Te Disiel Lim PMG . ianic banding metalic. bonding CHEMICAL, BONDING (AS) — Covalent bandiy Dot and cross diagrams + X intaltecater forces mn wre Tie dine interaction * t i Van der Weals forces Na watt — Ihe] (rate ~Hbandngs —Shiw obly valence clecttans (electns in outermest shell), - Hagram show origin of electrans. ~ heply only 46. ionic bonding and covalent banding. IONIC /ELECTROVALENT BOND 1. onic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred from atoms of one element to atoms of another element. There is a complete transfer of electrons in the outermost shell resulting in the formation of ions (usually with a foll outer shell of electrons ic 2 oF 8 electrons). oS Ape ie Ny: —9 IMGT [BY tee = eee e OLD OGOS 2, There are electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions ) formed which constitutes the ionic bond. e oh 3. lonic bonds are usually formed between metals and non metals. ousee a |. Feature of jonic compounds = NY Brite Chreat. easily e » \ds = ) Any dislocation leads to layers moi ‘ ‘ 2 In dS charged fons being net te lack other. The repen splis te jon 5. Physical properties of ionic compounds : : a Hovdtess- Mesh Conic com prusls are fay hard. (st i tyetber closely oud rah in Taek pt) Mt OM is b. MétKog pit ~ Ail g hg pr ig pet ~ All have Hily by teltig punt (tiny Headion beta, a)«. conduct electetcity ~ deanpase at the ¢ Silution or wheb they are traften (sald stele Tons in Pixe4 Positions, Hhereure te-andacty) jr lectrades. in HB MCOs a. Seubilty in eater any nic eaporads ae sulle We? ne 0% Con an dipele attoctisn with water tus Fs NaC Ls) + 4.0 —> Watley) +d(4) METALLIC BONDING con h & oz! a iN eA i \! 1. Metals are elements which are very electropositive ie can easily lose upto 3 electrons therefore forming positive ions. O19 Gis) ARE)» BT eens 2, Metals exists as a lattice of positive ions in a freely moving sea or cloud of electrons. Cee GO@o. SOO. ef 3. The metallic bonds are the force of attraction between the positive ions and the free / mobile electrons. seemed — Kans Feld closely ayeth © Hard - Ktoms held closely -tegett in Fixed miter Beer oy stg bonds * Malesile 2 Dace Rois or recta) bls ATOMS can slide over each other witht breaking mytal . ing pint ~ hi tlc beting baiting put ~ Hh (tng elie lady bards & Conductiity ~ electricéty and heat mobile electeans [satid/lguid)OVALENT BOND 1. Usually formed between 2 atoms of non metals or non metals and some metals. 2. ttusually involves the sharing ofa pair of electrons between 2 atoms in such & way that the atoms obtain a full outer shell of electrons. dot ans cross agra tht xaos xGlt +.CL 9 xCLE CLE Re ais xh 08 5, Overlap of singly occupied orbitals occurs so that a pair of electrons which is now shared between the 2 atoms. - “@O-@ A+ — Apo + a a ke ‘A, The force of attraction between the pair of electrons and the 2 positive nuclei of the atoms constitutes the covalent bond. tlectrastatic attraction between banding electrans and two ‘positive nucle) 5. a. One pair of electrons shared vy — nas He tC, —> Hi hh ue xX ’b. Two pairs of electrons shared ‘0: Ay oh ae & xO 5 Oe cc. Thece pairs of electrons shared INFN or GN NR oxoKen 36. Physical properties of covalent compounds : a. appear as gas oF liquid 6. Jow ng Hing pint © Ron conducts of electicity + solubility ~ Soluble in organic: Solvent ‘Number of normal covatent bonds form. 1. The minimum number of covalent bonds formed by an element is equal to the no Of single or unpaired electrons in orbitals in the ground state electronic configuration. . aster sll 0 Nis sta? PTT] Nis, NCL, 3° Is* 2st apt ‘ MT] Ha), Fo 2. However , a pair of electron in the outer shell ean be split up. Generally, one electron of the pair can be promoted into an empty orbital of another subshell of similar nergy (though ofthe same shell). 9g ap * le 2s 2p! ground ste TD Eh 2 ’ Fal siete, [T] 1H 2 oy a, ~ & 2 A ale i BR a % "ce Is as 2p grows state (W)C) cy eicited sete (TT ls ° be Is*2s* grovnd state AV] u Bells enced shte 7] (LI‘ a * 296 35? Jp! 93 yhh [st 28” 2p : . eo Is* as af 3S 3p 4.5: F Hi és! A AT ff 7 TH h Ca v os es! A MET s F STL yy, Tea 33 qe Sthe es: 1] TT PChs ft Pp Iz 1g 28 by ap I act ws ts. a OE TIT pe, “S Is ast 2p 35% 3p a5 wy 5th TT MT s* 2st a 3s* a em 3° ¢s-2[ Mr] es.3 1 TEE] es SFy S03, Sky Fs Ck Ch, 0,wut? Bond jength / bond order / bond strength / bond energy 1. The strength of a covaient bond is measured by the bond energy the chery Fr uived a bregk one male of ¢ covalent bend betucen #, atoms in the gasedus stele A-Byy—> Ag+ Bay SH= tK ES maf the greater He bend ehepy, He stngpr is the bad. 2. The bond length is the distance between 2 nuclei ( the centers of the atoms ) which are covalently bonded together. Bond length depends op the size of the atons. - The shorter th bond kength, ‘the Strnger is tHe bend. ‘OM t i} Bord |Bond length nm | Band rey JES wel ba leegh Thea | 0-114 244 HB yn Chl | 0-228 13 I-L | 0-266 's| 3. Bond order + Bond order C=C c=c Bon) engy ET ma O1S4 350 o- By S10 o-110 B40 The extra aftvaction Causel y rare Electrons being shaved pulls the tars, clser bebe Feplsins tr it cr DetereFepulsin® oF the Llectem chud intervenes.Electronegativity- A measure of the relative ability 5 an ayn to attract the pric of Cleckans tn a Covalent bong. 2 Fackoys affectiog Check L. Site ot the nuclear charge 2. Site of the atim Crass a _perisd He B nf Ne a Osha te hr RRO ~ Al tS} 30 | — A bl | [ [2] _| F has the highest value Down a gray Nicear charge t —> elecdronegavity Atow sive (radixs) } — electnegetvty Bond polarity ‘There are two types of covalent bond: 1. Non polar covalent bond: Faced efween actims of same lection egati vity . “HEA, CLO x xr-O 0-52. Polar covalent bond : Fovang between atoms of different Clectanesativiy More electonegative atimn will hove, attracts ihe rir of akin in the ovale ar “tn We ~ bests 40 polar bond - i H ir f shai! OF the pai of elena ae * syomene Hck HCE me palar then HBr (Of Kigher tm electa negativity) APR or CL< Br for ahumic paokys. in pats jn Ho Br i Pie tucleus ey el fen RO etait i” “O% 3 j al ‘ia . H i t oS C wR ANo H a Q DATIVE COVALENT / COORDINATE BOND, 1. This is @ special form of covalent bonding in which both the efectrons used in the forming of the bond comes from one atom. 2. Ttrequires : a. ene atom have a long, pairr of electans ip Hs owter ~ SI b. xo atm — have Vacant orbitals in its outer 3. Symbol used :4. A dative covalent bond looks exactly like a norm: formed. egs Wr + be Ns i aa bron (Nis) tritleride UF) NG, a. Q N aw NZ JX al \cn ch A dimer - ALL ‘ ch NW \ gt Ny x al covalent bond once it is 4 Xo b iss is 2 mu i boron "atl ‘ Me ~ aroun (NYBF:) FF F , (NY BFs) ih oN Bo 4 y ohh sas 46 38H 3s 3 fh ot VY fang poi of 6 2 atom from Bsa KClSHAPES OF MOLECULES 1, The electron pairs in the valence shell of an atom are of two types : « Jone pair elections wu 4 WON bond pair ekctrans f 2. Shapes of molecules and even ions are predicted based on the VSEPR theory. 3. Valence Shell Electron Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) : ‘Two assumptions in the theory = L a. Electron pairs around a central atom will stay as far apart as possibie to minimize repulsion “ix Borks are, doser ‘getter se repusve tiras AM ore greater en \ Baths ae turther spark 50 repulsi wy are kss Pear Tepe tres AN Fuels ave @ ace thas possi cummins eee es er repulsion which is in tum bigger than bond pair — bond pair repulsion Bond pai ~bard pair q lone pic bond-pair < bmepaic ~ bre pair a & & Pa 6 ya Why he a tereahedial +i W | ny (ig ono! iy cal Hon ‘aa| Sent nar linearpie trigonal planar e oclg hedral jwelve 40°Table 10.1. Arrangement of electron pairs about a central atom (A) in a molecule and geometry of some simple molecules and ions in which the central atom has no fone pairs a Vrane ans abeacuee pst = singe . 180" 2 LL \ . B-A—B BeCh, HgCl, Lincae Linear s . ‘Trigonal planar z é a (CH, NHI i eral ‘Trigonal bipyramidal : 4 re sr . A . Y Oeabednt 2Table 102 Geometry of simple molecules xnd lons in hich the central atom has ove or more lone pairs a a ee om 3 2 1 a io, ‘om pe a ah, Meme f sect won, ‘ 2 2 t ee no” “isa d s 7 ‘wen a se 5 ‘ an Dimetty pr pane fafa ¥ (G Hn) HE—C—C-H | 953 Med H i Branching reduces fhe Strength of Van der Yaals force, ale is more Spherical tr hype and so offers Smaller Surface area of contact far Van der cause the molec Waals forces.Hydrogen bonds 1. Definition : The hydrogen bond is @ dipole — dipole attraction between a hydrogen atom which is bonded to a strongly electronegative atom ( F/0/N) and a second strongly electronegative atom ( £/0/N ) which has a lone pair. 2. It is represented by 2 dashed line. 3, Examples : BY i we A ge 7 Hydgger bent 4. H- bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces ( about 1/10 to 1/20 the strength of covalent bond. In the covalent bond between H and X., the electrons are drawn towards X which is more electronegative . In addition , the hydrogen has no inner shell of electrons. Hence the hydrogen nucleus is unusually bare or exposed and can get very close to the Lone pair of electrons of the other strongly electronegative atom , without repulsion. The hydrogen is then strongly attracted to the negative charge of the other strongly electronegative atom. Generally dagen bonds are. Stranjer Ahan ordinary dile-dele athactin,s bat worker then portal covalent and elechevelent bards, Note : other factors such as no of electrons can influence the trend 215, Strength of H - bonds : ® po of Pebonds formed in a molecule (To form a H bond , a H atom and a lone pair is needed. It is the number of these that are significant . ) CAH between H-F and H0, electonyativiy £70, byt each Hol molecule forms 2 H-bonds ves. each HF molecule. forms | He bons Theratire, H.0 has Kigler bp. than HF. a b. lector tity of atom Wy Between HF and NH, i Wh, ho, H-bond =}, bu? ele ctaneyativ( ty | , ty FON, H-F molecales $a age . walt bods Conpures do WHs outside the syllabas Gace His hy dagen bord (5 brid the Scthaye 6° F atm iS portal) ; ‘Smporcated. Therefire, the F ahi 4 is Molecule & Less attactve ‘em ot aneiter HE ich set i, i acd SHI has net formed q Ian The H tom (carded fun $4) ot g neghWerieg HF neleale & here aHfractel ty i of cise ia he Coanied fu) y6. Some important aspects of H bonding : a. solubility of substances in water : 4 Ott Aer Ry % Tove pair ethanol (alcahsl) 4 tee b. elevation of boiling point : Examples : 23¢. anomalous relative molecular mass yo Che CN oy ethanic acid (Mr =60) chy-eg 0 Hea 3 Nonde cag goo Hy dimer ( dinerisation) 356s etharvic acid has ap felent Telative molecular mass af [26 4 inser A ard a Sl fed ih. i) Intermolecular H bonding : ii) Intramolecular H bonding : iii) ‘These 2 typestof H bonds can affect the iv) Example: A 4. hr- Sides eqberzene. Lah dy deg been the toa dH JtHps on The Sam are Ys for apart te hydra, binds @ forms mere interme lecular StS hither ng hai hybroxyberzes Ledihybeoyy ben cen 24 erties of the molecule, hy Ay F é, i UP Pag i “Hp (yes (HP)s S885 Mtv. Hhewide, My g HGer Sy parent relative Olean Mos thn oupedt ae eh The molecu Ae feined in twas ir rr les he gasotus gate dl bak y ‘ergs On Hw . pO € Molecule fom tay Adres en bands than the ing and boty pointy.¢. Structure and density of ice : i) Structure of ice is an open 3 dimensional structure. The oxygen atom in water can form 2 hydrogen bonds per molecule as well as. its 2 covalent bonds, Hudrtgen bards With & bonds, water present in Tetahed ral farevtion when ¢alis. Qiamond- fike Stictore) ii) The structure spaces the molecules further apart than they are in liquid water , with lots of spaces in between. Ice is less dense than water. Hence in winter , the water on lakes freezes and becomes less dense and therefore stays on top of the lake. This layer of ice on the surface helps 10 insulate the water underneath from further heat loss , thus preventing complete solidification, Fishes and plants survive under the ice throughout winter, when ice metts, the Sttactere collapses ( H-bana weaken) StgMtly and the mojearles come chs en. dhs Ctplains a) water has @ mays Wlnun den si 4 ») ice floats meng s R