Chapter 5

SC-FDMA

Prof. Kim Young Ju

Chungbuk National University

Wireless Communication Engineering
Peak to Average Power Ratio

Peak to Average Power Ratio

- The PAPR of the transmit signal is defined as

Example:

Matlab code:
a = [-1 -1 -1];
y = ifft(a,64);
papr = 10*log10(max(abs(y).^2) / mean(abs(y).^2));

PAPR=4.7712 dB 2

72
CCDF

Probability
P b bilit Distribution
Di t ib ti Function
F ti

Cumulative
C l ti Distribution
Di t ib ti Function
F ti

Complementary
Cumulative Distribution Function

CCDF

4
* N = Number of total subcarriers
73
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Coding[2]
3-bits
3 bits data word
Data block PAPR(dB) Data block PAPR(dB)
-1 -1 -1 4.7712 1 -1 -1 2.2185
-1 -1 1 2.2185 1 -1 1 4.7712
-1 1 -1 4.7712 1 1 -1 2.2185
-1
1 1 1 2 2185
2.2185 1 1 1 4 7712
4.7712

: High PAPR

PAPR Reduction Techniques

Coding
4 bits data word
4-bits
Data block PAPR(dB) Data block PAPR(dB)
-1 -1 -1 -1 6.0206 1 -1 -1 -1 2.4792
-1 -1 -1 1 2.4792 1 -1 -1 1 3.7482
-1 -1 1 -1 2.4792 1 -1 1 -1 6.0206
-1 -1 1 1 3.7482 1 -1 1 1 2.4792
-1 1 -1 -1 2.4792 1 1 -1 -1 3.7482
-1 1 -1 1 6 0206
6.0206 1 1 -1 1 2 4792
2.4792
-1 1 1 -1 3.7482 1 1 1 -1 2.4792
-1 1 1 1 2.4792 1 1 1 1 6.0206

: used codeword

74
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Coding
The 33-bit
bit data word is mapped onto a 4-bit
4 bit codeword such that the set of permissible sequence
does not contain those that result in high PAPR.

3 bit D
3-bit Data
t block
bl k 4 bit D
4-bit Data
t block
bl k
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
-1
1 -1
1 1 -1
1 -1
1 1 -1
1
Mapping
-1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1 1 1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1
1 1 1 -1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

HIGH PAPR=4.7712 dB HIGH PAPR=2.4792 dB

7

PAPR Reduction Techniques

Partial Transmit Sequence[3][4]
aa. Input data block of N symbols is partitioned into disjoint subblocks.
subblocks
b. The subcarriers in each subblock are weighted by a phase factor for that subblock.

75
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Partial Transmit Sequence

- Eight subcarriers are divided into four subblocks.

PAPR Reduction Techniques

Partial Transmit Sequence
- There are 8(=24-1) ways to combine the subblocks with
fixed b1=1. Among them [1,-1,-1,-1]T achieves the lowest
PAPR.
-Include the side information within the data block, this is results in
d t rate
data t loss.
l

10

76
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Partial Transmit Sequence

11

PAPR Reduction Techniques

Selected Mapping[5][6]
-The transmitter generates a set of sufficiently different candidate data blocks, all representing
the same information as the original data block, and selects the most favorable foe transmission.

12

77
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Selected
S l t dM Mapping
i
-We set the number of phase sequences to U=4.
B(1)=[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
[ , , , , , , , ]T , B(2)=[-1,-1,1,1,1,1,1,-1]
[ , , , , , , , ]T , B(3)=[-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,1,1]
[ , , , , , , , ]T ,
B(4)=[1,1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1]T

13

References and Resources

[1] S. H. Han and J. H. Lee, An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques
for multicarrier transmission, IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 12, no. 2, pp
pp. 5665, Apr.
p 2005.

[2] A. E. Jones, T. A. Wilkinson, and S.K.Barton,Block Coding Scheme for Reduction of Peak
to Mean Envelope Power Ratio of Multicarrier Transmission Scheme,Elect. Lett., vol. 30, no.
22 Dec.
22, D 1994,
1994 pp. 209899.
2098 99
[3] S. H. Mller and J. B. Huber, OFDM with Reduced PeaktoAverage Power Ratio by
Optimum
p Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences,
q , Elect. Lett.,, vol. 33,no.
, 5,, Feb. 1997,, pp.
pp
36869.

[4] S. H. Mller and J. B. Huber, A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM, Proc.
IEEE PIMRC '97'97, H
Helsinki,
l i ki Fi
Finland,
l d S Sept.
t 1997
1997, pp. 1090
109094.
94

[5] S. H. Mller and J. B. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for
OFDM Proc.
OFDM, Proc IEEE GLOBECOM '97 97, Phoenix
Phoenix, AZ
AZ, Nov
Nov. 1997
1997, pp
pp. 15
15.

[6] R. W. Buml, R. F. H. Fisher, and J. B. Huber, Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
of Multicarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping, Elect. Lett., vol. 32, no. 22, Oct. 1996, pp.
205657.
14

78
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Single Carrier FDMA

- SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.

Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency
multiplexing and frequency domain equalization
multiplexing, equalization.

- It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.

- SC-FDMA is currently adopted as the uplink multiple access

scheme in 3GPP LTE
LTE.
A variant of SC-FDMA using code spreading is used in 3GPP2 UMB uplink.
802.16m also consideringg it ffor uplink.
p

15

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

TX & RX Structure of SC-FDMA

16

79
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Why Single Carrier FDMA?

17

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

Why Single Carrier FDMA?

18

80
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Subcarrier Mapping
- Two ways to map subcarriers; distributed and localized
localized.
- Distributed mapping scheme for (total # of subcarriers)=
((data block size)(bandwidth
) ( spreading
p g factor)) is called
Interleaved FDMA(IFDMA).

19

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

Subcarrier Mapping
- Data block size (N) = 4,
4 Number of users (Q) = 33, Number of
subcarriers(M) = 12.

20

81
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Subcarrier Mapping

21

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

Time Domain Representation

22

82
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Amplitude of SC-FDMA Symbols

23

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA and OFDMA
-Similarities
Block-based modulation and use of CP.
Divides
d the
h transmission bbandwidth
d d h into smaller
ll subcarriers.
b
Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
SC FDMA is regarded as DFT
SC-FDMA DFT-precoded
precoded or DFT
DFT-spread
spread OFDMA
OFDMA.

24

83
SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA
Difference in time domain signal

25

SC-FDMA Overview of SC-FDMA

Different equalization/detection aspects

26

84
SC-FDMA Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

PAPR Characteristics

27

SC-FDMA Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

PAPR and different rolloff factors

28

85
PAPR of OFDMA
Parameter
%N Number
b off ttotal
t l subcarriers.
b i
totalSubcarriers = 256;
% Data block size.
numSymbols = 16;
% System bandwidth.
Fs = 5e6;
% System sampling rate.
Ts = 1/Fs;
% Oversampling factor.
Nos = 4;
Nsub = totalSubcarriers;
% Subcarrier spacing.
spacing
Fsub = [0:Nsub-1]*Fs/Nsub;
% Number of runs.
n mR ns = 1e4;
numRuns
29

PAPR of OFDMA
Modulation
if dataType == 'Q-PSK'
Q PSK
tmp = randint(numSymbols,2);
tmp = tmp*2 - 1;
data = (tmp(:,1)
(tmp(: 1) + 1j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2);
1j*tmp(: 2))/sqrt(2);

elseif dataType == '16QAM'

dataSet = [-3+3i -1+3i 1+3i 3+3i ...
-3+1i -1+1i 1+1i 3+1i ...
-3-1i -1-1i 1-1i 3-1i ...
-3-3i -1-3i 1-3i 3-3i]./ sqrt(10);
tmp = randint(numSymbols,1,[1 16]);
data = dataSet(tmp).
dataSet(tmp).';;
end
30

86
PAPR of OFDMA

for k = 1:numSymbols,
y= y + data(k)*exp(1j*2*pi*Fsub(k)*t);
end
% Calculate PAPR.
papr(n)
( ) = 10*l
10*log10(max(abs(y).^2)
10( ( b ( ) ^2) / mean(abs(y).^2));
( b ( ) ^2))

: Subcarrier
Fsub(k)
( ) k=1,2,3numSymbols
, , y
31

PAPR of SC-FDMA
Parameter
% Bandwidth spreading factor of IFDMA.
IFDMA % Number of total subcarriers.
subcarriers
Q = totalSubcarriers/numSymbols; totalSubcarriers = 256;
% Bandwidth spreading factor of DFDMA. Q_tilda < Q. % Data block size.
Q tilda = 10;
Q_tilda numSymbols = 16;
% System bandwidth.
Fs = 5e6;
y
% System sampling
p g rate.
Ts = 1/Fs;
% Oversampling factor.
Nos = 4;
Nsub = totalSubcarriers;
% Subcarrier spacing.
Fsub = [0:Nsub-1]*Fs/Nsub;
% Number of runs.
numRuns = 1e4;

32
*M = numSymbols 87
 PAPR of SC-FDMA
Modulation & DFT-precoding
if dataType == 'Q-PSK'
Q PSK
tmp = randint(numSymbols,2);
tmp = tmp*2 - 1;
data = (tmp(:
(tmp(:,1)
1) + 1j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2);
1j*tmp(: 2))/sqrt(2);

S-to-P
data DFT
elseif dataType == '16QAM'
d t S t = [[-3+3i
dataSet 3+3i -1+3i
1+3i 1+3i 3+3i ...
-3+1i -1+1i 1+1i 3+1i ...
-3-1i -1-1i 1-1i 3-1i ...
-3-3i -1-3i 1-3i 3-3i]./ sqrt(10); X = fft(data);
tmp = randint(numSymbols,1,[1 16]);
data = dataSet(tmp).';
( p)
end DFT
DFT-precoding
di

33

PAPR of SC-FDMA
Subcarrier mapping

Y(1:Q:totalSubcarriers) = X; Y(1:Q_tilda:Q_tilda*M) = X; Y(1:numSymbols) = X;

*M 34
= numSymbols
88
PAPR of SC-FDMA

% Convert data back to time domain.

y = ifft(Y);

% Perform pulse shaping.

if ppulseShaping
p g == 1
% Up-sample the symbols.
y_oversampled(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y;
% Perform filtering
filtering.
y_result = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled);
else
y result = y;
y_result
end

% Calculate
C l l the h PAPR
PAPR.
papr(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result).^2) / mean(abs(y_result).^2));

35

PAPR of SC-FDMA

% Plot CCDF.
[N X] = hist(papr,
[N,X] hi t( 100)
100);
semilogy(X,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'b')

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89
PAPR

37

SC-FDMA
Channel
% Channels based on 3GPP TS 25.104
pedAchannel = [1 10^(-9.7/20) 10^(-22.8/20)];
pedAchannel = pedAchannel/sqrt(sum(pedAchannel.^2));
vehAchannel = [[1 0 10^(-1/20)
( ) 0 10^(-9/20)
( ) 10^(-10/20)
( ) 0 0 0 10^(-15/20)
( )000
10^(-20/20)];
vehAchannel = vehAchannel/sqrt(sum(vehAchannel.^2));

38

90
SC-FDMA
Subband

39

SC-FDMA
Block diagram

40

91
SC-FDMA
Transmitter
% Data block generation
g
bit = randint(1, Nused, 2^bps);
qamSym = qammod(bit, 2^bps, 0, 'gray')/norm_factor(bps);
% 16-point FFT ( DFT-precoding)
qamSym2=fft(qamSym);
% Subcarrier Mapping
if subcarrierMapping == 'IFDMA'
qamSym3(1+subband:Q:Nfft)=qamSym2;
elseif subcarrierMapping == 'LFDMA'
qamSym3([1:Nused]+Nused*subband)=qamSym2;
S 3([1 N d] N d* bb d) S 2
end
% 512-point IFFT
ofdmSym = ifft(qamSym3);
% Add CP
ofdmSym2y = [[ofdmSym(Nfft-Ng+1:Nfft)
y ( g ) ofdmSym(1:Nfft)];
y ( )];
41

SC-FDMA
Channel
% Ch
Channell filtering
filt i
ofdmSym3 = filter(channel,1,ofdmSym2);

% Generate and add AWGN

noise_mag = sqrt(10^(-SNR(n)/10)/Q/2);
ofdmSym3=ofdmSym3+noise_mag*(randn(size(ofdmSym3
)) + 1i*randn(size(ofdmSym3)));

42

92
SC-FDMA
Receiver
% Remove CP
y = ofdmSym3(Ng+1:Lsym);
% 512-point FFT
ofdmSymRx = fft(y);
% Subcarrier
S b i dde-mapping
i
if subcarrierMapping == 'IFDMA'
ofdmSymRx2=ofdmSymRx(1+subband:Q:Nfft);
H eff H channel(1+subband:Q:Nfft);
H_eff=H_channel(1+subband:Q:Nfft);
elseif subcarrierMapping == 'LFDMA'
ofdmSymRx2=ofdmSymRx([1:Nused]+Nused*subband);
H eff=H channel([1:Nused]+Nused*subband);
H_eff=H_channel([1:Nused]+Nused subband);
end
% Equalization & 16-point IFFT (De-precoding)
if strcmp(equalizerType,
strcmp(equalizerType 'ZERO')
ZERO ) && (Ch == 1)
ofdmSymRx3 = ifft(ofdmSymRx2./H_eff);
elseif strcmp(equalizerType,'MMSE') && (Ch==1)
j( _eff)./(conj(H
C = conj(H ) ( j( _eff).*H
) _eff + 10^(-SNR(n)/10));
( ( ) ));
ofdmSymRx3 = ifft(ofdmSymRx2.*C);
end 43

SC-FDMA
Performance

44

93
94