi
n sg
ga a(#2 )a
ndkered
omo

I
I
(
#2)b
8 uti
samorefo
rmalusa
geandi
sus
edmore-
ofte
nh wri
tin
gthan
1
.D
esp
ite ef
aet a
to
ugh
." s
pea
kin
g.
N
ote
:Th
isu
sag
eissi
mi
lartotha
tofn
oni(#30
no )
.1 b
utt
her
eis a
dde
d
f
ee
li
ngo
fce
nsu
reorcon
t e
m pt
.
Son
ok u
niwad ok
urits
ushi
t
amononomadake
iza
i-t
ek
in amo
ndai
gatakus
anaru.
Kodomonokus
en~ 0nan
ohanas
hin
ikuchi0das
hitewaikem
ase
n. A
lthoughthecountryha
sbecomein
depen
den
tit hasmany
Chi
ldrensh
ould
n'tint
err
uptwhengrown-upsaretal
kin
g.(L
it
.
economicp
rob
lem
s.
D
esp
itet
hef
act[
orc
ons
ide
rin
gth
efa
et
]youa
rea[
mer
e]c
hil
d
96 TOKOROGA .
BA.9
7

Kda
igak
uniwago
kak
ude
kin
aio
mot
t t
ei o
"oo1
"g
dka
ku
t
suc
higak
it
a.
A
merikaeryuga
kusuruko
tonik
ime
tamonon
oshog
aku-
kin0m Mough1o u
ght1w o
uldn'
tpass[th
ee n
tra
nceexamt
oJK
nogamuzu
k a
shii
. U
niv
ersi
ty
1rece
ive
dan o
tic
eth
at1had.
A
lthoughI
'vedec
idedtostu
dyi
ntheU
nite
dSt
ate
si'sd
t iff
icu
ltt
o
g
etasc~olarship.

A
marikit
ais
hi
tein
aka
ttatokor
ogas
o
nokoa
towasu
ba
rlh
ika
tt

A
lthough1had
n'tre
allybeenexpe
ctin
gmuchth
econce
rtwas

TOKOROGAI f
abu
lou
s.

N
ote:Tok
orogaisa
1way
su s
edaft
ert
he-
tafo
rmofave
rb
.Thet
ens
eof
thi
s
v
e
v
e
r
r
bh
ow
b t
e
h
v
em
e
a
r

i
isn
nc
o
l
a
tn
u
se
.
e
ces
sar
ilyp
ast
bu
tisd
ete
rmin
edbyt
het
ens
eofth
e

BA/
1
.In
dic
ate
sas
upp
osi
tio
nandr
esu
lt:
if.
..t
hen.
"
. Usedb
1 etweentwoc
lau
sest
o~dicate t
hatt
heya
reopposedi
n
meaning
;theres
ulti
s0enu nex
pec
ted(
a.badr
esu
lt;b
.good N
ote
:-T
ara(#35
no.
1)i
ssi
mil
ari
nus
ag
e.
re
st):
bu
t a
lthouh
g when."

a
)In
dic
ati
ngabadr
esu
lt. h
Asit
ate
nkig
ayo
ker
eb
ado
rai
bun
iik
ima
sh
.

I
ftheweatheri
sni
c
etomorrowlet
'sgof
orad
riv
e.

Ginkeit
tatok
orogamshim
attei
ta
.
1wenttothebank
butitwasalr
ead
yclo
se.IWh
d en1g
ott
o e Ok
aneg
aar
eb
aok
iii
egak
ai
ta
ide
sun


bankitwasa
lre
adyc
los
ed.
I
f1hadt
h
emoneyldl
' i
ket
obuyab
igh
ous
e.

Anoh
it
onia
inii
tt
ato
kor
og k
aig
i-c
hud
eae
nak
att
a. 2
.Indi
cats a
e tt
hecla
usea
ftr-
e b
aist
her
esu
ltoft
hec
lau
se
1wentt
ose
ehe
rtut1c
oul
dn'
tbe
cau
ses
hewasi
nam
eet
ing
. b
efo
reii
t
: f
...e
n."

N
ot:T
e o(#6
II )c
I3 a
nas
1ob
eus
edh
er
e.
b
)in
dic
ati
ngagoodr
esu
lt.

K Rok
kos
annin
obo
reba
Kobenom
achigak
ir
ein
imiem
as uy
o.
I
fyoucl
im .Rokko
bMt youca
ngtagoodv
e iewo
fth
ecit
yofKobe
.
-
BA
.
OA

5.Usedt
oco
nne
cttwos
imi
lare
ven
tso
rst
at
e:
s and.
"
Yok
urens
husur
ebak
onopi
ano-
kyo
kugah
iker
uyonina
rima
su.

I
fyoup
ract
iceha
rdy
ou'
llbea
blet
opl
ayth
ispia
nopi
ece
.
K
yow at
e
nkimoy
oke
reb
aka
zemon
aid
e0h
ana
min
iwas
aik
i
de
su
.
.Usedtoi
ti
ons
hip
).
noduceac
lau
se:
if'(
butn
otac
aus
e-e
ctr
ela
- Todayi
spe
rfe
ctf
orf
low
er-
vie
win
g:t
hew
eat
heri
sni
ceandt
he

nowind.

Y
oro
shi
ker
eb
aok
ash
i0m
esh
iag
att
eku
das
ai.
I
fyouwouldl
ik
epl
eas
eha
vesomeo
fth
esw
eet
s. S
eng
owakomemon
ake
reb
aya
saimon
qed
et
aih
end
esh
itay
o.
A
fte
rth
ewart
her
ewasnor
iceandt
her
ewerenov
ege
tab
les
i
[
thi
ngs
]we
rev
eryd
iff
icu
lt
.
K
ang
aet
emi
reb
ay
okuk
onn
anik
ais
hag
ak
ikun
att
amonod
a.
1
youth
inka
bou
ti
titi
sre
mar
kab
lea
tecompanyh
asg
ott
en 6
.Int
heformV-
bai odo
:oneoughtt oneneedo
nlyd
o."
i
sbi
g.

Hon0k
ari
run
i k
okon
inamae0k
ake
bai
i-
nde
su.
.I
d
iom
ati
cus
age
sof
the-
bac
ond
iti
ona
1
.

Toborrowabookyouneedo
nlyw
rit
eo
urnameh
ere
.
t
e:
..s
. t
ate
d."

o
f
(an
tanniieb
asor
ewam uridaiuk
otodes
h. h
T i
kan
ish
uku
dai0 w
asu
ret
anowak
imin
ose
kin
ind
esug

a
;im
plysta
ted~at meansiti
sim
pos
sibl
e..(
Li
.
tIfw
st
atei
t.
_ s
ens
ein
ia yama
ris a
es u
reb
aii-
nde
su.
sim
ply
...) Whiki
twascertamlyyourfa
i
tatyouf
org
ott
h
ehomework
a
llyouh
avet
odoi
sap
olo
giz
etot
het
eac
her
.
)D
T e
kir
ebai
fpo
ssi
ble(
l
i
.
tifi
tca
nbed
one
)."

.....
)
eki
reb
amyig
oni
chinohogawatas
hiwat s
ugogaii
-nde
suga.
f
pos
sib
le
thedayaft
ertomorrowwouldbebet
terfo
rme.
 TA
llA 1
01
1
00 TARA

l
3
. Usedatt
heendo fas ent
encetoindi
cat
ei r
rit
ati
ono rimpa-
-TA
RAI t
ienc
ewi
ameaningsomethingl
ike
1te
llyou'm t~ing_you."
I

.l
1 n
dic
ate
sas
upp
osi
tio
nandr
esu
lt:
if en Not
e:Wherea
swith"
theabo
veusa
ges-r
aisadde
dtoaver
bs t
emI
nthe
samewaya
sthep
ast-
tens
eendi
ng
- i
nth
isus
aget
ta
ral
sadd
edtot
h t
ee
No
te:Thi
susa
geiss
imi
lartoba(#34
no.1)
alt
houh-
g ta
ras
oun
dssome- dna
sa
iformo
fv e
rbs
.
whatmor
ege
ntl
e.-Ta
raislik
el
ytob euse
dwhenthere
su
lti
sanin
ten
tio
n
r
ques
t(com
mand)o
rqu
tion. 5

Hayakus
hit
e-t
tar
a.
5
C'mon

getamoveo
n!

Son
o'o
rig
aamar
ik a
rakat
tar
awat
ash
iwat
abe
naiw
a.

5 m
M

LV4u.YA
.
l
ftha
tdi
shi
sto
os p
icy 1w
on'tea
tit
.

aH
i
-
O

PS

h
v
5

o
u
'
FD
L

E
Kareniatt
ar
ayo
ros
hiui
k t
tek
uda
sai
.
lfyouse
ehimgi
vehimmyr
ega
rds(s
ayh
ell
o).
4
.l n
dica
tesana ct
ionwhichi
sfo
llo
wedbysomethingb
ein
g
5 l
ear
ned:when."
N
ot:T
e o(#6
III
-4)i
ssi
mil
a o r
rt aint
hi
sus
age
.

Yamada-s
annotsu
gogawarukat
tar
d
a
reniwapu
ro0 ta
nom
i-
mhoka. 5
lfYamadai
sbusy(u
navi
1
a a
bl
e o
ccu
pid
e iso
the
rwisee
nga
ge)
d To
m o
dachinoieeit
ta
rl
karewaru
sudatt
a.
whos
hal
lwea
skt
odot
hewordp
roc
ess
ing
? When1wenttomy end's
ho [ 1foundt
hat t
./1went
]hewasou

tomyf r
ien
d '
shomebuthewaso
ut.
2
. Usedatth
eendofas ent
enc
etoind
ica
teap
rop
osa
l;u
sed
o
fte
nbywomen:howabout
whynot
." 5

H
oterunidenwa0s hita
rah
eyawaippaida
tta.
5
When1calle
dt h
eh ot
el[
1foundat]allt
heroomsweref
ul.
l/1
Mooso
ikar
aso
nosh
igoash
itan
inasattar
a. ca
lledth
eh o
telbutal
ltheroomsweretake
n.
I
t'
sla
tes
owhynotdotha
tworktomorrow.

60
Sorewach
ii
sa
ikar
ak
och
iranok
iino0ok
aininat
tar

Thatonei
ssma
ll
sowhynotbuyth
isb
igone[i
nst
ead
].
1
02 NARA MONONARA 1
03

5
.Indi
catestha
tonea
cti
onf
oll
owsi
mme
dia
tel
yupona
not
her
: N
ote:A maj
ordir eo
cebetwe
eonaraandta
rai.tha
tthecl
au.
eaft
er
when
assoonas n
araemph
asize
sw ha
tw oul
d(def
in
ite
Iy
)takepl
aceift
helupp
osedev
ent
w
eretoocc
urwhe
reasther
esu
ltdau
seaf
te
r- raempha
slz
e.wha
twould
5 h
appeot
o"tak
eplac
e.
Wat
ashig
ako
e0k a
ket
arak
it
ekud
asai
.
P
leas
ecome[
rig
htawa
y]when1c
a11you
. U5
Norun
aranomun
a.N
ond
aran
orun
a.
5 Ifyou[a
regoin
gto]d
rie
v d
on'
tdr
ink
.Ifyouhav
ebe
end
rin
k-
Konosh
igo
togaowat
tar
s
oc
hir
aeiki
mas
u. i
ngd
on'td
riv
e.
I
'lbether
eassoonast
hisworki
sdone[soona
sImf
' i
nis
hed
her
e].
2
.In
dic
ate
s a
tat
opi
cisb
ein
gbroughtu
p:
asf
or

5
Sonomondainaramokai
ket
sushi
mas
hit
a.
lN ! tproblem
Asfor a i
thadal
rea
dybeense
ttl
ed.

N
ote
:Se
eal
som
onon
ar
a(#37). 5
Wakanosank
oshonar
aSa
sak
i-s
ens
einoken
kyu-
shiuniaru
.
1
.In
dic
ate
sas
upp
osi
tio
nandr
esu
lt
:i
f..
.th
en.
" I
fi'sr
t e
fer
encebooksonwaka[t
hatyo
u'r
el o
okingfo
r]t
hey
're
N
ote:Narai
soft
eouse
daft
eroo
uos
.Iti
ssi
rn
il
a ob
rt a(#
34 )
00. 1 -
ta
ra inPr
ofes
sorSas
aki'
s0.
(
#35001)
ao
d(#6II
I-
3).

5
Watash
iwagog
on arahimag
aa ri
masuy
o.
I
f[it
'sin
]th
ea
ernoonImf
' r
ee./1
'1befr
eei
nea
fte
rno
on.
MONONARAI


1.A ft
erap o
ten
tialver r-
bo o/-oformofaverb
y in
dic
ate
sa
5
c
onditionandres
ultw
ithanaddeds
ens
eofcensur
eo rrea
t:
As
hitaamenara
goru
funii
kan
aitsu
mor
ides
u.
if...en.
"

Tomorrowifi
t
'sra
ini
ng
1do
n'tin
ten
dtogogo
lfi
ng./
1do
n'tp
lan
t
ogog
olf
ingtomorrowi
fi
trn
s. 5
A
n a
tanid e
kirumonon ar
ay
a
ttemi
tekud
asa
i.
5 I
fit
'ssomethingyoucando ./I
t
goaheadanddoi fyout
hink
Anohitogai
kun
a r
awa
tas
hiwaikit
akun
aid
esun
e. youcandoi t
goaheadandtr
y.
Ifs
he'
sg o
in
g1s
uredo
n'twantt
o.
1
04 MONONARA 1
05

5
TOKOROI
S
eij
i-k
agason
nabakan
ako
to0s
hiy
omonon
ark
a o
kum
inwa
.I
1 ndi
cat
esth
atoneisonth
everg
eo fd
oingsom
eth
lng
ipr
e-
damat
tei
maseny
O.
c
ede
dbyt h
ero
otformoft
hev
er:
b ju
stabou
tto
."
I
fth
epol
iti
cia
nsdoso
methi
ngst
upi
dli
ke a
tt
hep
eop
lea
ren
't
Igo
ingtokee
pqui
etabo
utit
.

I
ndi
cat
esac
ond
iti
onandbadr
esu
lt:
if
...e
n.n K
orekar
adek
er
u k
o nanod r
u
kku
rih
anhi0s
urujik
anwa
anma
sen.
5 S
inc
eI'mju
stab
outt
ogoout1d
on'tha
veti
mefo
rale
isuyt
r a1
k.

K
ach
ogas
onn
aya
rik
ata0s
hiy
omonon
arab
u
kawak
ach
o0z
enz
en
s
hin
rais
hin
akun
arud
esh
one
. Yamadas
a
nnide
nwa0s
urut
oko
rod
esug
an
anik
ade
ngo
nwa
I
fthes
ect
ionchie
fgoesa
bou
titi
nth
a
twayhi
ssu
bor
din
atsw
e i
ll arime
nka.
lo
sea
ll inhim. I
'mj
usta
bou
ttoc
al
lYamada.Doyouh
aveanym
ess
age
sfo
rhim?

5
2
.In
dic
ate
sa
tana
cti
oni
spr
ese
nt1
yta
kin
gpl
ace(
pre
ced
edby
V
-tei
ru
).
K
orei
j
oshig
oot
suz
uke
yomonon
ar
aan
atawas
hin
des
him
ai-
muyo
.
I
fyouworkanymore[anyha
rder]thanis
you
'reg
o i
ngt
odi
e Imat
ega
mi0k
ait
eir
uto
kor
ode
su.
youknow./I
fyoucont
inueworkingth
ewayyouarenow
you 1amw
rit
ingal
et
te
rju
stnow./1ami
nth
emi
dsto
fwr
iti
ngal
et
te
r.
wi
llendupki
lli
ngyo
ursel
f
-

3
.I
n
dic
ate
sac
ond
iti
onandbadr
esu
lt:
if
...e
n." Yak
uinwaima5
0nomon
dai0ke
ntosh
it
ei r
uto
ko.
r
odes
u.
Thedi
rec
tor
snowh a
ve problemundera
dvis
ement
./The
5
d
ire
cto
rsa
rej
ustnowt
aki
ngt
hatproblemu
nde
rco
nsi
der
ati
on.
S
ora0tob
erumonona
raton
dem
ita
i.
I
fi
twerepo
ssi
blet
otl
y[i
nesk]
y ot
1wodlet r
yit
.
3
.I ndi
cat
esa
t a
cti
onh
asj
ustcomet
oanend(
pre
ced
edby
5 V-).
K
ai s
haeikan
akuteimononar
aikit
akuna.
i
I
fitwerea
llri
ghtnott
ogotowork1woul
dn'
t[w
antt
o]g
o./1 K
arewai
maN
ari
tan
its
ui
tat
oko
rod
esu
.
would
n'tgotoworkif
Idi
dn'th
aveto. Hej
ustnowa
rri
veda
tNa
rit
a[A
io
rt
].
1
06 MONOO .
NAGAA 1
07

H
H

H
iro
tas
a
nwaky
oFu
ran
suk
arak
iko
kus
hit
ato
kor
ode
suy
O. W
ata
shin
ide
kir
uko
tod
esh
ita
ra
ote
tsu
dais
him
a$h
ft .
amoo)
("
.
H
iro
taj
ustt
oda
yre
tur
nedfromF
ran
ce. I
fthe
rehadbeens
ome
thi
ngIcouldhav
edone Iwou
ldha
ve
he
lpe t
.
dou
4
.I nd
icat
esth
econclu
sio
nofac
ert
aina
cti
ona
tth
eendo
fa
c
lau
se:when
upon

A
I
Depanitoia
w5
e
temi
tatok
oros
onoshin
amonowauriired
a
.
.I
1 n
dic
ate
s a
ttwoa
cti
onsa
ret
aki
ngp
lac
esi
mul
tan
eou
sly
:
Wh en1inq
uireda
tthede
partmentst
ore[
1foundth
at]theite
m

as
whi
le.
"
wassoldout
.(OrUponaski
ngatthedepar
tmentst
ore)
N
ote:les
ubj
ectofb
othc
1au
sesm
ustbet
hesa
me.InE
ngli
shtr
ans
lat
ion
t
hemainan
dsubor
dina
tec
1au
seso
fth
eJap
ane
sear
eusu
all
yrev
ers
ed.

Da
igakunot os
ho-k
andeshir
abe
tatokor
os
onosak
kawashimo 5o
kai
tei
takotogawak
att
a. Mai
asater
ebi0minaga
raa
s
agoha
n0tabe
mas
u.
When1checkedateuniv
ers
ityli
bra
ry
1le
arne
dthatt
hew
rit
er E
verymorning
1watchte
lev
isi
onas1e
atb
rea
kfa
st
.(L
it.
..1e
at
hadwri
ttenpoemsa
swe
ll
.(Or Uponc
hec
kin
gatt
heu
niv
er- b
rea
kfa
sta
s1w
atc
hte
lev
isi
on.
)
si
tyl
ibra
ry
..
.)
5
A
oki
-sa
nwai
ts
umoo
nga
ku0k
iki
nag
arab
enk
yos
hi
tei
ru
.
lMONOOI -
Aokia
w
hil
lw
ay
ehel
sl
i
i
s
t
s
e
t
e
n
n
st
st
omuskw
omus
ic.
)
h
ilehes
tud
ies
.(L
i

.
t-;Aokis
tud
ies

1.U
suall
yuseda
tth
eendo
fas
ent
enc
ei
ndi
cat
ingr
ese
ntm
ent 2
. Usedbet
weentwocl
aus
estoe
mph
asi
zee
yar
eopposed
o
rcomp
laint
. i
nmeanin
g: a
lough
whi
le.
"
5
O
shi
ras
eku
das
are
ba
byo
ineo
mim
ain
ima
iri
mas
hit
amono0 ...
I
fonlyyouhadt
ol 1wouldhavecomet
dme ose
eyoua
te T
akag
i-sa
nwakar
adag
ayo
waii
ina
gar
ay
okuy
oruo
sok
umade
ho
spit
a.
l sa
ke0 n
ond
eir
u.
A
loughT
aka
gis
ayshewasaweakc
ons
tit
uti
on[
poo
rhe
alt
h)
heo
fte
ndr
ink
sun
til
lat
eatn
igt
h.
1
08 TARI

.
TAR
I 1
0'

5 2
.In
dic
ate
sa
tse
ver
all
ikea
cti
onsa
repe
rfo
rme
d.


Anos e
nse
iwaga
kuseiniwach
ikok
u0s h
ina
iyoniiinag
ar
ajib
un
waitsumooku
retegak
kekur
u. G
oze
n-c
huwak
anj
i0k
air
iyo
nda
ris
uru
.
Althoughattea
cherte
ll
she
rs t
ude
ntsnottobel
at
eshehe
rse
lf I
nth
emorning1r
eadandw
riek
t a
nj
i.
i
sal
way
sla
tei
ncomingt
osc
ho.
l
o
D

K
onogo
roson
ohun
a oko
to0t
er
eb
iyaz
ass
hid
eki
it
ar
lmi
tar
l

TARII T
h
s
e
h
i
s
mu
eda
y
.
swe[ o
fte
n]s
eeandh
eara
bou
tth
ata
cto
ronTVa
nd
.I
1 ndi
cat
esth
atsev
era
lac
tio
nsa
rel
ist
edi
nnop
art
icu
lars
equ
enc
e: int
hemag
azi
nes.

suc
hthingsa
s."

3
.In
dic
ate
sre
pet
iti
ono
fco
ntr
ast
inga
cti
ons
.


N
ich
iyo
biwat
ai
te
ito
mod
acit
h eni
su0shi~ari e
ig
a0min
iit
ta
ri
sh
imu. 50n
nanit
ere
bi0t
suk
eta
rik
esh
itar
ishin
aid
ech
da
i.
S
toptu
rni
ngtheTVonand0 l
iket
hat
.
OnSund
a y
s1usua
llydos
uchi
ngsa
spl
ayt
enn
isw
ithmyi
end
s
orgotoseem
ovies
.

D Kon
sh
uk a
buwaaga
tta
risa
gat
tar
ishi
teim
u.
S
tocksaregoi
ngupanddownth
isweek
.
R
yok
och
uw
a
bij
uu
-ka
nni
-i
tt
ar
iom
iya
ge0k
att
arid
ea
tt
oiuma
n
iji
kang
ana
kun
ari
mas
hit
a. 4
. Usedwi
neverbi
npos
iti
veandn
ega
tiv
efo
rm:
s some
-
Timepa
sse
dquic
klyd
uri
ngei p
whatw
i t
hgoin
gt
omuseums t
irn
es1doandsometimes1d
on'
t."
buyi
ngsouv
eni
rsfo
rpeop
lebackhomeands
uch.

N
ote:Use
dw i
thon
lyonev
erb
t
arii
ndi
cat
es a
tthea
cti
ono
fth
eve
rbi
s
r
epr
ese
nta
tiv
eofanum
berofa
cti
on
s:suc
hthi
ngsas..
" C
hic
hiwakar
adan
och
osh
iniy
ott
eg
oru
fun
iit
ta
rli
kan
akat
ta
rl
sh
ima
su.
Myfa
thergoe
stoplayg
olf[
andn
ott
opl
ayg
olf
]de
pendi
ngon
T
enk
inow
aru
ihin
iwaied
eon
gak
u0k
ii
ta
ris
him
asu
. h
isph
ysic
alcon
dit
ion.
Onday
swhenthewea
the
ri
sbad 1l
ist
ent
omusicanddoo
the
r
su
chgsathome.
1
10 SHI TOMO 1
11
.

These
rvi
ceattha
tre
stau
ran
tisbadandt
hef
oodi
spOOrsoyou
Nichbiniwate
re
bi0m
ita
rimina
kat
tar
ishi
mas
u. hadbet
terno
tgothe
re.
Sometimes1watchTVonSund
aysandso
met
imes1do
n't
.

TOMOI

lSHII 1
.Useda
fte
rnumbersandc
oun
ter
s:
boh
t a
l
l(t
hre
e e
tc.
)."
1
.Indi
cat
es(an
do f
tene
mphasiz
es)theo
ccur
renceo
rex
ist
enc
e 3
o
ftwoormoreac
tion
sorst
ate
s:
andaswe
llas
." K
okon
iir
uhi
tot
ach
iwa
sa
nni
n mod
aig
akud
ege
ngog
aku0
b
enk
yos
him
ash
ita
.
Hawaiwak
ikowais
hi
han
amou
tsu
kus
hiis
hi
ito
kor
ode
suy
o. A
llthr
eeo
fthepeo
pleher
es tu
diedl
ing
uis
tic
sinc
oll
ege
.(L
i
.
tAs
fo
rthepe
oplewhoar
eh er
eal
lthr
ee)
H
awaiiisani
cep
lac
e:t
hec
lim
atei andt
sgood hef
low
ersa
re
be
auti
fu.
l 2 M
Konose
tawa
nima
itomoM-s
aizudesuk
a.
A
tar
ash
iik
ach
owag
ank
odas
hi
shi
got
omod
eki
naid
esuy
o. Arebo
thoft
hes
eswea
ter
smediums?
Thenews
ect
ionc
hie
fisp
igh
ead
edandc
an'
tdot
heworke
ith
er.
2
.Ae rt
he- k
uformofa d
ject
ivsi
e nd
ica
tesana ppro
xim
ate
maximumorminimum:
atthele
as
tmost
lat
es
tet
c."
2
.In
dic
ate
sar
eas
ono
rre
aso
nsf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngc
onc
lus
ion
:
and
so
." _. .;~l } o _

.Konoi
ena
ra
suk
una
kutomoi
chi
oku
-enwas
urud
esh
o.
T
hish
ous
ewouldc
osta
tIe
ast1
00m
ill
iony
en.
Ta
kem
ura
-sa
nwam
i
nnak
aras
hin
rais
ar
et
ein
ais
hi n
ink
inon
ais
hi
g
uru
pu0m
ato
mer
unowam
urid
esh
o. 1
00
Takemurai
sn o
tt r
ust
edbyanyoneandisnotp
opu
las
r oi
t Konoj
ikod
esh
ind
ahwaokutomohyakuning
i ura
ida
ro.
wouldbeimp
ossi
bleforhimt
olea
dtheg
rou
p. The[numberof
]fa
ta
li
ti
esi
n i
sac
cid
entwas1
00p
eop
lea .
t
tmos

Anor
esu
tor
anwa
sab
isuwaw
aru
ish
ir
yor
iwam
azu
ish
ii
kan
ai
hg
aid e
suy
o.
1
12 TOMO
: TO
MO 1
I

3
.In
dic
ate
sin
clu
sio
n:i
ncl
udi
ng.
"

1
S
abi
su-
1o
'tomog
oke
ii
5
ch
i

ma
n-g
ose
n-e
nde
su.
Da
w
a
a
K
k
o
un
m
ar
og
u.
aku
chotomoa hi
togaannanibij
onganain
od

Thet
ota
li 5
s1 0
00
inc
lud
ingt
hes
erv
icec
har
ge. Fo
rt h
ep r
esid
entoftheun
iver
sity
ofal
lpeopl
e t
obesolac
ldng
invisi
onisaproblem(trou
blesom
e)./We'reintrou
ble(
a
5 fi
xinbadshap
e)ifthep
ersonwhoissupposedtob
ethepr
esi-
Unc
hintomod
egom
an-ennin
arim
asug
a. dentoftheun
iver
sit
yissolac
kinginvi
sio
n.
I
tcomest
o50
000
inc
ludi
ngei
ght
.
6
.A p
pear
ingaf
tertwowordsofop
pos
itemeaningandf
oll
owe
d
4
.Usedaft
erthe-
oformofav
erb
add
sem
pha
sist
oas
upp
osi '
byi
encan
'tsa
y( y
es)or(n
o).
"
t
ion
:eve
nifnoma
tte
r."


Anohin ar
adon
nakot
ogaar
otomo 0m
' adegan
barud
aro
. Tada-sanw
o
ei
gawai mowaruimoi e
naiit
tema
shi
ta.
Nom a
t t
erwhathap
pens
he[i
fany
one]w
i l
ls t
icki
tou
ttothe Tadasai
dthathecou
1 d
n'tsa
yw he
therth
emoviewasgoodo r
bit
terend
. b
ad./Tadasai
dtha
titwashardtosa
ywhet
herthemoviewas
goodorbad.

Ash
itawayuk
ig aro moi
kutsu
mor
ida.
Eveni
fits
hou1
dsnowtomorrow1int
endt
ogo
. So
no
nedanwa
taka
itomoya
suitomoie
mase
nn
I
t'
shardt
osaywhe
therth
epri
cei
sh i
ghorl
ow.
5
.Int
heformt
omoa
ro(noun):ofa
l
l-p
eop
le(
thi
ngs
)."
.7
.Attheendofasent
ence
addsde
cis
ive
nes
stoap
osi
tiv
est
ate
-
t
men:
indee
dce
rta
inl
yofcou
rse


Shu
shomoa rohi
togason
nakoto0shit
ehei
kidawas h
in
ji-
rar
ena
t.
F
ort h
ep ri
memin
iste
r o
fal
lpeoplet
odos ome
thinglik
e at Konohon0kar
iteiduka
.
andb ecalm[a
boutit
]isunbe
lieva
ble./1can'
tb e
lie
vethat Iit
omo.
someoneintheposi
tionofprimeminis
tercou1ddos ome
- May1borrowisbo
o k
?
thin
glik
etha
twith
outes l
igh
tes
tq u
alm.
Ce
rta
inl
y.
1
14 YARA YARA 1
15

2
. Usedwithwordsofopp
osit
meaningo
rw it
hposlt
lveand
n
egati
vef o
rmsoft esamewo .Kac
h anrep
lay ar
ai n
As
hitanoshia
iniiki
mas
uka. u
sagebu
tthela
tte
risso
erinton
e: r
whethe wheth
erornot.
"
Ik
ut om
o. 5 S
Areyougoingtot
hegametomorrow?
1c
ertai
nlyam. Kumi
-chanwak o
nookashigasukinanoyarak
ira
inan oyara
nanimoiwan
ai-nde
su.
Kumidoe
sn'
tsayanhgaboutwhethershel
ike
sordi
sli
kest
his
cand
y./Kumiwon'tsaywhethers
helik
esth
ec an
dyornot
.

YAR
A/
r 5

P
atin
iik
unoy
arai
kan
ain
oya
ra
hak
kir
ish
it
eku
das
ai.
.J
1 oin
snounstoin
dic
ateanon
-ex
hau
sti
vel
is
tofi
tem
s:
suc
h
t
hin
gsas.
.
.
;andwhatwit
h."
P
leas
em itcl
ear[sa
ymakeupyo
u
rmind d
eci
de]w
het
her
ornotyoua
regoin
gto epa
rty
.
N
ote:li
susa
gei
ses
sen
tia
ll
ythes
ameasy
at
oka
a ndd
ano
al
tho
ugh e
se
t
hre
eareuse
dmore0en t
hesp
okenla
ngu
age
.. 3
.Used within
ter
ro t
iveworasexp s
sesunc
ertaty(
in
i
nst
anc
eswherew
akara
naiisnotex
pli
ci
titi
sund
ersto
od).
5 5
Anokun
in ohi
to hi sen
soyar
ain
fur
eya
rad et
aih
ende
sho N
ote su
:Thi s
agei
ssi
mi
la
rto
butal
i
tt
les
oe
rth
an
ka(
#11
11
-3
).
Wh a
twithwarin
flat
io
nandth
elie
k th
epeop
leoftha
tcount
r y

mustbeh a
vingah a
rdtim
e. 5
Anoinuwadokoeit
tanoy
arl
wa
kara
nai
-nd
esuy
o.
5 5 ?
1 1hl
ivenoi
deawheret
l dogwent
.

Sonodai
gakuniwaI
gi ui
nyaraF
urans
uj
iny
arair
oi
rona 5
k
uninohi
togaimas
uyo. Ken
-kunwadonod
aiga
kuniha
ire
ruyar
ahon
tonish
inp
aid
esu
.
At a
tuniv
ers
ityt
herearepe
opl
eomv ar
iou
scoun
tri
ess
uch 'm r
I eal
lyw
orr
iedabo
utwhichun
ive
rsi
tyKenwi
llbeab
let
oget
asEnglandandF r
ance
.( L
it.
suchasEngl
ishmenand in
to.
French
men.)
1
16 DANO N
ARI 1
1'

4
. Usedatth
eendofas en
tencei
ndic
ate
sar
het
ori
ca1q
ues
tio
n 2. Usedf
orapairofo
ppo
siteact
ion
sorst
ate
w
ithnega
tiv
ei m
pli
cat
ion
s:Iwonder." wordsorthep
osi
tiv
eandneg
ati
veformoft
he
5
.
.
.
R
ain
enwad
onn
ato
sh
inin
aruy
ara.
.. I
kudanoi
kan
aidanoi
wan
aid
ed
och
irak
anik
ime
tek
uda
saj
.
1wonderwhatkin
do fy
earn
exty
earw
illb
e./1wonderhown
ext S
tops
ayi
ngatyouwil
lgo dthent
hatyouw
on'
t80
;make
y
earwi
llturnout
. upy
ourmindonewayort
heo th
er.

5
.
..
..
Nipponnosh
oraiwadonar
uy a
ra
1wonderwhatJ a
pan
'sf
uturewi
llbel
ik
e./1wondera
bou
tth
e utorariawaimasamuidanoatsuidanoi
uhi
tog
ait
ed
och
ira
futu
reofJap
an. n
anok
awa
kar
ima
sen
.
S
inc
esomepeo
plesayAus
tra
liai
sco
l andsomesayi
dnow t
's
ho
tI
'mno
tsurewhichi
tis
.

DANOI INARII

1
.Indi
cate
san
on-
exh
aus
tiv
eli
stofi
tem
sora
cti
ons
:s
uch
t
hin
gsas
." .I
1 n
dic
ate
sac
hoi
ce:
or
whe
the
rornot
.
"
N
ot:D
e a
noac
o
llo
qui
alu
sag
ei
ssi
mil
a oy
rt a
ra dt
oka
. N
ote:T
hisus
agei
ss l
lIart
oth
emo
recommonk
a(#11I
1
)
btn
u a
ri
l
end
ssl
ig
ht
Jymoree
mpha
sis.

-_.~
Kur
isumasuniwatomo
dachikarahondanok
are
ndadano
chok
oret
odano0mor
aimas
hita
. S
onomond
ainits
ui
t
Mat
sud
a-s
ens
ein
ar
iTa
kay
ama-
se
ns
ein
ari
AtChri
stma1r
s e
cei
vedomf rie
nd ac
sabook a
1en
darsome nik
ii
tem
iteku
das
ai.
c
hoc
ola
te
sando
the
rsu
cht
hin
gs. P
lea
sea
skei
the
rPr
ofe
sso
rMatsudao
rPr
ofe
sso
rTakayamaa
bou
t
th
atp
rob
lem.


Ga
kus
ein
oto
kiwa
Sh
opa
ndanoR
isu
todanon
opi
ano
-ky
oku0 A
shi
tai
kun
ari
as
att
eik
una
ri
hay
akuk
ime
mas
ho.
y
okuh
iki
mas
hit
a.' Le
t'shur
ryupandd eci
d ew
hethe
rwea reg
oingtomorroworth
e
When1wasast
uden
t1p
layedal
oto
fpi
anop
iec
esbys
uchcom- dayaertomorrow./Arewegoingtomorroworthedayae
r
po
ser
sasChopinandL
ist
z. tomorrow?Le
t'shurryupanddec
ide
.
1
18 NARI
-TEWA(DEWA) 1
19

2
.In
dic
ate
sas
ugg
est
io:
n o
rso
met
hin
g." 5
.Thee
xpr
ess
iond
ain
aris
hon
ar
i:
whe
the
rbi
gors
mal
l."


D
okon
id
emoda
ina
ris
hon
arim
ond
aiwaa
rud
esh
o.
Mada;
j
ngaarim
uka
k
iss
ate
ndeo
cha0nomun
aris
him
ash
o
K
a. T
herear
eproblemseverywhere-somebi
gsomesma
ll./E
ver
y-
oneh
asproblems
whethertheybebigo
rsmall.
S
inc
eth
ere
'sst
il
lti
me
sha
llwed
rin
ksomet
eaa
tac
off
eeshopo
r
so
met
hing?

-TEWA(-DEWA)
Kenk
nota
menit
eni
sun
ar
igo
ru
na
ri
nan
ikau
ndo0s
hit
ah
gaide
suy
o. ()
F
orthesak
eofyourhe
alt
hyouhadb
ett
erg
etsomee
xer
cie
s l
ike
pl
ayin
gtenn
isorgo
lf. N
ote
:H e
reweareconc
emedwithwai ncom
bin
ati
onw
itht he
te(
d
e)
f
ormofv
erb
s.S
eeal
sowa(#1
par
tic
ula
rlyn
o.5)a
ndwa(#7).
.Ind
ica
testh
atasecondac
tionh
llo
wsi
mme
dia
tel
yupont
he
a
cti
onprece
din
git
:
a ssoona
s." 1
.In
dic
ate
sth
ere
pet
iti
ono
ftwoc
ont
ras
tin
ga
lte
rna
tin
gac
tio
ns.

N
ote
:Th
isu
sag
eiss
imi
la I
rto(#6II
-l
)ad-
n t
ar
a(#
35
no.5
)
.


Debidd
osa
nwa k
anj
i0ka
itewakes
hi
kai
tewakes
hish
it
eim
u .
S
hin
gog
aaon
ina
run
ar
ima
ttei
t
akurumag
aha
shi
rid
ash
ita
Davidwri
testhekan
jiandera
sesthemandw
rite
sandera
ses
them[a
gai
n].
Assoona
sth
eli
ghtt
urn
edg
ren
e t
hew
ait
ing
car
sbeganm
ovi
ng.

Y
ama
mot
o-s
ang
ade
nsh
anit
obi
nor
una
ri
doag
ash
ima
tta
. K
aig
ann
iwanamig
ay
ose
tewak
aes
hi
kae
shi
teway
ose
tei
mas
u.
Assoona
sYamamotojumpedi
ntot
het
rai
nt
hed
oor
scl
ose
d.
Att
hes
hor
et
hewavesa
dva
nceandr
ece
de
rec
edeanda
dva
nce
.

1.Thee
xpr
ess
ionn
ann
ar
i:
wha
tev
er
anh
ing
." 2
.Int
heformn
ish
it
ewa(
ors
hi
tew
a):f
or.
"

D

mannak
Go otog
aat
ta n
ann
arit
o0 h
att
eku
das
ai. N
icb
h inish
itewad
epa
togasu
it
eimas
une
.
I
fther
eisanhingu
nsa
tis
fac
tor
yp
lea
ses
ays
o[l
i
t.
sayw
hat
- F
o
raSundaythede
partm
entst
ore
sar
enotve
ryc
row
ded
.
ev
eriti
sl
.
1
20 TEWA(-DEWA) DOKORO 1
21

d
)Int
h t
eform-ewai
rar
ena
:
ibeu
nab
let
o."
waNihonj
Anohi inn
ishi
tew
aEig
ogaumaid
esun
e.

ForaJa
pan
es
ehe
rEngl
ishi
spr
ett
ygood
.
Konom
ond
ain
its
ui
t
ewawa
tas
hiwad
ama
ttewai
rar
ema
sen
.
1c
ann
otr
ema
ins
ile
nta
bou
ti
spr
obl
em.
3
.A cond
iti
onalp
att
erna
lway
sw it
hth
ere
sul
tcl
aus
eint
he
n
ega
tiv
eorwithan
ega
tiv
eimpl
icat
ion
.
a
)In
dic
ate
sanu
nde
sir
abl
epo
ssi
bil
ityl
ead
ingt
oan
ega
tiv
ere
sut
.
l

J DOKOROI~~

'Ha
rag
ahet
tewai
kt
g adek
inu"m uka
shinoh
iwaiim
ash
ita
. .E
1 mpha
sizesanega
tiveact
ionorst
atea
sagai
nstt
heimp
oss
i-

Youca
n'tf
igh
tonanemptystomach"peop
leofo
lds
aid
. b
ili
tyofacontr
asti
ngposi
tiveact
ionorst
at
e:i
tisou
to fe
q
uesti
onun
think
ablef
arfrom
b
)Intheform t
ewak
oma
ru:
the
rew
il
lbeproblemsi
f
;you
s
hou
ld't
n .
"
K
on o
gorowas
higo
togais
oga
shi
kut
er
y
okonii
kudok
orod
ewan
ai
.
I
'vebee
nsobusyla
tel
yt
aki
ngatri
pisunt
hin
kab
le.

hF
Kok
onikuru
m a0t
ome
tewakomar
imas
u.

MV411

Yoush
oul
dn'
tp kth
ecarh
er.(
e Li
t
.Par
kin
gth
eca
rhe
rew
ill
b
ein
con
ven
ien
t[t
rou
ble
soe
m ab
oth
er]
).
Anoh
itowas
hus
aid
oko
ron
oha
nas
hij
ana
kut
emarud
ete
ns
ai
des
un
I
tisn
otam
att
ero
fhi
sbe
ingb
ril
lia
nt;h
eisana
bso
lut
ege
niu
s.
c)_
Intheformst
ewai
ken
aio
r-t
ewan
ara
nai
:yous
ho
d
n'
t
youmu
st n
't.
"
2
.I nteformd
h oko
rok
ane
gat
est
hef
ir
sto
ftwop
ara
lle
lno
uns
:
f
arom;no
tme
rel
y."
Koe
ndehana0to
tt
ewai k
ema
sen
. 1 1
Yoush
oul
dn o
tpickf
low
ersi
nthepk. 3
F
utsuwai c
hi-
jik
angur
aik a
karugaki
nowam ich
igako
ndei
t
e
ic
hiika
nd o
korokasa
njik
anmok a
kat
ta.
Kokodeta
bako0su
ttewanar
ana
i. O
rdina
rilyittak
esanhour butyes
terda
yt h
er oa
dswe
reso
Youmustnotsmokehe
re. crowdedatf
;omo nehour
ittookt
hre
e.
1
22. TOSHITE Y
U I

Anoh
Hei
it
qwaE
i
sgoodn
o
god
tm
e
o
r
k
e
l
o
rok
ya
a
tE

n
g
F
u
l
r
i
s
a
ns
h
b
u
-
u
gomoy
ta
tFr
e
o
n
k
c
ud
ha
ek
sw
e
i
m
l
a
l
.
s
uyO
.
I
N
o
YORII
te
:Yo
r

ii
sso
rne
tim
esd
isp
lac
edbyn
ons
tan
dady
r o
rlmol
nd1
0l
r .

1
.In
dic
ate
sac
omp
ari
son
:t
han
."

F Y
osh
ida
-sa
nwaK
oid
e-s
any
oris
egat
aka
ide
su.
TOSHITEI
Y
osh
idai
sta
lle
rth
anK
oid
e.
.w
1 d
ica
tess
tat
uso
rpo
sit
ion
:i
nec
apa
cit
yo"
f
o
N
ote
:Co
ntr
astw
ith0(#18
no.6
). N
yuy
okuy
oriT
oky
onoh
og
aji
nkog
aoid
es
u.
Thep
opu
lat
ionofTokyoi
sgr
eat
ert
hant
ha k
tofNewYor.

S
hop
a
nwaPo
ran
don
osa
kky
okuk
ato
shi
tey
ume
ide
su.
2
.Int
heformt
oiuy
or
i:r
ae
r."
Chopini
sfamousa
saP
oli
shc
omp
ose
r.


washido-shai
Anohi uyo
ri
dok
usa
i-s
had
esu
.
Ko
chir
aga
kk
ang a
k
us
eitosh
iteNi
honeki
taH
owait
o-sa
ndes
u.
Hei
sadic
tato
rra
the
rth
anal
ead
er./Hei
smoreo
fad
ict
ato
r
ThisMs.Wh
si it
ewhohascometoJap
ana
sanexc
hanges
tud
ent
. th
anal
eader
.

.Usedw
ith
one
"andc
oun
ter
sin
cor
por
ati
ng
one
":
wit
hou
t A
e
xce
pti
on.
" .
t
14a
iga
kun
oga
kuc
h
owaga
kus
hai
uyo
ris
ei
ji
-k
ada
.
Thep
res
ide
nto
fAU
niv
ers
ityi
smoreo
fap
oli
tic
iant
hanas
cho
lar
.
1
Anohit
ota
chinosur
ushi
got
owah
ito
tsut
osh
iteimonoganain
des
u. 3
.Usedw ithin
ter
rog
atiewords
v in
dic
ate
sth
att
het
hin
gpr
evi
-
Youcan
'tsayonegoodt
hinga
bou
ttheworkthe
ydo.(L
i
.
t [Of] ou
slymentionedi
sinthesup
erl
ati
ve.
t
heworkt
hos
epe
opedo
l the
rei
sno
tonegoodt
hin
g.) o
Konomis
en oFur
ansur
iwa
dokoyor
iois
hiit
oomoima
su.
1
1thi
nkatt h
eFren
c hfoo
datt
hisre
stau
ran
tisbe
tte
rthanany
-
K
ach
owam
aja
nn
iic
hid
oto
shi
tek
att
ako
tog
aar
ima
sen

wheree
lse
.
Thes
ect
ionc
hie
fha
sne
vero
ncewona
tMajong.
1
24 YORI Y
ORI 1
25

Atra
iniscomingsople
ases
tepbackfromthew
hiteI
lneand
J t
wai./Atra
inisa
rriv
ing
.Ple
asewai
tbehindt
hewhl
teI
Ine
.
K
arewawatashinipur
opo
z us
hi
taki"bok
uwad a
rey
orimok imi
oai
shi
teiru"i t
tanoy
O.
Whenheproposedtomehesa
id
1loveyoumoreananyone." Wa
tas
hin
oiewae
kiy
orit
ema
enia
ru
.
Myhouseisoniss
ideoft
hes
tat
ion
.(L
i
.
t Myhous
eisb
efo
re
wheret
hesta
tio
nis
.)
Og
enk
i-s
oden
aniy
orid
esu
.
I
'mg l
adtoseeyoulook
ings
owe
ll.(
L
i.
t Yourlookingw
elli
s .I
ndi
cat
esac
aus
er
eas
on
orm
oti
vat
io:
n a
sar
esu
lto
f."
morethananhi
ng.
)

S
eng
ets
unos
hi
joc
ho
s
ayo
riu
gin
oyon
ake
kkag
aak
ira
kan
ina
tta
.

4
.In
dic
ate
sth
etimeo
rpl
acea
twhichana
cti
onb
egi
ns:
Asares
ulto
flas
tmonth'smarketr
ese
arh
c t
hef
oll
owi
ngr
esu
lts
t
a.
"
havecometolig
ht
.
N
ote:Thi
su sa
geiseq
uiv
ale
nttoka
ra(#151
-1[ti
me]and1
-2[pl
ace
])
a
ltho
ughyor
iismorefor
malan
dismorecommonlyuse
dinwri
tin
gan d
e
lev
ate
dspee
ch. K
ase
nnoo
seny
orid
ens
en-
byog
aha
sse
ish
it
a.
I
nfe
ctio
usd i
sea
seshavebrokenouta
sar
esu
ltof[
duet
o]p
ol-
3 lu
tedriv
ers
.
S
anj
iyo
rik
aku
gig
aok
ona
war
ema
su.
Ac
abi
netmeetingw
illb
egi
nat[
beh
eldom]t
hre
eo'
clo
ck. 7
.Intheformy
orihokana~ in
dica
tesal
imi
tin
gofc
hoi
cest
o
oneo
nly
:
therei
snothinge
lsebut.
"

K
ono
kok
kyy
orimukog
aCh
ugo
kud
esu
.
Fromthi
s[ po
intof
the]borderoni
sCh
ina
./Ont
heo
the
rsi
de
ofth
isborderi
sChin
a. K
okomade)
tt
and
esuk
ar
aow
arimadey
aruy
orih
okan
aid
esh
o.
S
incewe'vedonethi
smucht
herei
snothingel
set
odobutf
ini
sh
it
./Sincewe'vecomei
sfa
rwe'
llj
usthavetof
ini
s t
.
hi
5
.Indi
cat
esap
lac
eorp
osi
tio
nfromwhichana
cti
ono
ccu
rs:
f
rom
."

Tei
dendakar
ade
nkigats
ukumademat
teIr
uy o
rlhokana
i.
B
ecausei
t'
spowerfa
ilu
re
ther
eisno
thinge
lsetodobutwa
itt
i
ll
D
enshagama
iri
mas
uka
ra
hak
use
nyo
riu
shi
ron
isa
gat
teo
mac
hi t
heele
ctri
cit
ycomeson./Sin
cethe
re'
sbeenapowerou
tas
e
ku
das
ai. w
e'l
lsimplyhavet
owa
itunt
ilthee
lec
tri
cit
ycomeso
n.
1
26 SAE SURA/KOSO 1
27

l
SA
EI i
SUR
AI

1E
. v
en.
"

N
ote
:l
i
sus
agei
ssi
mi
la
rtod
emo(
#5
no )
.2 b
uti
smo
ree
mph
ati
c. N
ote
:T h
ismorefor
male
qui
val
en fs
to a
e(#51
no.1
)iss
eenm
osto
fte
nin
n
ega
tv
Iesen
ten
ces
.

S
onom
ond
aiwas
ens
eid
esa
eko
tae
rar
ena
kat
ta. 5
Event
het
eac
herc
oul
dn'
tan
swe
rth
at[
te
st
]qu
est
ion
. Yam
ada-sanwaEi
gono'
os
hin
anon~ n
ichi
jo-
kai
was
urad
eki
nai
.
A
lthoughYamadai
sanEng
1is
hte
ache
r s
hecan
'tev
enca
rryon
ano
rdi
nar
yco
nve
rsa
tio
n.
S
onn
aka
nta
nnak
ot
owakodomod
esa
esh
it
tei
mas
uyo
.
5o
Evenachil
dknowssuchasimp
lethi
ng!/Amerec
hil
dwould
knows
ometh
ingass
implea
sthat
. Yamadeuj
osa
ret
ahi
tot
ach h
iwa i
rod
eug
okuk
otos
urad
eki
nak
att
a.
Thepeo
plerescuedi
nth
emountainsw
eres
oex
hau
ste
dth
ey
2
.Int eforms
h ae.
.
.- t
araorsa
e..
.- b
aimp
liest
hati
fsome- cou
e venmove.
t
hin
ga ddit
ioa
n1is(hadbeen
)done apo
siti
veoutcomewi
ll
o
ccur(wouldhav
eocc
urre
d):i
fonl
y."
5-
Mog
I
of
tms
aea
r

fwehadhado
a
n

l
h
i-
yf
i
k
v
in
iman
i-
emorem
i
a
t
n
t
u
t
an

e
on

s
i
...
wewouldh
avebeenon
lKosol
tu
nf
orUld
lig
ht.

.Addse
1 mph
asi
stot
hewordp
rec
edi
n t
.
gi

Raine
nk os
oY
oropp eok
osh
itio
a m
otteim
asu
.
Ken-
chanwaa t
amagai
i-
nd e
sukar
abenky
osaes
ure
baidaig
aku Nextyea
rforc
ert
ain 1amt
hin
kingo
fmakingatr
ipt
oEu
rop
e./
n
ihaire
masuyo
. Nexty
earf
ors
ur
e1hopet
omakeat
ript
oEu
rop
e.
Kenhasagoodheadonhi
ss h
oul
derss
oifheon
lystu
dis
e h
e'
ll
b
eab
let
oge
tin
toagoodu
niv
ers
ity
.
Ko
ndok
os
oga
nba
rim
ash
o.
L
etsg
' i
vei
tourb
est i
sti
me.
1
28 NE
NB 1
2P

2
.I nth
eidio
matice
xpr
ess
ionk
och
irak
os
o:nota
tal
lt
hep
lea
-
s
ureisa
llm
ine."
S
uba
ras
hiie
nsod
att
awan
e.
Thatwassuchawonderfulc
onc
ert
.

Domoar
iga
togo
zai
mas
hit
a. N
ot:H
e e
re
wai
ndi
cat
est
ha
tawomani
ssp
eal
dng
.
Ko
chi
rako
so.
Thankyouve much. 2
.In
dic
ate
sagreementw
itht
heo
the
rpe
rso
n.
Theple
asur
eisallmin
e.(
L
it
.
Iti
spr
eci
sel
yme[whos
hou
ldbe
thaingyou
].)
Ho
nton
isod
esun
e.
Y
es
tha
t'sq
uit
etr
ue./T
hat
'ss
otr
ue.
SENTENCE-ENDINGPARTICLES

l e
re emanys entence-endingpar
ticlsi
e nJ apanes
e.Usedcom-
Os
sha
rut
or
ide
sun
e.
monlyi nt hespokenl a n
guagetheseparticlesalongwiththe
toneofv oiceinwhichtheya reused helpconveyemotional Y
es
it
'sj
ust yous
ay./Yo
u'r
equ
iter
igt
h.
nuancesoenw ithouta ct
uallyalter
inginanywayt heexpli
cit
contentofthesentenc
e:e ..
g o
negaishimasu onagaishimasun
e 3
.So
fte
nsar
equ
est
.
andonegaishimasuyoarea l
lsimil
ar a t e yexpressareque
st
butaresoenedore mphasizesbyt heappendedp art
icle
.F u
rther-
morecerta
ins e
nt e
nce-e n
dingp a
rticl
esa r
eusedpredominantly D
eki
reb
aze
hio
neg
ais
him
asun
e.
bymen other
sbywomen.Somep arti
cleshavebothe nd
-of-sen
- I
fpos
sibe
l ple
sebesu
t
o[d
oit
]./Ifyouwould[
dot
ha]
t I
'd
ten
ceandm id-s
en ten
ceu sagessucha sK'ka k a
ra mad
en
o su
relyapp
recia
t t
.
ei
keredomononikus
eni -ta
ra;mono0 moy ar
l

Ka
nar
azut
ega
mi0k
uda
sain
e.
NEI Bes
uret
owr
ite[meal
ett
er]
.

N
ote
:Nei
sso
met
ime
spr
ono
unc
edn
e.
4
.In
dic
ate
sar
equ
estf
orc
onf
irm
ati
on.
1
.In
dic
ate
semotiono
rfe
e1
in
gsofa
dmi
rat
ion
.
Anoh
on
mot
tek
it
eku
das
att
ade
shon
e.
K
ire
inahanan
e. Youbro
ugh
tme atbookdi
'tyou[a
s1a
ske ol
dyout?/1sup-
pos
eyoubroughtt
hatbookfo
rme.
Whatap
ret
tyf
lowr
e!
1
30 NE YO 1
31

Harada
- s
ankyokuui
r t
tandes
un iYOI
Haradasaidthathe
'dbecomingt o
dayrig
ht?/I
twast
oda
y 1
.Ur
gesac
o1ir
seo
fac
tio
n.
w
asn'ti
tth
atHaradas
aidhewou1
dc o
m e
.

5
.In
dic
ate
sam
ilda
sse
rti
ono
fo
rva
ria
nc n
ei o
pin
ion
. Modaib
uaru
itak
ar
ako
nohendech
ott
oyasu
m oy
o.
L
et
'st
akeab
reaka
bou
ther
eg
uy.We'vea
s 1r
eaywa
d 1ke
dqu
iteab
it
.

Sod
esukan
e.
Oh
isth
ats
o?/1w
ond
er./Yout
hin
kso
? Anote
nra
n-k
aieit
t
emima
sh y
o.
Comeonl
et
'sg
ototh
atex
hibi
tio
n.

Ho
nton
iso
nnak
otoo
kot
ta-
nde
shok
ane
.
2
.In
dic
ate
sar
equ
est(
som
ewh
ats
tro
nge
rth
ann
e#
54
no
.3)
.
Hmm Iwonderift
hat
'swhata
ctu
all
yhappened[
ifs
ome
thi
ng
l
ik
et h
atrea
Ilyh
appene
d].
K
ono
sh s
hik
ade
ki e
nka
raz
e
hio
neg
ais
him
asu
6
.In
dic
ate
sam
ilda
sse
rti
on. Y
ou'r
etheonl
yonewhoc
anh
and
let
hisj
ob
so1 a
ll
ywantyou
tot
akit
on.
o
Anohi
tot
ach
inan
i0k a
ngaet
eirunok
awakar
imase
nne.
1j
ustc
an'
tunders
tandwhatthy
e'r
eth
ink
ingabo
ut[wh
at'
sgo
ing Wat
ash
inoien
imokit
eku
das
aiy
o.
oninth
eirmi
nds]. Cometomyho
use
too
.

3
.In
dic
ate
sas
tat
eme
nto
fce
rta
int
y.
Wata
shiwaHok
kaid
on ohgasa
mu iom
ou-
nde
suk
edon
e.
1wou1dt
hin
ktha
tHokkaidoi
scol
der. 1 3
I
eK
e
iko sh o endemh it
aka
ra mj
u
san
-sa
ides
u-
NoKeikogra
duat
edfro~ el
eme
ntarysch
ooll
astye
s osh
e's
aI
readyth
irte
en s(
)l
dyous
ee.

Kyowakin
'yob
idesuyo.
Todayi
sFrida
yyouk n
ow.(
Sta
te
d f
ore
xam
ple
aft
ersomeone
hascl
aimedoth
erwi
se.)
1
32 WA KANA 1
33

4
.In
dic
ate
ssc
old
ingo t
rcontemp. I i
nki
twouldbebe
tte
rtobuyitata
not
hers
tor
e.I1t
hin
kyou
hadbe
tte
rbuyita
tanoth
erst
ore.

washigogad
Anohi eki
naiway
o.
Hej
ustc
an'
tdot
hew
ork
! W
ata
shin
ohog
awa
ruk
att
awa
.Gomenn
asa
ine
.
twasa
I l
lmyf
aut
l.I
'ms
oso
rry
.
N
ote
:Her
eth
eco
mbi
nat
io fw
no ayoi
ndi
cat
est
ha
tawomani
ssp
eak
ing
.
S
ee#
56.

T
ani
-sa
ns
onn
aw
Tani;yous
ho
a
r
u
l
u
d
ik
n
'
otoo
.
tdoa
n
s
h
y
i
t
t
h
ewai
in
g[
k
b
a
e
d
m
a
J
l
s
i
e
ny
k
o
.
e a
t!
K
ANA
I
N
ote:Us
edp
rin
cip
a1
lyb
yme
n;t
hew
ome
n'se
qui
va
1e
n fk
to an
aisk
as
hi
ra
(
#58
).

.I
1 n
dic
ate
sun
cer
tai
nt:
y Iwonder."
1
WAI
N
ote
:(1
)S iswr
ittnw
e i
tht
heka
na (o
r) op o (
t or Ka
chon
anj
inikurukan
a.

)use
dfo
rpar
ti
cle#1.()Wai
2 sus
edma
inl
ybywo
men. What thes
ecti
onch
iefc
orn
in
g1wonder.

1
.In
dic
ate
semotiono
rfl
ing
sofa
dmi
rat
ion
.
T
aga
-ku
nwako
nos
hig
od
eku
ruk
ana
.

K
on'
yan
oop
er
awaho
nton
isu r
as1
i
it
taw~
1
. 1wonderifT
agacandot
hisj
ob.
1CouldTagahandle i
sjo
b?1
wonder.
l
eop
erat
oni
ghtwasa
bso
lut
elyf
abu
lou
s.

2
.In
dic
ate
saq
ues
tio
ntoo
nes
el:
f Iwonder."
Konoi
keb
anawam
igdesuwa.
o
T
hisf
low
era
rra
nge
men
tiss
imp
lys
ple
ndi
d! Kyowan
an-
yob
ida
ttak
ana
.

Hmmwhatdayi
sto
day
?
2
.So
fte
nst
het
oneofas
tat
eme
nt.


Ta
nakas
a
ntoaunowan
a j
ida
ttakan
a.
Hokan
omi
sed
eka
ttah
ogaiomouwa. Now
whatti
mewasi
tat1wasgoi
ngtomeetTanaka?
3
4 KASHlRA
NA I

3
.In
dic
ate
sahopeo
rmutedr
equ
est
:I
won
der
." S
Konnasu
tek
inapu
rez
enomorattinokashira.

Kon
osh~ to t
anon
deik an
a.
1wonderif1sho
uldac
cep
ts uchalove
lyp res
ent
./Oh you
shou
ldn
'thav
e./Ohw
hatalovel
ypr
ese
ntl1d on
'tde
.er
v .
t
ei
1
wonderifIc o
uldask[
yout
odo]i
sjo
b./C 1a
sky
out
ota
ke
ca
reofth
i sw ork?
3
.In
dic
ate
sah
opeo
rmutedr
equ
est
:Iwond
er.
"
5
A
shi
tanoas
ah a
yakuka
ish
anikit
emoraerukana. Konbanwatash
inos h
uku
dai0t
ets
uda
ttek
ure
rukash
ira.
1
wonderi
fyoucou
ldcometoth
e0 ceea
rlytomor
rowmoming. 1wonderifyouwouldhe
lpmewit
hmyhomew rkton
igh.
t/00
/Cou
ldyoucometoeoffi
ceea
rlytomorrowmoming? yout h
inky o
uc o
uldhe
lpm~th myhomeworkton
igh
t?

5
Kdnpy
utanotsu
kaik
ata
osh
iet
eit
ada
keruk
ashi
ra.
SHIRAI
1wonderi
/Coul
f
dyo
yo
uc
upos
s
o
u
i
l
b
dt
l
yt
e
e
a
a
c
hmehowt
c
hmehowt
oo
oo
p
p
e
e
r
r
a
a
t
tet
eth
h
ec
eco
o
m
p
m
u
p
u
t
t
e
e
r
r
?
.

N
ote
:l
eus
ag
eso
fka
shi
raa
ree
ss
en
ti
al
lyt
hes
amea
sth
os
eofk
ane
xce
pt
t
he
yar
emo
st
1ye
mpl
oye
dbyw
ome
n.

1
.In
dic
ate
sun
cer
ta
tyI
: w
ond
er.
"
5

NAI
Shac
ho-sa
nonanjin
ikais
haeira
sshai
mas
ukas
hir
a. .I
l n
dic
ate
sem
oti
on.M
ost
lyu
sedbym
en.
1wonderwha
ttimethepr
esid
entw
illcometoeoto
day
. N
ote
:Nai
nth
i
sus
agei
s0e
nle
ngt
hen
edt
on
5
Konokik
ainotsu
kai
kat
ago
zon
jidei
ras
shai
mas
ukash
ira
. Anohi
towasub
ara
shi
ina.
1wonderi
fyou
'reacqu
aint
edwit
hhowthi
smachi
neisru
n. Sh
e'sr
eal
lyg
rea
t[some
thi
ng]
!

2
.In
dic
ate
saq
ues
tio
ntoo
nes
elf
:"1w
ond
er.
" o
K
ire
inahos
hidan
a.
5
Whatab
eau
tif
uls
ta
r!
Mok a
ett
emoin ok
ashi
ra.
1wonderi
fi
t'
sal
lri
ghttol
eav
enow[
if
Ica
nle
aven
ow]
.
1
36 NA A t
i a7

2
.As
ksf
ora
not
herp
ers
onsagreemen.
' tUsedbymen. .I
5 n
dic
ate
sap
roh
ibi
tio
n.Usedbymen.

Anokurumawash
inshad
ay on a. Z
ett
ainiai
tsunia
una.
That
'sanewca
rr
igh
t?/That'~ anewc
ar
1be
t. S
tayawayfromatbum
youh
ear
./Keepc
lea
rof
tha
tgu
y.

o
A
sok
owas amu
in a
. Moanobaniikun
a.
I
t
'sc
old e
rei
sn
'tit
. Do
n'tgot
ot h
atba
reve
rag
ain
!/Nomoreg
oin
gtot
hatb
ar
he
ar.

.S
3 o
fte
nsee
ffe
cto
fana
sse
rti
on.

Anohit
owanaka
nakar
ippan
ahit
odatoomouna
.
1re
all
ythi
nk[
'ds
I ay
]tha
theisaf
in
eups
tand
ingpe
rso
n.
1
.So
fte
nsana
sse
rti
on t
.Usedmos1ybymen.

Konoe
igaway
okun
aka
ttan
a. A
shi
tanoT
aka
hashi
-sann
opat
iniwamo
chir
onikus
a.
T
hismoviej
ustw
asn
'tv
eryg
ood
. I
'mgoi
ngt
oTaka
hashi
'sp
art
ytomorrowofco
urs
e.

.S
4 oft
ensacommandorre
que
st
(rs
texam
pleawomansp
eak
-
i
ngw
ithtyp
iclk
a ud
asainap
attem
;se
con
de xa
mpleam
an)
. S
oreyo
rik
otc
hinose
tanoh
ogaok
iisa
.
T
hiss
weat
er'sbi
gge
rtha
ntha
toneI
'dsa
y.

N
ari
tamadeit
tek
udasa
ina.
2
.In
dic
ate
sac
rit
ica
lre
spo
nset
oso
met
hin
g.
N
ari
ta[A
irp
or]
t ple
ase[i
fyoup
le
e].

Annamunonash
ain0i
rer
ukar
aka
ish
ag anob
ina
inosa
.
As
hit
akana
raz
uko
ina
. I
t'
sbeca
useeyhi
rein
compe
tentp
eopleli
kehimatt
hecom-
Besu
ret
ocometo
morr
ow. panyd
oes
n'tg
row
.

Anohinoy
ari
sn
ak o
tosa.
I
t'
ss o
met
hin
ghewoulddo
./It'
sju
stl
ikeh
im.
1
38 KOTO .
KkB Ug

l
KOTOI
-KKE I
N
ot:K
e o
toa
sas
ent
enc
e-e
ndi
ngp
ar
ti
cl
ei
sus
edm
ain
Iyb
ywo
men
. N
ote:-K
kef
oll
ow
sV -
a
ndAdj
-taf
or
m s.I
nfm
ini
ne.
pe
eh
c t
hev
er
bCo
rm.
t
endtobed
es
ude
sh
it
a d
V-mhit

.I
1 n
dic
ate
sem
oti
on.
.I
1 ndi
cat
esamutedque
stio
nincas
eswhenth
erei
sinfo
rmat
ion

s
har
edwitha
ninter
loc
utor t
hespe
akeri
stry
ingt
orec
al
l.
Konoh
a n
an oi
ronout
suk
ush
iiko
to.
Whatanexq
uis
itec
olo
r i
sflo
werha
s!
A
shi
tanokek
kon-
shi'wa
k
i
nanj
inihaj
imaru
-nde
shit
a-k
ke.
Wha
ttimei
st h
ew eddi
ngg o
ingtos
tar
tt o
morro
w?IThew e
d-
Oi
shi
ior
yor
ides
uko
to. di
ngtomorrow-whattimewasi
tgoin
gtost
ar
t?
Whatma
rvel
ous
lyd
eli
cio
usf
ood
!

2
.In
dic
ate
sas
ugg
est
iono
rin
vit
ati
on. An
atanoi
ewado
koda
tta
-kke
.
Now
wher
ewasy
our
house?IWhe
red
idyous
ayy
ourh
ous
ewa
s?

Dokokaeoh
anamin
iik
ima
senkot
o. 2
.In
dica
testha
tth
esp
eak
eri
sre
mem
ber
in i
gsome n
gom
Sh
allwegof
low
ervi
ewi
ngsome
where? t
hed
ist
antpa
st
.

I
chi
doKui
neri
zab
esugon
in
ott
emi
masenk
oto
. Konohe
nn ig
akkogaatt
a-k
ke.
_
Shallw
ejus
toncegoa
b o
ardteQ
h uee
nEli
zab
eth
? Di
dn'tt
her
eusedtobeasch
ool oundhe
reJ1
? s
eemt
ore
mem
ber
atther
ewasas c
hoolaroun
dh er
e.

Anohitoyok
us a
ke0non
dak
ke.
Backi
ntheo
lddays1u
sedt
ogok i
nga10tw
ithhim.11
remem-
b
ergoi
ngdrin
kingwi
thhimqui
teabi
t.
1
40 -
TIEBAI
' I
MONO 1
41

Why'
dyougo f
ara
s[a
llt
hewayt
o]S
hin
juk
u?
EBA1
o
1
.In
dic
atsannoyan w
e ia
not
herp
ers
on.
Ki
nodokodenon
da-nda
i.
Wher
e'dyougo i
nki
ngyes
ter
day
?
A
shi
tamaden
ide
kin
ake
reb
ako
mar
u-t
teb
a.
I
'mt e
llin
gyou g
oin
gtobet
rou
blei
fit
'sn
otdoneby
tomorrow. MataA
mer
ikan
ish
utc
hok
ai
tai
hend
ana
.
0t
oth
eU.
S.onb
usi
nes
sag
ain
?Hangi
nth
ere
.

Raine
nd ewaos
osu
gir
u-tt
eba.
Nextyerw
a il
lbetoola
teI
'mtel
lin
gyo
u. '
Anohi
gen
kid
a k
ai
.
Howwass
he?/How'
ssh
ege
ttm
gal
ong
?
2
.In
dic
ate
sani
ndi
rec
tcommando
rpr
ohi
bit
ion
.

So
nnak
oto0s
hit
ar
adamed
a-t
teb
a.
I
'mte
lli
ngyou ati
t'snogoodi
fyoudos
ucha /Iwo

MONol
do ifIwereyou.
N
ote
:l eprim
arym e
aningofmon
oasas ente
nce-
end
ingpa
rt
icl
eis

beus
e"orth
ereas
oni
s"d ein
div
idu
alusa
gesbe
low
wit
hthei
r
s
pe
ci
alcon
not
atio
nsi
smeani
ngi
sst
i
llv
agu
elyfe
lt
.
K
onp
yut
a0t
suk
qwa
nak
ere
b d
eki
nai
-tt
eba
.
I
'mtell
ingyoua tu
tyoucan'tdoi n1e
ssyouusetheco
mpute
r. :Indicatesanexcuse
r adi
ssa
tis
fac
tio
honfd
esi obei
"t ndu
lge
d
/Youwon'tgtanywhereu
e n1e
ssyouuset
h
ecomputerIds
' ay
. orpampered.Usedbywoman.

a
)Reasono
rex
cus
e.

1
"
'


1
.F oll
owi
ngd
aor i
ndi
cat
esani
nfo
nna
lqu
est
ion
.Usedm
ost
ly Anoeig
awao m
oshir
okunai
-ndes
um ono
.Dak ari
a kan
aka
tta
bymen. noyo
.
Tha
tmoviei
ss l
ytoob
orin
g.Tha'swhy1d
t idn
'tgo.
Dos
hi
teS
hin
juk
umadei
tt
a-
nda
i.
1
42 MONO ZE/
ZO 1
43

ZEI


Doshi
tetab
enai
-nda
i. N
ote
:A dd
sf o
rcet
oasen
tenc
e.Wheni
tov
erl
apswi
thz
o( )
#67 i
tiss
ome
-
Konory
or
ikir
ainande
sum
ono
. w
hatle
ssemp
hatic
.zei
suse
dmost
lybym
en.
Wh ya
ren
'tyoueat
ing
?
1s
implydon'
tli
ket
hisf
ood
. . Usedt
1 omakead
ecl
ara
tio
ntosomeoneo
run
der
sco
reap
oit
n.

b
)Di
ssa
tis
fac
tio
n(w
ithawomans
pea
kin
g). S
akini
ikuz
e.
'm g
I oin
gona
hea
d.IL
eav
ingnow.S
eeyoue
re
.

Kachonoshig
otowaya
rita
kun
aiwa.S
hit
anomonon
itsu
met
ai-
n
de
sumono . Son
osh
igo
tok
imin
itanon
daze
.
1don'twanttoworkfo
rthes
ect
ionc
hie
f.H soc
oldt
othos
e I
'mcou
ntin
gonyoutodoth
atj
ob.
/lt
's[
ej
ob'
s)upt
oyounow.
workingunderh
im.

Ga
nba
ruz
e.

I
'mg
oin
gtog
ivei
tmyb
es t
tsho./I
'm hangingt
oug
h.
Takeuch
i-sant
owai s
sh
on is
hig
oto0sh
ita
kun
ainoyo.C
hit
tomo
hata
rakan
ai-ndamono.
1don'twanttoworkwit
hTakeuch.
iHeju
std
oes
n'tdoanhi
ng
[
doe
sn'
two
rk)
.
lZOI

c
)De
sir
etobei
ndu
lge
dorpampered.
N
ot:z
e oaddsfo
rcet
oasent
enc
einam
oree
mph
ati
cma
nne
rth
anz
e
(
#66
).U
sedmo
stl
ybymen.
De
kake
mash
yo.Tamaniwasd
o es
hoku
jigas
hit
ai-
ndes
umo
no.
.I
1 n
dic
ate
sacommando
rth
ret
a.
Comeon
le
t'
sgoout
.I'dli
ketoe
atoutoncei
nawhil
e.

S
oro
sor
oka
igi0h
aji
mer
uzo
.
A
reh
osh
iid
esum
ono
.Ka
ttemoide
sh
. Le
t'sg
ett
hemeetingunderw
ay.
1wanti
t[s
oba
dly
).l
t'
sal
lri
gh f
tiIbuyi
ti
sn'
tit
?
1
44 MONOKA N
I 1
45

Kondoson
nakoto0shita
raz
et
ta
in iJrus
anatzo. Annahi
toiss
hon
ish
igo
togad
ekir
umond esuko.
Ifyoudoatag
a i
nI'mnotgoingtole
tyoug etawayw
it ./I
t
hi f 1wou
ldn
'tworkwi
thhe
raga
inifmyli
f t
.
edependedOni
youdoanyth
in gli
ketha
tagan
i y o
u'r
eg o
in gtopayf
o t
.
ri

S
I
'
on
os
me x
p
h
i
e
g
c
o
t
t
o
i
n
k
imin
it
gyout
og
a
e
no
nd
tej
az
o
o
.
bdon
e./You'db
ett
erg
etc
rac
kin
g l
N
II
ona tjo
b.
N
ot:N
e icommonlyf
ollo
wsdaro
d
esh
o dV-t
ar
oan
des
se
nt
ia
llyha
sthe
s
ameme
aningasnon
i(#30n
o.2 a
)lth
oughth
ela
tt
eri
smo
recommon.
2
. Addsf
orc
etowordso
fse
lf-
enc
our
age
men
tors
elf
-ur
gin
g.
1
.Expre
ssesr
egr
etatsometh
ingi
sov
erandc
an'
tber
ega
ine
d:
d
es
pit
et h
efa
ct a
ti
fon
ly.
"
Ganb
aruz
o.

Ic
d oi
t
!/Makew
ay.Here1c
ome
.
Hokan ohi
togayatta
ram
ottohayakude
kitade
shoni
.
Des
pitethefactth
atitcou
ldh a
vebeen6 n
ishedmuchsooneri
f
Kondok
osos
eik
osu
ruz
o. someonee l
sehaddonei
t [
unfor
tun
ate
lytha
twasnotthee].
/Itcouldhavebeenfi
nishe
dmuchs oone
rifonl
ysomeoneels
e
I
'mg
oin
gtomakei
ti
sn
e./T
hist
imeI
'm comingupaw
inn
er.
haddone

Mo~ukoshi m
atteitar~ amegaya da.
an~~ .
r
l
!
l

MONOKAI
I~
D
espitet
mighth
hef
av
a
es
c
tt
top
h
a
p
ti
ed[
fwehadw
wedid
n'tw
a
i
a
i
t
t
e
]
dal
./Ifo
i
t
n
t
l
l
elo
nge
rt
ywehadw
a
h
er
it
a
e
i
da
n

N
ote
:Mente
ndtou
set
hef
orsm
m o
nok
aadm
n o
nka;womenm
onod
es
uka li
tt
lelongerth
eram ighthavel
etup.
a
ndmond
es
uka.

1.Emph
asizesadet
ermin
ati
onn
ott
odosomethingbymeans
ofar
hetor
ica
lqu
est
ion.

Annak
oro
moi
kumonk
a.
1w
oul
dn'
tbec
aug
htdeadg
oin
gth
erea
gai
n.
1
46 I
nd
ex 1
47

-
i14 41 mademon a;67
INDEX ie
b a98 mei
reisur64
u
ie
nai(tomot
omoi
en
a)1
t 13 mier
u1 970
ir
u 19 mo26-29
35
tU monk 144
a
mono141-42
Numbersi
nbo
ldi
ndi
cat
ema
in 49-52 j
ozun
a22 monodE 89
en
tri
es. demo30-33 12
6 monoka144
-demo( t
em )29-30
o k a45-49 117 mononara1 0 4
-0
a
dje
cti
veso
fab
ili
ty22 dew
a 12 k a 133 34 monono95-96
a
dje
cti
veso
fde
sir
e2 0
-d
ewa( -tewa)1211
92
1 kai.See-i. mono0106-07
a
dje
cti
veso
femoti
on21
-d
ewai ke
nai120 k a
na s
hii21
a
dje
cti
veso
fne
ces
sit19
y -d
ewak omaru120 k ara61-65 738
8 9
8 124 n a135-37
a
isur64
u -d
ewan ara
nai120 k a
shir
a 1 33134-35 na 135
de
kir
eb
a 98 -ke.See- k
ke. n ado43-45
-
ba 97-99
1
26 k e
d o90 - nag
a ra107-08
de
kir
u18
bak
ar 7 81

i 8
48
6 keredo90 n annan 118
de
shoni 145
b
aka
rin~ 81 k eredomo90-9 19395 n ank 4 3
do
koro121-22
bakash~ 78 kikoeru1 970 n anzo43
do
koroka 121
b
akk
a 7
8 kik
u 3 564 n ar
a 102-03
4
bakkash~ 78 kiraid 2
1 nan 117-19
6()...6]
t
kir
i8 587-8 8 n aru34
daiS
. ee-.
i k n 22 n az
o"43
d
ain a
rishonar
i119 g 1 1
0-1 1
3-6
2 0
9 3
9 9
5 ne 1 1
-kh 139 2 8-30 31
da
k
e 8 1-
84
8 68
7 g
ura
i(k
ura
i)75-76 k..
rhirakoso128 ne 128
da
keatte82 koso127-28 ni 52-6
06 0631
45
d
aken~ 82 h
ayaika(V+gah
aya
ik)26
a koto138 n
im oto z
uku59
d
aken okot
owaa r
u
82 h
etan
a 22 kowa i21 n
in attei r
u57
d
ano 1041
1 1 7 h
its
uyoda19 kurai(gura)75
i 76 n
is hitew 119
d
aroni145 h
odo77-78 kuseni94-95 mw 1
2
d
att
e 30 h
osh
ii20 mad E 65-68 n
iy or
u 59
 I
ndx 1
e 49
1
48 I
nde
x

n
o17 68
- 71 -
tewa( -dew a )12119-21 wayo132
no
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