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Crisis
Crisis
.The Declaration elucidates how prevention and mitigation are the keys to
minimize, if not prevent, distress caused by natural disasters and thus form the
bedrock of integrated disaster management.
Crises can be classified into the following categories: (i) Crises caused by acts of
nature. These can further be divided into the following sub-categories:
a. Climatic events: cyclones and storms (associated sea erosion), floods and
drought and b. Geological events: earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and
avalanches; (ii) Crises caused by environmental degradation and disturbance of
the ecological balance; (iii) Crises caused by accidents. These, again, can be
further classified into: industrial and nuclear mishaps and fire related accidents;
(iv) Crises caused by biological activities: public health crises, epidemics etc; (v)
Crises caused by hostile elements: war, terrorism, extremism, insurgency etc;
(vi) Crises caused by disruption/failure of major infrastructure facilities including
communication systems, large-scale strikes etc; and (vii) Crises caused by large
crowds getting out of control.
It is also necessary to recognize that often a crisis does not emerge suddenly; it
has a life cycle, which may take days, months or even decades to develop
depending on its causative factors. A crisis, therefore, needs to be examined in
terms of its management cycle that would enable us to anticipate the crisis,
prevent and mitigate it to the extent possible and deal with the crisis situation as
it emerges. This life cycle of crisis management may be divided broadly in three
phases - pre-crisis, during crisis and post crisis.
The Indian Constitution has delineated specific roles for the Union and State
Governments. However, the subject of disaster management does not find
mention in any of the three lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian
Constitution.
What should a law on crisis management provide? 4.2.2.1 The experience from
past disasters and the prospect of more disasters/crisis, demand a holistic and
an agile system for dealing with crisis/disasters. This would require strengthening
of the existing legal framework, removal of loopholes, wherever they exist,
ensuring an effective coordination mechanism and an administrative structure
with unity of command and well defined responsibilities at all levels. 4.2.2.2 The
traditionally used definition of the word disaster and its association with natural
calamities is limited in scope. With rapid economic development, man-made
disasters pose equally grave threats to all life, property and environment.
Moreover, man-made disasters are preventable and therefore what needs to be
tackled is crisis and not disaster. Every disaster is a crisis, but every crisis may
not lead to a disaster. Focus should be on management of crises so that their
degeneration into a disaster is prevented. 4.2.2.3 The multidisciplinary nature of
crisis/disaster management, its large canvass spreading from preparedness to
rehabilitation and evaluation, and its widespread impact, which require resources
to be drawn from different levels of government, means that a totally centralized
or totally decentralized mechanism would be ineffective. It is best if certain
functions of disaster management are centralized while others are decentralized
down to the lowest level. 4.2.2.4 Immediate rescue and relief should be the
responsibility of the level of government closest to the affected population. This
logically has to be the district administration and the local self-governments. The
same argument also holds good for the rehabilitation efforts. The district
administration is part of the State Government and the primary responsibility for
managing any disaster is with the State Governments. The resources of states
being limited they seek and get assistance from the Union Government. This
arrangement of bottom-up responsibilities regarding implementation is
appropriate and has worked well in the past and should not be disturbed. 4.2.2.5
On the other hand, disaster management planning requires wider perspective
and expertise. Developments in science and technology should be used for
mitigating the adverse impacts of disasters and have to be studied, researched
and updated. Specialized manpower and equipment for dealing with disasters
also needs to be readily available. A repository of best practices needs to be
created so that these could be replicated, adapted, if necessary and used on
future occasions. National and regional early warning systems need to be
developed and deployed. Moreover, there is the need for implementation of
standard capacity building