@ NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS _ Mathematicsts 2, Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3. Matrices. 4 5. 6. Application of Derivatives. 7. Integral 8. 9. Differential Equations ‘Vector Algebre Three Dimensional Geometry Linear Programming, Probability ‘© Sample Question paper Set. # Sample Question paper Set-II Relations and Functions 1 EE 1.3 EXERCISE Bl SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS a QU. Let A={o,0, c} and the relation R be defined on A as follows: R= {(a, a), (b, 0), (@, B)) ‘Then, write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R reflexive and transitive. Sol. Here, a), (b, ©), (a, BD) for reflexivity; (bb), (¢ c) and for transitivity; Hence, the required ordered pairs are (bb), (c,c) and (a,c) (Q2. Let D be the domain of the real valued function f defined by fx) = 25-2 . Then write D. Sol. Here, fix) = 25-2 For real value of fx), 25-27 2 0 S x2 -25 3 9525 > 5x55 Hence,De-5S R be defined by f(x) = cos x, Vx eR Show that fis neither one-one nor onto, Sol. Here, fla) = cosxVxeR let [-24] a) fae But aE 2 Gherefore, the given function is not one-one. Also it s not onto function as no pre-image of any real number belongs to the range of cos xi ) Q12. Let X = {1, 2, 3) and Y= |: Find whether the following subsets of X x Y are functions from X to Y ornot. @ F149), (1,5), (2, 4), i) 8=1C, 4), 2,4), fis not a function because there is no unique image of ‘each element of domain under f i g= 104), 2, 4), 3,9) Yes, g is a function because each element of its domain {QL 4), 2, 5), (3, 5)) 1 function because each element of its domain has a Clearly Fis also a function. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 7(QU3. If function f: A> B and g: B+ A satisfy gof=I,, then show that fis one-one and g is onto. Sol. Let xy x, € gof 80f fe) = sof {fl)) a 80%) = sl) [+ gofe 1) es "ek Hence, fis one-one. But g is not onto as there is no pre-image of Ain B under g, QU4. Let f: R + R be the function defined by fx) = 4x ER. Then, find the range of f 1 2-cosx Sol. Given function is f(x) = 1 _, ¥xeR. = cos Range of cos xis [1,1] Let fyey= —1 2a cost 5 Wayeosv=1 5 yoosk=2y-1 = cosy = Yap} Now -1 B such that B=(2,5,6,7), construct an example of each. $= (2,5), 8,5), ( 2)] which is not an inject ing. (i) Leth: B 7 Abe the mapping fom Bio us =y-2) a 4), (7,3) whichis the mapping from B to A. ple ofa map ()) which is one-one but not onto. Which isnot one-one but onto. ‘which is neither one-one nor onto. ) Let f: NN given by fi)=22 i and jtx,) = 23 Now flt,) =m) 3 x3 =x 32-32 =0 = G44) @—m)-0 Since x, %,€ N,s0 x4 x= * ‘tty DHT = ) =f) ox, =2, Now, Let fix) =5€ N then P-5 4 x= 4\5eN So, fis not onto. Hence, fx) =x*is one-one but not onto. i 24 it mis odd (ii) Let f:N *N, defined by (n) = a 5 itmiseven Since f(1) = (2) but 1 #2, So, fis not one-one. Now, let ye N be any element. ‘Then f(r) =y nel - Ceti 10 @NCERT Exenear Proateus Mareuarics—Xll Q20, 4 n=2y-1 _ifyiseven n=2y _ifyisodd oreven 2y =1 ify is even . > ne Py ify isoddoreven © NVYEN +. Every y © N has pre-image = [2y-lify iseven 5 am Pus ify is odd oreven su 2. fis onto. lence, fis not one-one but onto. Let f: RR be defined as f(x) =2? Let x, =2andx,=-2 fy) = 2 =Q)P =4 fn) = = (2 =4 “f@) =f 2), but2#—2 So, it is not one-one function. Let x) ota-2 ize alaeR Which is not possible, so fis not onto. Hence, fis neither one-one nor onto. Let A= R - (3), B= R= {1}. Let f: A> B be defined by (fit)= 2-2, x6 A. Then, show that fis bijective. x-3 Here, Ae R- (3), B=R= (1) Given that f: > B defined by in) = 22 Vixe A: Let xy x, € fs) : Sy fee) = fe) x-2_ m=? e mo3 79 = (%- 2) -3)= (4-2-3) Be xfhy-3x,— 28 =f, 30- = -ye-m 3 yeh So, itis injective function. x22 Now,Let y= 3 > ay-3yn x2 xy ox nBy-2 = xy-)= 9y-2 x= Retarions ano FuNcTions fl 11By-2 5 a 3By-2-2y+2 foy= 22 = = 3 yt za Maya aie = Not Syazayes yot > fe) =yeB. So, fix) is surjective function. “Hence, f(x) isa bijective function. Q21. Let A=[-1, 1], then discuss whether the following functions defined on A are one-one, onto or bijective. (@ fo)=F Gi) gla)=ls1 (i) HOs)=¥ Is Ge) Kaya? Let x), x € fix) fa) ate Se a So, f(x) is one-one function. i ss Let fa) yn 5 => x=2y Fory=1,x=2¢[-1, 1] So, f(x) is not onto, Hence, f(x) is not bijective function. (ii) Here, g(x) = Ix! 8) = 8%) => So, g(x) is not one-one function. Letg(a)=y= xl = x=2ye AVyEA So, g(x) is not onto function. Hence, g(x) is not bijective function. (iil) Here, A(x) = xlxl = hfe) exglagh) 0 x=; So, h(x) is one-one function. x) = y= xlxl =x? ora? ead yeAVyeA * ‘not onto function. ‘Hence, ji(x) is not bijective function. (io) Here, iq) = 32 ox) = Keay) sin! 3 x=22, Mad = ast, 50, isnot one-one function Now letk(z)=y=x? =) x= Vy 12 NCERT Exenecar Prostens Mareuanics—XIl Uys-1 = x24\-TeAvyca eK) Hence, K(x) is nota bijective function, Q22. Each of the following defines a relation of N (@ xis greater than y, x, ye N Sol. (i) xis greater than y, x, yeN For reflexivity x>2 Vx ¢ N which is not true So, it is not reflexive relation. Now, x>ybut yx Vx,yeN =xRybut yx So, it isnot symmetric relation. For transitivity, xRy,yRz=> xRzVxjyz¢N = x>yyrz @ x>2 So, itis transitive relation. R= (@,y):x+y=10Vx,ye N) 7), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), 7,3), (8, 2), (9, 1D} 5+5=105R5 > (xeR 4, 9)¢ Rand 9, 1)eR €R,(7,3)¢ Rbut@,aeR re a square of an integer, x, y¢ N} xRrex.x= isan integer [+ Square of an integerisalso an integer] So, Ris reflexive, Forsymmetic: #Ry ry Re VaiyeN ay = ye (integer) etre. :xRy and yRz=xRz xy=B and yz=nt e ne xe = and ze y y em as So, Ris transitive ‘which is again a square of an integer. Rewarions ano Funcrions 13x#4y=10,x,ye N) GER but 1,6eR So, Ris not symmetric. For transitive: (x, y) € R but (y, 2) ¢ Rand (x,2)¢ R in» A, Prove that Ris an equivalence relation and also obtain equivalent class [(2, 5)]- Sol. Here, A=(1,2,3) 9} and R> Ax A defined by (@b) Rd) satd=b+e eAxA (,WR(e,d-0+b=b+a\ Va be A whichis rR ed) = (c,d) R (a,b) LHS. = RHS.S0, Ris symmetric. For transitive: (a, 8) R (c,d) and (6,4) Rf) (0,8) Re.) = atd=be and ctf-dte = atd=b+e and dte=c+f S +d-Mdte)=b+-(c+f) = a-e=b-f = atfebre = ORE, So, Ris transitive. Hence, Ris an equivalence relation. Equivalent class of (2, 5) i (1, 4), 2,5) (, 6) (4,7) (6,8), (6,9) Q24. Using the definition, prove that the function f: A — B is invertible if and only if fis both one-one and onto. Sol. A function f : XY is said to be invertible if there exists a function g : ¥ ~ X such that gof =Iy and fog =I, and then the inverse of fis denoted by f-. A function f: XY is said to be invertible iff fis a bijective fanction. (Q25. Function f, ¢:R— Rare defined, respectively, by fx) =22+3x +1, g@)=2x~3, find © fs sof Gil) fof (iv) go Sol. () fog => fls(2)] = [P+ Sig] +1 14 BL NCERT Exewear Prostens Maraewarics-XIl = Qx-3%+9@r-3)+1 =A 49- 124 6r—941= 4x2 6x41 @ 30f => glflx)] = 2? +3 +1] -3 = 22+ 6x4+2-3=2x2 + 6x-1 Gi) fof = on = YP +3Yfe] +1 = (2+ 3x41)? +32 +341) 41 x84 Ox + 14693 + 6x + 202+ 3x2 49x +341 2x68 +12 154 +5 (i) gog = slg(x)] = 2[g@)]-3=22x-3)-3=4x-6-3=4x-9 Q26. Let * be the binary operation defined on Q. Find which of the following binary operations are commutative. (@ a*b=a-b¥abeQ (ii) aeb=a@+bVabeQ if) atb=atabWabeQ (iv) a*h=(a-bPVa,beQ Sol. (i) atb=a-beQ VabeQ, So, = is binary operation, a*b=a-bandb*a=b-a Wa,beQ a-b#b-a So, * is not commutative, (ii) ab =a2 + Be Q, 50 is a binary operation. asb=bea => @+P=P+e VabeQ Which is true. So, * is commutative. (ii) 2 b=a+abe Q so +isabinary operation. atb=atab and bea=b+ba atabeb+ba=arbebta VabeQ So, + is not cman (@) a#b=(a-be Q 50 ation. aba (a— DP and beast nae a%b=bta=(a-bP=(-a? Va beQ So, * is commutative, Q27. If+be binary operation defined on Rbya*b=1+abVa,be R Then, the operation + is () commutative but not associative }) associative but not commutative neither commutative nor associative ) both commutative and associative ven that aeb=1+ab VabeR and bea-1+ba VabeR aeb=bea=1+ab So, * is commutative. Now a*(bec)=(a#b)+c VabceR Sol ReLarions AND FUNCTIONS I 15+a(ltbe)=1+a+abe LHS. as (04g= eeml+(4ab).c=1+c+ abe RHS. (@#b)ec= (+ LHS. #RHS. So, # is not associative, Hence, * is commutative but not associative. I OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Choose the correct answer out of the given four options in each of the Exercises from 28 to 47 (M.C.Q) ‘Q28. Let T be the set of all triangles in the Euclidean plane and let a relation Ron be defined as a Rb, ifa is congruent to b, W a, be T. Then Ris (a) Reflexive but not transitive (b) Transitive but not symmetric (©) Equivalence (@) None of these Sol. If a=b Va,beT then aRa=> aza whichis true for alla eT So, Ris reflexive. Now, aRbandb Ra, ie, a=b and ba whichis true for all a, be T So, Ris symmetric. TeaRbandbRe, 29. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as a R b, if ais brother of b. Then Ris (6) symmetric but not transitive transitive but not symmetric neither symmetric nor transitive (@ both symmetric and transitive Sol. Here, aR b => isa brother of b. aRa=aisa brother of awhich is not true. So, Ris not reflexive. a@Rb = aisa brother of b. b Ra= which is not true because b may be sister of « = aRbebRa So, Ris not symmetric. Now,aRb,bRe=aRe the brother of b and b is the brother of . 0 the brother of c. 16 @ NCERT Exenevar Prostens Mariemanics-Xil So, Ris transitive. Hence, correct answer: Q30. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A=(1,2,3) are @1 w2 3 (as Here, Sol. are as follows: 3} be defined by R= {(1,2)}, then (®) transitive (d) None of these Sol. Gi So, Ris transitive. - Hence, correct answer is (), 032, Let us define a relation Rin Ras a Rb if a> b. Then Ris an equivalence relation reflexive, transitive but not symmetric symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (@) neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric. Sol. Here, aRb ifab _ =a Ra=+a2awhich is true, soit is reflexive. LetaRb= a2, but bX a, 50 Ka Ris not symmetric. Now, «2b, b2c=+a2cwhich is true. So, Ris transitive. 933. symmetric and transitive ther symmetric nor transitive. Sol. Given that: R= {(1, 1), 2, 2), (8,3), (1,2) (2,3),(1,3)) Retarions ano Funcnions Sl 17Here, 1R 1, 2R2and 3R3, 50 Ris reflexive. IR2 but 2K or 2RIbut 3R 2, $0, Ris not symmetric. 1R and 1R2=1R3, so, Ris transitive. Hence, the correct answer is (2). Q34. The identity element for the binary operation + defined on Q-(lasat b= Fvabe Q- (is @i wo ©2 Sol. Given that: a+b = s vabeQ-(0} Let ebe the identity element (@) None of these 4 atom S mamend (Q35. If the set A contains 5 elements and set B contains 6 elements, then the number of one-one and onto mapping from A to B is, @ 720 ® 120 ©o (@ None of these Sol. If A and B sets have m and n elements respectively, then the number of one-one and onto mapping from A to B is 0 Here, m=5andn=6 546 So, number of mapping ~ 0 Hence, the correct answer is (c). Q36. Let A= (1, 2,3, .., ) and B= (a, b}. Then the number of surjections from A to Bis (@) "Pz @) 2-2 2-1. @ Noneof these Sol. Here, A= (1, 2,3, «1 and B= {a, 0) Let nr be the number of elements of set A and 1 be the number of elements of set B ~. Number of surjections from A to B is °C, Xml as n 2m Here, m=2 (given) ~. Number of surjections from A to B= "C, « di = MADAM 9 wna —3) = nn at ea eed Hence, the correct answer is (d). Q37. Let f:R Rbe defined by fiz) = 4 Vxre Rthen fis (@) one-one (®) onto 48 Sl NCERT Exewecar Prosteus Marhematics—XIl (0) bijective (@ fis not defined Sol. Given that fixy= 4 Putx=0 % flx)= e= =: So, flx) is not defined. ‘Hence, the correct answer is (d). 58. Let f+ Rbe defined by fo9 = Se* 9 and g : R— Rby 80) = z na _, then gof is e ar 5530 Sol. Here, fix) =3x?- soe ea 2 gof = gof(x)=g{3%°- 5] = Bet Bi SHeBRES| (G-5)P +1 9x4 425—30x7 +1 Lge eS * 89" ot aa? +26 Hence, the correct answer is (a) (039, Which of the following functions from Z to Z.are bijections? (@) fixy=38 (0) fla)=x +2 (© fa)=20+1 @ foy=¥+1 Sol. Given that f: ZZ Let x3 € fx) = fl) = +2, ag) =a +2 fo) =f) 3x, #242 4,=%, So, fa) is one-one function. ext? nxey-2eZ VyeZ So, f(x) is onto function. «: fe) is bijective function, Hence, the correct answer is (b). Oto. tf; R-> Re the fncions defined by fs) x86. Then “Ke is ap © 6-18 @ 5-x 3 ea ee hada =y-5) > f1G)= 6-5) Houetbeceetanmea 2) Retanions avo Funcnions = 19Q4L. Let f: A> B and g : BC be the bijective functions. Then (gofy tis @ flog! — Ofos. (s-tof? (a) sof Sol. Here, f:A— Band g:B—>C s (eof = Fog"! Hence, the correct aiswer is (2). 42. Let f:R - Joe be defined by fs)= 22, then @ fR)=fe) ® $71) =~ fl) ©) (fofe=-= @ fO=Fre 3r42 br-3 Sol. Given that fix) = 3 vee *5 Let ye xy —3) = 8y+2 a eevee 5y-3 Uouuug a g. 1 . ae f'e)= mel fi@= fo Hence, the correct answer is (2) 43. Let 0, 1] ~[0, 1] be defined by f(x) = { 2yoif He lloaal ‘Then (fp is (@) constant 1x x (@ None of these Given that f:[0,1]-» 10,11 . pp So, (opr =x Hence, correct answer i (e) QU4. Let f:[2, 2) = Re the function defined by fix) «28 -4r +5, then the range of fis @R 0) (=) ©) T=) @B=) Sol. Given that f(x) = 32 -4r+5 Sol. (identity element) 20 Wl NCERT Exeupcar Prostens Martenanios-XIl Let yore ae = tdr+5-y=0 ~C4 x fear 3 a re LOM EVES ~4x1x6-y) 2xI 4+ fi6- are i - seal Dea For real valuof x, So, the zange is [1, =). Hence, the correct answer is (b). Q45, Let f: N+ Rbe the function defined by fix) = a and g:Q- Rbe another function defined by g(x) = x +2 then, 3) i. s#(5)* @1 @-1 © Z — @None of these Sol. Here, (fle) = => and g(a)=x+2 1z0Sye1, 1 (3) =—2 ss Hence, the cotiect answer is (2). fax: x>3 O46. vay Ronee fa [ r13 foy= 4x? :1exs3 3x: xS1 2-1) +f2) +f) = 3-1) +2)? +24) = 3444 8-9 Hence, the correct answer is (a). RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS BI 21Q47, If: R— Rbe given by fix) = tan x, then f-"(1) is | @% 0 {re-+2:ne3} (©) does notexist __() None of these Sol. Given that fix) = tanx Let tanx=9x=tarrly ae Hence, the correct answer is (a). Fill in the Blanks in Each of the Exercises 48 to 52. > fa = tar[tan(3)] =* (Q48. Let the relation R be defined in N by a Rb if 2a + 3b =30. Then R= at aR: 20+3b=30 ‘3b = 30-20 ig p= 30-20 for a-3,b-8 a a=6,b=6 a=9,b=4 an12,b=2 ; 5, 6), (9, 4), (12, 2)) Q49, Let the relation Rbe| on the set A=(1,2,3,4,5] by R= Sol. Given that A= [L, 2,3, So,clearly, R= (CL Q50. Let f= {(1, 2), G5), (4, and g = (2, 3), G1), G, 3)}. Then Sol. gof(t) = sD) =8@2) =3 90) = s4)]= 8) =1 304) = sU0)1 = of Seg) = flg@=0)=5 22. @_ NCERT Exenr.an Prostems MarHewanics-XI |a?— 021 <8}. Then Ris given by Here, f= ((1, 2), (3, 5), (4, I) and g= {2,3}, 6 0, ,3)) fost) = ABE =AL) = 2 (fofofix) = - Sol. Here, flx)= 2 y re, fx) eins R Fofofix) = foflFl)] = LLL) “Ae 1S Hence, fofof)= ——* es aa (52. Ie fla) = [4— (x 7)5} then fo Sol. Given that, f(x) = [4—(r— Let y= [4-0-7] = (op =4ey = x7 = (4-y)!8 9 x=7+ 4-0 Hence, f-\a)=7+(4-a)8 State True or False for the Statements in each of the Exercises 53 to 62. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 23DeRend(ae R, so Ris symmetric. 8,1) € Rand (1, 3)¢ Rut (1, 1)¢R Hence, the statement is ‘False’. Q54. Let f: R + Rbe the function defined by (fix) = sin (Bx +2) Vx e R, then fis invertible. bf) +sin@x+2)Vxre R, _flx) is not one-one. Hence, the staterer 7 Q55. Every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive. Sol. Let R be any relation defined on A R=(12,.20,2 Here, (1,2) ¢ Rand @ (VER @3)e R= (1 But (1, 1)¢ R, (2,2) Rand (3, 3)¢ R. O56. is an integral multiple of 1. This relation in Z is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Sol. Here, m=kn TEk=1_ m=n, s0zis reflexive. Clearly z is not symmetric but z is transitive. Hence, the statement is ‘False’. Q57. Let A= (0, 1} and N be the set of natural numbers then the mapping f:N — A defined by f2n ~ 1) =0, fn) =1, V ne N isonto, Sol. Given that A= [0,1] f@n-1)=0 and f(2n)=1 VneN So, f:N > Aisa onto function. (where kis an integer) Hence, the statement is “True Q58. The relation Ron the set A= (1, 2), (2 1), 3, 3} defined as is reflexive, symmetric and 24 _NCERT Exewevar Prostews Matiemanics—Xll 59. Sol. 260. Sol. Q61. Sol. Q62. Sol. (1,2)¢ Rout @,3)¢R So, Ris not transitive. Hence, the statement is ‘False’. The composition of functions is commutative. Letfix)=22 and g(x)=2x +3 43) = 2494 122 So, Hence, the statement is ‘False’. ‘The composition of functions is associative. Let x) =2x, g(¢)=x-1 and h(x) =2x+3 {folgon(a)} = flgex+3)) = Ox+3~1)=f(2x+2)=20r+2)=4r +4, and (fog)oh(x) = (fog) = fog2x+3) = fOx+3-1)=f(dx+2)=22r+2)=4r+4 So, _folgok(x)} = {(fog)oh(x)} = 4x44 Hence, the statement is ‘True’. Every function is invertible. Only bijective functions are invertible. Hence, the statement is ‘False’. ‘A binary operation on a set has always the identity element. ‘4 is a binary operation on the set N but it has no identity element. Hence, the statement is ‘False’. a00 Reusmions aNO FUNCTIONS HI 25