Ακροτατα Φερμα 2 s4exams

3:
9: FERMAT
[
.2.7
].
1.

x 0 ln x , 1 .
x

f (x) ln x - , x (0, ) .
x
x (0, ) :

ln x ln x - 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (1)
x x
f x o 1
.
f (0 , ) :
1
f (x) ln x - - 2 ,
x x x
x o 1 :
f (1) 1
Fermat, f (1) 0 .
: f (1) 0 1- 0 1
: Fermat
Fermat.
1
2.
, , ( 0 , ) x 0 x x x 3 ,
1 .
f (x) x x x - 3 , x .
x :
x x x 3 x x x -3 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)
f x o 0
.
f :
f (x) x x x - 3 x ln x ln x ln ,
x o 0 :
f (0) 0 ln 0 ln 0 ln ln ln ln ln()
Fermat, f (0) 0 .
f (0) 0 ln() 0 1 (1)
, , :
i) , , , , 1,
, , (1), 1.
lim x lim ( x x x ) , ,
x x
3 , x 0 .
x x x
ii) , , , , 1,
, , , (1), 1.
lim x lim ( x x x ) , ,
x x
3 , x 0 .
x x x
, : 1 .
1.
f (x) x 2 x- 3 , x 1, 4 . :
) f .
) f .
) f .
:
- x 3x , x 1, 3
3 2
f (x) x x- 3 3
2
x - 3x , x 3 , 4
2

) f :
, 1 4.
f (x) 0 (1, 4) .
(1, 4) f .
f (1, 3) f (x) -3x 6x .

2
x 0 (1, 3)

f (x) 0 -3x 2 6x 0 -3x(x - 2) 0
x 2 (1, 3)

2 .
f (3, 4) f (x) 3x - 6x .
2
x 0 (3, 4)

f (x) 0 3x - 6x 0 3x(x- 2) 0
2
x 2 (3, 4)

f x o 3 .
3
1 x 3 :
f (x) - f (3) -x 3 3x 2 - 0 - x 2 (x - 3) f (x) - f (3)

-x 2 , lim lim(-x 2 ) -9
x -3 x -3 x -3 x 3 x -3 x 3
3 x 4 :
f (x) - f (3) x 3 - 3x 2 - 0 x 2 (x - 3) f (x) - f (3)

x 2 , lim limx 2 9
x -3 x -3 x -3 x 3 x -3 x 3
f (x) - f (3) f (x) - f (3)

-9 lim lim 9
x 3 x -3 x 3 x -3
f x o 3 .
3 .
: 1, 2, 3 4 .
) f :
f (x) 0 (1, 4) .
(1, 4) f .
f : 2 3
) f
1, 4 , f ( ) m, M , m
M f 1, 4 .
m M f
.
f (1) 2, f (2) 4, f (3) 0 f (4) 16
f : f ( ) 0,16 .
4
2.
f (x) x x 2 - 3 , x 0, 2 . :
) f .
) f .
) f .
:
- x 3 3x , x 0, 3

f (x) x x - 3
2
x - 3x , x 3 , 2
3

) f :
, 0 2.
f (x) 0 (0, 2) .
(0, 2) f .
f (0, 3 ) f (x) 3x 3 .
2
:
x -1 (0, 3 )

f (x) 0 -3x 2 3 0 x 2 1

x 1 (0, 3 )
1 .
f ( 3 , 2) f (x) 3x - 3 .
2
x -1 ( 3 , 2)

f (x) 0 3x 2 - 3 0 x 2 1

x 1 ( 3 , 2)
f x o 3 .
5
0 x 3 :
f (x) - f ( 3 ) -x 3 3x - 0 - x(x 2 - 3) - x(x - 3)(x 3)

-x(x 3 ) ,
x- 3 x- 3 x- 3 x- 3
f (x) - f ( 3 )
lim lim -x(x 3 ) -6
x 3 x- 3 x 3
3 x 2 :
f (x) - f ( 3 ) x 3 - 3x - 0 x(x 2 - 3) x(x - 3)(x 3)

x(x 3 ) ,
x- 3 x- 3 x- 3 x- 3
f (x) - f ( 3 )
lim lim x(x 3 ) 6
x 3 x- 3 x 3
:
f (x) - f ( 3) f (x) - f ( 3)
-6 lim lim 6
x 3 x- 3 x 3 x- 3
f x o 3 .
3 .
: 0, 1, 3 2
) f :
f (x) 0 (0, 2) .
(0, 2) f .
f : 1 3
) f
0 , 2 , f ( ) m, M , m
M f 0 , 2 .
m M f
.
:
f (0) 0, f (1) 2, f ( 3) 0 f (2) 2
f : f ( ) 0 , 2
6
3.
f : , . f () f () f
(, ) , f
(, ) .
f :
f .
f .
f .
:
f (, ) , Rolle,
f , f () f () .
(, ) f () 0 . f
(, ) .
f (, ) ,
f .
f (, ) .
7
4.
0 1 x (0, ) log x x -1 , e .
f (x) log x - x 1 , x (0, ) .
x (0, ) :
log x x -1 log x - x 1 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (1)
f x o 1
.
f x (0, ) :
ln x
f (x) log x - x 1
1 1
- x 1 (ln x) -1 -1 ,
ln ln x ln
x o 1 :
1
f (1) -1
ln
Fermat, f (1) 0 .
1
: f (1) 0 -1 0 ln 1 e
ln
8
5.
x (x) (x) (x) , , , ,

.
f (x) (x) - (x) - (x) , x .
x :
(x) (x) (x) (x) - (x) - (x) 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)
f x o 0
.
f :
f (x) (x) - (x) - ( x) (x) - (x) - ( x) ,
x o 0 :
f (0) 0 - 0 - 0 - -
Fermat, f (0) 0 .
:
f (0) 0 - - 0
9
6.
f , x
f (x) 3x 2 2x 1 . f (0) 1 , :
) f x 0 0 .
) Cf x 0 0 .
)
g(x) f (x) - 3x - 2x -1 , x
2
.
x :
f (x) 3x 2 2x 1 f (x) -3x 2 - 2x -1 0 g(x) 0 g(x) g(0)
g x o 0
.
g :
g (x) f (x) - 3x 2 - 2x -1 f (x) - 6x- 2 ,

x o 0 :
g (0) f (0) 2
Fermat, g (0) 0 .
:
g (0) 0 f (0) 2 0 f (0) 2
f x o 0 2.
) Cf x o 0 :
y - f (0) f (0)(x - 0) y - 1 2(x - 0) y 2x 1
10
7.
, , f (x) ( - )x 3 x 2 - 3x
x 1 -1 x 2 1 .
f f (x) 3( - )x 2 2x - 3 (1).
f
x , :
f (x ) 0
f (x) x
f x 1 -1 x 2 1
, :
f (-1) 0 3( - ) - 2 - 3 0 3 - 5 3
(, ) (1, 0) (2)
f (1) 0 3( - ) 2 - 3 0 3 - 3
(, ) (1,0) :
f (x) 3x 2 - 3 3(x -1)(x 1) ,
f (x) 0 x -1 x 1 f (x) 0 x -1 x 1
f (, ) (1,0)
x 1 -1 x 2 1 x 1 -1
x 2 1 .
11
8.
f , x
f (x) 2f (x) 2x 6x - 5 . f
3 2 3
f . f
x
, Fermat, f (x ) 0 (1).
3 2
f (x) f (x) ,
2x 6x - 5
3
, , .
x :

f 3

(x) 2f 2 (x) 2x 3 6x - 5
3f 2 (x)f (x) 4f (x)f (x) 6x 2 6 (2)
(2) x x o :
(1)
3f 2 (x o )f (x o ) 4f (x o )f (x o ) 6x o2 6 6x o2 6 0
6x o2 6 0 .
f .
12
9.
f , x
f (x) e
2 f (x)
f (x) e x3
x x x 1 . f
3 2
f . f
x
, Fermat, f (x ) 0 (1).
3
f (x) x
f (x) , e
2
e ,
f (x)
, e f (x) ,
x3
e x x x 1 3 2
, ,
.
x :

f 2 (x) ef (x) f (x) e x x 3 x 2 x 1

3

2f (x)f (x) ef (x) f (x) ef (x)f (x) e x (x 3 ) 3x 2 2x 1
3
2f (x)f (x) ef (x)f (x)f (x) ef (x)f (x) 3x 2e x 3x 2 2x 1

3
(2)
(2) x x o
(1)
2f (x o )f (x o ) e f (x o )f (x o ) e f (x o ) 3x o2e xo 3x o2 2x o 1
f (x o ) f (x o ) 3
3x o2exo 3x o2 2x o 1 0 ,
3
3x o2e xo 0 3x o2 2x o 1 2x o2 (x o 1)2 0 x o .
3
f .
13
10.
f (0 , ) ,
f 3(x) 3x 2f (x) 2x 3 2 0 x (0 , ) . f
x o (0 , ) , :
) x o 1 .
) Cf x o 1 .
) f (0 , )
x , Fermat,
f (x ) 0 (1). f (x)
3
,
2
, 3x f (x) ,
2x 2 ,
3
, .
x :

f 3

(x) 3x 2f (x) 2x 3 2 (0)
3f 2 (x)f (x) 6xf (x) 3x 2f (x) 6x 2 0 (2)
(2) x x o :
3f 2 (x o )f(x o ) 6x o f (x o ) 3x o2f(x o ) 6x o2 0
(1)
6x of (x o ) 6x o2 0 6x o f (x o ) x o 0 (3)
x o 0 , (3) f (x o ) x o 0 f (x o ) -x o (4).
x x o :
(4)
f 3 (x o ) 3x o2f (x o ) 2x o3 2 0
(-x o ) 3 3x o2 (-x o ) 2x o3 2 0
- x o3 - 3x o3 2x o3 2 0
2x o3 2 x o3 1 x 1 (5)
14
) x 1 (4) f (1) -1 .
(5) (1)
: f (1) f (x o ) 0
Cf x 1 :
y - f (1) f (1)(x -1) y 1 0 (x -1) y -1
15

1.
f , , , f () -1
f () 4 . f (x) 0 x , ,
f .
f , ,
, x 1 , x 2 , , :
m f (x1 ) f (x) f (x 2 ) x , .
x 1 ( ), x 2 ( )
, , x 1 ( , ) x 2 ( , ) ,
Fermat, f (x1 ) 0 f (x 2 ) 0 , ,
f (x) 0 x ( , ) .
f () -1 4 f () f (x1 ) f () -1 f (x 2 ) f () 4 ,
f f , -1, 4 .
16
2. ( )
z 1 x i w (x 1) i , x 0 1 .
x z - w z w , :
) Re(z w) 0
) e
) :
z-w zw z-w 2
z w 2

z-w z - w z w z w

z-w z - w z w z w
zz - zw - zw ww zz zw zw ww

2 z w z w 0 z w z w 0
2Re(z w) 0 Re(z w) 0
) x :
z w 1 x i (x 1) i
(x 1) i x (x 1) i x i 2
(x 1- x ) 1 x (x 1) i
:
Re(z w) 0 x 1- x 0 , x
f (x) x 1- , x
x
.
x :
x 1- x 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)
17
f x o 0
.
f :
f (x) x 1- 1- ln
x x
x o 0 :
f (0) 1- ln 1- ln
Fermat, f (0) 0 .
: f (0) 0 1- ln 0 ln 1 e
18
3.
f : , . :
) f , f () 0 .
) f , f () 0 .
) f , f () 0 f () , x o (, )
, f (x o ) 0 .
) f , f () f () , x o ( , )
, f (x o ) .
) f , 0 ,
x , - , , f (x) f () f (x) f () 0 .
f (x) - f ()
x (, ) x - 0 , 0 f
x -
:
f (x) - f ()
f () lim 0
x x -
) f , 0 - ,
x , - , - , f (x) f () f (x) f () 0 .
f (x) - f ()
x ( - , ) x - 0 , 0 f
x -
:
f (x) - f ()
f () lim- 0.
x x -
) f , , , ,
, :
m f (x) x , .
19
m f () f
, () f () 0 ,
f () 0 .
m f () f
, () f () 0 ,
f () 0 .
f x
, Fermat, f (x ) 0 .
) g(x) f (x)- x , x , . g ,
g(x) f (x)- . g() f ()- 0 g() f ()- 0 .
() x ( , ) ,
g(x ) 0 f (x )- 0 f (x ) .
20
4.
f : ,
6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) 9 (1) x . :
) f (0) f (1) .
) x o (0, 1) , f (x 0 ) 0 .
) f (0) f (1) .
) f (x) 0 (0,1) .
) x 0 (1) :
6f (0) - f 2(0) 9 f 2(0) -6f (0) 9 0 (f (0) -3)2 0
(f (0) -3) 0 f (0) -3 0 , f (0) 3 (2).

2
x 1 (1) :
6f (1) - f 2(1) 9 f 2(1) -6f (1) 9 0 (f (1) -3) 2 0
(f (1) -3) 0 f (1) -3 0 , f (1) 3 (3).
2
(2) (3) f (0) f (1) .
) :
f , 0 , 1
f (0) f (1)
Rolle, x o (0, 1) ,
f (x o ) 0 (4).
)
g(x) 6f (x ) - f (x) -9 , x
2 2
.
x :
6f (x ) - f (x) 9 6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) -9 0 g(x) 0 g(x) g(0) g(1)
2 2
:
g(x) g(0) g(1) x .
21
g x o 0 x 1 1
.
g :
g (x) 6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) -9 6f (x 2 )(x 2 ) - 2f (x)f (x) 12xf (x 2 )- 2f (x)f (x)

x o 0 x 1 1 :
(2)
g(0) 12 0 f (0)- 2f (0)f (0) - 6f (0)
(3)
g (1) 12 1 f (1)- 2f (1)f (1) 12 f (1)- 6f (1) 6f (1)
Fermat g ,
:
g (0) 0 - 6f (0) 0 f (0) 0 (5)
g (1) 0 6f (1) 0 f (1) 0 (6)
(5) (6) f (0) f (1) .
) (4), (5), (6) :
f (0) f (x o ) f (1) 0 x o 1
f , f
0, x o x o , 1
f (0) f (x o ) f (1)
Rolle , :
1 (0, x o ) , f ( 1 ) 0
2 (x o , 1) , f ( 2 ) 0
f (x) 0 (0,1) .
22
5.
f : , , , ,
f f f f (1). f ,
f (x) 0 , .
f , , , ,
, x 1 , x 2 , ,
f (x 1 ) m ( ) f (x 2 ) M ( ).
(1) :
f (x 1 ) f f f f f (x 2 ) (2)
(2) :
x 1 , x 2 , , x 1 , x 2 , ,
Fermat f (x 1 ) f (x 2 ) 0 (3)
x 1 x 2 f .
x 1 x 2 .
f x 1 , x 2 , , f
. (3) f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) , Rolle,
(x 1 , x 2 ) ( , ) , f () 0 .
: 01/09/2015
23

Ακροτατα Φερμα 2 s4exams

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Ακροτατα Φερμα 2 s4exams

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3:

x x x 3 x x x -3 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)

f (0) 0 ln() 0 1 (1)

f (1, 3) f (x) -3x 6x .

f (x) - f (3) -x 3 3x 2 - 0 - x 2 (x - 3) f (x) - f (3)

f (x) - f (3) x 3 - 3x 2 - 0 x 2 (x - 3) f (x) - f (3)

f (x) - f (3) f (x) - f (3)

f (1) 2, f (2) 4, f (3) 0 f (4) 16

f (x) - f ( 3 ) -x 3 3x - 0 - x(x 2 - 3) - x(x - 3)(x 3)

f (x) - f ( 3 ) x 3 - 3x - 0 x(x 2 - 3) x(x - 3)(x 3)

f (x) log x - x 1 , x (0, ) .

log x x -1 log x - x 1 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (1)

x (x) (x) (x) , , , ,

f (x) (x) - (x) - (x) , x .

(x) (x) (x) (x) - (x) - (x) 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)

f (x) 3x 2 2x 1 f (x) -3x 2 - 2x -1 0 g(x) 0 g(x) g(0)

g (x) f (x) - 3x 2 - 2x -1 f (x) - 6x- 2 ,

f (x) 3x 2 - 3 3(x -1)(x 1) ,

3f 2 (x)f (x) 4f (x)f (x) 6x 2 6 (2)

2f (x)f (x) ef (x)f (x)f (x) ef (x)f (x) 3x 2e x 3x 2 2x 1

3f 2 (x)f (x) 6xf (x) 3x 2f (x) 6x 2 0 (2)

y - f (1) f (1)(x -1) y 1 0 (x -1) y -1

(f (0) -3) 0 f (0) -3 0 , f (0) 3 (2).

(2) (3) f (0) f (1) .

g (x) 6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) -9 6f (x 2 )(x 2 ) - 2f (x)f (x) 12xf (x 2 )- 2f (x)f (x)

g (0) 0 - 6f (0) 0 f (0) 0 (5)

g (1) 0 6f (1) 0 f (1) 0 (6)

(5) (6) f (0) f (1) .

) (4), (5), (6) :

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