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(b) human height may be any value between the two extremes of the range (not in
discrete categories), e.g. 179.0 cm / 178.5 cm [1]
3 (a) e.g. blood groups, attached and unattached ear lobes, flower colours, dwarf and tall
stems in pea plants, gender (male and female) [3]
(b) there are four blood groups that are in discrete categories A, B, AB and O, there
are no intermediates between them that are mixtures of A and O or AB and
O, for example [1]
7 exposure to radiation; U/V radiation; X rays; gamma radiation; some chemicals, e.g.
benzpyrene in tobacco smoke; some viruses, e.g. human papillomavirus and cervical
cancer [2]
9 genetic engineering - taking a gene from one species and putting it into another
species [1]
10 competition for, resources / named resources; only those best adapted to gain
resources survive; breed; and pass on their alleles; any example of adaptation [4]
parental
normal x normal
phenotypes
parental
HNHS x HNHS ;
genotypes
parental
gametes , + , ;
HN HN HN HS
HN HS HS HS
;
(c) areas of the world with highest number of cases of sickle cell anaemia are areas
where malaria is most common;
malaria, is severe disease / may be fatal;
HNHN / homozygous dominant, susceptible to malaria;
HNHS / heterozygous, resistant to malaria;
HNHS survive / HNHN more likely to die before have children;
HNHS have children and pass on, the allele / HS;
if HNHS x HNHS there is a 1 in 4 chance of, HSHS / homozygous recessive;
50% chance that a child has advantage of resistance to malaria [5]
1 B
2 B
3 A
4 B
(b) 47 chromosomes (not 46) / an extra chromosome (no. 21); in meiosis a pair of
chromosomes do not separate; so zygote receives 24 chromosomes from one
parent and 23 from the other;
chromosome 21 is visible in the karyotype on page 202 [2]
6 (a)(i) 34/150 x 100; 22.7(%); [2]
(ii) 160 229 / 69; [1]
may be less, e.g. if the largest handspan in first group is 169 and smallest handspan
in last group is 220 in which case it is 169 220 (without the raw data it is
impossible to tell)
(b) frequency histogram
(ii) range of values between two extremes of a range; an example from the data; [2]
7 (a)
percentage
of sample
of each
country
parental
blood group B x blood group B
phenotypes
IB IO x IB IO ; both must be heterozygous
parental
carrying the IO allele
genotypes
parental , + , ;
gametes
IB I B IB IO
IB IO IO IO
;
shaded box shows the genotype
offspring
IB I B , IB IO , IO IO that gives rise to blood group O;
genotypes
offspring
B, B, O ;
phenotypes
[5]
(d) blood group must be compatible; usually the same; so no rejection; recipient may
produce antibodies against antigens on the red blood cells of the donor; [3]
explanation is the same as for matching for blood transfusions the table below
shows the possible matchings of donor to recipient
8 (a)(i) increases from 1993 to 1998; decreases to 2000; increases again to 2001 and
remains constant to 2005; use of figures to show pattern, e.g. 6% to maximum of
15%; [3]
(ii) decreases; from 35 per 100 people to 22 per 100 people; [2]
(c) use antibiotics less often; do not prescribe when it is not absolutely necessary;
change the antibiotics prescribed for some diseases so they are not used all the time;
use antibiotics in combination rather than singly (less likely for bacteria to develop
resistance when several antibiotics are used at the same time); [3]
(d) genetic engineering - taking a gene from one species and putting it into another
species [1]
(e) large production; quicker /cheaper, on a large scale; does not need to use insulin
from dead animals; some people have objections to using dead animal source; [2]
(f) genetic engineering - gene is moved from one species to another; not possible with
artificial selection as cannot isolate a gene when doing selective breeding;
cannot breed two species together; [2]