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  • Keenan1976 Towards Universal Definition Subject

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    80 views16 pages

    Keenan1976 Towards Universal Definition Subject

    Uploaded by

    KaoruTanakadeLira
    Conceito de sujeito

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 16
    avard 1. Keenan ‘nesearch for this paper ues supported by « grant (F2994) from Saseareh Comell tn Britains 1 the Petes In thie penor 1 x0) attngt Go provide a definition of the notion "subject of” vhteh will enable as co identify the ‘subject phrase (a)y Af any, of any sostente in any languages Seth a Geetattton 10 geaded in ueiveraa) games f= order for the nany universal geoecalseations vbfch une thts foeton to be well defined 1 Aecesstbiity Hierarchy (laenan and Comrie, 1972): Nee on he Upper’ end of the Ml, gives below, aze oniver- Gauly ester to relativite’ than thogo os the lowes, ‘hus sone Lanpiopes (is) have Telative clavae foretog Ee. ‘ich apply only to" sje Ay ouiy to subjaces and eisect have ees whgeh apply only to the op fntes positions on the Aiy ete Suki > Dix bj > Tad 0b4 > O01 > Gen > obj of coup 2 Mumetional Succession Princtple (Perlmutter ené Festal, A910): HE one MP can be rained out of another then ie guinea the gramatieal relation Ceubjece ots eieece ‘Ghject of, ote.) previounly borne ty te otheer 3 Aayancenent Contiouity Princtele (obason, 1874; ‘riehare, 1975; Reenan, 199Sa):" TEs ezn advance (eousy via opesations ike Pasatve) Hee Sow om the At to gubjuce thon fe can advance all dnearaedtove poet Hons to subject, Thus 4f'¢ 1 has a locative volee (eee, tne sehool wae aeen t “han aneceesattly haw © aizect object (© Piasive) wolces Glearly generalisations Like 1-3 deteraine courteaiots on the form,” and substance, of porstbie bunse Langusgees “But fo versty chem and deteraine chert universality it ip neces” sary to e able t9 Sésstaty ‘rect objects, ete An Sipeisetoled vay across ley Tf we une aitferent.critarta te ‘etntity’ecbjecte in aictesent Le thes 5 gonevaiieetfone Jn aldstion, sogence of identifying crSterde for subjeces, gist sales Veristeation of putative utivereaie ifte ied “itiscate, “Coucear exampien can te vationgiiced soty bp Derely saying that an attending 9P Ep noe “wesliy a subject, tee. “vloaily the clatn thet we have prinitive dntuttions onceraing which We are subjects founders, like ell sepa ‘Saison Hnttcon, when the Hteioce 9 iffret tate ‘duis do oot agree. “for example, st would sppesr that George’ (1974) and Neansn and Conei2 (Eo' appear) have dffer~ sot Anutttone concerning whéch HPs are aubjects of staple Stansitive sencences Se Dyisbel (Dbeon, 1978)- 10 patna "ans 0" writes oon pec a uae any wel le Mie nant SE SOT LISD ap tad ite telorieet anaes iy SU cto Sark, Crete tee Se artes cle PHS ine andere ipsa a eee che a Sac Ege cette ie ae Seeeiee ofa i abe fot Game Seen a, 5 Bu Pert ah ei Set aan Scherer ei Vlwevers oven a cursory examination of subjects 20r088 Ua seveae thin aty ta pect Rave caraeterized by ‘Properties which are nat ealy got univerealiy Valid, they ot to the particulay kin question: for caawoley IEEE Sisjece toe carry a characteristic cate marking {Gon onic) that pciclss coding probes oscars Shalautive core muster. "And in Malagasy Claley-Polynesians iedagnocan) aungecte chracteriotiaiiy coeur cssae finaly, Cherian in most ia aubjece Pe precedo the other malor Me \Tienin clauses, onetnetaee, we do ant C0 cay that he Seine" sacke evidence shat an MF 4a the subject of coms wen EEAES fa'inela te thae 1 ie sonativey and do Malagasy that SE Glaste Fane, "toncegueely we wane 0 brane © see ny dedtntton of ushjectS in euch e mey at €0 alloy Sat Sees Getlalf ast he feliodng ware Me Mises orivereal geste of Sistinguianing 9 privieged ses of sintenct tn ony ll be piven, Theee oebece® SRG cliche machen tet aeaceges (heneterl PatSocee) ang eieir subjects Wil be called baste avblecte GeeEbeeh gunteste) teen we Syl segs rie Girtesciiy Sotle'Selterta for inenestying eobjoct. of > cotencar ia any Lc once the Doqebjeccs ave been aneiCted SOpSLecletlle'L enon the soil eet of properties charac ELSrut'oe eeogecte to tat canbe ctarnnede 80 ly Son te buwshjecta my hove 0 ceveato care sarker, oF pots ita, te choy nay extdbie 8 very epecttic eype of rane {fone behavior, oF oven have aeuanticelly specific proper Else, Finally, "once the fell eomplenent of Seasisect geepoe- es 'has Seen dcernined for'e given Ly subjeres of ne Sette Sentences Wilt be Getined tobe! thore ite, nays wear peee of beaubjector Shas sn any given Ly gubjacta of nowhesie™ nkances may present very fe of the universe! roperties of ‘leptag NE it be clterly aenetable es ounces ip ‘hat L since hey gossess very way of the language, specdtie Properties of beoubjeser in that f Teele further, thet on this 690 of defisision, autjects Eyres, wil be more subject ithe than the subject of ethan, 1 soon te thet hay ill eubie noe of te sonpanent of properties witch characterise heaubsests th penceal Phas {he aubjecthood of au MP (in & sentence) ts s'metterag tO in addition, te seena £0 me that subjects ‘sone Le ‘ill be more euijcct~iike than thowe of ather te ta the sense has they will dh aszeraiy presene a fuller complement of the Dropertias which unsvecsally characterise b-nwbieceen, Vere Possibly, for example, furopasn Le ere nove sumer orseatee Shas thote Sioosibetan La Macoesed by I) aut thong thts TEA the Definttion of Basto-Sentence in 4 Language 4 Bor ony Language 1, fan's syntactic structure yi and cody td, he ‘mentng ef ydaponde on that of'n that tants ‘aderstand the meaning of 7 te 10 vesessary’ to (hderstend the moaning of 3 Db. a eentonce Se 1&2 « basic sentence (in 1) Af, and only’ sf, to (othes) complete sencanoe iL ie'more Saale than tos concerning 6a, there Se 20 sips vay of determining secner pon tents ergs is unos Blot teas aueheh aioe ‘chs oltenlnation rejzen that te adurstent the aping SE fe nena iy see eat vil erly oe eae 4 Slngsige fo clearly semacissiay note base thot f= Shiai hah Joie ¢ Linge etict vu conse endeting she Saning of the intar witnoat undesrtandiog Phat of the Sore tery, Ee ve alge toe what dle" ie fintolt asta ot ‘otic Eoe'ahet toed Se lating ee ae Se 7 {otloving stmuctuces ds aeanttcally nore baste than all of {hose sich follow itz Jobe sang, dob sang offatey, Ja Gleate aing off-kay, tke fect that Jobe diene ging otfoaey, er sopetted thy fact that Isha olda't sing off 2 aR Gh tiation aoee Danie hae Goenetarch Sa? ie teonaitive. 12 x MOT y, andy WOT ¢, then x MOT ‘FEE At oe need C2 koow the masag of x ia Grder to how that SFr ane chat of 7 it required sn order to bios that of hes cleanly ve can't understand the sosoing of 2 without lndovecandivg that of ac hote howover ehee the pechinge of ‘io sisterent structuras my sinply be independent, 20 neither toed be nore Seeds than the other {U).,nges the tosning of Sohuve’igsiag surprised ezersane setchoy Capence on nor se aehtalont Spor the meant Of TF anyone screams Yary will ‘star nce,” although we do raquire Hi Gf bebentencon Sf the only other eootanees nore basic. shan 15 ico content depends” for thas ening (thee they eh, see Trgustly the cane’ (nan, 19725) that pronguinalcentonces SEES ‘he nie hia sce ove, Sante than one tke Joka bit BAI1. Rune prise : es ume Fare" sentence 5b digters to meaning from Se aolely in that the ‘Scteresce of the provcninal elamencs se se ia node nore spe [ities “fo cetenutae e-ge the truth of Sb've met first ‘eerioe ee reternce ofthe prponiel clesate a8 sept ‘featly whgevstand she weaning of Sb without being able to ‘ierscend that of Se, 20-50 Se placsibly sore baote ean 5b. ogotheloss 3a sa "anconplats” sachet 1¢ does net really rll us sho is being eainee about, Plaussbly then oo complete Stntence In Seabill as nore barie than so, of Say 60 both cf {ceases snong the boeentences ia Suehiii (ateneugh the tstonese of the tense marking 1a the example would have 9 tovdarener conetdered)- em 11.2 Sono General Fropertian of Baste Sentences wilt generally ha Characteristic propertier which nakas the identatiee Elon of a aairiy Large aot af relatively baste: sentene sessotably cus “Thor, ia general, 1 the messing of one structure de ponds on thet of another, hen the tows of that structure also ‘spends’ on the form of the there” fn genecai then we enpect that besontances will exhioie he greatest nocphoiogicel and Syataccie potential of the sentences dna 1 far they vill ‘Solee distinctions, They will have’ che CF occurrence! they will accept the greatest rage of votoa) ‘ind sentential toeittere; they vill be the scslest to exbed {54 Sdloin to other aeaencen, ite cadens to nonielise fopscaisee ost of, the easiest ro proconianlise and delete oy ote, Ih other Wordoy the bereseancee are roughly the Siplee seeencs tneaclonty. for cumple, 6 belo te 6 a Mary decane Aika Jobe anynoee 1. AS for Joba, Mary doesn't 2ike Miz anyone Tor elesriy, to undoratand @ ve need to Ino what Macy ogaa'e LAK Ris anpaare mesney where hia 1s wodaretesd Co ‘stor £o Jomo. Bat this se etactly what ve ceed to know co Chderetand Ge. The syntactic tent for b-sentescaheed then bees sha 6am gocgntiat thay whch i cenchy forrects Eig, ee can vonnelite 60, Mary's not 2ékiog Joka sre, put noe Shy we can elect on Naty Un Os, Te ie Taey" ‘she dosan"e 1Ake John animore, but sot in 6b, etc. Sena lealiy tpoaking se vell, bosentences can be ox Consider for example paseives fa Bnglia ‘sider passives £9 be, 1a genoral, Joss baste than che corres~ fonding actives. or what we must understand about the Tele” Eiine betyeen the pureicipeate and the setion in e poccive Scstsnce ie serdeatiy the sane sa thae of te active, "But fenetly cates oF ree $2 Tee aay ta Leendert besentences in aL. Eg. John 1 tall, is in Chtcsgo, hs @ 38 Hie watch "launen” Fostinggumestuere (e.g. SEnbuny ier” Sees liter tae‘ byistar tuna soe voy teeta TS EEG Sinisa) SS Staanen eh Beene of fh naf= ssh Postale | EEate propercioe sens in'8-3 eboe cee ame emeena te > ‘agent. See Keenar and Comrie (1972) for justification of 3. case Macting Properttan + BitSjoases “Sh expressing eee eget, ff tore jones eons fot atom soso a sofsieteat condieian on Demubjectiood 2, beaubjecte of intransitive sentences are uoually ot case marked if any of the Nee in thet are not case 2.2. Subjects nomally express the adizosoos phrase of Straed” (Greenberg, 1966). “Becopedane! "an sets (laiay speratives, But nota that Se many Malayo-Polyeesion Ley Polynesten, lew Grineas Capeliy 1963) both eranelesve snd L9- Sof mort and Balagasy, nperatives are frequently in da- eateitive evbjocta are marked” (Ottterent navuers) bc tr5n~ Scllst' Bir and the adevessee phrase, 4 presest, eppasts ‘itive objecte ave net martes. Sintiarly in several Taran Le, SES panatve’ (or othar type of aon-active) agent phrsees tes Sige deseve Gun ‘bray dbvcce cbjects are omarked bot punen pore fetnaitioe and 0 aor (ox. fem Hale, 1968) inaietve subjects sre warked (eons aavken) . apn or, fs ey ee 2. The He which change thetr cane nazking under cai , Felicpacetve the tree, yonder (with thie as) sstivination include fe chopped dows (oy you). the tree there” (eich this a3)” "onop dou the teee there (etth thie =x)" eer aes 2.3. bembjecte sovmaily axhibte the sane position, ‘face son ‘cave making, and ver® sgreemuats ao. oes the conser 3 io ee he'owoe beste type of cauative seneence. Again we note fatoa fe weshing cloth se see Py Ps however that Yaors and Mlagsey cauasttves are very easily patsivived, co the agene there se not a surface subjects Yxlanssy HIVE wanpienatea sngiitsy ax-dtabe sho ise-learn Pagiten aes-tabe 3 aptanacacks —anglliey tabe Ssuseriecrn-by we English Rabe Mabe i tauphe Bogiish by me" >. tmedtate Dontnsnce ec RAS TESS imasltey diana byw oot sede This io the type of datiaition even in Aspects, (Cnemrhy, Ses) and may tepresent 4 soconesry condteiot or Fesbfecr™ hoods “te Sa aieicale to tally since, ae far ae 2 knows ‘here oo anole tent to detcee tether ov t's sabpare, ‘or exanple, in eany ia person/ounber particles or Serna esse by party st renmoniag’ hen thay shld‘ for Igher Level conetiteenes with the subject ta ttoes ie da which they are boutd to the subjects If soy chen the abject SPE et og imeaney denial nee 8 "Es ‘x 'Froulg the one, gr Fes" gor ony Weed is che evbjeety ave Heed'll or Bredtg. in the Bigs cise over, oooh featencas are srpusly aor basics But An ieleeto Geo- ‘iteean) or Walbtes shay sewuahly ares ‘lee (ox. fon Hyde, 1970) Soin 22 or 3 eg bears mth ext sfacuse “Hore "uns WLU ect acorn mush" weed by the foot fsa not sufficient condition for thjecthood. “te note three categories of eases Mere tact ‘han one HP ts arguably dmedistely deninated by the wo0e 8. 1,_Ue whee uanacked word order fs THD. Vaile these sre a slnoriy type aevoee La, they probably conseseits ber {een 5 to 10 percent of the worlde La.” ‘hus, MalayarPoly” Ieoten: Mobri, Sanoen, Tongan.” Sondtics Glesaieal heabicy Esisie: Uelan; Bretony sents Geelie, Nise sckarens Maasai, ‘eerican Tndsan’ Chingok (Peoutian), Sacaitecr Gayan)y Bapocse”(to-tenpuean)- 2, tn oone Le the relative position of subject snd hjoct in coupletely f0ee. opr Boibis! Chustealia)y Tagalog (@itipranes) 43, in nay Le cited as £0 eh for a Ve eonatitvent. Brg. da turkish, shcsnearropncive torde are natarelly plac Hoty even if they Guestion she mance ttt ‘inde (97H). sor arpoente that 00 Le sec Sehwarts G72): HIL.O The Uettity of @ mulet-Foctor Concept of “Subject” Ueing the Subjects Properties List (G2) on6 cat, we lata, doneLty the broubjecte da any Le Then the faik ser er propercies characteristic of Sreunjects ie any piven Lean te determined, and then tubjoct NPs of non beale sentence fia be dntifted. ‘jaile complet, thie nesas of ideneteying ibjaces. does peruit us #9 vey the talvesae!.peaeralla Hone stated in teres of "eubject" at the bepinning of thie “mats concept of subject has, however, avagente that ve look for croaeel general ress relations betwoon the propertise in the SPL.” One sch Esscrsiseation, ghich roams oar to'be valid fa the follow {ngs in genersly nov-beste subjects are never more sabjec™= ike vk berds subjesea. In ethar wovdsy in ay goven ty shgecte of aon-boote aeatencer frequently do not have quite Se foil a conlonaat of the subject propertice ar do subjects GF bveentences.- Une season for thie'ia chat synesctically Saztved gublects are, by our teate, uaaelly somewhat lose Suhject-iike’ than betabjects.. fo Consider jest the cose of {Bsstve sentences Sn English, note that the subject does not ‘Spree the spent, need ot have the property of autonowoue Sees fs sar nae eared el es oot agly te ‘Seotonce of 5 Seer) a contfolswazloriver es easly Shon Seawbjects (+2J06n was fnguleed by hinesl®). hie fog fests ‘fne operations whic crete derived wajesta ay 50 hos peftape soos propectios of suhjocta are harder to ane ou to endeviying nonceuojects than are others, and cot Scraciy some properties will be hacder Yor Wis hich have ove thete subject statur to lose, IE the wunjoct poopercies ‘em bo ordered in carne of how hacd they exe to pase en to ‘ther ifs then ot eould fave snether universal. geocral ization Maneiy, if en epecation wach derives a senplet senteste fron {etapler one passes on one of the pubfect properties to nother AP'{s the derived santanes chen i necesearlly passes = cn a she propariag higher om te odarng than the gies Sropercy., Further, af carteia tranefomactione were actually Uselnes ae rubsect creating ones (ovgs Petimter and Postal, bn would datine Passive se an epecacion which converts. sn ‘Sbject to'a matjoct) then cach such Cranaformstton could ‘Nuply Be marked according to hov far dom the cederiag of Gobjece propercioa se could extend in eevtoning subject 9ro~ Jeceivistng then oxbers. "in steonpe to sopirically support any particular ender ng of the 20 edd subtace propertieey Rovever, would gp be ‘Youd the bounde of this paper~ So se shall hove simply #ug~ bese a hypotnecte concerning 2 partial ordering of the prope {Ess, an chon present sone evteence 1a support af that ‘pothceey achoondutg tha more cvsinee woud be wed ILL Te Prowotson to Subject Mleresehy (PS) enavior and ony > Nenecen > Sesasede ‘egpertien _” _rropectaes___” ___tropert ies position > case elation, sovenaat EEtking > vesb’ — changing’properete ‘ecmnat control of crore" {elections eterence properciee, Yestrictions, ‘the cledm node by the 26H fa thar 46 an MP dn derived sentence 1s sastgied sty of the thzee categories of subject jropertien thon Ze io s4sigoed ell the higher categories. And ehin the cotagory of coding propertien, if an Nr aoqeize the verb aureensnts charactertatic of subjects. chen ft must site" Selte Se aes erhing and porcions and P16 aeuices ‘erany foitial sequstoe of thone‘on the PSK. So e derived Proven the coting snd behaviorel proper ies "not the sementic properties (which 19 very Traquntiy the aren So aoe of ae sigtr cnn tas dtrlved amhJecte Secone ente agenes. However, the, Sect veree these aarkers io Alonkin teed to be further fover~ Eigeced in ents rogard.” See Feaoey 1971 for sone discus Hin)" or a derived subject nay present only the coding ey properties of Seubjects. Thus darived subfacte may 200k Like Eibjects witheue betavang 2ike eben, but

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