www.kutub.

info

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,
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:1.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

:2.1 .
:3.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

2
 :1.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .



.
1791
200
15 . 1854

1880


.
1960
1966
1970
20 1000
. .,20
1550 .

:2.1 .
25


.

3
) (Photo phone .

1958 .
1970
20 B/km

Corning Inc
.

850 nm
) ( First Window 3 dB/Km
. ( Second
) Window 1300
nm .0.5 dB/Km 1977
Third Window ) ( NTT
1550 nm
0.2 Db/Km
.
.

4
) (Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology 1976
AT&T GTE
1977 .
) ( Bell 1980
611 .


1300 nm 1550 nm


) (WDM
) (Bell Labs )(Sol tons Transmission
1990 2.5 Gbit/s 7500 Km
) (EDFA
) . (Regenerators 1998
100 )400 Km
(10 Gbit/s WDM

) ( Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
). (DWDM

:3.1 ) ( Optical Fibers .

) (Optical Fibers

.

5
6
 )(Wavelength Division Mull) ( WDM ) telexing
) (Er.
1550

( Erbium
) Doped) (Fiber Amplifiers) ( EDFAs


. ) (EDFAs

) (Sol tons . .


.


.

7

, , .

:1.2
:2.2 Types of Optical Fibers
:3.2 Advantages of Optical Fibers
:4.2 .
:5.2 .
:6.2 .
:7.2

8
 :1.2 .
:
:1.1.2 ) (Core .
:2.1.2 ) :(Cladding
.
:3.1.2 ) :(Buffer Coating
.

1.2 .

:2.2 . Types of Optical Fibers

:
)( Multimode Step Index Fibers

.

9
 .
:1.2.2 .
Multimode Graded Index Fibres.



. .




.

:2.2.2 .Single Mode Fibres

.
.

) (evanescent

10
 2.2
.

:3.2 . Advantages of Optical Fibers

,
, ,
, ,
, ,

11
 :1.3.2
.
.
10 ) ( SEA-ME-WE3,FLAG

2,64
120 .
10
100
.

) .( Information Carrying Capacity

:2.3.2 .



125 6
8 . 900
1 : 10
46 230
7
18 2,5 .

12
 :3.3.2
) (CROSSTALK
.

:4.3.2 )(dielectrics



.

:5.3.2

3.2
.
:6.3.2




.

13
 25 :7.3.2



.
:8.3.2

.

:9.3.2 ) ( Repeaters 100

4 6.

:4.2 .

)(Core
)(Cladding
.

14
 3.2 .

15
 :5.2 .
:

:1.5.2 ) ( Optical Fibers

.

:2.5.2 ). (Optical Regenerator

16

.




.


) (
.

:3.5.2 .Transmitter

.

:4.5.2 .Receiver
)( Photocell
)(Photodiode

....

:6.2 .

17
 :7.2 ) (Optical Fibers System

.
.

.

) (Snells Law
90


). (Total Internal Reflection

18


, , .

:1.3 )(System Components

:2.3 ) .( Optical Fiber Applications
:3.3
:4.3 .
:5.3 .
:6.3 ) . ( Fiber Modes

19
 :1.3 System Components

, .



). (Laser Diodes


.


. i
. ii
. iii

.

.
) (PIN . APD

: 1.1.3 .Attenuation

20
 : 2.1.3 .Dispersion

:
) (Intermeddle dispersion i

.
. ii
9 . material dispersion
9 ) ( waveguide dispersion

21
 : 3.1.3 Numerical Aperture

) (Sine .

:2.3 . Optical Fiber Applications

.

:1.2.3 . Telephone Communications

22 1977
3.6
) (Light Emitting Diodes
) (avalanche photodiodes
24

22
 :2.2.3 .TV communications



) (Cable television
116


.

23
 :3.3

1.3 .

. :
i
ii
iii

) (modified chemical vapour deposition

24
 9

9


.

2.3

-1,900
2,200
.

. .m/s20

25
 .

:

.

:4.3 .
.Light and geometric optics optical fibres
.
) (Carrier
Electromagnetic radiation
:

)(Waves Theory

)(Geometric Optics

)(Quantum Theory


....... (.

26
 :1.4.3 . Ray Theory Transmission



.
) .( n

n = Co / Cn

Cn Co
) CO = ( 3108 m/s 1.3
.
:1.3 .

1
1.33
1.5
3.5
4
1.36
1.59

:2.4.3 . Snell's Law

.
) (3.3 .

27
 3.3

(1) n1=sin1= n2.sin2
n1 n2
:
sin 1 n2
(2) .................. =
sin 2 n1

n1> n2 .(1<2) .

:5.3 .

.
:1.5.3 ) : ( Critical Angle
:
90

28
 4.3 .

c
n1 .sin1 = n2.sin 2
n1 .sin 1= n2.sin 90
n1.sinc= n2
Sinc = n2 / n1
)(3) . c= sin-1(n2 / n1
n2
1
n1
1 n2 : .n1

:2.5.3 .Total Internal Reflection

. ) 2
< ( 1 ) (
. :

29
30
 5.3

) (3.5.3

.

31
 6.3 .

:3.5.3 ) .( Acceptance Angle

) (a

. 7.3

7.3 .

32
 A (
) a c
) (
B
) ( a c


.




.

.a

:4.5.3 . Numerical Aperture

) (a


n1 n2 ) ( NA
:

= (4) NA = n0.sina
n0 )
( n0=1 :
(5) ................ a =sin-1 NA

33
 ) (NA n1 n2
(6). NA n12
:
(7).. = (n1 n2) / 2 n12
:
) (a 90
) (NA
)( < 1



.

:6.3 ) . ( Fiber Modes

) (Beams ) (Rays .
(Propagation
) Modes .
) (Modes Index .





:

34
 9 ) (Transverse Electric Modes
.TE modes
9 )(Transverse Magnetic Modes
. TE mode
9 ) ( Hybrid
. HE
9 ) ( Hybrid
. EH
HE11, EH12 , TE01 , :
.... TM02

) ( Normalized Frequency (V-
number)V :
(8) ........................ V= 2 aNA

(9) 2 an2 2

a .
V ) ( 7.3
.

35
 8.3 V
.

36


:1.4 . Optical Fiber Types

:2.4 .
:3.4
:4.4 Operating Wavelengths
:5.4
:6.4 . Fiber Optic Installation

37
 :1.4 . Optical Fiber Types


:

:1.1.4 ) ( Step-Index Fibers

.

) (n1
) (n2
) n( r
) ( r d a

]. [m
1.4

38
 n2
n1 "
" . ) (Ms
:
= (10).. Ms V2
2

(11) ........................ v = c
n
n )
) n = n1
) (11

) (2.4
) ( .

2.4 .

39
 :2.1.4 ) ( Graded-Index Fibers
.
:
9 Multimode Fibers
) (


) ( n = n1
:
) ( n = n2
Triangular Parabolic
) . ( n2

) n( r .
) n( r :
n1 (1 2) (r/a) r<a
= )n(r ).(12
n1 (1 2) = n2 ra

40
 a )
( ... :
a=1
a=2
= a ) (
a
a = 1.98
Near Parabolic Profile
Mg :
(13)... )Mg = ( / +2) (V2 / 2

. a

41
 3.4 .

) ( 4.1.4
) (
) ( 11
n
) ( n
) ( .

.

42




) ( 4.4

) 100
( .


.

:3.1.4 ) ( single Mode Fibers

.HE11
) ( Single Mode
HE11 ) (

43
 ) (Fundamental Mode .
:
X . Y
) ( V
) . ( 2.405 ) ( V = 2.405
) ( Cutoff V- Number
Vc .



.
:
(14) ....................... 0 V 2.405
:
) . ( a
) (
Vc :
(15) .. Vc = 2.405 1 + 2/
) ( a
) ( 10 -1

(16) ........................ V = 2/an12

) ( V = Vc = 2.405
:

)(17 a = 2.405 / 2n12

44
 Vc

)(18 a= (2.4051+2/ ) / 2 n1 2

.
5.4 .

Cutoff Wavelength
,

) (Cutoff Wavelength c
:
(19).. c = 2 a n1/Vc 2
:
:
(20).. c = V / 2.405
.
(21) c = V / 2.405 1+2/

. c

45
 :2.4 .
9 ) ( Plastic Optical Fibers
.
9 ) ( Glass Optical Fibers
.

.

:1.2.4 ) . ( Plastic Optical Fiber

) ( POF

. 650nm
:
9 .
9 ) ( 1000 m .
9 ) ( NA ) .( 0.5
9 .
:
9 ) ( Attenuation ) . ( 200 Db/Km
9 ) ( Bandwidth ) .( 5 MHz
9 )
(
.

46
 :3.4 .
.Light Sources and Optical Photometers

.

:1.3.4 ) .( Light Sources

.


.

) . ( Source Requirements :2.3.4

:
9 ) (
.
9 )
( mw .
9 ) (
.
9 ) ( Source Emitting Area
( Fiber Core
) Area .

47
 9
.
9
) (Modulation Ability .
9 ) ( Modulation Rate
.
9
.
9 .

:4.4 ) .( Operating Wavelengths

.


:
= 850 nm 9

.
= 1300 n 9
.
= 1550 nm 9

.
= 650 nm 9

48
 :5.4
.Fiber-Optic Measurements and testing


.
:

9 Power Meter Measurements

9
Fiber Optic Link Loss Measurement
9
Optical Return Loss Measurement
9 ( OTDR Measurements ) OTDR
6.4 .

49
 :6.4 . Fiber Optic Installation


) ( Outdoor ) : ( Indoor
Outdoor Fiber Optic i
Cable) (Installation
)(Buried Cable Installation ii
:
(d2 / D2) < 50 d D .

7.4 .

50


:1.5 .

51
 :1.5 .

:
-1
.
-2
.
-3
8 (
) .8000 Km
-4
.
-5 )
( .
-6
.
) (6) (3) (2) (1 ) (5 .

52
 1.5 .

53


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55


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9
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9
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56


9 : .
9 : .
9:
Optical Fibre Communication Principles and Practice - Second
edition

9 .

9 .

57