Practical Heat Engines and Power 14 Cycles 444 Solin Wim Wen w ‘called ths int power eqehemed wend wets it mre abet power, Wye andthe pump eficeney, ny Using the Bal’ approach, sting M,< land & > 10 wah d) e Using ether Figure 146 or Figure PI. we can see that eaches a main 085 when value of about 124 4,=2.379 eo assuming thatthe analysis fr a turbine is comparable to a rotary compressor or pump. Toevaluate W,,, we need to estimate the AH, , across each stage of the compressor, Since we are dealing with uid phase compression from 1 16 100 bar at 315 K just above extical temperature of Kryptonol (7, o A departure function, ideal-gas state heat capacity approach using a3-step process with suitable FOS js necded to evaluate AM subject to the constraint that AS across the pump is zero as the compression is reversible, adiabatic or isentropic Section 8.5 provides the details for estimating AS and AH using a PVTN EOS and Cf, such asthe IRKS or PR EOS. Example 8.3 provides the method and operating equations for AS;‘eg., see Eq, 112), SISK, 1 barwa Practica! Hoat Engines and Power Gycles Chapter 14 COncethe outlet temperature isextimatedsubecttothe AS = constant, AP canbe determined asin a departure function ~- Gy approach aswell From Eq, (4) and Eq, (5) W canbe estimated stitable PVTN EOS neels to be selected, choose one that requires only critical properties 7, P,) to make it straightforward or follow procedures deseribed in Section 13.3 to estimate wand then the RKS or PR EOS (see p. 569-570). C¥(7) or C'(7) canbe estimated using the Joback method fgcupcombtion decried n Seton 13.3 ie Table 135 and E1314. Toll se te pnp in rf abt geal ae ct) et now the stage pee oan tage clay ho (into ai Fie 146, Aum hth entering int condo wl determine Ds wl bal he ove dns al 315K, | bar, Eq, (14-42) could be used to estimate the etal pressure rato r, while the actual ratio used would be somewhat les, ©, ‘rama ™ O17 ‘Alternatively, an iterative procedure could be used, assuming an checking for sonie or choked flow. In either case with AP= P, ‘estimated and Figure 14.6 used to provide values of D, ata specif ¥, 142 Solution For the Peng-Robinson EOS oo] HT Md Ha, ¥) [ wav) AH =H(Ty,V_)— Hy Vp + (ly VO -HE V+ HT ¥- HIT» ¥) where the isothermal departure funetion has evaluated fr the Hey VY Reo" | verePractical Heat Engines and Power Gyles Chapter 14 @ litt icet pe ste HT, Vp - Hr, vo=J. ‘The Peng-Robinson EOS relates the PVT properties P=RTAV-0)- aYV+))+HV-b)) a= aT) (0,1) a) 04 YP lot) =[l4a(1-1!9 <= OATH64 1.542240 0.260920! b= 007780 RTP, for the working uid as H(T,, V+ AH= HCP) and plotted as a funetion of Ton & T-H or T-0 diagram forthe hea exchanger. APORTRAN code was used to eva IPrasieal Hect Engines and Power Cycles Chapter 14 © © 4s shown te pos he min pic enpetieo 0°C elas he tet geofluid temperature = 48°C. Now forthe total geotlid enthalpy change dL, = (1870 ke/s)(4182 I/kg-K)(150 — 48) Al, =7.9767x:10' V/s Given the molecular weight of R-115 (C,CIF,) = 154.5 g/mol, the enthalpy change for R-LIS between 31°C and 135°C is Meg 5 Hino ‘Therefore we can cael he flowrate of R115 01.9167 x 1043/5) "incuis= "(22.955 1/mo)) ig 355309 ls (154.5 g/m01)1 ke /1000 Thus the ratio of mass flow lity 9/ Cin.) = 5369/1870 =2.87 If the overall heat ansfer co Ticket forthe exchanger is 0) ai=U,A0 da Solving ford and integrating: a=|ca=["avuanait e where AT is defined as the temperatute difference berween the geoflud stream and the RIS stveam, If the heat capacity of the geofuid can no longer be assumed constant, the analysis, becomes it ative in nature. Basically, one assumes a flow rate forthe R-11S stream, calculates the outlet peouid temperature and compares the temperature profiles of bath streams to determine ifthe minimum pinch temperature difference is set at 10°C. IP the pinch temperature does not meet the requisersent, then a new flow rate is assumed and the analysis is repeated. A listing of the FORTRAN code followsPractical Hoat Engines and Power Cycles Chapter 14 us common /cORFE/ (10), ATC(20), RAPPACIO!, ALEHA(LO), 8(20) coion senreic/ ge(203, PetI0), (20) CxS cOMSTANT (3/WOU-R) PROPERTY DATA (R-125) ‘re = CRITICAL TEMPERATIRE () meta) = 353.300 Pet) = 31.5105 epla/mot x) = cL + CRATER) + cxePURDETZ + COHTIRIAHD Gl eels Sky rey eau Paw (0)148 Practical Heat Enginos and Powar Cycles _Chapler 14 pp = pca)P/inn B27 CAR =°scopbenaee2 — 2.on0em0 FOS (Rhea onpe02 apes Fa = £2) 4 BB*( topo + Bsorri2.900) ) #5 © Lyono + RApenia) + pager (ze7anPua ta!) BE AO? a "bpstnegnadds ooo) =a0 PEK = AEs (FO + 79 + Dios (ri/e2) +5) DETERMINE IDEAL GAS INTERNAL ENERGY cHAOE DeLar = (e1)+¢r-1me) + (02/2.000)+(2062 = zznewa) + Ir (7 08. oF ) sum cxose oxrm22)Practical Meat Engines and Power Oycles Chapter 14col Haat Engines and Power Cyelee Chapter 14 PUREOSE : EVALUATE CRITICAL PROPERTY PENG-ROBINSON EOS PARAMETERS SUBROUTINE PARMA (X) SMPLICIT REALO (A-1,0-2) common /CORFE/ B(10). ATC(20), KAPPA(ZO!, ALPHA(IO), (20) common /criTIc/ TC(10), Pcit0), wia0) common /ens/ N= RUNBER OF compouEnTs DETERNINE PENG-RODINSON PARAMETERS po 100 3 = 4, Na Bia) = 0.07780DDeReRC(Z) /2C(3) Arca) = 0,4572«D0* (nee2} + (e(3) ##2) /PC(a) RAPPA(S) = 0.37464D0 + 1.54226D0+W(3) - 0.2699200+W(3)*42 RETURNEngines and 5 Cyeles Chaptor 14 149 PURPOSE ; EVALUATE TEMPERATURE DEPENDANT PENG-ROBINEOH 20S SUBROUTINE PARH2(,7) IMPLICIT REAL*® {A-Hl,0-2) conto /COEFF/ (201, ATC(20), RAPPA(10), ALPHA(20), A(20) ‘coumo /eRrTze/ TC(101, PC(20), W(20) common /ons/ p= sysrmy coupenaTuRe po 100 54, m2 AUPHA(S) = (2. ODO+RAPEA(3) *(1.0D0-DSORE(T/7C(5))}1 #42 aig) = are(a)sanemaay continu410 Practical Heat Engines and Power Oyo OF A custe SQUATrON. {TWE CUBIC EQUATION 15 OF THE FORM: wera tperaegeveRrso INPUT DATA ARE P,Q, AND R (ALL REAL) WE OUEPUT DATA ARE X(1) ,X(2),X(31, THE ROOTS, AND MUM, THE NUMBER OF REAL ROOTS: Te NOM IS EQUAL TO 1, THE ROOT IS RETURNED IN X(2) SUBROUTINE cUBIC(P-Q,R-X aM) Empurert REAL*® (ACH,O-2 Reass XO! Ri20 = 2.09439500 A= (3.000%9 ~ PHP) /3.000 B= (2lopoerepep ~ 9.dD08R«Q + 27.0008) /27-000 € = \B*B/4.000 + A*ASA/27 000 Ee ¢ € ut, 0,000") GOTO i ch =psoaT tc) Xto="S872-00 + cx Ai=" (pads ial9)} *#(2.000/2.000 IP (Mo Uf. 0.000 ) Al = =A Bio ="=b/2-00 = cL BL = (DABS(B10) )**(1.000/3.0001 TF (go Obe the ideal adiabatic work. The actual work precuced is less than W, and is given as-n, Defining the net work as positive when a surplus is produced after a complete cycle of compression and expansion. Thus, the net work produced isPractical Heat Engines and Power Cycles Chapter 14 14:19 +n, o ‘We can produce net positive work W'> 0 by exploiting the high-temperature potential of the ground. It is given that hea transfer tothe gas is very rapid, so we assume negligible resistance to heat transfer and 7, = Ty at all times. Also, we assume that there isan unlimited, for our purpose, supply of geothermal energy, and thatthe system is far from depletion, so that T) = Tq. = 600 K = constant. Operation of compressor/turbine ‘Assume reversible adiabatic conditions. An entropy balance around the compressor! turbine yields @ ses, —Sarn {8Q=0 (adiabatic) aS=0 ‘The capacity of turbine is negligible, so there is no accumulation term, even though conditions are transient @ wo where = G/C,. Eq, (4) is equivalent to PaVin= Poa ® Compression Stage ‘The entering airs at 7, P, throughout the compression. For ideal conditions, a Ist law balance around the compressor yields: dU = 50+ BW, + HB, — Hg 80 du=0 H,,— Hy) a= “,— DAN1420 a1 Engines and Powor Cycles Chapter 14 Altematively we could use Eq, (5) and the aw versie shaft work Bg, (14-36) (ary Ff var ana Pv'= aw, wPractical Heat Engines and Power Cyc © Integrating hich isthe same as Eq, (8) above, Work-Production Stage [se law balance around the turbine dU = 80+ BW, + Hyg — Hy Bg = Bg 80-0 du=0 Therefore the reversible turbine work is 8W,=+ H.-H.) dN =4C,(7, TaN dr ie) | : Pau t C= 1) P, 1421 o ao) Alternatively, as before, we can use Eq. (5) and the reversible shaft work Eq. (14-36) aw,14.22 i) cal Heat Engines and Power Cycles Chapt 14 Cis only 2 constant during one cycte: Here, P, vais with ime, However, during single cycle inthe VaPintegeal, Cis « ‘onstant flr each cys the expression above mus be substituted into for C, andthe proces repeated. Also note the limit ofthe VAP integral whieh jo between the entrance covdiion and the exit condition for each cycle ~ thus, the lower limits varying al 4 7 a Total Work Production The net work is obtained by substituting Eqs. (8) and (10) in Eq, (1) W, en, «ay Let Q, be the (otal amount of heat exchanged between the rock and the gas during the ‘compression stage. With ourassumption, the rock and theenvironment ae two practically inexhaustible constant temperature reservoirs al emperatures T, and respectively. For ‘objaining the maximum possible amount of work we would connest a Camot engine between these reservoirs. The maximum possible amount of work that we would obtain ‘would be: 43) Consider our system to be the gas in the turbine and eavity, thenPractical Heat Engines and Powar yeles Chaptor 14 1429 ® awry Fre itis sured the work we have to expend over and hove the eal work i ast 0 the envionment oerwise the er would be 8/1, ‘Therefore, a Ist Law analysis yields ~80,= BW, H.AN + aN) a Integrating, we get W.-H) +0YL,-NU, W.—Nftt,— 0) +N, U,) Py (GPa OT) + Fe BT) sort dif winere W, was piven in pat) hy Bg.) Then (©) In order 0 have Wig,> 0, s0 that operation is profitable the temperature and pressure atios must fulfill a certain inequality namely stele] He] 14.12 Solution First, evaluate the maximum possible work thatcould be produced from a fully reversible process. Here we divide the Carnot heat transfer into thee distinet pars: {sensible heat from liguid phase from 1730°C to 1000°C (melting point) (Gi Intent heat during solidification at 1000°C (F)we ractical Heat Engines Power Oycles_Chaptor 14 Cit) sensible heat from solid phase from {000°C to T, An infinite st of C efficiency (T= 1/7 not heat engines are available 10 carry out the 3-step process, each with an = 8W/BWy Yas = Wears + Manan Wri wo Mam (guid cooting W, aT (pee ke basis) @ Taal assuming C, is constant and that the heat exchange process i isobaric Sn oon. 100- 1790}- (272,000) n( 222 )=-co6257Ing ——@) 00 (100,000) Wc =~ 78550 Jeg 4 (ii) solid cooling orm (273) a ‘ 1000 ae(Fn)) 8) Therefore Wax = Wy = 606257 18,50 — 579.967 1.26% 108) o Since 1 KW-he=3.6x 10°F, CTI's claim that USER produces 1 kW-hr violates the 2nd aw limit Alvematively the availabilty change could have be used {0 evaluate Wye Again the step process makes the calculation easier Te Ay + AB + By o 1, GI TI-T.C, ne‘Praccal Heat Engines and Power Cycles_Chapter 16 1425 5, IT, -T-T,C, In = AH TAs] ecco nar erntees ie which will give the same result as Eq. (6) 14.18 Solution We are only concerned with the work thatthe Rankine eycle is eapable of producing. Let us simplify the system as follows: es os {2k Qe ate of ea shennan Fein by Ranbine cle Wate of work produced by cycle ‘We can divide the simplified system into three subsystems: ra oe, a $y f= sme1426 ical Heat Engines re Power Cycles_Cheptor 14 Ist Law batance on subsystem e dy =30+8W with Bw=0 dU =0 (steady state) so=0 and 2y= O5~ a 1st Law balance on subsystem I: = 50+ B+ Hy He) BW with thas, 2 (Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) Ist Law balance on subsyster IIT dY=0=80, + 8W,+(H,~ H._)50 thus, 30, =-BW.+ avon @ 2nd Lave entropy balance om subsystem IIT 0 (steady state) thus, 80, 5,)Ba=T, ASBn © ‘Combining Eas. (4) and (5) BW,=+(AH-T,AS\on W.=(AH-TASi=AB i oSo in this ideal Carnot-Availabilty analysis we are ignoring the inner Workings of the Rankine cycle, To obtain the maximum work, we assume the solar collector fluid is at Tas it enters the primary heat exchanger and at T, at it exits, In addition we assume isobaric oepration for the exchanger with a constant G, working fluid. With these assumptions: ® From Ea, (3 a ® with Eqs (6) an), W, can be expressed as 2,~O5 ae 9 Gy 79“ ee a Note that Q, = AT. 7,) and W. Using the ulation efficiency Wea = UW, ay We want to maximize Wy with respec to; ths «2 From (1 a3) given “ as Using qs. (10), (1), and (15) in Bg. (13) we get for aiv,_ 2-1)16) an Os i oP as) at aT Substituting Eqs. (16), (17), and (18) into (13), we ge a single equation in 7: Solving. this iteratively or using MAPLE or MATHEMATICA we can estimate an optinal value for T to maximize Wha 14.14 Solution @ ‘Assume constant heat capacity brine the: Hing stmat—taselfgar-[i. 2) ‘ Peg) 00 — (273 +20) in 273+ 180] y= AB = (70 kes) 4.186k1 AK) | 18020 -(273-+ 20) n ZS 180 Prgay = Wax = 293 X 10" watts [160 ~ 127.6745] = -9471 kW aPractical Heat Engines and Power Gyeles Chapter 14 14.29 o © ‘Yes, the inventor's claim i legitimate the "slf-pumping” mode is achieved with some: loss in availability, ie, heat was transferred from hot brine 10 the R-114 without producing work, there is also potential energy term (mgd) while results from vapor rising in the central pipe, and finally thee ae fictional losses that occur inthe upflow and downflow portions ofthe R-14 circuit. The GH heat exchange process does not violate the First Law. And the work producing steps do involve transferring heat from a high temperature reservoir (the brine) through @ heat engine (the turbines) to @ low temperature reservoir (ai at 68°F), thus the Second Law isnt violated. The net power produced 4800 kW is only about $19 ofthe Carnot or 2nd law limiting value. From the information given, no fundamental laws or concepts are violated, area of heat exchanger =, thus fora differential element 84: 89, BEN rng @ 80s OS Tne Tra UP IST, ] So unless , AT and fig ll have the same characteristic average values of faninsly combine fo give Ut sam G'vir toe deve ett, be we Wil bo diferent Fora Jet-oderapprosimation 1. assume , (parasitic losses) For Conventional Rankine (CR) Plant F< HEM ath Ha) Pron n= 375 KW Prone pany = Pons = TOCAM(Hs ~ Hy) = 704226 84 ~ 224,84) = S60 kW Preece = W gud raion * 327.64 KW Moan = 0967 7DK. =H) =O 96ANCTOYLATASRS9— 184 ii 0syrofzas10— ran 2285828) 975-560-0764 PO = 3908 kW For the Gravity Head (GH) process EE = (96)(4(T0) [,— H(83) + = H,J1T)] = 375 ~P, = (268.8) (232.6 ~210.85)(83) + (15259 - 15.424.17))— Pel = 4478 WW et 478 3908 7 |46 " (@) _ Sothe inventors close to correct, but by our estimate the GH eyele is only 14.5% better [4478 vs. 3908 KW}. The discrepancy could be inthe actual pump work required if an electric motor rather than direct turbine drive is used fr thee ‘This would reduce the output below (4269 kW ~ W,, aventional Rankine system, 14.16 Solution (a) Referring to Figures 14.7 and 14.10 (wi ) feed pump irreversibility ‘working fluid and gf = geothermal fluid) g= jy poeta, mee = (1-1) 8W,/6e (per unit mass of w#) (1)Practical Heat Engines and Power Cyeles Chapter 14 +A) =A et aw ‘where from applying the First Law tothe Heat Exchanger: ‘tig __ Hp By Fem ote * Sete at lag and B+ ABy= (hie + BHy) = T(MS5 c+ AS,) The first term on the RHS is zero from the Fisst Law assuming no heat losses in the ‘exchanget, The second term is approximated as integral of ~T,C, 41/T. Therefore, a, (2) becomes ® ® e (2) turbine expansion = (0H -T,A5)-W, where arose the turbine we have AHHH a5=5,,-5, W.= AIT =H g~ Hy, (adiabatic turbine) 1=AB,,,=-TAS=- TS. ~8)=T{5,-8) © where - refers othe isentropic exhaust condition refers tothe actual exhaust condition Given tat Sis state function, for a pure ak 5-H Vp 6 asa Lae Ir we use a constant pressure path from eto ¢ (snes P, =P.) then dS is a o att and L, becomesagain on a per unit mass of wfbasis (4) desuperheating in wth P= Pp dS sven by Ea, (7) o evaluate the integral term onthe Rs (5) condensing Assuming that he cooling Mid warming is negligible Mose He HyTyS,~55) I Lal (10) "| "7s Jo= AU, Indra compar lls lcd ig 1, eas ead eens Tyau > T, ay (7, 4, [Fem TT a: © At 7.2.54, using the sate polats plotted on Figure 14.10 with 7y=035 and "y= 680, 7,=267¢C 299 85K Tea 150°C, 7, Te=3C,T,= 267 Me TOING Hy=180Ihg He=1603NG Hy= 153 18g. He = 821g 1, = ©2083 /6 = 020(H, -H_1=0.2000 62) = 1 6.Ng 29985) Hh) 11515044 : TO 4A) WRIT eT Fy = OOMNIND 70.7 29985 (1-085) Das Me H,)= (0.171) (180~ 160) = 3.42 41g 74273), He- Hy, estimate <7 34+273.15 =307.15 ePractical Hot Engines and Power Cyctes Chapler'@ 14 29985 =e ~1s3yo0738) = ¢ Ironia =e“ HO 3) 60 — 153900238) = 0.17 ty, 1, pe h pr (ta Clerk a= ( 5 Hy= Hy, jn (44+ 27315 Mehl arenas tea (180-70) 4, 85 (0.0561)] = 0.499 J/g