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LUYN THI
NG PHP
1. Ch ng (subject)
1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.
1.2 Qun t a (an) v the
1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.
1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few
1.5 S hu cch
1.6 Some, any
2. ng t (verb)
2.1 Hin ti (present)
2.1.1. Hin ti n gin (simple present)
2.1.2. Hin ti tip din (present progressive)
2.1.3. Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)
2.1.4. Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1. Qu kh n gin (simple past)
2.2.2. Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).
2.2.3. Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).
2.2.4. Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).
2.3 Tng lai
2.3.1. Tng lai n gin (simple future)
2.3.2. Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)
2.3.3. Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect)
3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t
3.1. Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.
3.2. Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.
3.3. Cch s dng none, no
3.4. Cch s dng cu trc either .. or v neither .. nor.
3.5. Cc danh t tp th
3.6. Cch s dng A number of/ the number of
3.7. Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.
3.8. Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are
4. i t
4.1. i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)
4.2. i t nhn xng tn ng
4.3. Tnh t s hu
4.4. i t s hu
4.5. i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)
5. ng t dng lm tn ng
5.1. ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
5.2. Ving dng lm tn ng
5.3. 3 ng t c bit
5.4. Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t
5.5. Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.
6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare
6.1. need
6.2. Dare
7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive
8. Cu hi
8.1. Cu hi yes v no
8.2. Cu hi thng bo
8.2.1. who v what lm ch ng.
8.2.2. Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi
8.2.3. Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)
8.3. Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)
8.4. Cu hi c ui
9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh
9.1. Li ni ph ho khng nh.
9.2. Li ni ph ho ph nh
10. Cu ph nh
11. Mnh lnh thc
11.1. Mnh lnh thc trc tip.
11.2. Mnh lnh thc gin tip.
12. ng t khim khuyt
12.1. Din t thi tng lai.
12.2. Din t cu iu kin.
12.2.1. iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.
42. S ho hp ca thi ng t
43. Cch s dng to say, to tell
44. T i trc gii thiu
45. i t nhn xng one v you
46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph
46.1. V+ing m u mnh ph
46.2. Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng
46.3. ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho mnh ph
46.4. Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s tng ng
47. Phn t dng lm tnh t
47.1. Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t
47.2. Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t
48. Tha (redundancy)
49. Cu trc cu song song
50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip
50.1. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip
50.2. Phng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gin tip
50.3. ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip
51. Ph t o ln u cu
52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng
53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln
54. Cch s dng gii t
54.1. During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qung thi gian)
54.2. From (t) >< to (n)
54.3. Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)
54.4. by
54.5. In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at.
54.6. on
54.7. at - ti (thng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)
55. Ng ng t
56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc gii t
1. Ch ng (subject)
ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, song nhiu nht vn l 1 danh
t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn sau:
- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dng vi ngha s ln hoc
thi i li l danh t m c.
V d:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
to church ( cu nguyn)
to court ( kin tng)
We go to hospital (cha bnh)
to prison (i t)
to school / college/ university ( hc)
Tng t
in bed
at church
We can be in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
leave school
We can leave hospital
be released from prison.
Sea
Go to sea (thy th i bin)
V d: V d:
The first world war. World war one
The third chapter. chapter three.
Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc chin
kin tn cc khu vc phi c tnh t tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc nguyn.
ho.
V d:
The Korean war.
Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln. Ngoi Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh : Sweden,
tr Great Britain. Venezuela v cc nc c ng trc bi
new hoc tnh t ch phng hng.
V d: V d: New Zealand, South Africa.
The United States, the United Kingdom, the
Central Africal Republic.
Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 qun o. Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang, tnh, thnh
V d: The Philipines. ph, qun, huyn.
V d: Europe, California.
Trc cc ti liu hoc s kin mang tnh lch Trc tn bt c mn th thao no.
s. V d:
V d: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Base ball, basket ball.
Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s. Trc tn cc danh t mang tnh tru tng
V d: tr nhng trng hp c bit.
The Indians, the Aztecs. V d: Freedom, happiness.
Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c. Trc tn cc mn hc chung.
V d: V d:
To play the piano. Mathematics, Sociology.
Trc tn cc mn hc c th. Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.
V d: V d:
The applied Math. Christmas, thanksgiving.
The theoretical Physics.
- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn
c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dng another v other nh 1 i t l .
V d:
I dont want this book. Please give me another.
- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other + nouns
hoc others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others + DTSN).
- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other.
Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i khng dng vi ones.
1.5 S hu cch
The + nouns + noun.
- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho bt ng vt.
V d:
The students book.
The cats legs.
- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang
du s hu.
V d:
Tom and Marks house.
- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .
V d:
The students books.
- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn phi dng nguyn du s
hu.
V d:
The childrens toys.
- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)
V d:
2. ng t ( verb)
ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:
- Qu kh.
- Hin ti.
- Tng lai.
Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi gian ca hnh ng.
am
Subject + is + [verb +ing ]...
are
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian c xc nh c th bng cc
ph t nh now, right now, presently.
- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.
V d:
He is learning in the US.
Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo ph t trong cu)
V d:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang kim tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngy mai)
have
Subject + + already + P2
has
V d:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu, cng
thc sau:
have
Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet ...
has
V d:
John hasnt written his report yet.
The president hasnt decided what to do yet.
We havent called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thay i. Not mt i v
phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ...
has
V d:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what to do with the money
yet.
Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mu cu c yet lm t ni mang
ngha nhng
V d:
I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
Mt s th d
Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)
He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)
They have been at home all day.
We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
Hoc
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).
I have waited for you for half an hour (now I I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will
come)
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)
Verb + ed
V d:
Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.
V d:
He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.
Lu : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when nht thit phi
l 1 simple past v sau while nht thit phi l 1 past progressive.
- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lin t while.
V d:
He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng him khi v s nhm ln vi *)
V d:
Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.
While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.
When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.
Had + P2
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (trong cu bao gi cng
c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before v after.
V d:
I had gone to the store before I went home.
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.
V d:
John went home after he had gone to the store.
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.
- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau before nht thit phi l 1
simple past v sau after nht thit phi l 1 past perfect.
- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2
hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
V d:
The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.
( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)
N c dng ging ht nh past perfect nhng hnh ng khng dng li m tip tc tip din cho
n thi im simple past. N thng c kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong
cu thng c since hoc for + thi gian.
- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bng past perfect.
V d:
Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
Will / shall
+ [ Verb in simple form ]
Can / may.
- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c cc ngi cn shall ch c dng trong
cc trng hp sau:
Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.
V d:
Shall we go out for lunch?
Shall I take your coat?
ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.
V d:
Shall I give you a hand with these packages?
Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.
V d:
Shall we say : fifteen dollars?
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Thi im ny
khng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t thng dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.
Near future. (tng lai gn)
To be going to do smth - sp lm g.
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian s c din t bng 1 s
ph t nh : in a moment (lt na), tomorrow.
V d:
We are going to have a meeting in a moment.
- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive thay th.
- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tng lai gn.
V d:
Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.
Will / shall
+ be + [ verb + ing
]
Can / may.
V d:
I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.
- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ng song song xy ra, 1 hin
ti, 1 tng lai.
V d:
Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.
Will have + P2
3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c nhng
trng hp khng phi nh vy.
V d:
The study of languages is very interesting.
Singular subject singular verb
The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.
Singular subject singular verb
accompanied by as well as
V d:
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Singular subject singular verb
If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of the instructor.
- Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any).
V d:
Neither of two of his classes gets an c
V d:
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.
- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
Singular noun
No + + singular verb
non-count noun
V d:
No example is relevant to this case.
- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
No examples are relevant to this case.
Neither nor
+ noun + singular noun + singular
verb
either or
V d:
Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.
Singular noun singular verb
Neither nor
+ noun + plural noun + plural
verb
either or
V d:
Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.
Plural plural
Lu :
Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
3.5 Cc danh t tp th
l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy,
chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th
3 s t.
Mt s th d:
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions
V d:
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi cc ng t - i t - b
ng i cng n phi ngi s t.
(TOEFL bt li ny).
V d:
He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.
V d:
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small
V d:
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cc ng t v
i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
The pliers are on the table.
These scissors are dull.
- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi
ngi th 3 s t.
V d:
This pair of scissors is dull.
The pair of pliers is on the table.
To have ch s s hu (possession)
there is
there was + singular subject ...
there has been ( hoc non-count)
there are
there were + singular subject ...
there have been ( hoc non-count)
V d:
There is a storm approaching.
singular singular
4. i t
i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.
we
you all/ both
they
V d:
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.
me us
you you
him them
her
it
Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc trong cu, chng hn
nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng
cnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.
V d:
Janet will make her presentation after him.
preposition complement pronoun
clause
4.3 Tnh t s hu
my our
your your
his
her their
its
4.4 i t s hu
mine ours
yours yours
his
hers theirs
its
- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.
Do you remember to take your money?
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.
Your book is as good as mine.
Mt s th d:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves
herself
itself
By + one-self = alone.
V d:
John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.
5. ng t dng lm tn ng
- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau n lm
tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi
sau:
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng tun theo mu cu
nh sau:
agree to do something.
desire to do something.
decide to do something.
V d:
John expects to begin studying law next semester.
Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.
Mt s th d:
John admitted stealing the jewels.
5.3 3 ng t c bit
l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.
Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.
V d:
He stops to get gasoline.
Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.
V d:
He stops writing and goes out.
Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.
V d:
I remember to send a letter at the post office.
Remember doing smth : nh lm g.
V d:
I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.
V d:
I forget doing the homework yesterday.
Lu : ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.
I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.
V d:
George has no excuse for dropping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)
V d:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Craig is fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s
tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau).
eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.
hard to do smth : kh lm g.
* able :
able capable
to do smth = of doing smth
unable incapable
V d:
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Mt s th d:
Mohammad is eager to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Lu :
- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng c nhm ln gii t
vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau:
V d:
John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
Pronoun
Subject + verb + complement form + [ to +
verb] ...
noun
V d:
Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.
We ordered him to appear in court.
I urge you to consider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
You should prepare your son to take this examination.
Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i t phi dng s hu.
dng s hu ca danh t
Ch ng + ng t + + [verb
+ ing] ...
tnh t s hu
V d:
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We dont approve of Johns buying this house.
We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.
We object to their calling at this hour.
6.1 need
ng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ng sau n l ng vt hay bt
ng vt.
- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)
V d:
I need to clean my house.
John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish.
He will need to drive alone tonight.
-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sau need s i khc.
to be + P2
V d:
The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.
The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewritten.
Lu :
6.2 Dare
- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh v nghi vn. ng t sau n
theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc
dng trc tip.
He doesnt dare (to) say anything
= He dares not (to) say anything.
Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.
- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2 ngha:
- Ti cho l.
V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.
- Ti cng nhn l.
V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.
- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).
V d:
How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?
- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cu sau:
(thch ai lm g)
They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.
8. Cu hi
8.1 Cu hi yes v no
S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no u cu. Nn nh rng:
Yes + positive verb
No + negative verb.
Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.
auxiliary
be + subject + verb
...
do, does, did
8.2 Cu hi thng bo
L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt s cc thng tin khc. Cc
cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.
Who
+ verb + (complement) + (modifier)
what
whom auxiliary
+ + subject + verb + (
modifier)
what do, does, did
Ch :
Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cu hi ny nhng tuyt i
khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)
V d:
Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from Venezuela)
What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)
when
Auxiliary
where
why
+ be + subject + verb + (complement) + (modifier)
how do, does, did
V d:
Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?
Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q word subject verb phrase
Mt s th d:
The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon class.
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Do they know how often the bus runs at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?
Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.
The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.
8.4 Cu hi c ui
Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi m nhm khng nh li
kin ca bn thn mnh bit.
- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.
- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l ph nh v ngc li.
- ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng t to do, cc ng t thi
kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vi chnh tr ng t ca thi .
- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.
- ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s dng vi tr ng t to
do.
V d:
There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?
Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?
9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.
V d:
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, has done, have written, must
examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng
khng nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.
V d:
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
subject
V d:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.
We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.
She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.
9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh
- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.
- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l either v neither.
Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.
Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.
V d:
I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the conference.
She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
10. Cu ph nh
thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t not vo sau ng t to be, tr ng t to do ca ng t
thng, v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.
V d:
Its really unbelievable that he has no money.
V d:
Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.
We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is the best day to go to the beach.
V d:
He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.
Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less live to tell about it
on TV.
Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trong cu tuyt i khng c
dng ph nh ca ng t na.
V d:
Hardly
Scarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)
Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).
Seldom
Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough). Phi cn c theo ng
cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.
V d:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)
V d:
John told Mary to close the door.
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.
The teacher told Christopher to open the window.
Please tell Jaime to leave the room.
John ordered Bill to close his book.
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.
Lu :
ui ca Lets ...., shall we.
V d:
Lets go out for lunch, shall we?
Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.
V d:
Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chng ti i)
Will be able to
can
Will be allowed to
may
Will/shall
If + Subject + simple present + subject + + [verb in simple
form]
can/ may
V d:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten oclock now.
Would/should
If + Subject + simple past + subject + + verb in
simple form
could/ might
V d:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I dont have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)
Lu :
ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.
I... they were.
V d:
If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.
(but Im not you.)
Would/should
If + Subject + past perfect + subject + + have
+ P2
could / might
V d:
If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)
If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)
Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn, trong mt s trng hp 1 v
ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.
V d:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh, ngi ta b
if i v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.
V d:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
V d:
If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.
(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.
V d:
If you could fill in this form.
If you could open your books.
V d:
If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.
If + subject + will.
Din t s ngoan c.
V d:
If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chc chn ang ch n cu.
If + subject +should.
V d:
Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring
is near.
Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc t s i lang thang kim n -
l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn. Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con
sc t chui ra th rt him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - c th l do kt qu thng
k.
as if
Subject + verb (simple present) + + subject + verb (simple
past)
as though
V d:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
Hin ti qu kh
as if
Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject + verb (past
asperfect)
though
V d:
Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple past perfect
V d:
He looks as if he has finish the test.
Could + verb
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + would +
verb + ...
were + Ving
V d:
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
Past perfect
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject +
Could have + P2
V d:
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)
Lu :
ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bng cch buc mnh
phi iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh
quyt nh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.
V d:
He wished that he could come to the party next week.
Qu kh iu kin tng lai Tng lai
Ph hp v thi
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
Qu kh iu kin hin ti hin ti
Ph hp v thi
V d:
I wish you a happy birthday.
V d:
When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?
used he to swim once a day?
Cu ph nh:
V d:
When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.
he used not to swim once a day.
Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.
Lu :
Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v ngha ca cu
ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nh t not trc ng t nguyn
th b to ( cng thc 1)
V d:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow
Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm nay Jim khng mun)
2. Thi qu kh.
thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay cn gi l phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.
V d:
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hc vo ngy hm qua hn
ngy hm nay).
16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng
loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that (c g, mong g) v chia lm
nhng mu cu nh sau:
1. Cu gi nh
L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g , nhng lm hay
khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn
th b to - Cng thc 1.
V d:
I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho ti vo ngy mai - Nhng
Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu vo Jones).
We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cn tu vo anh y - H ch
mun vy).
V d:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does
(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)
Jane would rather that it were winter now.
(It is not winter now.)
Nhn xt:
- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im hin ti.
- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng Did not + verb
Were not + verb
V d:
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch ly lm tic l Jill khng
ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)
Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vi ngha c, mong mun) trong
trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn
Would rather that mang kch tnh nhiu hn.
V d:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Hongkong.
We would like to order now, please.
The president would like to be re-elected.
They would like to study at the university.
Would you like to see a movie tonight?
Lu :
- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian l hin ti th dng ng t
nguyn th sau like.
- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.
V d:
Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)
She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s thch hobby)
Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.
18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti.
18.1 Could/may/might.
C th /c l.
Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc. C 3 ng t c gi tr
nh nhau.
V d:
It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrow
It may rain tomorrow = OR
It could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Ch :
Maybe l s kt hp ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N ng ngha
vi perhaps.
Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:
18.2 Should
Ngha l :
- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnh lm)
- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.
V d:
It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).
Lu :
- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should vi iu kin l ng t to be
phi chia thi hin ti.
- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quy nh phi, bt buc phi.
V d:
We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the Professor had to
attend a science conference.
( Theo quy nh l ....)
18.3 Must
Ngha l :
- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn no khc)
V d:
One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau tm sc trc khi rt
tin).
George must call his insurance agent today.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.
This freezer must be kept at -200.
- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
V d:
Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.
(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)
19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi thi qu kh.
V d:
We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)
(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)
MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this past week.
(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rt nhiu ln ).
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the argument.
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.
21. ng t ni.
l cc ng t trong bng sau.
be appear feel
become seem look
remain sound smell
stay taste
Lu : cc cp ng t
appear to happen
seem = to chance ( Dng nh)
- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th cho to happen v to
chance.
- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh t hoc mt ng danh t
theo sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t ni.
- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i hi sau n l danh t lm
tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr
thnh mt ng t din t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v mt
ng ngha).
- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.
- to look at : nhn
- to smeel : ngi.
- to taste : nm.
adj noun
S + verb + as + + as +
adv
pronoun
Mt s th d v so snh bng.
My book is as interesting as your.
Tnh t
His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.
Tnh t Tnh t
Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc
chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t Danh t
heavy, light weight
wide, narrow width
deep, shallow depth
long, short length
big, small size
noun
Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as
pronoun
V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canadas.
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng
ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.
Mt s th d v the same v different from:
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Ritas.
Their teacher is different from ours.
My typewriter types the same as yours.
She takes the same courses as her husband.
adj + er
Subject + verb + adv + er* + than +
noun
more + adj/ adv
pronoun
less + adj
- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hoc much trc so snh.
V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v
trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m
c v ng trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v more dng chung
cho c 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu
trc so snh bng.
many
Subject + verb + as + much + noun + as + noun
little
pronoun
few
hoc
more noun
Subject + verb + fewer + noun + than + pronoun
less
V d:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
22.3 So snh hp l
Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tng ng vi nhau v bn cht ng
php ( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt). Do vy 3 mc so snh hp l s l:
s hu cch
that of (cho s t)
those of (cho s nhiu)
Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh drawings vi instructor)
Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors = instructors drawings)
Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny so snh gia lng ca 1 ng
gio s vi mt c th k)
Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that of = that salary of)
Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (cu ny so snh gia duties
vi teacher)
Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (those of = those
duties of).
Mt s th d v so snh hp l.
Johns car runs better than Marys.
(Marys = Marys car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = that climate of )
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in )
The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high school.
(those of = the games of)
Your accent is not as strong as my mothers.
22.5 So snh a b
L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng c dng so snh
hn km m phi dng so snh bng.
much noun
Subject + verb + bi s + as + noun + as
+ + pronoun
many
V d:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng
trc chng c much v many.
- Cc cu trc twice that much ...
many
(gp i s )
ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.
V d:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (vn ni)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up. (vn vit)
V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)
Nu thnh ng no sooner xut hin u cu th than phi u cho mnh 2. Lu rng tr ng t
phi ng trc ch ng theo cng thc sau:
V d:
No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.
Lu :
No longer ngha l not any more (khng cn... na). Khng bao gi c s dng not longer trong cu
m ngha ca n nh vy.
John no longer studies at the university.
(John doesnt study at the university any more).
Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.
(Cynthia may not use the library any more)
- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t phm cht n thun ca 1 ngi, 1 vt, hay mt
nhm (ngi hoc vt).
V d:
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
- Dng so snh hn ch ra mc mnh hn hay yu hn v s khc nhau gia 2 ngi (2 vt).
V d:
My dog is smarter than yours.
hoc
2 thc th - so snh hn
adj+ est
In + dt2 s t
Subject + verb + the + most + adj ++ dt2 s nhiu
of
least + adj
Lu :
- Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu v ng t chia ngi s t.
V d:
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
Cc ph t khng c i km bi -er hoc -est. M thay v , khi c dng trong cu so snh chng
i cng more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v vi most hoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh
hn nht.
V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
adj
+ enough
adv
enough + noun
Lu :
Danh t m enough b ngha i khi khng cn thit c mt trong cu m khng lm thay i ngha
ca cu.
Subject + verb
... because +
there + verb + subject
Lu :
Because of c th thay th cho thnh ng due to.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Subject verb
Lu :
Mc d trong vn ni c th chp nhn khng c that nhng trong vn vit buc phi c that.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
(n hc rt chm ch c th qua c k thi)
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sisters birthday.
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
adjective
Subject + verb + so + adverb + that + subject +
verb
Lu : Khng s dng mt danh t sau so. Cn mun dng danh t th xem cc cu trc di y.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Cc cu trc cha cc b ng cng :
many
Subject + verb + so + + dt 2 s nhiu + that + subject +
few
verb
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasnt difficult to select one.
much
Subject + verb + so + + dt khng 2 + that + subject +
little
verb
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
hoc
Lu :
dt 2 s nhiu
Subject + verb + such + adjective + + that + subject +
verb
dt khng 2
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
dt m c s nhiu
Perry has had such bad luck that hes decided not to gamble.
dt khng m c
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldnt be here ( but she is here)
present iu kin khng thc hin ti
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu kh iu kin khng thc qu kh
Nhn xt.
Trong ting Anh hng ngy, ngi ta dng or... else thay th cho otherwise.
Provided/providing (that)
(vi iu kin l, min l )
Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
- T ni ny cn c s dng em ra li gi .
Suppose you ask him = why dont you ask him?
Simple present
If only + = hope
will + verb
that
Hy vng l...
If only he comes in time (hy vng anh y n ng gi)
If only he will head your advice.
Simple past
If only + = wish that
past perfect
Gi m - tri vi thc t.
If only he didnt smoke. (but he doesnt)
If only she had come in time. (but she didnt)
28. Cu b ng
Cu b ng c s dng nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca tn ng ch khng nhn mnh vo
hnh ng ca ch ng trong cu ch ng.
be + P2
Phng php chuyn i t cu ch ng sang cu b ng.
- a tn ng ca cu ch ng ln lm ch ng. Trong trng hp nu c 2 tn ng ( 1 trc tip, 1
gin tip), mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no th ngi ta a n ln lm ch ng ( nhng thng l
tn ng gin tip lm ch ng).
V d:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong cu ny book l tn ng trc tip, him l tn ng gin tip, ta i:
He was given a book by me.
- Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng.
- t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc.
- to be made, to be made of c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 1 th nguyn vt liu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 2 th nguyn vt liu tr ln.
- to be made out of: c lm bng ( dng cho thc phm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2 gi nguyn (xem cc cng
thc di y.)
Ch ng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began.
subject past perfect complement
B ng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
modal + perfect
(a ci g i lm...)
Mu cu hi ca 2 ng t ny s l:
- What do you want done to ... Anh mun lm g vi ....
V d:
- What do you want done to your motorbike?
- Id like it repaired and cleaned
hoc I want it repaired and cleaned.
smb
To make/ to cause +
smth
P2
V d:
Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
i theo hng ny th ng t to find c th dng theo cng thc:
V d:
I found her quite interesting to talk to.
My sister found snakes frightening - con rn ng s.
We found the boy frightened - bn thn thng b s.
29.2 Let
Let thng c b sung v danh sch cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. Nhng
thc cht th n khng phi l ng t gy nguyn nhn. N ngha l allow hay permit. Ta hy lu s
khc nhau v mt ng php khi s dng to let v to allow hay permit.
permit
Let sb do smth = to sb to do
allow
smth
29.3 Help
Help thc cht cng khng phi l mt ng t gy nguyn nhn, nhng ni chung c xem xt cng
vi cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. N thng i vi ng t dng simple
form (tc l ng t nguyn th b to), nhng c th i vi ng t nguyn th trong mt s trng
hp.
to do smth
To help smb do smth - ging nhau v
ngha.
(gip ai lm g)
V d:
John helped Mary wash the dishes.
Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.
The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
- Nu tn ng sau help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th ngi ta b i v v b lun
c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
- Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng th 2 ca ng t ng sau trng hp nhau th ngi ta b tn ng
sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.
30. Ba ng t c bit
- l nhng ng t m ngha ca chng s hi bin i nu ng t ng sau tn ng ca n l mt
nguyn th b to hay verbing.
hear
to watch somebody do something - Hnh ng trn vn t u ti cui.
see
hear
to watch somebody doing something - Hnh ng c tnh nht thi, khng trn vn.
see
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring.
I didnt hear the telephone ringing.
I see her sing./ I see her singing.
V d:
This is the best book that I have ever read before.
V d:
All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
Thats something that looks terrible.
31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v lm ch ng ca cu ph. Do , n
khng th b i c.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng that thay cho who trong trng hp ny mc d n c th c
chp nhn trong vn ni.
31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng ngay trc n nhng lm tn ng ca cu ph.
Do , n c th b i c.
V d:
V d:
This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Island, is very smooth.
(TOEFL bt li ny)
The travellers, who knew about the flood, took another road.
(all the travellers knew about the flood...)
The wine, that was in the cellar, was ruined.
(all the wine in the cellar ...)
31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which.
Khng c s dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong loi cu ny.
V d:
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight.
The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.
Hoc
The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay th v ng t chnh,
thay vo bng 1 Ving nu nh i t quan h ng st ngay danh t m n b ngha.
V d:
Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay.
Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay.
- i vi mnh ph khng bt buc ta c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be khi n ng
trc mt ng danh t, nhng phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng trong 2 du phy.
V d:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
hoc
Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
- Ngoi ra, ta cn c th loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh v thay vo bng 1 Ving khi n i
b ngha cho 1 tn ng.
V d:
The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
Hay
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
V d:
He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.
- Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng tip theo sau l 1 phn trong tin trnh ca hnh ng
th nht th hnh ng th 2 v cc hnh ng theo sau dng Ving. N ngn cch vi hnh ng
chnh bng 1 du phy.
V d:
She went out and slammed the door = she went out, slamming the door.
- Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng theo sau n l kt qu ca hnh ng th nht th hnh
ng th 2 s dng Ving.
V d:
He fired two shots, killing a robber and wounding the other.
- Hnh ng th 2 khng cn phi c chung ch ng vi hnh ng th nht, n ch cn l kt qu ca
hnh ng th nht th cng dng Ving.
V d:
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.
Lu : Cc trng hp trn y thng c dng trong vn vit.
Should like
would like + to have + P2
(Din t c mun nhng khng thnh.)
V d:
I would (should) like to have passed the test last week.
Should like
He to have seen the photos =
would like
would
He have liked to see the photos =
should
(but he couldnt)
- N dng vi mt s ng t : To seem/ appear/ happen (dng nh) / pretend (gi v).
- Nn nh rng hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
V d:
He seems to have been an athlete = It seems that he has been an athlete.
He pretended not to have known about that.
= He pretended that he hadnt known about that.
Dng vi sorry.
To be sorry + to have + P2
Hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc.
The girl were sorry to have missed the rock concert.
= The girl were sorry that they had missed the rock concert.
Dng vi mt s cc ng t sau y th b ng.
To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, to report, to say, to suppose, to
think.
- nn nh hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
V d:
He is said to have been out of the country.
It is said that he has been out of the country.
N cn c s dng vi mt s ng t : claim/ expect/ hope/ promise.
- Trong trng hp ny, hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh
chnh dng tng lai hon thnh.
V d:
He expects to have finished the homework tonight.
= He expects that he will have finished the homework tonight.
He promised to have told me about that event.
= He promised that he would have told me about that event.
Neednt + have + P2
(l ra khng cn phi)
V d:
You neednt have hurried, we still have enough time now.
V d:
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
Hay
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Lu : Nu mt cu bt u bng 1 mnh that, ta phi chc chn rng c 2 mnh cng cha 1
ng t.
It surprises me that John would do such a thing.
Hay
That John would do such a thing surprises me.
It wasnt believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun.
hay
That the earth revolves around the sun wasnt believed until the fifteenth century.
36. Cu gi nh
L loi cu m ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g cho mnh, nhng lm hay khng cn
tu thuc vo pha ngi th 2.
V d:
We urge that he leave now.
Nu b that i ch ng 2 s tr thnh tn ng, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu s mt i
ngha gi nh v tr thnh cu bnh thng.
V d:
We urge him to leave now.
Lu : Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (British English), trc ng t nguyn th b to c should.
Nhng trong ting Anh ca ngi M (American English) ngi ta b n i.
Mt s v d
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation.
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau.
V d:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
37. Li ni bao hm
l li ni kt hp 2 trong cu li lm mt thng qua mt s thnh ng.
37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)
Cc thnh phn i sau 2 thnh ng ny phi tng ng vi nhau v mt ng php, tc l danh -
danh, tnh t - tnh t...
Noun noun
adj adj
Subject + verb + not only + adv + but also + adv
ng gii t ng gii t
Lu : Thng thng thnh phn sau but also s quyt nh thnh phn sau not only.
V d:
He is not only handsome but also talented.
tnh t tnh t
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh t danh t
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
ng t ng t
noun noun
adj adj
Subject + verb + not only + + but also +
adv adv
ng gii t ng gii
t
hoc
V d:
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
Tnh t tnh t
danh t
subject + know + ng gii t
cu
Tuy nhin ng sau to know how vn c th dng 1 mnh hon chnh ch kh nng gii quyt
hoc vic bt buc phi lm.
V d:
At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem.
Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line.
Mt s th d:
Bill knows how to play tennis well.
Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food.
Do you know how to get to Jerrys house from here ?
Jason knew the answer to the teachers question.
No one knows about Roys accepting the new position.
I didnt know that you were going to France.
In spite of
+ ng danh t
Despite
V d:
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
Although
even though + Subject + Verb + (complement) ...
though
V d:
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Lu : Nu though ng cui cu, tch ra khi cu bng 1 du phy. Khi ni hi dng li mt cht,
lc n tng ng vi ngha tuy nhin (however).
V d:
He promised to call me, but till now I havent received any call from him, though.
Mt s th d b tr
Ni ng t
rise rose risen rising
lie lay lain lying
sit sat sat sitting
Ngoi ng t
Raise raised raised raising
lay laid laid laying
set set set setting
V d:
The students raise their hands in class.
The weighlifter raises the barbell over its head.
The crane raised the car out of the lake.
After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially.
Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants rent another fifteen dollars.
The OPEC have raised the price of oil.
TO LIE : ti , nm.
- To lie in : ti ni no.
- To lie down : nm xung
- To lie on : nm trn.
ng t ny rt d nhm ln vi to lie (ni di) phi phn bit n vi to lie trong mu cu : To lie to
smb.
V d:
The university lies in the Western section of town.
If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap.
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.
( trong cu ny hnh ng sunbath xy ra song song vi vic nm trn bi bin nn dng sunbathing -
nh phn l thuyt trn trnh by)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.
( 2 hnh ng nm v xem xy ra ng thi nn dng watching....)
Dont disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.
Phn II
42. S ho hp ca thi ng t.
Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn th thi ca ng t 2 thnh phn phi ho hp vi
nhau. Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca mnh ph.
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt tng lai khng xc
nh ( hoc tng lai gn).
V du:
He says that he will look for a job next month.
I know that she is going to win that prize.
Mary says that she can play the piano.
V d:
He tells me that he will be very busy today.
Tuy nhin ng sau ng t to tell cn c mt s tn ng trc tip d trong bt c tnh hung no.
a story
a joke
Tell a secret
a lie (lies)
the truth
(the) time
Cu sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
(i t they khng c tin s trong cu ny. Politics l s it, v vy they khng th m ch ti
n.)
Cu ng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt.
Hoc l
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt.
Cu sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(i t she c th m ch ti c Janet ln bn ca c y)
Cu ng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
Mt s ngi cn thn trnh phn bit nam n dng he hoc she ( his hoc her) nhng iu l
khng cn thit.
Nu trn s dng i t you th cc i t tng ng di phi l you hoc your.
you
You + verb... + +
(verb) ...
your
V d:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.
If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
S t S nhiu
Cc v d b tr cho c 2 dng:
One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret.
You should always look both ways before you cross the street.
V d:
Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an appointment.
= Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an appointment.
Nu mun dng ph nh t not trc verbing sau gii t (xem cng thc).
Nn nh rng thi ca hnh ng mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca hnh ng mnh ph.
Hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc (cng thc trn).
V d:
Hin ti: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.
Qu kh : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment.
Tng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.
Trong trng hp hnh ng ca mnh chnh ln mnh ph u xy ra qu kh m hnh ng
ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh th cng thc s l:
ng trc c n 2 gii t because v after, vic hiu 2 gii t ny tu thuc vo ng cnh ca cu.
V d:
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.
(After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.)
Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
(After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.)
Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.
(Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.)
Nu hnh ng ca mnh ph th b ng th cng thc s l:
V d:
Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty.
(After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.)
Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.
(After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting flight.)
Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late.
(Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he arrived late.)
Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes in his throat.
compete together Bn thn t compete ngha l tham gia vo cuc thi u vi nhng ngi
khc
reason ... because Cc t ny ch ra cng 1 vn . Mu chun l reason... that.
Join together. Join c ngha l em li cho nhau, st cnh bn nhau, hay tr thnh
1 b phn hay thnh vin ca .... nn together y l tha.
Repeat again Bn thn repeat c ngha l ni li ln na, (re - lun c ngha l again)
nn y tha again.
new innovations Bn thn innovation c ngha l 1 tng mi, 1 sng kin mi
matinee performance matinee ngha l bui biu din ban chiu. Nn performance l tha.
the time when Ngi Anh khng ni the time when m ch dng 1 trong 2.
V d: It is the time you must leave.
the place wherre Ngi Anh khng ni the place where m ch dng 1 trong 2.
V d: It is the place I was born.
Mt s v d:
The army advanced after the big battle.
Hay
The army moved forward after the big battle.
The peace talks advanced.
Hay
The peace talks progressed.
We have sufficent money to buy the new dress.
They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work.
The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
John and his brother are competing in the running games.
The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room.
Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand.
Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee.
The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent.
(L do ti tham d vo lp hc l ng gio s rt c ti hng bin.)
This is where I left him.
That was the time I hit a home run.
Nn nh rng thng thng th thnh phn u tin sau ng t s quyt nh cc thnh phn cn li.
Tuy nhin nu thi gian trong cu khc nhau th cc hnh ng trong cu phi theo quy lut thi gian
v nguyn tc song song khng c p dng.
V d:
She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
Bng i ng t
(Progressive) (Progressive)
next + thi gian (week, year ...) the following + thi gian (week, year...)
last + thi gian (week, year ...) the privious + thi gain (week, year...)
thi gian + ago thi gian + before/ the privious +thi gian
- Cch dng gin tip t tn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n gii t for, to v tn ng gin tip
(cng thc sau.)
for
Subject + verb + tn ng trc tip + + tn ng gin tip
to
- Cch dng trc tip t tn ng gin tip ngay sau ng t v sau n tn ng trc tip, gii t
to v for mt i, cng thc sau:
- Nu c 2 tn ng u l i t nhn xng th khng c dng cng thc trc tip (tc l cng thc
th nht c s dng).
V d:
Correct : They gave it to us.
Incorrect: They gave us it.
- ng t to introduce v to mention khng bao gi c dng cng thc trc tip m phi dng cng
thc gin tip.
To introduce sb/smth to sb
to mention smth to sb
Mt s th d b tr
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
I fixed a drink for Maria.
I fixed Maria a drink.
He drew a picture for his mother.
He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother.
He lent his brother his car.
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank.
We owe the bank several thousand dollars.
51. Ph t o ln u cu
Trong ting Anh c nhng trng hp ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng
u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng.
Trong trng hp ng php c thay i, ng sau ph t ng u cu l tr ng t ri mi n
ch ng v ng t chnh (cng thc sau).
hardly
rarely
seldom + auxiliary + subject + verb ...
never
only ...
V d :
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Ph t tr ng t ch ng ng t
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc ph t c bit ng u cu
(n) 2- cnh tng. Watching the landing of the spaces capsule was a pleasant sight.
If Harry doesnt practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.
Passed (v - qu kh ca pass) :
1- tri qua, qua i.
V d:
Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict.
2- i qua, i ngang qua.
V d:
While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us.
3- thnh cng, vt qua c.
V d:
The students are happy that they passed their exams.
PAST (adj) : 1- qua, d vng.
V d:
This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university.
2- trc y.
V d:
In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian.
PEACE (n) : ho bnh, s trt t, s yn n, s yn lng, s thanh bnh.
V d:
Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting.
PIECE (n) : Mt mu, 1 mnh.
V d:
Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert.
PRINCIPAL (n) : 1- hiu trng (trng tiu hc v trung hc).
V d:
The principal called a faculty meeting.
(adj) 2- chnh, ch yu.
V d:
An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at
Fridays luncheon.
2- hi, mt cht.
V d:
He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
QUIT (v) : dng.
V d:
Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice.
STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khng di chuyn, tnh ti.
V d:
The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days.
STATIONERY (n) : Giy vit c bit, vn phng phm.
V d:
Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence.
THAN (lin t) : c s dng trong cu so snh hn.
V d:
Todays weather is better than yesterdays.
THEN (adj) : sau ( c dng sau 1 thi im c cp).
V d:
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.
THEIR (adj) : tnh t s hu s nhiu.
V d:
Their team scored the most points during the game.
THERE (adv) : 1- , ng kia.
V d:
Look over there between the trees.
2- c s dng vi be ch ra s hin din, s c mt, s tn ti.
V d:
There is a book on the teachers desk.
THEYRE (i t + ng t): vit tt ca they are.
V d:
Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.
TO (gii t) : i ti, cho ti, ti tn lc.
V d:
Go to the blackboard and write out the equation.
TWO (n hoc adj) - hai.
V d:
Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv) 1- qu.
V d:
This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming.
V d:
It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants.
BETWEEN (gii t) : ch ra mi quan h (s la chn) gia 2 thc th.
V d:
Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.
Lu : cu trc between ... and cng c th c dng ch v tr chnh xc ca 1 quc gia nm gia
cc quc gia khc.
V d:
V d:
Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job.
CONSIDERATE (adj): lch s, n cn, chu o, hay quan tm ti ngi khc.
V d:
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.
CREDIBLE (adj) : c th tin c.
V d:
His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible.
CREDITABLE (adj) : v vang, ng ca ngi, ng khen.
V d:
The firemans daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed.
Vic ngi lnh cu ho dm xng vo cu nhng ngi b nht trong m chy l vic lm ng khen
ngi.
CREDULOUS (adj): c tin, nh da.
V d:
Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer.
During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague.
(vo thi trung c, hng triu ngi b ng bnh v nn dch.)
INSPIRATION (n): cm hng (sng to, hc tp, khm ph).
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration
and one percent inspiration.
(Thomas A. Edison, nh pht minh ra chic kn, ni rng 1 tng l 99% m hi cng sc v ch 1%
cm hng sng to).
ASPIRATION (n) : 1- kht vng, nguyn vng.
Gails lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor.
2- s ht th.
To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary.
INTELLIGENT (adj) : thng minh.
Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study.
INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : d dng, d hiu.
The science teachers explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their
assignments.
INTELLECTUAL (n) : 1- tr thc.
Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his
classmates who are less intelligent.
2- (adj): khn ngoan, ti tr, uyn bc.
John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor.
INTENSE (adj) : mnh, d di, mnh lit.
Last winters intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply.
INTENSIVE (adj) : mnh, su, tp trung.
Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish.
LATE (adj, adv): 1-khng ng gi, mun.
Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late.
2- (adj) qu c.
Her late husband was the author of that book.
LATELY (adv) : gn y.
I havent seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research.
LEARN (v) : hc.
The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register.
TEACH (v) : dy.
The instructor is teaching us how to program computers.
LEND (v) v LOAN (v) : cho vay - c th dng ln c.
Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
BORROW (v) : vay.
I borrowed Jills red dress to wear to the dance.
LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, chy ra.
Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Especially (adv) : c bit.
Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear.
Use (n): p dng, s dng.
The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn.
Usage (n) : cch s dng.
Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.
Above, over
on
to from
through
into out of
by
Below, under
54.4 by
ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua.
ng t tnh + by = gn, bn.
by + thi gian c th : trc lc.
V d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening.
By c dng trong cu b ng ch ra ch th gy hnh ng.
V d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare.
By + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
V d: We traveled to Boston by train.
By then : trc lc .
V d: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have found a job.
By way of = via : theo ng.
V d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge.
By the way : 1- tnh c.
V d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game. Would you like to go with me?
2- nhn y, tin y.
By far + tnh t so snh : (dng nhn mnh).
V d: This book is by far the best on the subject.
By accident / by mistake : tnh c. >< on purpose (c tnh).
V d: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards were put into the computer by
accident.
54.6 on
On + th trong tun/ ngytrong thng.
V d: I will call you on Thursday. His birthday is on February 3.
On + a/the + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
V d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane. I came to school this morning on the
bus.
On a street : ti ph.
V d: I lives on 1st Ngc khnh.
55. Ng ng t.
l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1,2 hoc i khi 3 gii t. Khi kt hp dng nh vy, ng ngha ca
chng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u.
To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt.
V d: As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countries broke off their diplomatic
relations.
To bring up: nu ra, a ra.
V d: The country commissioner brought up the heated issue of restricting on-street parking.
Call on : 1- yu cu.
V d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard.
2- gh thm, n thm.
V d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better
acquainted with them.
Care for: 1- thch (take care of).
V d: Because Marita doesnt care for dark colors, she buys only brightly colored clothes.
2- trng nom, sn sc (take care for).
V d: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school.
Check out : 1- Mn sch (th vin).
V d: I went to the library and checked out thirty books last night for my research paper.
2- xem xt, iu tra.
V d: This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out the problem?
Check out of : lm th tc ( ra khi khch sn, sn bay, nh ga) >< check into : lm th tc
vo sn bay, khch sn...
Check (up) on : iu tra.
V d: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record before insuring him.
Close in on : tin li gn, chy li gn.
V d: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in on him.
Come along with: i cng vi.
V d: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting.
Come down with : Mc phi 1 cn bnh.
V d: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal disorders.
Count on = depent on = rely on : trng cy vo, da vo, nh vo.
V d: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate school.
Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tng kh, loi b, tr kh.
V d: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the football games, the director
has decided to do away with all sports activities.
Nouns + prepositions
V d:
The quality of this photograph is poor.
I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.
They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
ng t + gii t.