veer e eee reeves Solutions Manual for The Analysis of Linear Circuits Charles M. Close RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE NITRO OF TECNOLOGIA TIVRO orge BOGUMENTACKO TINFORMAGHO| moat [OS 1 FUNTEC SBSEGT 14 4 [owes | S30 [BFR Ve | Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Atlanta‘Although curricula differ, cone instructors my find it helpful to know the class schedule of the twontenester eircults sequence at Rensselaer for which The Analysis of Line Cireults {s the textbook. In 1965-6, ve covered the first eleven chaptere with only ninor omissions and changes in ‘the omer of toptes. In the 1966-67 school year, all engineering students were required to take the first half of the sequence. In ay sections, we are covering in thie first seaester the first five chapters, Sections 12.2 and 12.2, and Chapter 8. In thé second semester, which is elective except for electrical engineering sajore, ve cover Chapters 6-7, Chapters 9-11, snd Section 12-4. Charles M. Close Troy, lew York « force of compression Length of the shaft symmetrical about the origin for [2] < fe, given byt} < te (CHAPTER 2 curve in Fig. 1-1-3 can te extended Into the fourth quadran elastic Lintt of the metal used are approximately the same and tension, and if the eross-secti 1 area of the shaft 1s by regarding fas a negative applied force and a contract von in the a negative elongation, If the extended curve ts Jen the range of Linearity is ais ie the case if the modulus of elasticity and the in compression ugh to prevent lateral deflection or buckling. However, for some common neterials, ouch as cast iron and conerete, the dehavier in compression ts conatderably different. Denote the responses to x,(t) and x,{ by y(t) and ¥,(t), ‘the first system ts Linear and time tavariant since vy tgs & Oy te) +2 (+x) y(t = ty) Fe fas _ af ax(t + ty) the second system Le Linear and time invar‘est since Gy +) > shat) ve = 6] = 3x(t = &) a a a. a ‘Tae third system Le nosLinear and time tnvariant since Gy ty) Fe Gy tH) Ft [a c tol] x(t = tg) fon desceited by the Aigferential equatic: fee. stay Wray = oy Bae trey dan) vat and in tension reepectvely.13 ab 1s CHAPTER 1 ts Linear if ond only tf the a's and bj's are not functions of x oF ye The systen is tine invartant if and only if the a,'s and pj's are Tt ss both Linear and time invariant if and not explicit functions of only if the coefficients are constants. the diode is a nonlinear device, because when the voltage {s miltiplieg by aL, the current 1s not multiplied by -1. For the given characteristics, tne aiode resesbles a finite, nonzero resistance if the voltage ic restricted| to positive values and resembles an open clreuit if the voltage is restricted to negative values. Toe net energy supplied to network K for O respec’ For respectively. ite) wit) he vavasiape of ‘The figure below shows Is unlty. As f.tecones sealler, the recten: sigher, bul apgolute value of the grea underseach eact of thes renair equal to L. As 4 approaches zero, the pulses become imp:lses of value as discussed in connection with Pig. 3-2-3.[HAPTER 1 4 HAPTER 1 ji The current dova through the center capacitance is \ Ged wore [bao af a 2 1(A) | sae + Hilt) t/a a A |» “ BH t | a(t) = a(t) + Glu + 5i(t) 4 7 | 4 “us i 10 For t > 0, e,(t) nee! R AG B44 ERO RENG) 1.22 the vavetorm for ep(t) = e(t) ~ i(t) te dravn ftrst. For t>2, f to(A) ar, o,(t) + 2 (2) + 0,(¢) fglt) = 6 (deg/at) = 0 and ig(t) =a, since ep(t) Le constant. Thus = 1M, and ip(t) = eg(t) for alt values of t. The waveform for Ga) Re al al “? | g(t) = 1(4) = tpt) te now drawn, and c+ 4S @¢) / Qo a Ey Ca eal coll be ae a cr ' 2 oes “a i 2 im 2 3 2ee re rr ak eq(e) = ML(t) + 20y{t, #0 ey(t)/4y(t) = -R. The ctreutt 1s a negative impedance converter, and the discussion 3 te pertinent to thie problem. By Kirchhoff's voltage Lew, : nisiengo af ender kf ey a Jacofa | 0. he energy atored in the inductance ts 2 11? = 25t2, unten ) relocate the time origin for the part of the problem for nich e(t equals 100 Joules when t = 2 sec. ) men <(t) = 0.632/5, as in Problem 1.20, snd the enerey dissipated a } | erm sate at gtel ete af AnD at weed in the res ts ° ’ || tron sl the foltoning cartes my be rat ) I ni? at = (0. i 2/5 at = 1.00 joute ) | | ef x(t) | 1.22 For simplicity, onit the £ in garentheaes after the current and voltage 4 ) symbols. Teen e) = St, "5, tp = ty + tg = 6, eg = ia 5 (oe ) lg = fp + ig = 8, © = 34g = 2h, and @ = ey + ep = 36 volts. The power 4 3 fat tg 3 = 33, 3 * 2 ae ° a ) supplied to the resistances te given by pp = 12) Py = 2, Hy * 4 ys ’ ng * th, for a total of 293 watts. ‘ue pover 6 pplied by the vollage soura , le ely + 288 vette and the eursent source Loo, #5 watts > fl 4 Sa ) the not energy supplied to the capacitance for O< t<2 is -3 Joules ) tho difference between the energy stored at t= 2 and t= 0. The ) energy supplied to the recistarce 1s 8 Joules for O) ‘the three right-cand resistances may be replaced bye 21 resistance, and fgg = 5 +2 + 7M. (e) Te four right. ea OOD « o/s. 4 reaistances are equivalent to tvo 2.0. (a) 12 ts conventent to temporarily omit the top resistance, as in the following figure. . 220 By the current-Atvider rule, 1 = (9/3)L. ‘Then tg = 3k go @ =~ Aly + ty = = (h/3)1 and Rgg = e/t 2.3 Ae suggested in the hint, at ETE, = e000. 10 2.4 By the voltage-divider rule, eg =~ eg/b and ey W344. The fined ‘CHAPTER 2 a simon fg = 0, the meter current 4s, by the currentaaivider rule, wR 0.002 = (a555-) (FH 50 Re/(R, + Rg) = Ob. since Ry = LOM, Ro = 20/3. Finally, dy the firet equation in this solution, Ry = 1996.0.. ja. Pron the problem statement, 20 ep = 16 and ey = - 4 volts. Se ta O fg 3a. 2.5 (a) ‘Te proof se given on page 49. cy 82.46, 8. = (c, + c5) 22 () tle) = cr BE + oy Be. = (0 + 6) 88 fe) ele) «ty Bho nA (y+ ty) a (a) If there 18 no stored energy at t= 0, ute) = foe) ant bf Seon an “bts en arena mm emeete sf | CHAPTER 2 B ) 1 ) ‘) ' ) ) ) ) y ’ ) ) 2 ‘cuAPTER 2 26 If ej = 3, then ty = 1, 15 = 3/4, tg Thy 0g = Th, ep © 19/%, by = 19/8, 5 1% 2 25/8: For the etven 25/104 = 1.20 amp. ig = 39/8, soe, ~e7 4 2ig= 13 and ty (5325/8) source voltage of 5 volts, |, Woen all three sources have their given values, 14 = 6 1 = 25/9, Ly = = 29/9, by + = 8/9, 06 te total pover diceipated in the restatannen 1 3(6)? + 6(25/9)° + 3(20/9)? = 108.0 + 46.3 + 3L.2 = 185.4 watts we vet power supplied by the sources Ls = 03/9) + &- 83/3) + 12(104/3) = = GHG = 166.0 + M16.0 + 105.4 watts 29 If e(t) Se replaced by @ short circu.t, then by the voltage-divider rile 25)2) e4(t) = 2 cos ioe volts 75 3 If e9(t) 15 replaced by # short circuit, et) By superposition, the desired ansver is eg(t) #2 +2 cos ot volts If the voltage souree 12 replaced by a short circult, then the current from the 6 amp source divides equally between the tvo 30. resistances, and the voltage of point A with respect to point Bis e,=9 volte, If the current source Le replaced by an open circuit, then by the voltage-divider 12/18)(36) - (3/6)(36) « 6 volts. The complete response, by rule ¢, superposition, 1s @, = 15 volts.ww eee ee w CHAPTER 2 210 Since eg = Ryeq/(R + R,) and ey = Rye,/(R, + ,), ¢, will be zero it R, . te Rr TR see = RR,- Notice that e, would remain zero even if an foes, 16 RR, = RR. Notice thet e, would rem it aaaitional resistance vere connected between the Junction of R, and Ry Trivial solutions are ¢ 0 and 1 and the Junction of Ry and Ry. Roe 5 Except for the addition of the lis ree stance, the © reuit 12 identical with the one in Fig. F210, w! = Lf, Ry = 32, Ry : Fig. F210, with R= Lu, Rp 31, R= 2M, R= 6M, and R, = 2.0.. Notice that RR, = eo the bridge Le “balanced” ani R= 20 ALR, = RRL, eo the bridge Ls "eatancea” ana no current flovs through the UO. resistance. Since thls reatatance aay bbe omitted, and since the parallel combination of hf and 80. ts 8/3.0, the desired voltage 10, by the voltage-divider rule, eg + (86115) = 35 vote 2+ 8/3 246 7 2:12 Excopt for the addition of Rand the deletion of R,, the given lattice network 1s Identical with the elreuit ta Fig. 72.10. Thu eg 01F AAR, = R,Ry- Whether or not the bridge 1s tala ed, all of the network except R, can be replaced by a Thévenin equivalent ctrcult, tn vhteh with the reetstance fy attached and vith Ry = R, and Ry = Ry, “ . ea 0 Ro(Ry > Ry) foe +R RL(Ry + R,) + ORR, “ Ry RMT RD RR Roe, 2.13 Notice that the left-hand resistance does not affect the ansver. If the current source ie replaced by an open cireuit, the voltage across the right-hand resistance is, from the results of Problem 2.12, eg If the voltage source {g replaced by a short circuit, the resistance seen by the current source (found by ccabining elements in series and in parallel) 1s ¥/7.., 90 ¢, © 40/T volts. By superposition, the total voltage across the current aource is eg = = 5/+ Wo/T = 5 volte 21h If the voltage scurce vere dead, e,, = (3)(5/9)(3) = 5 volte, by the current-divider rule. If the current source were dead, = (6/9)(6) = 4 volte, by the voltage-divider rule. By superposition, fog 7 9 vette tee equtvalent reatstance of the dead network ts Ay = (6)(3)/(6 + 3) = 24 1, = 2asp 2.15 From the results of Problen 2.9, everything except the 24. resistance can be replaced by a Thévs in equivalent elreult in whi ‘The equivalent resletance of the dead network Is : as 5/T volt.| ee CHAPTER 2 _ 2) BIG) aicleiiaies Sinise) me current through the 201, resistance is 15/(2 + 1/2) = 2 amp, so the pover dissipated in this resistance is 8 vatts. 2.16 Te pover delivered to R, ts =Ri2-—% 2 = BAe = e Poth Gee “ee ‘men 2 a, Gaya ‘te muimin pover occurs vhen this derivative is zero, {.e., vhen R, a ‘BiLT Froa Problem 2.6, tg © 125/104 aap. In the calculation of the open-elreult ‘voltage, the total resistance seen by the source is 2 + 6/7 +3 = M/TO. ue ‘the equivalent resistance of the dead network 15 Rog" eyq/tge * 104/416. men the 6 ba 3a & a Ste Yn 2a Zee(a) (e) «) cuaPreR 2 sre dual of Probida 1.11 4s to find the vaveshape of e(t) tn order to produce the vaveshape for ep(t) given belov. ‘The seluticn 1s the sane ag ,(¢) tn the anever to Problem 1.11, eft) ah athe feo! t a 23 For the duel of Problem 1-12, interchange the waveshapes of e(t) ‘and 1(t) and replace the ekreutt by the one shoun below. ‘The new problen is to find the values of Land Gy, which are 4 f and 2 ho, respectively te dual of Problen 1.13 1 to find 1y(t)/ey(t) for the etreutt shown below. ‘The solution is Ay(e)/e,(t) = = G, and the circuit enciosea by the dashed Lines 18 negative impedance converter (identical with the one in Fig. 1-10) 3a 3.2 33 CHAPDER 3 For t> 0, Ry and R, can be combined into @ single 1{. resistance, and ethan en ® fe for which the general solutton t¢ 1,(t) =2+ Ke" Lote 2 + Since 4, (0¥) = 2/2, for t > 0 From the recult of Bample 3. +/2y 2, elt) # (a. for 0. tea aie ete) -xe®, “May, ‘he general solution for t> roa the previous tien, ¢ . “le equation, the voltage at t = 1 see ts 2(1-€7/2), wnten must equan "2, ft) = afe¥2 2 aye! tore 2 ef) 2-€*) ol 7 a The ctreutt can be deecribed ty the note equation La eee BE (ee) +Soprse = 0 foray = Sh re ten ey(t) = 2, the gencrad solution 19 e(t) = 2/2 + Ke*/?, (a) Men eg(0r) = 0, e((04) = 1, 0,(0) «FOF tore 0, (0) shan of") = 2, (08) == 3, 9,00) «2 (236°) tore v0 28 ww 34 me 4 305 CHAPTER 3 ‘Te source voltage e(t) = 1(ai,/at) + Rt, {8 not affected by the cayecttance and {8 shovn beloy. The current to(t) = G(de/at) and the current dravn from the source, i(t) = ig(t) + y(t), contain inpulses because of the discontinuities in the waveforn of e(t)- The tapulses in the current i(t) represent s physically unrealizatle demand on the ete) 2 / ° + * For t > 0, the currents floving dovn through the inductance and down ‘through the capacitance are, respectively, 6a eR, 1fer- 60 4) Sa Rh), 1 (0) = 6 1 Aaso, 1,(8) = H(t) + to(t) and eg ) +R, A(t) - (1). For the nuserleal values given in gart (a) of the protlen statenent,, 1,(6) = 6 aap, e,(t) = 6-126" For part (0), 4(t) #3 #30 Ts elt (CHAPTER 3 » Por art (), s(t) © 6 = 6e“W2 + Gent, (ey = 6-607? . et Yotice that for parts (a) and (b), but aot for part (e), the tine constants for the RL and RC branches are equal. 3.6 Hor the cireuit in Fig. 3.3-1e, ae 4h feat ieee Cae For both the step and impulse responses, ai/at = 0 for t > 0 and et) = K, cos S— +k, sin + vir cea eo) = 0, tg(0+) = 0, So(0*) = 2, and For the unit step respor ae/at] 9, = a/c. tus K, = 0, K, = VIE, and [+=] 119% t x(t) = ag ule) eee ee ee ee (09 5 (t) = cos 2 Uy (t) a Te expressions in Fig. 3.3-1f nov follow immediately, because that elroult Le the dual of the one in Pig. 3.3-Le- 3: For both marta of the problem, g(t) = et) - tel) and y(t) = tC) + e(e)/i,, whore expreastons for 1g(t) are given in Fla. 3.3ele+ F part (a),5 » » cura >| carts x 2 : 2 cee HS) ute) 4 44) : 8 3a aon y yoy) 3a FU, 3a ; : 3a je 40) le) ’ RK SK > > s/o vetov when £,(e) = 0 y(t). «Uy be) 5 2Uc4)-+ auto} Le 2%, ) 4.8 tn tne Horton equlvatent cinoult shown below, the shortacireust current, rolts ) 2@) ) with e(t) = lt), 18 $n ni : i. o e ee -ce ) gle get) fo ym anrGeg a wy Pie sa, ; 7 ee wat} L 2 i(e)-foe #206)! oer ase™) uy 3 3 4 3 ee at, i 2 2b eg(t) "2 + hi =n ule) e= (2) Ue) 4A} () 30 eo 5 3 ov — In the original ctreult, notice that the currents through the inductances ao change instantaneously and that there i¢ an inpilse of voltage even ‘though the source current remains finite. ‘This 4¢ an paxple of the 3.9 The untt impulse of current flove through the center restatance, 0° & 2) rough a cs ‘the untt impulse of © (1), and 12(0%) = 3/5 amp. For t 70, the first situation described tn Lines 7 through 9 on page 145 y etroult shovn below applies and e¥(t) = - 3tp(t) =~ (9/5)¢ restatance, 80 {g(t) contains the term 3xh(¢), and e,(0#) = 3/5 volt. 66/5 a Por £0, o,(t) = (3/5) 787? and 1,(t) = = 3 a(t 6/5, complete solution 18 - 9 6/5 =- (o/s) . these Ul) eft) #310) = 2 ‘Te complete solution ts fed, the second clreult shown beloy applies. 6 ay Fig. 3-31, 1,00) = G/) C8? 4A) 25 eo(t) = 3UCE) = 3 He) WYK se Ue) If thévenin's theorem t=2 comrrer 3 615 4,00) = 30,08) + ve) mis probien oan also be solved by replacing the two Left-hand elements ty a Morton equivalent circuit and by using the exmressions in Fig, 3.3-18- otice that this problen 1s the dual of Froblen 3.9- 1 paz (a) x(t) = se BAC) i 2 nt) == u(t) - = 3° 3 @) xe) 2307 7o eo fe) = 30,(8) = (ey etry = (6-8) Ue) 2 the ne) = 2u,(e) + v(t) 3.13 The response toa unit impulse is (e) == (ey = (ee VET GAC) u(t) = = au,(t) = (E+E HAC! cand * me response to a untt ranp function te far [> = (erae™ saab yor 270, ith ene evs coed 4) # 8+ Sine 6(09 = By a(t) bes ee y(t) 4B “2b ee ana 5 for t i 4 ee O 4h CHAPTER 3 our 3 15 The circuit consists of the series combination of @ AC bran: 4 8 Rb branch, and a current source. From the expressions in Figs. 3.3-le and 3.3-14, 1 eg(t) = ae ve) + [aye “36 ae v0 | 3 te suese 04K .26 The current-Law equations at nodes 1 and o are yey) tM =O Fron the first equation, ¢, = (1, + ¢,)/3. With this result and the fact that 4, = 2e,, the second equation gives ae, 10 1 +e =--1, ae ‘an alternative nethol is to write @ voltaze-lav equation around tie Loop that does not contain @ current source. 1 Pou -araee Gy - sp rsa =e tated term ty tems to remove the integral sign,HAPTER 3 replaced on relating 0, the a poo» *) y since , = (3/2) 4, - 4,4, = (2/3)(e, + 4,) and the stove equation ) ‘°° 4 ecomes » #2 ,..1 hy at 5 2 3 ‘ ‘the sane result follows if everything except the capacitance is a ty a tévenin equivalent efreutt, tn which ee * ~ (1/20) 4, ae wl ea 7 3/10 - | equat “a hen 1, (t) , the general solution to the differential ea a (ty = = (rho) + Ke 2/3, since 0, (04) ? g(t) ana 4,(¢) 18 0,(¢) = . ) wo otep Fegponte 46, ) oe) He) eo Gate 6 ‘The unit ramp response 16 £ 7 el -10t/3 fm [ Bttagtes | ue) 3.17 ‘The power supplied by the source 1s cero for cag a, and for t we) = oe) ae) = RQ. =e 7!) & xa) | RC. The total energy supplied by the source is 8 oo) aes CO f : 2 | ve acs Re een ape i smears 78 tt a < a, the response to the triangular pulse te ee) [= +e (H/F 1). ante - 8) - ante (6/2 et/FC_ 4) tate aye rhe (ely | MA pee */RO(y _ ga/aney? ka _-t/Re te 2 2B pep g-t/RO a. 2 Bree (8 The last expression is valid for auio tte responce to the Liput in Pig. P3.dle ts oft) +0 for tex. For ) t Sx we can replace t by t= x in the above expression to obtain ‘ ete) 28 [- etn tv cos eet) nes ‘ ‘ t ‘ ‘i carrer 3 [ogaPTeR 3 a By superposition, the response to the input in Fig. P3.2le for t > x te a (+) «3 [sta e - cos tre wie scoot 9] 2 a a ehareyet he inpat in Fig. 23.22a fe the derivative of the one in Fig. P3210, so ‘the response is, ote) = dy [Keine - cos t+ eo) | = Xeor t + ata t - for t > 0. For t>-x/2, the response to the input shown below ean be found by replacing t by t~- a/2 tn the expression in the last brackets: b [eames ees c(t #7] A(t) : a] % x a “| 3 2 by suecyuition, the response te the input tn Fig. P3.c00 te eit) «3 (contr ott =e) for ote reel?) et tor th et) = ‘the application of @3. 3.5-2 to the input chom in Fig. P5.22a gives ° e6t) « feos 4) Nan « F (coo t+ sine - °For the input in Fig. P3.22b, L (cos t + ein t ott for t> ele) jaa (cos 0) € ° Joh by the definition of convolution and ty the sapling property sn Bay 32-8 a(t) # ue = a) = felt - A) Uo(A = 4) ad =f (t-a) 5.05 The untt otep response, the derivative of the unit rasp response, 4s 2 a(t) = 2 v(t) By Ba. 445-1, and with a separate term accounting for the effect of the Asscontdnutty tn 2(¢), xe) = mar 4.26 The relationship detveen x(t) and y{t) will not be changed by interchanging Wy and Wy Af the netvorks are {solated, The relational aces depend upon the order of the networks if they are nontsulutcd, becau of a difference in the loading effect. 21 By Bq. 3512, H(t) = Wy(t) * Het), where nt) fo dean GO 0 for ¢>0. Thus 39 x(t) « f (ee yy et -N Ha e ats [b= G8 so? ooo 3) ce] tor tao 528 Te A(t) = Uy(e), then a(t) = VS ue) re ay(2) = UyC), than a(t) = = (20/3) CMF v(t). By Bae 351, with the discontinuity in 4,(t) ecounted for by @ separate tem, the response to y(t) fs, for 6 >0) i ¢ sen ee Be 6 ff [eM] Bet ME] on 0 Ba-perl 4.89 the responses, which are zero except for O Tas eclOr) = Bey HELO) ss sb since eg(0+) = 2/6 volt and 4,(0r) = 0, the enerey stored tn the capacitance at t= Or 4s 1/24 Joule and the initial enoray 4m the 7 inductance 1s zero. a5 Stace e,(0+) =2 ond 0((0F) = 0) (0%) + 2 and 4(0%) = 0 How, yor) = 0 and (or) = 31,(0%)/2 = 3+ By Kiretnoft'e current law £y(08) = 4,(0%) + A(08) # 4,(04) + 4,(08) capacitance, £0 43 yields 4,(0F) = = 1 aap, 50 S004) = E 4g(or) = = 3 vott wer om Socop) 2B Aon) == vote ser se (Or) = eg(0*) = 0 (0) = Uq(t)y no tapatses are present aot eg 4,607) = 0 and S Sopor) = 0 4) Le) R R ect ctleate ¢ fece q(t) = uglt), a eurrant injlan of area 2/8 flows Into the First ex(0r) = 1/m0 ent e,0r) = 0+ Ten 1 (06) = eter) (0%) = and “= 0 7 ® PeCHAPTER 4 CHAPTER & i Now ee) = Uy(8), then Hy(0H) = eGf08) = COP) = OF 1,609) = 4efOF) = By aa, ay ent e,(0#) = e,(0") = R. FEO) = EO) - ae. 3 ae, Flor) = § lO) = Now at,/at = at,/at ~ a2,/at, mere W.E The initial value of every voltage and current is zero, except that a ay Sao eo emt XO) =Eefon +E (or) = A,(0%) «2 Soe eg(0r) = 0, FAOH) =F a,(or) = 0 zg z Now ai Jat = at,/at - at,/at, where my My 4 dey FAO) = GelOr) =O GOV) = ggELON) =O Lie) 20 = Pe au, Feo sg Rho) 0 FinaLiy, & te ae Stn =} [Exo - $09 a F 3 #4, re ay(e) = Gy(t), then o untt sayuise of current flows into the capacitance Seco) 2 Sit) «2 Q) «fy watt we seed and a voltage impulse of area R appears across the inductance, so eqg(0+) = 1/6 and 4,(0+) = R/t. Since 4(0F) * 0 cS : fey El) ége) “TO a ef) =e o a (or) = = B(OH) = salt Jas 4 a 7 ff () ta ee, (or) = = Alor) «= Fg TO) = tc a mw? aleCHAPTER 4 eR 4 fs av equation at the upper rightehand node gives rerentinting the current hig Digferentinting ‘As discussed in the solution to Problen 4.6, Be, My ae, ae, sagteeo tae Oo, FXor) = 2 ae at ‘he general solution, vhen e(t) = t 6°", te = Ky = 045, 80 for to Bt 2-eety eg(t) «(x cos t 4 sin t) = (28 +1) eet ft) = 0.5 Ce By the use of the initial conditions which agrees with the expression at the botton of page 161, but viich does not equal the impulse r a ae, sponte of the eireutt in Fig. 3. efor) = geXOr) = 0 se 4s found that Ky +K, 1) 80 for t>0 node equations sre : fog qeeBley-a)eey=0 : he first equation 4s solved for e, and is substituted into the second eg(t) = (cos # + ata t) = (2 +2) eae =e) #0 blo For the efreult in Fig. 3.5-To, the simplified equations at nodes 2 ant equation, and the second equation is differentiated twice to remove the integral signs. To find the unit step response, let e\(t) = 1 for &>0, so By solving the second equation for ©, and substituting the result into the First equation, ve obtata 4, (2), raz|eco For t >0, e(t) = 0 and aka 2edfavo 0.388 32.628 eg(t) = € KEHAPTER 4 HAPTER & e ° wo aa Finally, ae oy(t) = U(#s 2 (09) = 0a ee, .. el eg(24) = = 06323, F2H) = 16(24) = geo) = ECO) = gEtOr) = BION) = BO from vbten Kj = = 6.39, K=2 and nitial conditions, == 1/3, Ky => 2/3 and 7 ay the use of these Anitial conditions, Ky =~ 1/3, Ky => 2/3 eg(t) = (6.39 +20) °F tor toe xe) [2-He*M Hee) Ju fo alternative approach, based on the discussion in Section 3-4, ts ‘then notice that a not ct /2. ne) ede + etl*y y(t) eq(t) = Ug(t) - U(e) + UACe = 2) + ule - 2) ‘The unit step response 1s found to be 4 erentiating the current-Lov equation st the upper right-hand node y 112 pigferentiating 2 zs ejpecd Go a0 gives while the unit ramp response is _ tor 00 = 0 tor tae 0 ‘Tous f For 02 For t>2, al ae, 7 -(t-2) (t=2) ee ees eg(t) = (Le ae) chara (eae) ere (ee rye = (6.39 + 2t) e® fron vnich K, = 1, K, = 2) and ‘Tals problen 12 solved by the Laplace transform on page 511. e(t) = (2 #28) € ror 0 is the above since 4,(t) prt th fuse whieh yleld &e, de, Set (RRO = 2) EH (RH) Og RIE RT ‘expression minus the above expression with t replaced by pieferentiating the current-lev equation at the upper right-hand node ent ur replacing e,(t) by unity, ve obtain Me elrcuit is stable only 4¢ R2R, +R, and LE R,RC. fo prevent oscillations in the response, 200.9. ‘yand resistance, the cLreutt Te e(t) denotes the voltage across the 1ef' €é) can be described by the folloving note equations. cer ee, cod ae feast Sa tac the vtageaeace the euertone dae nt cane istntanoily, Solving these equations sisiultan- e,{0r) = 20 volts. Then nore Plz should be replaced by ously, ve find that = 10-3. ay 7 g(or) = 10 - $8 = 8 any Be, a, segeress s,(0+) + 2 volte per (ere) ae me circuit 1s unctable 4 and only if p< - 2+ The free response can never contain a constant-anpLitude simsoidal o¢ctliation, because the52 CHAPTER & al tie node equation for £20 te — legeare fagaee deeb le 20 Acter the equation 1s differentiated in order to resove the integral sien, wo tle) woffa eR, suse Hy(0) = foe) == 2, ae ne emation efor) #3 + 44(04) + BogCor) + [ag(or) -2] +0 gives o,(0+) = = 1/2) 60 A,(0r) = = /h ane a -t/2 a(t) =- $e for t>0 .(2t) bap. Fort >-0) the atererenistad loop om te : fb eiee sie) = 2 (a, ooo Bes om At t= 0+, the values of A(t) and di/at are 2 and 0, respectively, to Kp=2 ant K+ 2/\/F. 6 the two teigonaetric terms are conbtnedy WE + - 30°) z +12 cog eee 1) =F eR 4 Setting the derivative of i(t) equal to zero, ve obtain eae re v3 Vit/2 = 30° = 150°, 3: t= 2n/VG seo and ts and 12 0.054 amp. Lie, yee 4 The First minima occurs at 326 amp. The firet maxima ie at t= hx/VF see £2) 2 x “tk aoe 4.20 eft) = 7? (con t+ K, ln t) 62 Hos e(0r) + 0 (OF) = 1, 450+) = 2, 150) = a, antBy the use of these inttial conditions, K * - 27% =O, ant for ¢>0 ee cost gj Sc) een So) pe 7. t Lox First, notiee that £,(OF) = 4,(0-) = 20 and 2,(0F) = @,(0-) = 40, 60 10%) = 20 ent 1(0r) = 10 amp. Stree to(OF 1,{0r) = = 10, £,0F) = 1,(0") ~ ee, a Flor) == Fy z_elor) = - § amp ver see i & Since the voltage across the 3.1 res: and ey(0r) = e4(0-) = 4. Ten, 1,004) = (6 = Me = HH . Finatty, @,(0r) = €,(0*) + e,(0+) = 7/2 volts. cHaPreR 4 ‘GHAPTER 4 k.a3 Since £,(Or) = 4,(0-) = 1 and eg(0) = eg(0-) = 3, ey(0F) = 2, eg(0r) = 2, and e,(0r) = = e,(OF) + ef0F) - e,(Or) = 8 volts r eql0¥) = (06) = 0960) = 6 geXor) Since fg(OF) = 40+) = eg(04)/3 « OF ee, Im) = 0 Pinay, ae, ae, oo Teor) = ~ gH or) + GHor) - GAlor) = - 6 +0CHAPTER & In Probes 4.2h, the forced response of a circuit described by the equation 2, SEs yee byes ae to the input x(t) = st x x)= |= SELB eos n+ 5 ots 28) she ¥ | cso sin 2b is the dnaginary part of this ‘the forced response to x expression, nanely a yp(t) + =F cos 2t ‘the forced response in Problem l.2i 1s the above expression with 2¢ replaced by 2¢ = x/4. ‘The method of Bample 4.6-2 18 nov outtable for Proven 4.24, because the forcing function duplicates « term in the homogeneous solution. It 4,(t) denotes the current floving dow through the 3. resistance, ‘the voltage-law equation for the right-hand Loop 18 a, 38 r8a- since e,= 21, * tg)s ty can be replaced by 4) = ke =3ae 2 2 je 6 Ws) = 7 io zexe, Since _ilet + 8.29), Since H(-2) = 0, the forced re 38.29, ponse to 1-10 n(j2) «2-70 38°, the corced response to ant to sin 2t ts + 8°) 2.70 ota ( garree & 37 yi26 With K closed and for the loop currents shovn below, the voltage-Lay equation for the outside Loop $s Wty +34, + H(A) + 102) = 9 which, since 4, By, gives y(t) 3 for t<0. The voltage acro: ‘the capacitance does not change instantaneously vhen the ewiteh opens, so 4,(0+) = 3. with K open, the voltage-Lav equation for the outside loop $s ni, +6 fs, ab + Sty + 5C2) +2102) = 9 or, with 4 == 8, a, ware + Tas, for t>0, A(t) =Ket and since (0+) = 3 * a(t) =3€ ‘he voltage across the 1 exp source for t>0 is egt) = 101) + 8(2) = 31, + 54, = 26 + 87 ct5a 5.2 5.3 504 sine aCe) = (4) + (4) # AC e Ay(t) = 2 cos 100 t + 2 ein 100+ and A(t) = = 5 sin 100 +, 4s cos 100 t = 3 sin 100 ¢ (200 t + 36.9). Notice that (a) (a) (e) a) (a) (v) (c) (a) (e) (e) (s) () (e) a [8 + 2VE [215° + 5/90 = 5 [36.5° SVE-95, (0) -3V3453,(e) -¥- 3 4VS, -0VF+J20V%, (e) 13 /122.6, (4) 20 /-36.5° » as /-93.8° , (a) 20 [2771°, (4) 20.2 [243° , V2 (135° , (x) 0.234 /-85.2° , (2) 82 (258°, (=) 1 [30° , 2 [250% , 2 /-90° g2 cos 1+ J stn L = 0.540 + J 0.581 (eivleyd orl? 30 2 eye ee y= RAE» aS) + GS) PE eer Pee ey tte region is the interior of a cfrcle of radius 2 and centered at xed ‘The region 1s the half-plane belov « horizontal Line drawn 4 units above the origin. Since, by rationalization, t 38 39 ve require seg > Ey tee, Ode wt? Pry or, by completing the equare on the right-hand aide of the inequality, bate are? wich describes the region inside a cizele of radius 2, centered at x=? and y=0 Ife, denotes the voltage across the capacitance, the efroutt may be described by two nate equations: Kee ey -ad eda a ° from whieh ae, bor be= (a) Tee form assumed for the steady-state solution is o,(t) = A cos 2 + Beta Ot. When this expression 1a substituted into the differential equation, it 1s found that A = 21/90, B = 3/20, and nglt) = 1.05 08 2b + O15 ain 2t = 1.06 cos (2t = 81°) (>) By Anapection of the differential equation, we) GEER from whieh (J and e,(t) # 1.06 cos (2t - 8.1°)6 5.6 (#) The voltege-lav equations for loops © snd 2 are +hi,+2t, 4 fag ae + aly - 4) voich yield of ) nee te Vig, = a/a¥" + (oc? ie men e,(t) = Acos (at + 6) end w= 10°) ic (N00) ow 1? since 3, 2 and r= 1 (0%, the ateady-ctate response ts o,{t) = 122 x 20? cos (10% - By the methods of Chapter It, the at (») ‘te tapedance seen by the source 13 2 , A(t) ts ee ee et Crap pre fe \ ek F Since 1, = 8/2, the network function t2 wt | 1, jor? ‘Te characteristic equation to fe + 10!?, co the free respon: yo) «2 «9 5 eaponse a wa + Be Sho ts eft Kt) response te t 10" 5.2) Te R denotes the resistance of +r, and Ml, in parallel, che currentela a(t) = (K+ yt) oH equation at node 0 in the aqc steady-state is3 wit I) => JL ant 1, =~ J3, the above equation gives. 1 B, + ah, + 1,) = 2VP/-235° and VE cos (2t - 135°) 9 45(4) = 0, 460% 3 Tow °,(0" a Flor) B=? e(t) 5 ‘| ith these initial conditions, 1t 1s found that K+ - 500, K = - 5 x id tnd for all &>0 bl, p20 6, eg(t) = = 500(2 + 208) «2 + 1.32 x 10 cos (0% - 63.57) reuit shomm below, the Loop equations are For the frequency-domain Q-ontIy a St #421491, ° JI) + (10+ J3) T= 0 from vhteh I, 8, = 101, = 2.66 [60 eg(t) © 2.68 eos (2t + 162°) == B/le5 + §28), where 8, = (a) (é) (») Tee current-Lav equation at node o in the frequency-domain efreust shown above is 2-3) =32 x1 10% + 2) final Ba iihiaan TO roa vnten 5, « 615 [-88° aoa ext) = 6.75 cos (208 = 88°) The node equation for the frequency-domain ctrewlt 1s B+ at, Ee {5.10 (a) me vottage-law equation for Loop 3 in the frequency-domain etroust shom below is whore 1, +2 (0° ond 1, =~ 8/(3 + Jb). We then obtain | Ge) R-O- RRA +06 CHAPTER 65 Since the angle of WRT PARE , TRY ORR 4 . ° geghgee Bo 051 (63.0 °) sg(4) = 0.357 eos (2b + 63.1 2 As alvays positive, e,(t), does not lag ey(t) for any value of o By the voltage-divider rule, Fy aye « aje 2-107) + je Bo yer ia ors aay S dos) + 330 G2) = tan? which 1s negative 4f and only if oP < 1/10. Tus, e,(t) Legs e(t) sor © <1/VI0 rad per ses. Phasor for the current floving dom through Ny ts I, 10 = 10 VE /-135° . men f, = 21, = 100% [15° ant ++ no. [2 G.2\ me current-iae equation at the upper right-hand node, in tere of shnors Be tans, 28/2, VF Lat 2 shag Te voltage at the dashed Line 1s gtven by = 223 [-56° , so the impedance Looking to the |: with ‘Tee voltage across the current source 4s bad gives 8 By By +B = 246 (54° | _ eg(t) = 20 cos (2¢ + 30°) . 46 eos (100% - 54°) +13 (a) In the expression 5.3 (a) & 2 mudt can be replaced by a 1A recictance at all frequencies, ; et eee A ERT Re Re TTT RTC ‘the angle of the denoatnator Ls greater than the angle of the nunerata| so e,(t) lass ey(t) for alt nonce