Mathe Grade 12 A

y
0 1 x

-i-

sYsImitGksikSa CaTIemRtI ! !
esovePA 1 2 kMritx<s;EdleyIgxJM)an
eroberogenH rYmmanR)aMCMBUkFM Edl)andkRsg;ecjBIesovePAKNitviTa

fak;TI12kMritx<s; rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa .
kgCMBUknImYyeyIgxJM)ansegbemeron nig dkRsg;lMhat;kgemeronnCMBUk
nImYymkeFIVdMeNaHRsayy:agek,aHk,ay EdlGacCaCMnYysartIdl;GksikSa
kgRKb;mCdan .
eTaHCay:agNakeday karbkRsaynUvral;lMhat;kgesovePA
enHvaminlhYseKhYsg TaMgRsugenaHeT .
kMhusqgnana TaMgbeckeTs nig GkraviruTR)akdCaekItmanedayGectna
BMuxaneLIy GaRsyehtuenH eyIgxJMrg;caMCanicnUvmtiriHKn;EbbsabnaBIsMNak;
GksikSakgRKb;mCdan edIm,IEktRmUvesovePAenH[kan;EtmansuRkitPaB
EfmeTot .
CaTIbBab; eyIgxMJGkeroberog sUmCUnBrdl;GksikSaTaMgGs;
TTYl)aneCaKCykgCIvit nig mansuxPaBl .
)at;dMbgfTI 8 Ex ]sPa qaM 2010

Gkeroberog lwm pln
- ii -
matikaerOg
TMBr
CMBUkTI1
lImItnsVIt 01
CMBUkTI2
Gnuvtn_edrIevnGnuKmn_ 27
CMBUkTI3
emeronTI1 GnuKmn_ GsniTan 53
emeronTI2 GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRtcRmuH 65
CMBUkTI4
emeronTI1 GaMgetRkalkMNt; 83
emeronTI2 maDsUlId nig RbEvgF 96
CMBUkTI5
emeronTI1 smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI1 115
emeronTI2 smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2 136
- iii -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
CMBUkTI1
emeronsegb lImItnsVIt
RbmaNviFIelIlImIt
eKmansVIt (a ) nig (b ) Edlman lim a = M
n n
n +
n
nig lim b = N eK)an

n +
n
k> lim ka = k .M
n +
n
x> lim (a + b ) = M + N , lim (a b ) = M N

n +
n n
n +
n n
K> lim (a b ) = M.N

n +
n n
ebI N 0 enaH lim ba = MN n +

n
lImItsVItFrNImaRtGnn
k>ebI r > 1 enaH lim r = + ehIy r CasVItrIkeTArk +

n +
n n
x>ebI r = 1 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 1 .

n
n +
n
K>ebI r = 0 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 0 .

n
n +
n
X>ebI r 1 enaHsIV (r ) CasIVtqas; ehIykalNa n +

n
-1-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
eKminGackMNt;lImItn (r ) )aneT .
n
sVItFrNImaRtGnnEdlrYm
sVIt (r ) smmUl 1 r 1
n
esrIrYm nig esrIrIk

k-ebIesrI (a ) CaesrIrYmenaH lim a
n
n +
n =0
n =1

x-ebIsIVt (a ) minrYmrk 0 eTenaH (a ) CaesrIrIk .
n n
n =1
PaBrYmnigrIknesrIFrNImaRtGnn
RKb;esrIFrNImaRtGnn a + ar + ar + ar + .... + ar
2 3 n 1
+ ...
Edl a 0 CaesrIrYm b rIkeTAtamkrNIdUcxageRkam

k-ebI | r |< 1 enaHesrIrYmeTArk 1 a r .
x-ebI | r | 1 enaHesrIrIk .
-2-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
lMhat;
!>etIsVIt (U ) EdlmantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam CasVItrYm b rIk ?

n
x> U = 2nn ++n5

2
k> U = 3n + 5n + 1
n
2
n 2
3
K> U = sin5 2n
n n
X> U = n2+n3 + n3n+ 5
n 2
g> U = nn sin+ n1
n 2
c> U = 2 n3 + 4n
n
@>KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim n8n +3nn + 11 5n + n n
2 3 2
n + 2
x> n + n 1
lim
n + 2
5n 3 + ( 1)n n 2 + sin n
K> lim n + ( 1)
n + n
X> lim
n + 5n 2 + cos n
g> lim (n cos n)

n +
2 2
c> lim [ 5n + ( 1) n ]
n +
3 n 3
#> KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim ( n + 1 n )
n +
x> lim n ( n 3 n )
n +
K> lim (n n + 1 1)
n +
2
X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3 .

n +
-3-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
$>eKmansVItEdlkMnt;cMeBaHRKb; n IN mantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam
3 n
U =
n
n
2
,V =
n
2
n!
Edlnn! = n(n 1) ... 1
k>KNna lim UU nig lim VV

n +
n +1
n +
n +1
n n
2n + n 3
x>KNna lim
n + n!+ n 3
%>KNnalImItnsVIt (a ) EdleKsal;tYdUcxageRkam
n
k> a = 2 , a = 12 a + 3
1 n +1 n
x> a = 3 , a = 2a 5
1 n +1 n
K> a = 1 , a = 13 a + 43 .
1 n +1 n
^>BinitesrIxageRkamenH etICaesrIrIk rW rYm?

n
k> 3. 32

n=0
x> 1000(1.055) n =0
n
n+ n 2n + 1
K>
n =1 2n 1
3
X> n 1
n =1 2
c> ( 2n + 1 2n 1 )

g> 3 9 27 81
2+ + + +
2 8 32 128
...
n =1
-4-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
&>rkplbUknesrIxageRkam

k>1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ... x> 4n 2 1 n =1
2

n

K> (2n 1)(2n + 1)
n =1
1
X> 2 cos
n=0 3
5( 1)
n 2 3
2 2 2
g>
n =1 4n
c> + + + ...
3 3 3
*>KNna
k> lim 1 21 ... 1 n1
n + 2 2
x> lim n + n + ... + n

n +
n +1 4
n +2 4
n +n 4
!@>KNna
lim [(q 1) + q (q q ) + ... + q ( ) (q q )]
2 2 2 n 1 n n 1
n +
1
Edl q = 2 . 2
(> eK[sVIt a kMNt;eday a = 2 + q Edl q 1.

( ) n
1
n n
sikSalImItnsVIt (a ) kalNa n + .
n
!0>cMeBaHRKb; n IN eKman
2 2 2 n 2
Sn = + + ... + =
1 3 3 5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) p=0 (2p + 1)(2p + 3)
-5-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
k>KNna S CaGnuKmn_n n edayeRbI (2p + 1)(22p + 3)
n
CaTRmg; (2pa+ 1) + (2pb+ 3) .

x>KNna lim S . n +
n
!!>eKmanesrIGnnmYy
2 2 2
+ ... bgajfaesrIGnn
r r r
r +
2
+ + ... +
r +12
(r 2
+1 )2
(r 2
+1 )
n 1
enaHrYmcMeBaHRKb;tm r .
!@>kMNt;esrIxageRkam etIesrImYyNarYm mYyNarIk? ebICaesrIrYm
cUrrkplbUk.
k> 2 cos 3 x> tan 4
n n
n =1 n =1
5( 1)
n
K>
n
n =1 2n + 5
X> . n
n =1 4
!&>eKman ABC mYymanRklapesInwg 6 kta.
sg; A' B' C'; eday A' , B' nig C' CacMnuckNalnRCug .
cUrkMNt;plbUk S = S + S + S + ... . 1 2 3
-6-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
dMeNaHRsay
!> etIsVIt (U ) EdlmantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam CasVItrYm b rIk ?

n
x> U = 2nn ++n5

2
k> U = 3n + 5n + 1
n
2
n 2
3
K> U = sin5 2n
n n
X> U = n2+n3 + n3n+ 5 n 2
g> U = nn sin+ n1
n 2
c> U = 2 n3 + 4nn
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaPaBrYm b rIknsVIt
k> U = 3n + 5n + 1
n
2
eKman lim U = lim (3n + 5n + 1)

n +
n
n +
2
5 1
= lim n 2 ( 3 + + 2 )
n + n n
= lim ( 3n 2 ) = +
n +
dUcenH (U ) CasIVrIkxiteTArk + .
n
x> U = 2nn ++n5

2
n 2
eKman lim U = lim 2nn ++n5 = lim 2nn

2 2
1
n 2 2
=
n + n + n + 2
-7-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
dUcenH (U ) CasIVtrYmxiteTArk 12 .
n
K> U = sin5 2n
n n
eKman 1 sin 2n 1 naM[ 51 U 51 n n n
eday lim 51 = 0 enaH lim U = 0 .

n + n n +
n
n
3
X> U = n2+n3 + n3n+ 5
n 2
2n 3n 3
eKman lim Un = lim
n + n + n + 3
+ 2
n + 5

2n 3n 3
= lim + 2
n + n
n
= lim ( 2 + 3n ) = +
n +
dUcenH (U ) CasIVtrIkxiteTArk + .
n
g> U = nn sin+ n1
n 2
eKman 1 sin n 1 naM[ n n+ 1 u n n+ 1 2 n 2
eday lim n n+ 1 = 0 enaH lim U = 0 .

n + 2 n +
n
n
-8-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
c> U = 2 n3 + 4n
n
eKman lim U = lim 2 n3 + 4n

n +
n
n +
= 2 eRBaH lim = lim

3 4
=0
n n + n + n
n
@>KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim n8n +3nn + 11 + n2 n
2 3
n + 2
x> lim 5nn n + 2
+n1
5n 3 + ( 1)n n 2 + sin n
K> lim n + ( 1)
n + n
X> lim
n + 5n 2 + cos n
g> lim (n cos n)

n +
2 2
c> lim [ 5n
n +
3
+ ( 1) n 3
n
]
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim n8n +3nn + 11
2
n + 2
n2 1
= lim =
n + 8n 2 8
5n 3 + n 2 n
x>lim
n + n 2 + n 1
5n 3
= lim 2 = lim 5n = +
n + n n +
-9-
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
5n 3 + ( 1)n
K> lim
n + n + ( 1)
n
5n 3
= lim = lim 5n 2 = +
n + n n +
n 2 + sin n
X> lim
n + 5n 2 + cos n
sin n
1+ 2
= lim n
n + cos n
5+
n2
eday 1 sin n 1 enaH n
1 sin n 1
2 2 2
n n
ehIy n
1
2
0 kalNa n +
n
lim
+
enaH
sin n
n 2
=0
1 cos( n ) 1
dUcKaEdr 1 cos(n ) 1
n
enaH
2
n2
2
n
cos( n )
ehIy n
1
2
0 kalNa n +
n
lim
+
enaH
n 2
=0
n + sin n
2
dUcenH lim
n + 5n 2 + cos n
=
1
5
.
g> lim (n
n +
2
cos 2 n )
2 cos2 n
= lim n (1 2
) = +
n +
n
cos n 1
2
cos 2 n
eRBaH 0
n 2
2 lim
n n + n 2
=0 .
- 10 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
#> KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim ( n + 1 n )
n +
x> lim n (
n +
n 3 n)
K> lim (n n + 1 1)
n +
2
X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3 .

n +
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItnsVItxageRkam
k> lim ( n + 1 n )
n +
n +1 n
= lim
n + n+1+ n
1
= lim =0
n + n+1+ n
x> lim n (
n +
n 3 n)
n (n 3 n )
= lim
n + n3+ n
n
= 3 lim
n + n 3 + n
n
= 3 lim
n + n + n
n 3
= 3 lim =
n + 2 n 2
- 11 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
K> lim (n
n +
n2 + 1 1 )
1
= lim n( n 2 + 1 )
n + n
= lim n n 2 + 1 = +
n +
X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3

n +
n! 2
= lim + 3
n + n! (n + 1) n!
n
1 2 1
= lim + 3 = lim + 3 = 3
n + n n n + n
$>eKmansVItEdlkMnt;cMeBaHRKb; n IN mantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam
3 n
U =
n
n
2
,V =
n
2
n!
nEdl n! = n(n 1) ... 1
k>KNna lim UU nig lim VV

n +
n +1
n +
n +1
n n
2n + n 3
x>KNna lim
n + n!+ n 3
dMeNaHRsay
k>KNna lim UU nig
n +
n +1
lim
Vn+1
n + V
n n
n3 2n
eKman U n = n , Vn =
2 n!
Edl n! = n(n 1) ... 1
- 12 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
(n + 1)3
n +1 (n + 1)3 1
eK)an Un + 1
Un
= 2
n 3
=
2n 3
=
2
(1 +
1 3
n
)
2n
eK)an U
lim n + 1 =
n + U
1
2
.
n
2n + 1
Vn + 1 (n + 1)!
ehIy Vn
=
2n
=
2
n+1
n!
eK)an V
lim n + 1 = lim
n + V
2
n + n + 1
=0
n
2n + n 3
x>KNna lim
n + n!+ n 3
n3
2 (1 + n )
n
2n + n 3
eK)an lim
n + n!+ n 3
= lim
n +
2
n3
n! (1 + )
n!
n
2
= lim = +
n + n!
- 13 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
%>KNnalImItnsVIt (a ) EdleKsal;tYdUcxageRkam
n
k> a = 2 , a = 12 a + 3
1 n +1 n
x> a = 3 , a = 2a 5
1 n +1 n
K> a = 1 , a = 13 a + 43 .
1 n +1 n
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItnsIVt (a ) n
k> a = 2 , a = 12 a + 3
1 n +1 n
KNnatYTUeTAnsIVt a = 12 a + 3 n +1 n
smIkarsmal;nsIVtKW r = 12 r + 3 r = 6
tagsIVtCMnYy b = a 6 n n
eK)an b = a 6 = 12 a + 3 6 = 12 (a 6)
n +1 n +1 n n
eKTaj b = 12 b enaH (b ) CasIVtFrNImaRtman q = 12

n +1 n n
nigtY b = a 6 = 2 6 = 4
1 1
n 1 n 1
eK)an b = 4 12 naM[ a = 6 4 12
n n
dUcenH lim a = 6 .
n +
n
- 14 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
x> a = 3 , a = 2a 5
1 n +1 n
edaHRsaydUcxagelIeK)an a = 5 2 nig
n
n
lim an =
n +
.
K> a = 1 , a = 13 a + 43 .
1 n +1 n
n 1
1
edaHRsaydUcxageleK)an an = 2
3
nig lim a n +
n =2
^>BinitesrIxageRkamenH etICaesrIrIk rW rYm?

n
k> 3. 32

n=0
x> 1000(1.055)
n =0
n
n+ n 2n + 1
K>
n =1 2n 1
3
X> n 1
n =1 2
c> ( 2n + 1 2n 1 )

g> 3 9 27 81
2+ + + +
2 8 32 128
...
n =1
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaPaBrYm b rIknesrI
n
k> 3. 32

n=0
plbUkedayEpkrbs;esrIKW
n +1
3
k 1 3 n + 1
n
3 2
Sn = 3 = 3 = 3 1
k =0 2 2
3
1
2
- 15 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
3 n + 1
eKman lim Sn = 3 lim 1 = +
n + n +
2
n

3
dUcenH 3.
n=0
CaesrIrIk .
2

x> 1000(1.055) CaesrIrIkeRBaH r = 1.055 > 1 .
n =0
n
K> 2nn+ n1 CaesrIrYm .

3
n =1
2n + 1
X> n 1
n =1 2
2n + 1 1
eKman lim n 1 = lim 2 + n 1 = 2 0
n + 2 n + 2
2n + 1
dUcenH n 1
n =1 2
CaesrIrIk .
g> 3 9 27 81
2+ + +
2 8 32 128
+ ...
n 1
3
plbUkedayEpk 3 9
Sn = 2 + + + ... + 2
2 8 4
n
3
1
n
= 2 4 3
= 8 1
1
3 4
4
3 n
eday lim Sn = 8 lim 1 = 8 enaHvaCaesrIrYm .
n + n +
4
- 16 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
c> ( 2n + 1 2n 1)

n =1
manplbUkedayEpk
S n = ( 2k + 1 2k 1 ) = 2n + 1 1
n
k =1
eday lim S = lim ( 2n + 1 1) = +

n +
n
n +
dUcenH ( 2n + 1 2n 1) CaesrIrIk .

n =1
&>rkplbUknesrIxageRkam

k>1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ... x> 4n 2 1
n =1
2

n

K> (2n 1)(2n + 1)
n =1
1
X> 2 cos
n=0 3
5( 1)
n 2 3
2 2 2
g>
n =1 4n
c> + + + ...
3 3 3
dMeNaHRsay
rkplbUknesrI
k>1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ...
eyIgeXIjfa 1 , 0.1 , 0.01 , ... CaesrIFrNImaRtGnnEdl
a = 1 nig r = 0.1 .
- 17 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
dUcenH 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ... = 1 10.1 = 109 .

x> 4n 2 1
n =1
2
eKman 4k 2 1 = (2(2kk++11) )( 2(2kk11) ) = 2k1 1 2k1+ 1

2
eK)an
n
2 n 1 1 1 2n
2 = = 1 =
k = 1 4k 1 k = 1 2k 1 2k + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
kalNa n + enaH 2n
2n + 1
1

dUcenH 2
4n 2 1 = 1
n =1

K> 1
(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2 =
1
n =1

n

X> 3
2 cos =
2

=4
n=0 1 cos
3

5( 1)
n
g> 4n = 5
1
1
=4
n =1 1+
4
2 3
2 2 2
c> + + + ... = .
3 3 3
2 1
3 1 2
=2
- 18 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
*>KNna
k> lim 1 21 ... 1 n1
n + 2 2
1 k2 1 k 1 k + 1
Binit 1 2 =
k k2
=
k

k
n
1 n k 1 n k + 1
eK)an 1 k 2 = k k
k=2 k=2 k=2
1 n+1 n+1
= . =
n 2 2n
1 1 n+1 1
dUcenH > lim 1 2 ... 1 2 = lim
n + 2 n n + 2n
=
2
n
x> lim 4 +
n
+ ... +
n

n +
n +1 n +2
4
n +n
4
cMeBaHRKb; k = 1 , 2 , ..., n eKman

n4 + 1 n4 + k n4 + n
n4 + 1 n4 + k n4 + n
n n n

n4 + n n4 + k n4 + 1
n n n
eKTaj n n
n4 + n n4 + k n4 + 1

n
k =1 k =1 k =1
2
n n
n n2
4
n + n k =1 n + k
4
n4 + 1
n2 n2
eday lim
n + n 4 + n
= lim
n + n 4 + 1
=1
- 19 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
n
eKTaj lim
n
=1 .
n + n +k
k =1
4
n n
dUcenH lim 4
n + n + 1
+
n
+ ... + =1
n +2
4
n +n
4
(>KNna
[ ( )
lim (q 1) + q 2 q 2 q + ... + q 2(n 1 ) qn qn 1
n +
( )]
1
Edl q = . 22
dMeNaHRsay
[ ( )
lim (q 1) + q 2 q 2 q + ... + q 2(n 1 ) qn qn 1
n +
( )]
n
= lim
n +
q 2 ( k 1 ) (q k q k 1 )
k =1
n
= lim
n +
q 3k 3
(q 1)
k =1
1 q 3n
= lim (q 1)
n + 1 q 3
3n
1
1
22
= lim 3
(2 2 1) = +
n +
1 22
3n
eRBaH lim
n +
22 = + .
- 20 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
!0> eK[sVIt (a ) kMNt;eday a = 2 +1q Edl q 1.
n n n
sikSalImItnsVIt (a ) kalNa n + .
n
dMeNaHRsay
sikSalImItnsVIt
eK)an lim a = lim 2 +1q
n +
n
n + n
-ebI q > 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 0

n +
n
n + n
-ebI q = 1 enaH lim a =

n +
lim
1
2+q
n =
13
n + n
-ebI 1 < q < 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 12

n +
n
n + n
-ebI q < 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 12

n +
n
n + n
!!>cMeBaHRKb; n IN eKman
2 2 2 n 2
Sn = + + ... + =
1 3 3 5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) p=0 (2p + 1)(2p + 3)
k>KNna S CaGnuKmn_n n edayeRbI (2p + 1)(22p + 3)
n
CaTRmg; (2pa+ 1) + (2pb+ 3) .

x>KNna lim S .
n +
n
- 21 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
dMeNaHRsay
k>KNna S CaGnuKmn_n n
n
2
(2p + 1)(2p + 3)
=
a
+
b
(2p + 1) (2p + 3)
.
b 2 = a(2p + 3) + b(2p + 1)
b 2 = (2a + 2b)p + 3a + b
2a + 2b = 0
eKTaj 3a + b = 2 naM[ a = 1 , b = 1

eK)an (2p + 1)(2 2p + 3) = 2p1+ 1 2p1+ 3
n
ehIy S =
2
p = 0 ( 2p + 1)( 2p + 3)
n
n
1 1
=
p = 0 2p + 1 2p + 3
1 2(n + 1)
= 1 =
2n + 3 2n + 3
2(n + 1)
dUcenH Sn = .
2n + 3
x>KNna lim S n +
n
eKman S = 1 2n1+ 3
n
dUcenH lim S = lim (1 2n1+ 3 ) = 1 .

n +
n
n +
- 22 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
!@>eKmanesrIGnnmYy r + 2
2 r2
+
r2
+ ... +
r2
+ ...
r + 1 r2 + 1 2 ( r +1
2
)
n 1
( )
bgajfaesrIGnnenaHrYmcMeBaHRKb;tm r .
dMeNaHRsay
bgajfaesrIGnnrYmcMeBaHRKb;tm r
eKman r + r r+ 1 + r + ... + r
2
2 2 2
+ ...
2
(r 2
+1 )2
(r 2
+1 )
n 1
n
r2
plbUledayEpkrbs;esrIenHKW Sn = 2 k 1
k = 1 (r + 1)
n
b S n =r 2 1
(r 2 + 1)k 1
k =1
1
1 2
(r + 1)n 1
=r
2
= (r 2 + 1) 1 2 n
1 2
1 ( r + 1)
r +1
kalNa n + enaH 1
(r + 1)
2 n
cMeBaHRKb; .
0 r
eK)an lim S = r + 1 naM[esrIxagelICaesrIbRgYm .

n +
n
2
!#>kMNt;esrIxageRkam etIesrImYyNarYm mYyNarIk? ebICaesrIrYm

cUrrkplbUk.
k> 2 cos 3 x> tan 4
n n
n =1 n =1
- 23 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
5( 1)
n
K>
n
n =1 2n + 5
X> n
n =1 4
.
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaPaBrIk rYmrbs;esrI

2 cos
k> 2 cos 3 CaesrIrYmxireTArk
n
3 =2
n =1
1 cos
3
1
eRBaHvaCaesrIFrNImaRtGnnman | r |= cos = < 1
3 2
.

n

x>
n =1
tan
4

n

eday an = tan = 1n = 1
4
ehIy n
lim an = 1 0
+

n

dUcenH tan
n =1 4
CaesrIBRgIk .

K>
n
n =1 2n + 5
eday an =
n
2n + 5
manlImIt

lim an = lim
n +
n
n + 2n + 5
=
1
2
naM[
n
CaesrIBRgIk .
n =1 2n + 5
5( 1)n 5
X> n
n =1 4
CaesrIrYmxiteTArk 1
= 4
1+
4
1 1
eRBaHvaCaesrIFrNImaRtGnnman | r |=| |= < 1
4 4
.
- 24 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
!$>eKman ABC mYymanRklapesInwg 6 kta.
sg; A' B' C'; eday A' , B' nig C' CacMnuckNalnRCug
ABC . cUrkMNt;plbUk S = S + S + S + ... . 1 2 3
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;plbUk S = S + S + S + ...1 2 3
C' A' ' B'
B' C' '
B A' C
tag a , b , c CaRCug ABC
EdlmanpRkLa S = 6 1
nigknHbrimaRt p = a + b2 + c
tag S CaRkLap A' B' C'
2
S CaRkLap A' ' B' ' C' '

3
--------------------------------
- 25 -
CMBUkTI1 lImItnsVIt
eday A ' , B' , C' CacMNuckNaln BC , CA , AB enaH
a b
B' C' = ; A' C' = , A' B' =
2 2
c
2
ni g p' =
p
2
eK)an S = p2 ( p2 a2 )( p2 b2 )( p2 2c ) = 14 S
2 1
dUcKaEdreKTaj S = 41 S ; S = 41 S , .....
3 2 1 4 3 1
eK)an S = S + S + ..... = 1S q = 6 1 = 8 .
1 2
1
1
4
- 26 -
CMBUkTI2 edrIevnGnuKmn_
CMBUkTI2
emeronsegb edrIevnGnuKmn_
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMNt;nigCab;ehIymanedrIevelI I .
ebImanBIrcMnYnBit m nig M EdlcMeBaHRKb;
x I : m f ' ( x) M enaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b I Edl a < b
eK)an m(b a) f (b) f (a) M(b a) .

eK[GnuKmn_ f manedrIevelIcenaH [a , b ] . ebImancMnYn M
EdlRKb; x [a , b ] : | f ' (x) | M enaHeK)an

| f (b ) f (a) | M | b a | .
ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelIcenaH (a , b )
nig f (a) = f (b) enaHmancMnYn

c (a , b ) mYyy:agticEdl f ' (c) = 0
ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelIcenaH (a , b )
enaHmancMnYn c (a , b ) mYyy:agticEdl f ' (c) = f (bb) fa(a) .
- 27 -
lMhat;
!>rk dy , y , dy y nig dyy nGnumn_xageRkam
k> y = x 3x + 4 cMeBaH x = 3 , x = 0.2
2
x> y = 12 5x cMeBaH x = 2 , x = 0.07 .

@>eRbIDIepr:g;Esl edm,IrktmRbEhlncMnYnxageRkam
k> 37 x> 65
K> 26
3 3
X> 126
g> 50.4 c> 79.5
q> 62.3
3 3
C> 218.6
#> RkumhunplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)anTTYlR)ak;cMnUlsrubBIkar
lk; smar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
2
R( x ) = 20x
x
30
Ki t CamW u n erolEdl 0 x 600 .
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNUl ebI smar

lk;ERbRbYlBI 150 eRKOg eTA 160 eRKOg .
$> eragcRkplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)ancMNayR)ak;srubkugkar
- 28 -
plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
C( x ) = 930 + 15x + 0.2x Ban;erol .
2
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNayebIsmar
Edl)anplitekInBI 60 eRKOg eTA 62 eRKOg .
%>shRKasplitsmareGLicRtUnicmYy )ancMNayR)ak;srubkg
mYyExsRmab;plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
C( x ) = 0.1x + 4x + 200 KitCaBan;erol . ehIyshRKas)an
2
TTYlR)ak;cMNUlmkvij[tamGnuKmn_
R( x ) = 54x 0.3x KitCaBan;erol .
2
k>sresrGnuKmn_R)ak;cMeNj P(x)
x>edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMeNj
ebIbrimaNsmarEdl)anlk;ekInBI 40 eRKOg eTA 44 eRKOg .
^>tamkarGegtrbs;Gksiti)an[dwgfa cMnYnRbCaBlrdenAkugTIRkug
mYyryHeBl t qaMeTAmuxeTot mankarekIneLIgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
P(t ) = 10(40 + 2t ) 160t nak; .
2
edayeRbIDIepr:g;EsledIm,I)a:n;sankMeNInRbCaBlrdkgTIRkugenaH
- 29 -
ebI t ERbRbYlBI 6 eTA 6.25 qaM .
&>)aLgmYymanragCaEsV . eRbIDIepr:g;EsledIm,IKNnatm
RbEhlnkMeNInmaD)aLg ebIeBlRtUvkMedAf)aLgrIkmaDEdl
kaMrbs;vaERbRbYlBI 2m eTA 2.15m .
*>eK[GnuKmn f manedrIevelI ( 2 , ) Edl f (x) = x + 2 .
k>rktMlGmn f (x) cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2].
x>bgajfa cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2]
eK)an 14 x + 54 x + 2 12 x + 32 .
(>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elI 0 , 2 Edl f (x) = tan x .
bgajcMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a nig b Edl 0 a b 2
ba ba
eK)an cos 2
a
tan b tan a 2
cos b
.
!0>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elIcenaH I . eRbIRTwsIbTr:Ul ebIGac
rkRKb;tm c kgcenaH I Edl f ' (c) = 0
k> f (x) = x 4x , c ( 2 , 2)
3
x> f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) , c (1 , 3)
- 30 -
x 2 2x 3
K>f (x ) =
x+2
, c ( 1 , 3 )
x2 1
X> f (x ) =
x
, c ( 1 , 1)

g>f (x ) = sin 2x , c ,
6 3
x
c> x
f (x ) = sin
2 6
, c ( 1 , 0 ).
!!>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elIcenaH I . eRbIRTwsIbTtmmFm
rkRKb;tm c (a , b) Edl f ' (c) = f (bb) fa(a)
k> f (x) = x , c ( 2 , 1)
2
x> f (x) = x(x x 2) , c ( 1 , 1)

2
K> f (x) = x , c (0 , 1)
3
X> f (x) = x x+ 1 , c 12 , 2
!@>shRKasplitsmareGLicRtUnicmYy)ancMnayR)ak;srubkg
mYyfsMrab;plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[GnuKmn
C(x ) = 2400 + 28x + 0.02x KitCaBan;erol.
2
k>kMnt;R)ak;cMNaysrubkgkarplitsmar 10 eRKOg
20 eRKOg nig 30 eRKOg.
- 31 -
x>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMNaykgkarplitsmareRKOgTI 11
eRKOgTI 21 nig eRKOgTI 31 .
!#>eragBum<e)aHBum<TsSnavdImYy)ancMNaysrubkgmYyExsRmab;
e)aHBum<TsSnavdI x c,ab; Edl[tamGnuKmn
C(x ) = 0.0001x + x + 465 KitCaBan;erol ehIyeragBum<)anlk;
2
ecjvij TsSnavdI 1 c,ab;f P = D(x) = 4 0.0002x Ban;erol.

k>sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMnUlsrub R(x).
x> sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMenjsrub P(x).
K>KNnaR)ak;cMenjsrubebIkg mYyExeragBum<lk;Gs; 3000 c,ab;
3500 c,ab; nig 4000 c,ab;.
X>>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMenjEdl)anBIkarlk;
TsSnavdIc,ab;TI 3001 c,ab;TI 3501 nigc,ab;TI 4001.
!$> shRKasplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)ancMnayR)ak;srubkgkar
plitsmar x eRKOg [tamGnuKmn C(x) = 480 + 26x + 0.1x 2
Ban;erol.
k>kMNt;GnUKmnR)ak;cMNaymFm C(x).
- 32 -
x>KNnaR)ak;cMNaymFmbEnm
kalNa x = 30 , x = 50 , x = 70 .
!%> shRKasplitsmareGLicRtUnicmYy)ancMnayR)ak;srubkg
karplitsmar x eRKOg Edl[GnuKmn
C(x ) = 1080 + 42x + 0.3x Ban;erol. kMNt;brimaNsmarEdl
2
shRKasRtUvplitedIm,I[R)ak;cMNaymFmmankMritGb,brma
ebI 0 x 90 .
!^>RkumhunplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)ancMNaysrubkgkarplit
smar x eRKOg[yamGnuKmn C(x) = x + 20x + 1050
2
Ban;erol ehIyRkumhun)anlk;ecjvijTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlsrub
[tamGnuKmn R(x) = 140x 0.5x Ban;erol. kMNt;tMrit
2
brimaNsmarEdlRkumhunRtUvplitniglk;edIm,I[RkumhunTTYl)an
R)ak;cMenjGtibrima ebI 0 x 70 .
- 33 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>rk dy , y , dy y nig dyy nGnumn_xageRkam
k> y = x 3x + 4 cMeBaH x = 3 , x = 0.2
2
x> y = 12 5x cMeBaH x = 2 , x = 0.07 .

dMeNaHRsay
rk dy , y , dy y nig dyy nGnumn_xageRkam
k> y = x 3x + 4 cMeBaH x = 3 , x = 0.2
2
eK)an dy = y'.dx = (2x 3).dx

eday x = 3 , x = 0.2 dx
eK)an dy = (2 2 3)(0.2) = 0.2 .
ehIy y = f (x + x) f (x)
= f ( 3 + 0.2) f ( 3)
= f ( 3.2) f ( 3)
[ ] [
= ( 3.2) 2 3( 3.2) + 4 ( 3) 2 3( 3) + 4]
= (5.2)(0.2) 3(0.2) = ( 2.2)(0.2) = 0.044
ehIy dy y = 0.2 0.044 = 0.156 nig dyy = 0.0044
.2
= 4.54 .
- 34 -
x> y = 12 5x cMeBaH x = 2 , x = 0.07 .
eK)an dy = y'.dx = 2 125 5x .dx
5
= (0.07 )
2 12 10
0.35
= = 0.123
2 2
ehIy y = f (2 + 0.07) f (2)
= 12 5( 2.07) 12 5( 2)
= 1.65 2 = 1.284 1.414 = 0.13
ehIy dy y = 0.123 + 0.13 = 0.007 nig
dy
y
= 0.946 .
@>eRbIDIepr:g;Esl edIm,IrktmRbEhlncMnYnxageRkam
k> 37 x> 65
K> 26
3
X> 126
3
g> 50.4 c> 79.5

q> 62.3
3
C> 218.6
3
dMeNaHRsay
eRbIDIepr:g;Esl edIm,IrktmRbEhlncMnYnxageRkam
k> 37
- 35 -
eKman f (x + x) = f (x) + f ' (x).dx
tagGnuKmn_ f (x) = x f ' (x) = 2 1 x
yk x = 36 ; x = 1 = dx
eK)an 37 = 36 + 2 136 1 = 6 + 121 = 6.08 .
x> 65
eKman f (x + x) = f (x) + f ' (x).dx
tagGnuKmn_ f (x) = x f ' (x) = 2 1 x
yk x = 64 ; x = 1 = dx
eK)an 65 = 64 + 2 64 1 = 8 + 16 = 8.06 .
1 1
K> 26
3
eKman f (x + x) = f (x) + f ' (x).dx

1
tagGnuKmn_ f (x) = x = x f ' (x) = 1
3 3
3 3 x2
yk x = 27 ; x = 1 = dx
eK)an 26 = 27 1 = 3 271 = 2.96 .
3 3
3 3 27 2
- 36 -
X> 126
3
eKman f (x + x) = f (x) + f ' (x).dx

1
tagGnuKmn_ f (x) = x = x f ' (x) =
3 3
1
3 3 x2
yk x = 125 ; x = 1 = dx
eK)an 125 = 125 + 1
3 3
3 2
= 5+
1
75
= 5.013 .
3 125
g> 50.4 = 7.099
c> 79.5 = 8.916
q> 3
62.3 = 3.964
C> 3
218.6 = 6.023
- 37 -
#> RkumhunplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)anTTYlR)ak;cMnUlsrubBIkar
lk; smar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
2
R( x ) = 20x
x
30
KitCamWunerolEdl 0 x 600 .
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNUl ebI smar
lk;ERbRbYlBI 150 eRKOg eTA 160 eRKOg .
dMeNaHRsay
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNUl
2
tag y = R(x) = 20x x30
ebI smarlk;ERbRbYlBI 150 eRKOg eTA 160 eRKOgenaH x = 10
eK)an dR(x) = R' (x).dx Et R' (x) = 20 15x
enaH dR(x) = (20 150 ).10 = 100 KitCamWunerol .
15
$> eragcRkplitsmareRbIR)as;mYy)ancMNayR)ak;srubkugkar
plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
C( x ) = 930 + 15x + 0.2x Ban;erol .
2
- 38 -
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNayebIsmar
Edl)anplitekInBI 60 eRKOg eTA 62 eRKOg .
dMeNaHRsay
edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNay
ebIsmarEdl)anplitekInBI 60 eRKOg eTA 62 eRKOgenaH
x = 2 .
eday C(x) = 930 + 15x + 0.2x enaH C' (x) = 15 + 0.4x

2
eK)an dC(x) = C' (x).dx = (15 + 0.4 60)(2) = 78 Ban;erol

%>shRKasplitsmareGLicRtUnicmYy )ancMNayR)ak;srubkg
mYyExsRmab;plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
C( x ) = 0.1x + 4x + 200 KitCaBan;erol . ehIyshRKas)an
2
TTYlR)ak;cMNUlmkvij[tamGnuKmn_
R( x ) = 54x 0.3x KitCaBan;erol .
2
ebIbrimaNsmarEdl)anlk;ekInBI 40 eRKOg eTA 44 eRKOg .
- 39 -
dMeNaHRsay
eK)an P(x) = R(x) C(x)
P( x ) = 54x 0.3x 2 0.1x 2 4x 200
dUcenH P(x) = 0.4x + 50x 200 .
2
ebIbrimaNsmarEdl)anlk;ekInBI 40 eRKOg eTA 44 eRKOg
enaH x = 44 40 = 4 eRKg .
eK)an dP(x) = P' (x).dx
eday P' (x) = 0.8x + 50
eK)an dP(x) = (0.8 40 + 50)(4) = 72 KitCaBan;erol
^>tamkarGegtrbs;Gksiti)an[dwgfa cMnYnRbCaBlrdenAkugTIRkug
mYyryHeBl t qaMeTAmuxeTot mankarekIneLIgEdl[tamGnuKmn_
P(t ) = 10(40 + 2t ) 160t nak; .
2
ebI t ERbRbYlBI 6 eTA 6.25 qaM .
- 40 -
dMeNaHRsay
ebI t ERbRbYlBI 6 eTA 6.25 qaMenaH t = 6.25 6 = 0.25 qaM
eKman P(t ) = 10(40 + 2t ) 160t
2
eK)an P' (t) = 40(40 + 2t ) 160

ehIy dP(t ) = P' (t ).dt
= [40(40 + 2 6) 160] (0.25) = 480 nak;
&>)aLgmYymanragCaEsV . eRbIDIepr:g;EsledIm,IKNnatm
RbEhlnkMeNInmaD)aLg ebIeBlRtUvkMedAf)aLgrIkmaDEdl
kaMrbs;vaERbRbYlBI 2m eTA 2.15m .
dMeNaHRsay
eRbIDIepr:g;EsledIm,IKNnatmRbEhlnkMeNInmaD)aLg
tag V(r) CamaDrbs;)aLg ehIy r CakaMrbs;)aLg
eKman V(r ) = 43 r V' (r ) = 4r
3 2
eday r ERbRbYlBI 2m eTA 2.15m enaH r = 0.15m

ehIy dV(r) = V' (r).dr
- 41 -
= (4 3.14 2 2 )(0.15) = 7.536m 3

*>eK[GnuKmn f manedrIevelI ( 2 , ) Edl f (x) = x+2 .
k>rktMlGmn f ' (x) cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2].
x>bgajfa cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2]
eK)an 14 x + 54 x + 2 12 x + 32 .
dMeNaHRsay
k>rktMlGmn f (x) cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2]
1
f ( x) = x + 2 f ' ( x) =
2 x+2
eKman 1 x 2 1 x + 2 4 b 1 x + 2 2
eKTaj 14 2 x1+ 2 12
dUcenH 14 f ' (x) 12 .
x>bgajfa 14 x + 54 x + 2 12 x + 32 cMeBaHRKb; x [ 1 , 2]
tamvismPaBkMeNInmankMNt;cMeBaHGnuKmn_ f kg x [ 1 , 2]
eK)an 14 (x + 1) f (x) f (1) 12 (x + 1) Et f (1) = 1
1 1 1 1
x+ x+ 2 1 x+
4 4 2 2
- 42 -
dUcenH 14 x + 54 x + 2 12 x + 32 .

(>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elI 0 , 2 Edl f (x) = tan x .
bgajcMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a nig b Edl 0 a b < 2
ba ba
eK)an cos a
tan b tan a
2
cos b
. 2
dMeNaHRsay
bgajcMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a nig b Edl 0 a b 2
ba ba
eK)an cos a
tan b tan a
2
cos b 2
eKman f (x) = tan x f ' (x) = cos1 x 2
cMeBaH 0 a b < 2 ebI a x b enaH cos b cos x cos a

b cos1 a f ' (x) cos1 b
2 2
edayGnuvtn_vismPaBkMeNInmankMNt;eTAnwgGnuKmn_ f
cMeBaH x [a , b ] eK)an
1 1
2
( b a ) f ( b ) f ( a ) 2
(b a )
cos a cos b
ba ba
dUcenH cos 2 a
tan b tan a
cos 2 b
.
- 43 -
!0>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elIcenaH I . eRbIRTwsIbTr:Ul ebIGac

k> f (x) = x 4x , c ( 2 , 2)
3
x> f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) , c (1 , 3)

K> f (x) = x x +2x2 3 , c ( 1 , 3)
2
x 1
2
X> f x = x , c ( 1 , 1)
( )
g> f (x) = sin 2x , c 6 , 3
c> f (x) = x2 sin 6x , c ( 1 , 0).
dMeNaHRsay
k> f (x) = x 4x , c ( 2 , 2)
3
eKman f (x) CaGnuKmn_BhuFaCab;RKb; x (2 , 2) ehIy

f ( 2) = f ( 2) = 0 . tamRTwsIbTr:UlmancMnYn c ( 2 , 2 )
Edl f ' (c) = 0 . eKman f ' (c) = 3c 4

2
- 44 -
ebI f ' (c) = 0 3c 4 = 0 c = 2 3 3 , c = 2 3 3

2
1 2
x> f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) , c (1 , 3)

f (1) = f ( 3) = 0 . tamRTwsIbTr:UlmancMnYn c (1 , 3 )
Edl f ' (c) = 0 .

eKman f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) = x 6x + 11x 6
3 2
eK)an f ' (x) = 3x 12x + 11

2
ebI f ' (c) = 0 3c 12c + 11 = 0

2
6 3 6+ 3
' = 36 33 = 3 > 0 c =
1
3
,c =2
3
.
K> f (x) = x x +2x2 3 , c ( 1 , 3)
2

f ( 1) = f ( 3) = 0 . tamRTwsIbTr:UlmancMnYn c (1 , 3 )
Edl f ' (c) = 0 .

eKman f ' (x) = (2x 2)(x +(x2+) 2)(x 2x 3)
2
- 45 -
2x 2 + 4x 2x 4 x 2 + 2x + 3
=
( x + 2)2
x 2 + 4x 1
=
( x + 2)2
c 2 + 4c 1
ebI f ' (c ) =
(c + 2 ) 2
=0 naM[ c 2
+ 4c 1 = 0
' = 4 + 1 = 5 > 0 c1 = 2 + 5 , c 2 = 2 5
dUcenH c = 2 + 5 , c = 2 5 .
1 2
!!>eK[GnuKmn f kMNt;elIcenaH I . eRbIRTwsIbTtmmFm

k> f (x) = x , c ( 2 , 1)
2
x> f (x) = x(x x 2) , c ( 1 , 1)

2
K> f (x) = x , c (0 , 1)
3
X> f (x) = x x+ 1 , c 12 , 2
dMeNaHRsay
k> f (x) = x , c ( 2 , 1)
2
eKman f ' (x) = 2x

- 46 -
eK)an f ' (c) = 2c = f (11)(f(2)2) = 11 + 42 = 1
eKTaj c = 12 .
x> f (x) = x(x x 2) , c ( 1 , 1)
2
eKman f (x) = x x 2x f ' (x) = 3x 2x 2

3 2 2
eK)an f ' (c) = 3c 2c 2 = f (11)(f(1)1) = 22 0 = 1

2
eKTaj 3c 2c 1 = 0 c = 13 , c = 1
2
1 2
eday c (1 , 1 ) dUcenH c = 13 .
K> f (x) = x , c (0 , 1)
3
eKman f ' (x) = 3x 2
eK)an f ' (c) = 3c = f (11) f0(0) = 1 c = 33

2
eday c (0 , 1 ) dUcenH c = 33 .
X> f (x) = x x+ 1 , c 12 , 2
eKman f ' (x) = (x +11) 2
- 47 -
1 2
f ( 2 ) f ( ) +1 2
eK)an f ' (c ) =
1
(c + 1) 2
=
1
2 = 3
5
=
3
2 ( )
2 2
eKTaj c1 = 1 +
3
2
.
, c 2 = 1
3
2
!@>shRKasplitsmareGLicRtUnicmYy)ancMnayR)ak;srubkg
mYyfsMrab;plitsmar x eRKOgEdl[GnuKmn
C(x ) = 2400 + 28x + 0.02x KitCaBan;erol.
2
20 eRKOg nig 30 eRKOg.
x>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMNaykgkarplitsmareRKOg
TI 11 eRKOgTI 21 nig eRKOgTI 31 .
dMeNaHRsay
20 eRKOg nig 30 eRKOg
eKman C(x) = 2400 + 28x + 0.02x 2 KitCaBan;erol
-R)ak;cMNaysrubkgkarplitsmar 10 eRKOgKW
C(10) = 2400 + 280 + 2 = 2682 Ban;erol .
- 48 -
C( 20) = 2400 + 560 + 8 = 2968 Ban;erol .
C(10) = 2400 + 540 + 18 = 2958 Ban;erol .
x>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMNaykgkarplitsmareRKOg
TI 11 eRKOgTI 21 nig eRKOgTI 31
eKman C(x) = 2400 + 28x + 0.02x KitCaBan;erol
2
eK)an C' (x) = 28 + 0.04x

-tmRbEhlnR)ak;cMNaykgkarplitsmareRKOgTI 11 KW
C' (11) = 28 + 0.04 11 = 28.44 Ban;erol.
C' ( 21) = 28 + 0.04 21 = 28.84 Ban;erol .
C' ( 31) = 28 + 0.04 31 = 29.24 Ban;erol.
!#>eragBum<e)aHBum<TsSnavdImYy)ancMNaysrubkgmYyExsRmab;
e)aHBum<TsSnavdI x c,ab; Edl[tamGnuKmn
C(x ) = 0.0001x + x + 465 KitCaBan;erol ehIyeragBum<)anlk;
2
- 49 -
ecjvij TsSnavdI 1 c,ab;f P = D(x) = 4 0.0002x Ban;erol.
k>sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMnUlsrub R(x).
x> sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMenjsrub P(x).
3500 c,ab; nig 4000 c,ab;.
X>>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMenjEdl)anBIkarlk;
dMeNaHRsay
k>sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMnUlsrub R(x)
eK)an R(x) = P x = (4 0.0002x)x = 4x 0.0002x 2
x> sresrGnuKmnR)ak;cMenjsrub P(x)

eK)an P(x) = R(x) C(x)
= 4x 0.0002x 2 0.0001x 2 x 465
= 0.0003x 2 + 3x 465
3500 c,ab; nig 4000 c,ab;
-ebI x = 3000 c,ab;

- 50 -
enaH P(3000) = 0.0003(3000) + 3(3000) 465
2
= 5835 Ban;erol .
-ebI x = 3500 c,ab;

enaH P(3500) = 0.0003(3500) + 3(3500) 465
2
= 6360 Ban;erol .
-ebI x = 4000 c,ab;

enaH P(4000) = 0.0003(4000) + 3(4000) 465
2
= 6735 Ban;erol .
X>)a:n;santmRbEhlnR)ak;cMenjEdl)anBIkarlk;
eKman P(x) = 0.0003x + 3x 465
2
eK)an P' (x) = 0.0006x + 3

-tmRbEhlnR)ak;cMenj)anBIkarlk; TsSnavdIc,ab;TI 3001
KW P' (3000) = 0.0006(3000) + 3 = 1.2 Ban;erol .
- 51 -
KW P' (3500) = 0.0006(3500) + 3 = 0.9 Ban;erol .
KW P' (4000) = 0.0006(4000) + 3 = 0.6 Ban;erol .
- 52 -
CMBUkTI3 GefrPaBnigRkabnGnuKmn
CMBUkTI3 emeronTI1
GnuKmnGsniTan
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + b Edl a 0
EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + b 0
-ebI a > 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = [ ba , + )
-ebI a < 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = ( , ba ]
edrIev y' = 2 axa + b
-ebI a < 0 enaH y' < 0 naM[GnuKmn_cuHCanicelIEdnkMNt;.
-ebI a > 0 enaH y' > 0 naM[GnuKmn_ekInCanicelIEdnkMNt; .
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c man = b 4ac
2 2
EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + bx + c 0
2
-krNI a > 0
Rkabn y = ax + bx + c manGasIumtUteRTtBIrKW
2
k-ebI x + enaH y = a(x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt .

- 52 -
k-ebI x enaH y = a(x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt
-krNI a < 0
RkabnGnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c KanGasIumtUteT .
2
2ax + b
edrIev y' = mansBaadUc 2ax + b
2 ax 2 + bx + c
-ebI a < 0 GnuKmn_manGtibrmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .
-ebI a > 0 GnuKmn_manGb,brmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .
- 53 -
lMhat;
!>rkGasIumtUteRTtrbs;GnuKmn y = 2x + 3 4x + x + 1 .
2
@>rkedrIevnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = (2x 3) x 3x + 4
2
2
x> y = x + 6x + 5 + x2 + 3 .
2
#>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam

k> y = 3x 2 + x 1 x> y = x + x 3x + 2
2
$>k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (C) nGnuKmn y = 9 x . 2
x>rkcMnucnwg Edlbnat; d : mx y + 3 4m = 0
m
kat;tamcMeBaHRKb;tMl m .
K>eRbIRkab (C) BiPakSatamtm m GtiPaBnbsrbs;smIkar
9 x mx + 4m 3 = 0 .
2
%>eK[GnuKmn y = mx + m 2
+ x2 + 1 .
- 54 -
k>RsaybBaak;fa GasIumtUteRTtxagsaMrbs;RkabxagelI b:Hnwg
)a:ra:bUlnwgmYy.
x>ebI m = 1 sikSaGefrPaBnigsg;Rkab C rbs;GnuKmnxagelI.
^> eK[GnuKmn y = 2x(4 x) .
k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab C rbs;GnuKmn.
x>eRbIRkab C BiPakSatamtm m GtiPaBnbsrbs;smIkar
2x(4x x ) = mx + 2 2 5m .
&>k>kMNt;tm m edIm,I[smIkar x + 2x + 1 = m manbs.

2
x>kMNt;tm m edIm,I[vismIkar x + 2x + 1 < m manbs.

2
*> eK[GnuKmn y = f (x) = x + 4x + 2x + 1 .

2
k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn.

x>eRbIRkabrktm m edIm,I[vismIkar 4x + 2x + 1 m x
2
manbs.
(>eK[GnuKmn y = f (x) = x2 + 12 12 3x . 2
k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab C nGnuKmn.

x>RsaybBaak; 2 x 12 3x 4 .
2
- 55 -
K>edaHRsaysmIkar 12 3x = 4 x rYcepopat;lTpln
2
smIkaredayRkabnGnuKmnxagelI.
!0> eK[GnuKmn y = x + 2x + 1 manRkab C .
2
k>rkGasIumtUteRTtrbs;Rkab C .
x>tamRkabrktm m
edIm,I[smIkar x + 2x + 1 = m manbs.
2
!!>KUbmYy ABCDEFGH manrgVas;RCug a . I CacMnuckNaln

[AB] ehIy J CacMnuckNaln [EH ]. cMnuc M mYyrt;enAelIRCug
nKUb. rkcMgayxIbMputEdl M rt;BI I eTA J .
- 56 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>rkGasIumtUteRTtrbs;GnuKmn y = 2x + 3 4x + x + 1 .
2
dMeNaHRsay
rkGasIumtUteRTt
eKman y = 2x + 3 4x + x + 1
2
eK)an y = 2x + 3 4 | x + 18 | + (x) Edl lim (x) = 0

x
-ebI x +
enaH y = 2x + 3 2(x + 8 ) = 4 CaGasIumtUtedkrbs;Rkab .
1 11
-ebI x
enaH y = 2x + 3 + 2(x + 18 ) = 4x + 134 CaGasIumtUteRTt .
@>rkedrIevnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = (2x 3) x 3x + 4
2
2
x> y = x + 6x + 5 + x2 + 3 .
2
- 57 -
dMeNaHRsay
rkedrIevnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = (2x 3) x 3x + 4 2
eK)an y' = (2x 3)' x 3x + 4 + ( 2

x 2 3x + 4 )' ( 2x 3)
( 2x 3) 2
= 2 x 3x + 4 +
2
2 x 2 3x + 4
4x 2 12x + 16 + 4x 2 12x + 9
=
2 x 2 3x + 4
8x 2 24x + 25
=
2 x 2 3x + 4
x2
x> y = x + 6x + 5 +
2
2
+3
2x + 6
eK)an
y' = +x
2 x + 6x + 5
2
x+3
= +x
x + 6x + 5
2
x + 3 + x x 2 + 6x + 5
=
x 2 + 6x + 5
x + 3 + x x 2 + 6x + 5
dUcenH y' = .
x + 6x + 5
2
- 58 -
k> y = 3x 2 + x 1 x> y = x + x 3x + 2
2
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = 3x 2 + x 1
EdnkMNt; D = [1 , + )
TisedAGefrPaB
-edrIev y' = 3 + 2 x1 1
-cMeBaHRKb; x > 1 eK)an y' > 0 naM[ y CaGnuKmn_ekIn.
KNnalImIt lim (3x 2 + x 1) = + .
x +
taragGefrPaB
x 1 +
y' +
+
y
- 59 -
sMNg;Rkab
y
5
C : y = 3x 2 + x 1
4
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
-1
x> y = x + x 2 3x + 2
y
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
-1
- 60 -
$>k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (C) nGnuKmn y = 9 x . 2
m
kat;tamcMeBaHRKb;tMl m .
9 x 2 mx + 4m 3 = 0
dMeNaHRsay
k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (C) nGnuKmn y = 9 x2
EdnkMNt; D = [3 , 3 ]
TisedAGefrPaB
2x x
y' = =
2 9 x2 9 x2
ebI y' = 0 x = 0
GnuKmn_manGtibrmaeFobRtg; x = 0 KW y = (0) = 3
taragGefrPaB
x 3 0 3
y' +
y 3
- 61 -
sMNg;Rkab
y
5
2
I
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
m
kat;tamcMeBaHRKb;tMl m
eKGacsresr y 3 = m(x 4)
smIkarenHepgpat;CanicRKb; m smmUl x = 4 , y = 3
dUcenH I(4 ; 3 ) CacMnucnwg .
9 x mx + 4m 3 = 0 CasmIkarGab;sIuscMNucRbsBV
2
rvag (C) : y = 9 x nwg d : y = mx 4m + 3

2
m
tamRkahVikeK)an
- 62 -
-cMeBaH m = 0 smIkarmanbsDb x = x = 0 . 1 2
-cMeBaH m = 73 smIkarmanbsEtmYyKt;KW x = 3 .
-cMeBaH m = 3 smIkarmanbsEtmYyKt;KW x = 3 .
-cMeBaH m ( 7 , 3 ) smIkarmanbsEtmYyKt;KW 3 < x < 3
3
-cMeBaH m > 3 b m < 0 smIkarKanbs .

%>eK[GnuKmn y = mx + m + x + 1 .
2 2
k>RsaybBaak;fa GasIumtUteRTtxagsaMrbs;RkabxagelI b:Hnwg

)a:ra:bUlngmY
w y.
eKman y = mx + m + x + 1
2 2
y = mx + m + | x | + ( x ) Edl lim ( x ) = 0
2
x
eKTaj y = mx + m + x = (m + 1)x + m CaGasIumtUtxag

2 2
saMrbs;Rkabtag y = mx + m + x + 1 .
2 2
yk P : y = ax + bx + c Ca)a:ra:bUlnwgRtUvrk
2
smIkarGab;sIus ax + bx + c = (m + 1)x + m
2 2
b ax + (b m 1)x + c m = 0 (E)
2 2
smIkar (E) manbsDubRKb; m luHRtaEt = 0 m IR

- 63 -
= (b m 1) 2 4a(c m 2 )
= b 2 2b(m + 1) + (m + 1) 2 4ac + 4am 2
= b 2 2mb 2b + m 2 + 2m + 1 4ac + 4am 2
= (1 + 4a )m 2 + ( 2 2b )m + (b 1) 2 4ac
1
a =
4

ebI = 0 m IR smmUl b = 1
c = 0

x2
eK)an P:y =
4
.
+x
x>ebI m = 1 sikSaGefrPaBnigsg;Rkab C rbs;GnuKmnxagelI

cMeBaH m = 1 eK)an y = x + 1 + x + 1 2
C : y = x + 1 + x2 + 1
0 1 x
- 64 -
CMBUkTI3 GnuKmnRtIekaNmaRtcRmuH
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmnRtIekaNmaRtcRmuH
>cMNucsMxan;sRmab;sikSaGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
-EdnkMNt;
-xYbnHnuKmn_
-PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-TisedAGefrPaBnGnuKmn_
>xYbnGnuKmn_
-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = sin(ax) KW |2a |
-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = cos(ax) KW |2a |
>PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_esselI I kalNa x I , x I
ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_KUelI I kalNa x I , x I
ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
- 65 -
lMhat;
!>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn y = cos . sin 2x .

2
@> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam

k> y = 2 sin x 3 cos x x> y = 5 sin x + cos x .
k> y = cos 2x cos 3x x> y = 2x cos 2x sin x .
$>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn
k> y = 2 sin x sin 2x x> y = cos x + x sin x .
2
%> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn

k> y = 1 cossinx x x> y = cossinx x 1 .
^> rkbrimanGnuKmn y = 2 +sincosx x elIcenaH [0 , 2].
&>eRbIRkabn y = sin 2x 3 sin x edaHRsaysmIkar
sin 2x 3 sin x = 0 ebI 2 x 2 .
*> eK[GnuKmn y = a sin 2x + sin x .

sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabcMeBaH a = 1.
- 66 -
(>eK[GnuKmn y = a sin xa coscosx x 1 .
lMhat;CMBUk 3
!> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = 3x 5 x> y = 7 4x .
k> y = 2 + x 2x 3
2
x> y = 2 + 8 2x .
2
#> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam

k> y = 2x 1 3x 5 x> y = x + 1 4 x .2
$> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam

x1
k> y = f (x) = sin x + 2 sin x2 x> y = f (x) = 2cos
cos x + 1
.
y = f (x ) = 3 sin x + cos x
^>eK[GnuKmn y = 2x + m x + 1 2
k>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabcMeBaH m = 4 .

x>rktm m edIm,I[GnuKmnKantmbrma.
- 67 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn y = cos 2
x. sin 2x .
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab
y = cos 2 x. sin 2x
>EdnkMNt; D = IR
>xYb eKman y = cos x sin 2x = 12 (1 + cos 2x) sin 2x
2
GnuKmn_manxYb p =
eRBaH f (x + ) = 12 [1 + cos(2 + 2x)]sin( 2 + 2x)
1
= (1 + cos 2x ) sin 2x = f ( x )
2
>PaBKUess
f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_esseRBaH f ( x ) = cos ( x ) sin( x )
2
= cos 2 x sin x
= f ( x)
dUcenHeKsikSaEtkgcenaH [0 , 2 ]
- 68 -
>TisedAGefrPaB
edrIev f ' (x) = 12 (1 + cos 2x)' sin 2x + 12 (sin 2x)' (1 + cos 2x)
= sin 2 2x + cos 2x(1 + cos 2x )
= 1 + cos 2 2x + cos 2x + cos 2 2x
= 2 cos 2 2x + cos 2x 1
= ( 2 cos 2x 1)(cos 2x + 1)
edayRKb; x IR : 1 cos 2x 1 enaH cos 2x + 1 0
naM[ f ' (x) mansBaadUc 2 cos 2x 1
-ebI 2 cos 2x 1 = 0 cos 2x = 12 b 2x = 3 x = 6
-ebI 2 cos 2x 1 > 0 cos 2x > 12 b 0 < x < 6
-ebI 2 cos 2x 1 < 0 cos 2x < 12 b 6 < x < 2
taragGefrPaB

x 0
6 2
f ' (x) +

f ( x) f( )
6
0 0
- 69 -

kgcenaH GnuKmn_manGtibrma
(0 , )
2
f( ) =
6
.
3 3
8

cMeBaH x=eK)an f ' ( 2 ) = 0 nig
2

.
f( ) = 0
2

dUcenHRtg; x= Rkab (c) manGkS (ox) Cabnat;b:H .
2
y
1 (c) : y = cos 2 x sin 2x
0 1 x
- 70 -
k> y = 2 sin x 3 cos x x> y = 5 sin x + cos x .
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab
k> y = 2 sin x 3 cos x y
0 1 x
x> y = 5 sin x + cos x

y
0 1 x
- 71 -
k> y = cos 2x cos 3x x> y = 2x cos 2x sin x .
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = cos 2x cos 3x y
0 1 x
x> y = 2x cos 2x sin x

y
0 1 x
- 72 -
$>sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn
k> y = 2 sin x sin 2x x> y = cos 2
x + x sin x .
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = 2 sin x sin 2x
y
0 1 x
x> y = cos 2
x + x sin x
y
0 1 x
- 73 -
k> y = 1 cossinx x x> y = cossinx x 1 .
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = 1 cossinx x y
0 1 x
x> y = cossinx x 1
y
0 1 x
- 74 -
^> eK[GnuKmn y = a sin 2x + sin x .
dMeNaHRsay
sg;RkabcMeBaH a = 1
eK)an y = sin 2x + sin x
y
0 1 x
&>eK[GnuKmn y = a sin xa coscosx x 1 .

dMeNaHRsay
sg;RkabcMeBaH a = 1
cos x 1 sin x 1
eK)an y = sin x cos x
= 1 +
cos x
- 75 -
y
0 1 x
- 76 -
lMhat;CMBUk3 nigdMeNaHRsay
!> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = 3x 5 x> y = 7 4x .
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn_
k> y = 3x 5
>EdnkMNt; D = [ 53 , + )
>TisedAGefrPaB
edrIev y' = 2 33x 5
cMeBaH x > 53 eK)an y' > 0 naM[vaCaGnuKmn_ekInelI ( 53 , + )
lImIt lim 3x 5 = +
x + y
taragGefrPaB
5
x +
3
1
y' +
+ 0 1 x
y
0
- 77 -
x> y = 7 4x
>EdnkMNt; D = ( , 74 ]
>TisedAGefrPaB
edrIev y' = 724x
cMeBaH x < 74 eK)an y' < 0 naM[vaCaGnuKmn_cuHelI ( , 74 )
lImIt lim 7 4x = +
x
taragGefrPaB
7
x
4
y'
y +
0
y
0 1 x
- 78 -
k> y = 2 + x 2x 3
2
x> y = 2 + 8 2x . 2
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = 2 + x 2x 3
2
y=2
0 1 x
x> y = 2 + 8 2x 2
y
y=2
1
0 1 x
- 79 -
#> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam
k> y = 2x 1 3x 5 x> y = x + 1 4 x2 .
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = 2x 1 3x 5
y
0 1 x
x> y = x + 1 4 x2
y
0 1 x
- 80 -
$> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmnxageRkam
x1
k> y = f (x) = sin x + 2 sin x2 x> y = f (x) = 2cos
cos x + 1
.
dMeNaHRsay
k> y = f (x) = sin x + 2 sin x2
y
0 1 x
x1
x> y = f (x) = 2cos
cos x + 1
y
0 1 x
- 81 -
y = f (x ) = 3 sin x + cos x
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;RkabnGnuKmn
y = f (x ) = 3 sin x + cos x
0 1 x
- 82 -
CMBUkTI4 GaMgetRkalkMNt;
CMBUkTI4 emeronTI1
GaMgetRkalkMNt;
>niymny
f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] .
GaMgetRkalkMNt;BI a eTA b n y = f (x) kMNt;eday

b
f ( x).dx = F(b) F(a) Edl F' ( x) = f ( x) .

a
>pRkLanEpkbg;
-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLanEpkbg;
EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr x = a , x = b
b
kMNt;eday S = f (x).dx ebI f (x) 0
a
C : y = f (x)
A
B
S
a b x
- 83 -
-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLanEpkbg;
EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr x = a , x = b
b
kMNt;eday S = f (x).dx ebI f (x) 0 .
y a
a b
x
S (C) : y = f ( x )
B
A
-ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Cab;elI [a , b ] enaHeK)anpRkLaenAcenaH
b
ExSekagtagGnuKmn_TaMgBIrkMNt;eday S = [f (x) g(x)].dx
a
Edl f (x) g(x) RKb; x [a , b ] .

y
A
B
D C
a b x
- 84 -
lMhat;
!>edayeRbIniymnyKNnaGaMetRkalxageRkam
k> 3xdx
0
2
2
4
x> 4xdx
K> x dx
2
0
2
X> (x 5x)dx
0
2 2
g> x dx .
1
2 2
@>KNnatmRbEhlnpRklaEdlxNedayRkabtag y = f (x)
nigGkS x' ox elIcenaH [a , b] Edl
k> f (x) = 9 x Edl [a , b] = [ 3 , 2] , n = 5
2
x> f (x) = x +1 2 Edl [a , b] = [ 1 , 3] , n = 4

#>KNnaRklapxNedayRkabnigGkSGab;sIuselIcenaHEdl[
k> f (x) = x Edl x [1 , 3]
2
x> f (x) = x + 2x 3 Edl x [1 , 3]

2
K> f (x) = 2 x Edl x [ 3 , 2]

3
X> f (x) = 2x3+ 1 Edl x [0 , 2] .
- 85 -
$>KNnaRklapxNedayRkabtagGnuKmnTaMgBIr
k> f (x) = x + 2 nig g(x) = x , x [2 , 5]
2
x> f (x) = x nig g(x) = x , x [0 , 1]

2 3
K> f (x) = 2x + 1 nig g(x) = 3x + 2 , x [0 , 2]

X> f (x) = e nig g(x) = x , x [1 , 4]
x 1
%> KNnaRklapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn
x = y nig y = x 2 .
2
^> KNnaRklapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn
y = f (x ) nig y = g(x ) = 2 x nig x' ox .
&> KNnaRklapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn
y = f (x ) =
1
x+1
ni g y = g (x ) = e ni
0.7 x
g x [0 , 4].
- 86 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>edayeRbIniymnyKNnaGaMgetRkalxageRkam
k> 3xdx
0
2
x> 4xdx 2
4
K> x dx
0
2 2
X> (x 5x)dx 0
2 2
g> x dx .
1
2 2
dMeNaHRsay
2
3x 2
k> 3xdx = 2 = 6 0 = 6
2

0
0
x> 4xdx = [2x ] = 32 8 = 24

2
4 2 4
2
2
K> x dx = 13 x = 83
0
2 2 3
X> ( )
2
2 1 5 8 20 22
x 2 5x dx = x 3 x 2 = ( ) =
0
3 2 0 3 2 3
2
1
g> 1
2 8 1 7
x dx = x 3 = =
2
3 1 3 3 3
.
- 87 -
@>KNnaRklapxNedayRkabnigGkSGab;sIuselIcenaHEdl[
k> f (x) = x Edl x [1 , 3]
2
x> f (x) = x + 2x 3 Edl x [1 , 3]

2
K> f (x) = 2 x Edl x [ 3 , 2]

3
X> f (x) = 2x3+ 1 Edl x [0 , 2] .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRklap
k> f (x) = x Edl x [1 , 3]
2
y
3
eK)an S = x dx 2
1
3
1
= x3
3 1
27 1 26
= =
1
3 3 3 0 1 x
dUcenH S=
26
3
ktap
- 88 -
x> f (x) = x 2
+ 2x 3 Edl x [1 , 3]
y
eyIg)an
3
S = ( x 2 + 2x 3).dx
1
3
1
= x 3 + x 2 3x
3 1
5 32 1
= 9 ( ) = 0 1 x
3 3
dUcenH S=
32
3
ktap
K> f (x) = 2 x Edl x [ 3 , 2]

3
2
eK)an S = (2 x ).dx 3
3
2
x4
= 2x
4 3
81
= ( 4 4 ) ( 6 )
4
81 73
= 2 + =
4 4
- 89 -
X> f (x) = 2x3+ 1 Edl x [0 , 2] .
eK)an y
2
3dx
S= 2x + 1
0
2
1
= 3 ln | 2x + 1 |
2 0 1
3
= ln 5
2 0 1 x
dUcenH S = 32 ln 5 ktap
#>KNnaRklapxNedayRkabtagGnuKmnTaMgBIr
k> f (x) = x + 2 nig g(x) = x , x [2 , 5]
2
x> f (x) = x nig g(x) = x , x [0 , 1]

2 3
K> f (x) = 2x + 1 nig g(x) = 3x + 2 , x [0 , 2]

X> f (x) = e nig g(x) = x , x [1 , 4]
x 1
- 90 -
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRklap
k> f (x) = x + 2 nig g(x) = x
2
, x [2 , 5]
eyIg)an y
5
S = ( x 2 + 2 x ).dx
2
5
1 1
= x 3 + 2x x 2
3 2 2
235 14 69
= = 1
6 3 2 0 1
dUcenH S = 34.5 ktap

x
x> f (x) = x nig g(x) = x

2 3
, x [0 , 1]
eK)an y
(x )
1
S= 2
x 3 .dx
1
0
1
1 1
= x3 x4
3 4 0
1 1 1
= = 0 1 x
3 4 12
dUcenH S=
1
12
ktap
- 91 -
K> f (x) = 2x + 1 nig g(x) = 3x + 2 , x [0 , 2]
y
0 1 x
eyIg)an S = (3x + 2 2x + 1 ) .dx

2
0
2
3 2 1
3

= x + 2x ( 2x + 1)
2
2 3 0
125 1
= (10 ) (0 )
3 3
31 5 5
=
3
31 5 5
dUcenH S=
3
.
- 92 -
X> f (x) = e nig g(x) = x
x 1
, x [1 , 4]
y
0 1 x
eK)an
4
S = (e x1 x ).dx
1
4
1
= e x 1 x 2
2 1
1
= (e 3 8) (1 )
2
17
= e3
2
2e 3 17
dUcenH S=
2
.
- 93 -
$> KNnaRklapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn
x = y nig y = x 2 .
2
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRklap
y y
1
0 1 x
0 1 x
eKman y = x 2 naM[ x = y + 2
2
eK)an S = (y + 2 y ).dy
2
1
2
1 1
= y 2 + 2y y 3
2 3 1
8 1 1 20 3 + 12 2 9
= (6 ) ( 2 + ) = =
3 2 3 6 2
- 94 -
%> KNnaRklapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn
y = f (x ) =
1
x+1
ni g y = g (x ) = e ni g x [0 , 4].
0.7 x
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRklap
y
0 1 x
4
1
S = (e 0.7 x ).dx
0
x+1
4
1 0.7 x
= e ln( x + 1) = 20.45
0.7 0
dUcenH S = 20.45 ktap .
- 95 -
CMBUkTI4 emeronTI2
maRtsUlItnigRbEvgF
ebIGnuKmn_ f viCmanehIyCab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHmaDnsUlId
brivtn_)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkSGab;sIusnpEdlxNedayRkabtag
GnuKmn_ y = f (x) GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr x = a nig x = b
kMNt;eday V = lim [f (x ).x] = f (x).dx .
n b
2 2
k
n +
k =1 a
maDnsUlIdbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS (ox ) npxNeday

Rkab y = f (x) nig y = g(x) elIcenaH [a , b ]Edl f (x) g(x)
kMNt;eday V = [f (x) g (x)].dx .
b
2 2
a
x
GnuKmn_ F EdlkMNt;elIcenaH [a , b ] eday F(x) = f (t ).dt
a
ehAfaGnuKmn_kMNt;tamGaMgetRkalkMNt; .
b
tmmFmn f kMNt;Cab;elI [a , b ] KW y =
1
ba f ( x ).dx
m
a
b
RbEvgFnRkabtag f elI[a , b ] KW L = 1 + f '2 ( x ) .dx
a
- 96 -
lMhat;
!>k>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = 2x + 1 GkS x' ox
bnat;Qr x = 1 nig x = 3 .
x>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = x + 1 GkS x' ox
2
K>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = x 3 GkS x' ox
bnat;Qr x = 4 eTA x = 9 .
@>k>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn f (x) = x 2
nig g(x) = 4x x .
2
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn f (x) = x 2x + 3
2
nig g(x) = 9 x .
- 97 -
#>cMeBaHGnuKmn F(x) = sin tdt . KNna
1
x
k> F( 1) x> F' (0)

K> F' 12 X> F" (x).
$>pRkla A xNedayRkabtagGnuKmn g(t ) = 4 t4 nig 2
4
GkSGab;sIuselIcenaH 1 , x kMNt;eday A x = 4 t dt .
[ ] ( ) 1
x
2
k>KNna A CaGnuKmnn x . etIRkabGnuKmn A mansmIkar

GasIumtUtedk rW eT?
x>rksmIkarGasIumtUteRTtnRkabtagGnuKmn g .
%> KNna F' (x) ebI
k> F(x) = (4t + 1)dt
x
x+ 2
x> F(x) = t dt
x
x
3
K> F(x) = t dt
sin x
0
X> F(x) = t1 dt
2
x2
2
g> F(x) = sin t dt

0
x3
c> F(x) = 2 1+ t dt .
0
sin x
^>k>bgajfaebI f (t ) CaGnuKmness enaH F(x) = f (t ) dt

x
a
RKb; x IR CaGnuKmnessEdrrWeT?
- 98 -
&>eKe)aHdMusrsUkULa)anTTYlvikybRtcMnYn 1200 erogral;
30 fmg. srsUkULaRtUv)anlk;bn[Gklk;rayeday
GRtaefrnig x Cafbnab;BITTYlvikybRtmkdl; ehIybBaITUTat;

kMNt;eday I(x) = 1200 40x .
KNnamFmRbcaMfnkarTUTat;.
KNnamFmRbcaMfnlk;srsUkULa ebIsrsUkULamYyRKb;f
300 erol.
3
*>k>KNnaRbEvgFnRkabtagGnuKmn y = x3 + 41x
BI x = 1 eTA x = 3 .
x>]bmafa f (x) = 12 (e + e ). bnat;CYbGkSGredaenRtg; B
x x
ehIyb:HnigRkabtag f Rtg;cMnuc A(a , f (a)) Edl a > 0 .

eRbobeFobRbEvgnGgt; AB nigRbEvgFrnRkabtag f
enAbenaHbnat;Qr x = 0 nig x = a .
(>rkpRkla S nEsVrEdlmankaM r .
- 99 -
lMhat;CMBUk4
!>KNnaGaMgetRkalxageRkam
k> (4 x )(2 + x) dx
2
2
2 n
x> x 6xx + 8 dx
6
8
2
X x x1 dx
2
K> x xx 2 dx
1
0 2
3
1
g> cos mx cos nxdx

0
c> 1 + 3x dx
0
1 x
2

q> 3 +sincos2x x dx
0
2
2
C> x cos xdx .
0
2
2 2
@>KNna
k> e cos 2t dt (a 0)

0
at 2
x> sin(xln x) dx
1
e
K>
0
ln 6 x
x
dx
2 2
X> (4 x 1 x )dx
0
1 2 2
e +e +2 x
g> dx
1
c> 2ax x dx
a 2
4 x2
0 0
q> (x + ) dx
3
a
0
2
a 2 2
C> x 2xx + 1 dx 0
1
2
#>KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox npRkla

xNedayRkaPictagGnuKmn f (x) = x + 6 nig g(x) = x 2
elIcenaH x [ 2 , 3] .
- 100 -
$> KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilnpRklaxNedayRkaPic
tagGnuKmn y = 3 x nig GkS x' ox , ( 1 x 2)
CMuvijGkS x' ox .
%> KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilcMnYn 360 CMuvijGkS
0
Gab;sIusnpRklaxNedayRkaPictagGnuKmn y = 1 x nig 2
GkS x' ox , x [ 1 , 1] .
^> KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox npRkla
xNedayRkaPictagGnuKmn f (x) = 2x nig g(x) = 4x x .
2 2
&> KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox npRkla

xNedayRkaPictagGnuKmn f (x) = 2 x nig g(x) = x
2
elIcenaH x [0 , 1].
*> KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVil cMnYn 180 CMuvijGkS x' ox
0
npRklaxNedayRkaPictagGnuKmn f (x) = 8 x nig2
g (x ) = x .
2
(>KNnapRklaEdlxNedayRkabtagGnuKmn y = sin 2 x nig

y=x . 4
- 101 -
!0> KNnapRklaEdlxNedayRkabtagGnuKmn y = sin x nig 3
5
y = cos x enAcenaH x = nig x =
3
.
4 4
!!> KNnapRklaEdlxNedayRkab C nig C GnuKmn
1 2
y = sin x , (0 x ) nig y = sin 3x , (0 x )
!@>BinitRkab y = sin 2x nig y = cos x Edl 0 x .

k>rkkUGredaencMNucRbsBVnRkabTaMgBIr.
x>rkpRkla S EdlxNedayRkabTaMgBIr.
!#> C CaRkabtag f (x) = ln(x + 1) nig L Cabnat;b:Hnwg C Edl
manemKuNR)ab;TisesInwg 12 .
k>rksmIkarbnat;b:H L .
x>KNnamaDsUlItbivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox n
pRklaxNedayRkab C , L nig GkSGredaen.
!$>tag C CaRkab y = e nig L Cabnat;b:Hnwg C Rtg;cMnuc
2 x 1
P(1 , e ) .
k> rksmIkarbnat; L .
x>rkpRkla S EdlxNedayRkab C bnat; L nigGkSGredaen.
- 102 -
!%> tag C CaRkab y = xe , L , L Cabnat;b:H C EdlKUs
x
1 2
ecjBIcMnuc 12 , 0 .
k>rksmIkarbnat;b:H L , L .
1 2
x>rkpRkla S EdlxNedayRkab C nig bnat;b:HEdlmankg

sMnYrTI !.
- 103 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>k>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = 2x + 1 GkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = x + 1 GkS x' ox 2
K>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn y = x 3 GkS x' ox
bnat;Qr x = 4 eTA x = 9 .
dMeNaHRsay
k>KNnamaDsUlIt
y
7
6
3
V = ( 2x + 1)2 .dx 5
4
1
=

6
[ 3
( 2x + 1)3 1] 3
158 1
= ( 343 27 ) =
6 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
ktamaD . -1
- 104 -
x>KNnamaDsUlItbrivt y
3
V = ( x 2 + 1)2dx
0
3
= ( x4 + 2x 2 + 1)dx
0
3
1 2
= x4 + x 3 + x 1
4 3 0 0 1 x
165
=
4
dUcenH V = 1654 ktamaD .
K>KNnamaDsUlItbrivt
y
2
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
-1
-2
-3
9 9
eyIg)an V = ( x 3) dx = ( x 6 x + 9)dx
2
4 4
9
x2 3
3
= 4x + 9x =
2 ktamaD .
2 4 2
- 105 -
@>k>KNnamaDsUlItbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS x' ox
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn f (x) = x 2
nig g(x) = 4x x . 2
npRklaEdlxNedayRkab tagGnuKmn
f (x ) = x 2x + 3 nig g(x ) = 9 x .
2
dMeNaHRsay
k>KNnamaDsUlItbrivt
y
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
eyIg)an V = [(4x x ]
2
) ( x 2 ) 2 . dx
2 2
- 106 -
2
V = (16x 2 8x 3 )dx
0
32
2
16 3
V = x 2x 4 =
3 0 3
32
dUcenH
V=
3
ktamaD .
x>KNnamaDsUlItbrivt
y
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12x
-1
-2
eK)an V = [(9 x) (x 2x + 3) ]dx

3
2 2 2
bnab;BIKNnaeK)an V = 250 ktamaD .
- 107 -
#>cMeBaHGnuKmn F(x) = sin tdt . KNna
1
x
k> F( 1) x> F' (0)

K> F' 12 X> F" (x).
dMeNaHRsay
eKman F(x) = sin tdt
1
x
x
1
= cos t
1
1 1
= cos x

k> F( 1)
eK)an F(1) = 1 (1) 1 = 0 .
x> F' (0)
eKman F' (x) = sin x
eK)an F' (0) = 0
K> F' 12

eK)an F' ( 2 ) = sin 2 = 1 .
1
X> F" (x) = cos x .

- 108 -
$>pRkla A xNedayRkabtagGnuKmn g(t ) = 4 t4 nig 2
GkSGab;sIuselIcenaH[1 , x] kMNt;eday
4
A(x ) = 4 dt .
x
t
1 2
KNna A CaGnuKmnn x . etIRkabGnuKmn A mansmIkar

GasIumtUtedk rW eT?
dMeNaHRsay
k>KNna A CaGnuKmnn x
x4
A (x ) =1 t 2 .dt
4
x
4 4
= 4t + = 4x + 8
t1 x
dUcenH .
A( x ) = 4x 8 +
4
x
eday lim A(x) = lim (4x 8 + 4x ) = + .
x + x +
naM[RkabGnuKmn A KansmIkarGasIumtUtedkeT .
- 109 -
%> KNna F' (x) ebI
k> F(x) = (4t + 1)dt
x
x+ 2
x> F(x) = t dt
x
x
3
K> F(x) = t dt
0
sin x
X> F(x) = t1 dt
2
x2
2
g> F(x) = sin t dt

0
x3
c> F(x) = 2 1+ t dt .
0
sin x
dMeNaHRsay
KNna F' (x) ebI
k> F(x) = (4t + 1)dt
x
x+ 2
eK)an F(x) = [2t + t ] 2 x+ 2

x
[ ]
= 2( x + 2) 2 + x + 2 ( 2x 2 + x )
= 2x 2 + 8x + 8 + x + 2 2x 2 x
= 8x + 10
dUcenH F' (x) = 8 .
x> F(x) = t dt
x
x
3
x
eK)an F(x) = 14 t 4
=0
x
dUcenH F' (x) = 0 .
- 110 -
K> F(x) = 0
sin x
t dt
sin x
2 3 3
eK)an F( x ) = t 2
2
= sin 2 x
3 0 3
dUcenH F' (x) = cos x sin x
X> F x = t dt
( ) 2
1 x2
2
x2
eK)an F(x) = 1t =
1 1
x 2
+
2
2
dUcenH F' (x) = x2 . 3
g> F(x) = sin t dt

0
x3
eK)an F(x) = [ cos t] = cos x + 1 x3

0
3
dUcenH F' (x) = 3x sin x 2 3
c> F(x) = 2 1+ t dt .
0
sin x
eK)an F(x) = [ln | 2 + t |] = ln 2 ln | 2 + sin x |

0
sin x
dUcenH F' (x) = (22 ++ sin x )'

sin x
=
cos x
2 + sin x
.
- 111 -
^>k>bgajfaebI f (t ) CaGnuKmness enaH F(x) = f (t ) dtx
a
RKb; x IR CaGnuKmnessEdrrWeT?
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaPaBKUessnGnuKmn_ F(x)
man F(x) = f (t ) dt
a
x
x
eK)an F( x) = f (t ).dt
a
tag u = t du = dt
cMeBaH t = a enaH u = a ehIy t = x enaH u = x
x a
eK)an F( x) = f (u) (du) = f (u)du
a x
a a
b F( x) = f (t )dt = f (t )dt eRBaH f (t ) CaGnuKmness
x x
x
b F( x ) = f (t )dt
a
x x
-ebI a = 0 enaH F(x) = f (t )dt nig F( x) = f (t )dt
0 0
eK)an F( x) = F(x) enaH F(x) CaGnuKmn_ess .

-ebI a 0 enaH F(x) minEmnCaGnuKmn_esseT .
- 112 -
x3 1
&>k>KNnaRbEvgFnRkabtagGnuKmn y= +
3 4x
BI x = 1 eTA x = 3 .
x>]bmafa f (x) = 12 (e + e ). bnat;CYbGkSGredaenRtg; B
x x
ehIyb:HnigRkabtag f Rtg;cMnuc A(a , f (a)) Edl a > 0 .

eRbobeFobRbEvgnGgt; AB nigRbEvgFrnRkabtag f
enAbenaHbnat;Qr x = 0 nig x = a .
dMeNaHRsay y
k>KNnaRbEvgF
3
tamrUbmn L = 1 + y' .dx 2
1
3
eday y = x3 + 41x
eK)an y' = x 41x 2
2
3 1
1
L= 1 + ( x 2 2 ) 2 .dx
4x 0 1 x
1
3
1 2
= (x 2 + 2
) .dx
1 4x
3
1 1 53
= x3 =
3 4x 1 6
- 113 -
x> AB nigRbEvgFrnRkabtag f enAcenaHbnat; x = 0 nig x = a
y
A
1
0 1 x
B
smIkarbnat; T b:HRkabtag f (x) = 12 (e + e ) KWx x
T : y f (a ) = f ' (a )( x a ) Edl f ' (a ) = (e e )

1 a a
2
ebI x = 0 y = af ' (a) + f (a) enaH B(0 , af ' (a) + f (a))
eK)an AB = a + a f ' (a) = a 1 + f ' (a)
2 2 2 2
1 a
= a 1 + ( e a e a ) 2 = (e a + e a )
4 2
a
1a x
ehIy 1 x
L = 1 + (e e ) .dx = (e + e x ).dx
4
x 2
20
0
[
1 x x a 1
]
= e e 0 = (e a e a )
2 2
.
- 114 -
CMBUkTI5 smIkarDIepr:g;Esl
CMBUkTI5 emeronTI1
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI1
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI ! manragTUeTA
> dy
dx
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA y = f ( x ).dx + c
> g(y ). dy
dx
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA G ( y ) = F( x ) + C
Edl G(y ) = g(y ).dy .

> y'+ay = 0 b dy dx
+ ay = 0 mancemIyTUeTA y = A .e ax
Edl A CacMnYnefr .
> y'+ay = p(x) mancemIyTUeTA y = y + y Edl y
e p e
CacemIynsmIkar y'+ay = 0 nig y CacemIyBiessmYy

p
nsmIkar y'+ay = p(x) .
- 115 -
lMhat;
!>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> y' = 2x x + 1
2
x> y' = e
2x
K> y' = x 2+x 1

2
X> y' = x x 1 kMNt;elI ( 1 , 1)

2
g> xy' = 1 kMNt;elI (0 , + ).

@> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNEdl[
k> yy' = cos x , y 2 = e x> y' = e , y(0) = 5
2x
K> (3x 2)y' = 6 , y(1) = 4 X> tany' x = 1 , y(0) = 0

2
#>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI!
k> dy
dx
+ 2y = 0 x> 3
dy
dx
+y=0
K> 2y'3y = 0 X> y'+ y 2 = 0 .
- 116 -
$> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI!tamlkxN
Edl[
k> y'+2y = 0 , y(3) = 2 x> 2y'+ y = 0 , y(ln 4) = 15
K> 7y'+4y = 0 , y(7) = e4
X> 2y'5y = 0 , y(1) = 3
%>cUrbgajfaGnuKmnnimYycxageRkamenHCacMelIynsmIkar
DIepr:g;EslenAxagsaM
k> y = x + e , y' y = 1 x
x
x> y = e x 1 , y'3y = 3x + 2
3x
K> y = sin x + cos x , y'+ y = 2 cos x

X> y = x + ln x , xy' y = 1 ln x .
^>eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y'+2y = x . 2
k>kMNt;BhuFa g mandWeRkTI@ EdlCacMelIyBiessn (E) .

x>tag h CaGnuKmnEdl h(x) = f (x) g(x) . ebI h EdlCa
cMelIyBiessnsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y'+2y = 0 enaHbgajfa f
CacMelIyTUreTAn (E).
- 117 -
&> eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y'2y = 1 +e2 . 2x
k>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y'2y = 0 Edlepogpat;

y (0 ) = 1 .
x>tag f CaGnuKmnmanedrIev IR Edl f (x) = e g(x) .

2x
KNna f ' (x) CaGnuKmnn g(x) nig g' (x).

2x
K>bgajfaebI f CacemIyn (E) luHRtaEt g' (x) = 1+2ee 2x
X>TajrkkenSam g(x) rYc f (x) Edl f CacemIyn (E) .

*>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> dydx
y=e3x
x> dy
dx
+y=
1
e +1 2x
K> y'+ y = 1 X> y'+ y = sin x

(>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNedIm
k> y' y = 1 , y(0) = 1 x> y'+2y = 1 , y(0) = 0
!0>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> dy
dx
= sin 5x x> dx + e dy = 0
3x
K> e dy
x
dx
= 2x X> ( x + 1)
dy
dx
= x+6
- 118 -
lMhat; nig dMeNaHRsay
!>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> y' = 2x x + 1
2
x> y' = e 2x
K> y' = x 2+x 1

2
X> y' = x x 1 kMNt;elI ( 1 , 1)

2
g> xy' = 1 kMNt;elI (0 , + ).

dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> y' = 2x x + 1
2
eK)an y = (2x x + 1).dx

2
dUcenH y = 23 x 12 x + x + c
3 2
x> y' = e
2x
eK)an y = e dx 2x
dUcenH y = 12 e + c2x
- 119 -
K> y' = x 2+x 1
2
eK)an y = x 2+x 1.dx

2
dUcenH = ln( x + 1) + C
2
X> y' = x x 1 kMNt;elI ( 1 , 1)

2
eK)an y = x x 1dx
2
1 1 1
= + .dx
2 x + 1 x 1
1 dx 1 dx
= +
2 x+1 2 x1
1 1
= ln | x + 1 | + ln | x 1 | + C
2 2
dUcenH 1
y = ln ( x + 1)( x 1) + C
2
g> xy' = 1 kMNt;elI (0 , + ).
eK)an y' = 1x y = dxx = ln | x | +C
dUcenH y = ln | x | +C .
- 120 -
@> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNEdl[
k> yy' = cos x , y 2 = e x> y' = e , y(0) = 5
2x
K> (3x 2)y' = 6x , y(1) = 4 X> tany' x = 1 , y(0) = 0

2
dMeNaHRsay
k> yy' = cos x , y 2 = e
eK)an yy' dx = cos xdx
ln y = sin x + c y = e sin x+c

cMeBaH x = y ( ) = e1+ c = e c = 0
2 2
dUcenH y = e . sin x
x> y' = e , y(0) = 5

2x
eK)an y = e dx = 12 e + c
2x 2x
cMeBaH x = 0 eK)an y(0) = 12 + c = 5 c = 92

dUcenH y = 12 e + 92
2x
- 121 -
K> (3x 2)y' = 6x , y(1) = 4
2
eK)an y = 36xxdx 2 = ln | 3x 2 | +C
2
2
ebI x = 1 y(1) = C = 4
dUcenH y = ln | 3x 2 | +4
2
X> tany' x = 1 , y(0) = 0

eK)an y = tan xdx = ln | cos x | +C
ebI x = 0 y = C = 0
dUcenH y = ln | cos x | .
#>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI!
k> dy
dx
+ 2y = 0 x> 3
dy
dx
+y=0
K> 2y'3y = 0 X> y'+ y 2 = 0 .

dMeNaHRsay
k> dy
dx
+ 2y = 0 eday a = 2 enaHcem I y TU e TArbs; s mI k ar
KW y = A.e Edl A CacMnYnefr .
2x
- 122 -
x> 3 dy
dx
+ y = 0 b
dy 1
+ y=0
dx 3
1
x
eday enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y = A.e
a=
1
3
3
Edl A CacMnYnefr .
K> 2y'3y = 0 b y' 32 y = 0
3
eday a=
3
2
enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y =A.e 2
x
Edl A CacMnYnefr .
X> y'+ y 2 = 0
eday a = 2 enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y = A.e 2x
Edl A CacMnYnefr .
$> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI!tamlkxN
Edl[
k> y'+2y = 0 , y(3) = 2 x> 2y'+ y = 0 , y(ln 4) = 15
K> 7y'+4y = 0 , y(7) = e4
X> 2y'5y = 0 , y(1) = 3
dMeNaHRsay
- 123 -
k> y'+2y = 0 , y(3) = 2
smIkarGacsresr y'2y = 0
eday a = 2 enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y = Ae 2x
ebI x = 3 y(3) = Ae = 2 A = 2e
6 6
dUcenH y = 2e . 2 x 6
x> 2y'+ y = 0 , y(ln 4) = 15

smIkarGacsresr y'+ 12 y = 0
1

eday a=
1
2
enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y = Ae 2
x
1

ebI x = ln 4 y(ln 4) = Ae 2
ln 4
=
1
5
A=
2
5
1
2 x
dUcenH y= e 2
5
.
K> 7y'+4y = 0 , y (7 ) = e 4 .smIkarGacsresr y'+ 74 y = 0
4
x
eday a= enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y =
4
7
Ae 7
ebI x = 7 y(7) = Ae = e A = 1
4 4
4
x
dUcenH y = e . 7
- 124 -
X> 2y'5y = 0 , y(1) = 3
smIkarGacsresr y' 52 y = 0
5
eday a=
5
2
enaHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarKW y = Ae 2
x
5 5

ebI x = 1 y(1) = = 3 A = 3e
Ae 2 2
5
( x 1 )
dUcenH y = 3 e . 2
%>cUrbgajfaGnuKmnnimYycxageRkamenHCacMelIynsmIkar
DIepr:g;EslenAxagsaM
k> y = x + e , y' y = 1 x
x
x> y = e x 1 , y'3y = 3x + 2
3x

X> y = x + ln x , xy' y = 1 ln x .
dMeNaHRsay
karbgaj
k> y = x + e , y' y = 1 x
x
man y = x + e y' = 1 + e
x x
eK)an y' y = (1 + e ) (x + e ) = 1 x Bit

x x
- 125 -
dUcenH y = x + e CacemIynsmIkar y' y = 1 x .
x
x> y = e x 1 , y'3y = 3x + 2
3x
eKman y' = 3e 1
3x
eK)an y'3y = 3e 1 3e + 3x + 3 = 3x + 2 Bit

3x 3x
dUcenH y = e x 1 CacemIysmIkar y'3y = 3x + 2 .

3x

eKman y' = cos x sin x
eK)an y'+ y = cos x sin x + cos x + sin x = 2 cos x Bit
dUcenH y = sin x + cos x CacemIysmIkar y'+ y = 2 cos x .
X> y = x + ln x , xy' y = 1 ln x
eKman y' = 1 + 1x xy' = x + 1
eK)an xy' y = x + 1 x ln x = 1 ln x Bit
dUcenH y = x + ln x CacemIyrbs;smIkar xy' y = 1 ln x
- 126 -
^>eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y'+2y = x . 2
k>kMNt;BhuFa g mandWeRkTI@ EdlCacMelIyBiessn (E) .

x>tag h CaGnuKmnEdl h(x) = f (x) g(x) . ebI h EdlCa
cMelIyBiessnsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y'+2y = 0 enaHbgajfa f
CacMelIyTUreTAn (E).
dMeNaHRsay
k>kMNt;BhuFa g mandWeRkTI@ EdlCacMelIyBiessn (E)
tag g(x) = ax + bx + c CacemIyrbs;smIkar (E)
2
eK)an g' (x) + 2g(x) = x (1)

2
Et g' (x) = 2ax + b enaHTMnak;TMng !Gacsresr

2ax + b + 2(ax 2 + bx + c) = x 2
2ax 2 + ( 2a + 2b )x + b + 2c = x 2
eKTaj 1
a= , b= ,c=
2
1
2
1
4
dUcenH 1 1
g( x ) = x 2 x +
2 2
1
4
.
x> bgajfa f CacMelIyTUreTAn (E).
man h CaGnuKmnEdl h(x) = f (x) g(x)
ebI h CacMelIyBiessnsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y'+2y = 0
- 127 -
eK)an h' (x) + 2h(x) = 0 eday h' (x) = f ' (x) g' (x)
enaH f ' (x) g' (x) + 2f (x) 2g(x) = 0
[ f ' ( x ) + 2f ( x ) ] [ g' ( x ) + 2g( x ) ] = 0 ( 2)
yk (1) CYskg (2) eK)an
.
f ' ( x) + 2f ( x) x 2 = 0 f ' ( x ) + 2f ( x ) = x 2
sRmaybBaak;enHmannyfa ebI h CacMelIyBiessnsmIkar

DIepr:g;Esl y'+2y = 0 enaH f CacMelIyTUreTAn (E).
&> eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y'2y = 1 +e2 . 2x

y (0 ) = 1 .
x>tag f CaGnuKmnmanedrIev IR Edl f (x) = e g(x) . 2x
KNna f ' (x) CaGnuKmnn g(x) nig g' (x).

2x
X>TajrkkenSam g(x) rYc f (x) Edl f CacemIyn (E) .
- 128 -
dMeNaHRsay
y (0 ) = 1
eKman y'2y = 0 y = A.e Edl A CacMnYnefr

2x
ebI x = 0 y(0) = A = 1 .
dUcenH y = e . 2x
x>KNna f ' (x) CaGnuKmnn g(x) nig g' (x)

eKman f (x) = e g(x) 2x
eK)an f ' (x) = 2e g(x) + e g' (x)

2x 2x
dUcenH f ' (x) = [2g(x) + g' (x)] e . 2x
2x
ebI f CacemIyn (E) : y'2y = 1 +e2 enaHeK)an 2x
2
f ' ( x) 2f ( x ) =
1+ e 2x
eday f (x) = e g(x) 2x
nig f ' (x) = [2g(x) + g' (x)]e enaHeK)an

2x
2
[2g( x ) + g' ( x)]e 2 x 2e 2 x g( x ) =
1 + e 2x
- 129 -
2e 2 x
eKTaj g' ( x ) = .
1 + e 2x
2e 2 x
ma:geTotebI g' ( x ) =
1 + e 2x
ehIyeday f ' (x) = [2g(x) + g' (x)] e eK)an 2x
2e 2 x 2 x
f ' ( x) = [2g( x ) + 2x
]e
1+ e
f ' ( x) = 2g( x )e 2 x
2
1 + e 2x
edayf ( x ) = g ( x ).e 2x
2 2
f ' ( x) = 2f ( x) f ' ( x ) 2 f ( x ) =
1 + e 2x 1 + e 2x
2e 2 x
dUcenH ebI CacemIyn luHRtaEt
f (E) . g' ( x ) =
1 + e 2x
X>TajrkkenSam g(x) rYc f (x) Edl f CacemIyn (E)
2x
2e
eKman g' (x) = 1 + e 2x
2x 2x
eK)an g(x) = 1+2ee .dx = (11++ ee )'.dx
2x 2x
dUcenH g(x) = ln | 1 + e | +C . 2x
ma:geToteday f (x) = g(x).e 2x
dUcenH f (x) = e . ln(1 + e ) + C.e Edl C IR .

2x 2x 2x
- 130 -
*>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> dy
dx
y=e 3x
x> dy
dx
+y=
1
e +1 2x
K> y'+ y = 1 X> y'+ y = sin x

dMeNaHRsay
k> dy
dx
y=e 3x
tag y = ke CacemIyBiessn dy
p
3x
dx
y = e nig y Ca 3x
e
cemIynsmIkar dydx
y = 0 enaH y = y + y CacmIyTUeTA e p
nsmIkar dydx
y=e . 3x
eK)an dydx
y = 0 naM[ y = A.e Edl A IR e
x
eday y = ke CacemIyBiessn dy
p
3x
dx
y = e enaHeK)an 3x
dy dy
dx
p
y =e pEt dx = 3ke
3x p 3x
eK)an 3ke ke = e k = 12 . eK)an y = 12 e .

3x 3x 3x
p
3x
dUcenH y = A.e + 12 e Edl A CacMnYnefr .

x 3x
- 131 -
x> dy
dx
+y=
1
e +1 2x
b y'+ y = e 1+ 1 2x
KuNGgTaMgBIrnwg e eK)an x
ex
y' e + e y = 2 x
x x
e +1
ex e x dx
( ye )' = 2 x ye x =
x
e +1 e 2x + 1
tag t = e dt = e dx
x x
eK)an ye = t dt+ 1 = arctan(t ) + C

x
2
b ye = arctan(e ) + C
x x
dUcenH y = e arctan(e ) + C.e .

x x x
K> y'+ y = 1 b y'+ y 1 = 0

tag z = y 1 enaH z' = y'
smIkarGacsresr z'+ z = 0 z = A.e x
eday z = y 1 y = z + 1 = A.e + 1 Edl A IR . x
X> y'+ y = sin x

cemIy y = A.e + 12 (sin x cos x) Edl A IR .
x
- 132 -
(>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNedIm
k> y' y = 1 , y(0) = 1 x> y'+2y = 1 , y(0) = 0
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNedIm
k> y' y = 1 , y(0) = 1
eKman y' y = 1
KuNGgTaMgBIrnwg e eK)an x
y' e x e x y = e x
( ye x )' = e x
ye x = e x dx
ye x = e x + k
y = 1 + ke x
ebI x = 0 enaH y(0) = 1 + k = 1 k = 2
dUcenH y = 1 + 2e . x
x> y'+2y = 1 , y(0) = 0

edaHRsaydUcxagelIEdreK)ancemIyrbs;smIkarKW
1 1
y= e
2 2
.2x
- 133 -
!0>edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> dy
dx
= sin 5x x> dx + e dy = 03x
K> e dy
x
dx
= 2x X> ( x + 1)
dy
dx
= x+6
dMeNaHRsay
k> dy
dx
= sin 5x
eKTaj y = sin 5x.dx = 15 cos 5x + C

x> dx + e dy = 0
3x
eKTaj y = e dx = 13 e + C
3x 3x
K> e dy
x
dx
= 2x
eKTaj y = 2xe dx x
tag f (x) = 2x f ' (x) = 2

ehIy g' (x) = e g(x) = e .dx = e
x x x
tamrUbmn f (x).g' (x).dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f ' (x).dx

eK)an y = 2xe + 2e dx = 2xe 2e + C
x x x x
- 134 -
dUcenH y = 2(x + 1)e x
+C .
X> (x + 1) dy
dx
= x+6
eK)an y = xx ++ 16.dx
5
y = (1 + )dx
x+1
y = x + 5 ln | x + 1 | + C
- 135 -
CMBUkTI5 emeronTI2
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2
!-smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2
niymny
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2 GUm:UEsn nigmanemKuNCa
cMnYnefrCasmIkarEdlGacsresrCaragTUeTA ay' '+by'+cy = 0
Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR .
2-dMeNaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2Gum:UEsn
nigmanemKuNCacMnYnefr
k>smIkarsmal;
smIkarsmal;nsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2 GUm:UEsn
nigmanemKuNCacMnYnefr ay' '+by'+cy = 0 CasmIkardWeRkTIBIr
a + b + c = 0 Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR .
2
- 136 -
x>viFIedaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2
]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;@dUcxageRkam
(E) : y' '+ by'+ cy = 0 Edl b , c IR .
smIkar (E) mansmIkarsmal; + b + c = 0 (1)

2
KNna = b 4c 2
-krNI > 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrCacMnYnBitepSgKaKW = 1
= enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag

2
y = A.e + B.e Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .

x x
-krNI = 0 smIkar (1) manbsDbKW = = 1 2
enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag

y = Ax.e + B.e Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
x x
-krNI < 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrepSgKaCacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW

= + i . nig = i . , IR
1 2
enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag

y = ( A cos x + B sin x )e x
Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
- 137 -
3-dMeNaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2minGum:U
EsnnigmanemKuNCacMnYnefr
]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@minGUm:UEsn
y' '+ by'+ cy = P( x ) Edl P( x ) 0 .
edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUv
EsVgrkcemIyBiessminGUm:UEsn tageday y rbs;smIkar
P
y' '+ by'+ cy = P( x ) Edl y manTRmg;dUc P( x ) .

P
rkcemIyTUeTAtageday y nsmIkarlIenEGlMdab;TI@GUm:UEsn
c
y' '+ by'+ cy = 0 .
eK)ancemIyTUeTAnsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@
minGUm:UEsnCaplbUkrvag y nig y KW y = y + y .
P c P C
- 138 -
lMhat;
!>epgpat;faGnuKmn_ f CacemIynsmIkarDIepr:g;EslEdl[
k> f (x) = (2x + 1)e , y' '+2y'+ y = 0
x
x> f (x) = e sin x , y' '+2y'+2y = 0

x
K> f (x) = Ae + Bxe , y' '2y'+ y = 0

x x
Edl A nig B CacMnYnefrNamYyk)an .

@> edaHRsaysmIkar
k> 2y' '3y'+ y = 0 x> 4y' '+7y'+2y = 0
K> y' '2y' = 0 X> y' '3y'+3y = 0
g> 2y' '+3y'2y = 0 c> y' '3y'+ y = 0
#>kgkrNInImYyxageRkam eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMNt;elI IR .
rksmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TIBIr GUm:UEsnEdlman
GnuKmn_ f CacemIy
k> f (x) = (x + 1)e
2x
x> f (x) = 2e + 3e
x 3x
K> f (x) = (2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x)e x
- 139 -
$> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNEdl[
k> y' ' y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 2
x> y' '2y'+3y = 0 , y(0) = 2 , y' (0) = 1
K> y' '+ y = 0 , y( 2 ) = 3 , y' ( 2 ) = 2
X> y' '3y'+2y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 3 .
%>eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y' '4y'+2y = 4
k>rkGnuKmn_efr k EdlCacemIyBiessn (E)
x>edaHRsaysmIkar y' '4y'+2y = 4
K>rkcMelIyBiessn (E) Edlepogpat;lkxNedIm
y (0 ) = 2 2 , y' (0 ) = 0 .
- 140 -
dMeNaHRsay
!>epgpat;faGnuKmn_ f CacemIynsmIkarDIepr:g;EslEdl[
k> f (x) = (2x + 1)e , y' '+2y'+ y = 0
x
x> f (x) = e sin x , y' '+2y'+2y = 0

x
K> f (x) = Ae + Bxe , y' '2y'+ y = 0

x x

dMeNaHRsay
epgpat;faGnuKmn_ f CacemIynsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
k> f (x) = (2x + 1)e , y' '+2y'+ y = 0
x
GnuKmn_ f (x) = (2x + 1)e CacemIysmIkar y' '+2y'+ y = 0

x
luHRtaEt f (x) , f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) epgpat;nwgsmIkareBalKW

f ' ' ( x ) + 2f ' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 cMeBaHRKb; x .
eKman f ' (x) = 2e (2x + 1)e = (2x + 1)e

x x x
nig f ' ' (x) = 2e (2x + 1)e = (2x 3)e

x x x
eK)an
f ' ' ( x ) + 2f ' ( x ) + f ( x ) = ( 2x 3 4x + 2 + 2x + 1)e x = 0
dUcenHGnuKmn_ f CacemIynsmIkarDIepr:g;EslEdl[ .
- 141 -
x> f (x) = e sin x , y' '+2y'+2y = 0
x
eKman f ' (x) = e sin x + e cos x

x x
b f ' (x) = f (x) + e cos x (1) x
ehIy f ' ' (x) = f ' (x) e cos x e sin x x x
b f ' ' (x) = f ' (x) e cos x f (x) (2)

x
bUksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTTYl)an

f ' ' ( x ) + f ' ( x ) = f ' ( x ) 2f ( x )
b f ' ' (x) + 2f ' (x) + 2f (x) = 0 .
dUcenH f (x) = e sin x CacemIyrbs; y' '+2y'+2y = 0 .
x
K> f (x) = Ae + Bxe , y' '2y'+ y = 0

x x

eKman f ' (x) = Ae + Be + Bxe x x x
nig f ' ' (x) = Ae + 2Be + Bxe

x x x
eK)an f ' ' (x) 2f ' (x) + f (x) = 0 Bit

dUcenH f (x) = Ae + Bxe CacemIyrbs;smIkarDIepr:g;Esl
x x
y' '2y'+ y = 0 Edl A nig B CacMnYnefrNamYyk)an .
- 142 -
@> edaHRsaysmIkar
k> 2y' '3y'+ y = 0 x> 4y' '+7y'+2y = 0
K> y' '2y' = 0 X> y' '3y'+3y = 0
g> 2y' '+3y'2y = 0 c> y' '3y'+ y = 0
dMeNaHRsay
k> 2y' '3y'+ y = 0
mansmIkarsmal; 2 3 + 1 = 0
2
eday a + b + c = 0 = 1 ; = ac = 12
1 2
dUcenHcemIyTUeTArbs;smIkarDIepr:gEslenHKWCaGnuKmn_
1
y = Ae + Be Edl A , B CacMnYnefr .
x
x 2
x> 4y' '+7y'+2y = 0

mansmIkarsmal; 4 + 7 + 2 = 0
2
eday = 49 + 32 = 9 = 2 ; = ac = 14
2
1 2
1
x
y = Ae + Be
2x 4 Edl A , B CacMnYnefr .
- 143 -
K> y' '2y' = 0
mansmIkarsmal; 2 = 0
2
eKTajbs = 0 ; = 2
1 2
y = A + Be Edl A , B CacMnYnefr .
2x
X> y' '3y'+3y = 0

mansmIkarsmal; 3 + 3 = 0
2
eday = 9 12 = 3 = 32 i 23
1, 2
eKTaj = 32 , = 23 .
3x
x) e Edl C , D CacMnYnefr
3 3
y = (C cos x + D sin 2
2 2
g> 2y' '+3y'2y = 0
1
cemIy y = Ae + Be Edl A , B CacMnYnefr .
2x 2
x
c> y' '3y'+ y = 0

3 5 3+ 5
cemIy y = Ae + Be Edl A , B CacMnYnefr .
2
x
2
x
- 144 -
#>kgkrNInImYyxageRkam eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMNt;elI IR .
rksmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TIBIr GUm:UEsnEdlman
GnuKmn_ f CacemIy
k> f (x) = (x + 1)e2x
x> f (x) = 2e + 3e
x 3x
K> f (x) = (2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x)e x
dMeNaHRsay
rksmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TIBI
k> f (x) = (x + 1)e2x
eKman f ' (x) = e 2(x + 1)e = (2x 1)e

2x 2x 2x
ehIy f ' ' (x) = 2e 2(2x 1)e

2x 2x
b f ' ' (x) = 4xe .

2x
eKman f ' ' (x) + 4f ' (x) + 4f (x) = (4x 8x 4 + 4x + 4)e = 0 2x
dUcenH y' '+4y'+4y = 0 CasmIkarEdlRtUvrk .

x> f (x) = 2e + 3e
x 3x
cemIy y' '2y'3y = 0

K> f (x) = (2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x)e x
cemIy y' '2y'+10y = 0 .

- 145 -
$> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNEdl[
k> y' ' y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 2
x> y' '2y'+3y = 0 , y(0) = 2 , y' (0) = 1
K> y' '+ y = 0 , y( 2 ) = 3 , y' ( 2 ) = 2
X> y' '3y'+2y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 3 .
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsltamlkxNEdl[
k> y' ' y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 2
mansmIkarsmal; 1 = 0 2
eKTajbs = 1 ; = 1
1 2
y = Ae + Be ehIy y' = Ae Be
x x x x
eday y(0) = 1 nig y' (0) = 2

A + B = 1
eK)an A B = 2 naM[ A =
1
, B =
3
2 2
dUcenH y = 12 e x 3
e x
2
.
- 146 -
x> y' '2y'+3y = 0 , y(0) = 2 , y' (0) = 1
cemIy y = (cos 2x 22 sin 2x) e x
K> y' '+ y = 0 , y( 2 ) = 3 , y' ( 2 ) = 2

cemIy y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
X> y' '3y'+2y = 0 , y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 3
cemIy y = e + 2e x 2x
%>eKmansmIkarDIepr:g;Esl y' '4y'+2y = 4

y (0 ) = 2 2 , y' (0 ) = 0 .
dMeNaHRsay
ebIGnuKmn_ y = k CacemIy Biessn (E) enaHeK)an
(k )' '4(k )'+2k = 4
2k = 4 k = 2
dUcenH y p =2 CacemIyBiessn (E) .
- 147 -
tag y CacemIyn y' '4y'+2y = 0
c
eK)an y = y + y CacemIyrbs;smIkar y' '4y'+2y = 4 .

c p
smIkar y' '4y'+2y = 0 mansmIkarsmal; 4 + 2 = 0 2
' = 4 2 = 2 1 = 2 + 2 , 2 = 2 2
eKTaj y = Ae ( 2+ 2 ) x
+ Be . ( 2 2 ) x

eKman y = Ae ( 2+ 2 ) x
+ Be ( 2 2 ) x
eK)an y' = (2 + 2 )Ae ( 2+ 2 ) x

+ ( 2 2 )Be ( 2 2 ) x
eday y(0) = 2 2 , y' (0) = 0 enaHeK)an

A + B = 2 2
A = 2 + 2 , B = 2 + 2
( 2 + 2 )A + ( 2 2 )B = 0
dUcenH y = (2 + 2 )e ( 2+ 2 )x
+ ( 2 + 2 )e ( 2 2 )x
- 148 -
lMhat;TI1
1>edaHRsaysmIkar g' ' (x) 5g' (x) + 6g(x) = 0 (E)
2> kMnt;cMelIy g(x) mYynsmIkar (E) Edl g(0) = 0
nig g' (0) = 1 .
RbFanRbLgqmasTI2qaM2004
dMeNaHRsay
1> edaHRsaysmIkar g' ' (x) 5g' (x) + 6g(x) = 0 (E)
mansmIkarsMKal; r 5r + 6 = 0
2
eday = 25 24 = 1 nMa[manbs
51 5+1
r1 = = 2 , r2 = =3
2 2
tamrUbmn g(x) = A.e r1x

+ B.e r2 x , A , B IR
dUcenHcMelIysmIkar g(x) = A.e 2x

+ B.e 3 x , A, B IR
- 149 -
2> kMnt;cMelIy g(x) mYynsmIkar (E)
eKman g(x) = A.e + B.e2x 3x
naM[ g' (x) = 2A.e + 3B.e

2x 3x
tambMrab;eKman gg'(0(0))==01 smmUl 2AA++B3=B0= 1

A = 1
naM[
B = 1
dUcenH g(x) = e + e .2x 3x
lMhat;TI2
edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y' '3y'+2y = 0
edaydwgfa y(0) = 1 , y' (0) = 0 .
dMeNaHRsay
(E) : y' '3y'+2y = 0
- 150 -
mansmIkarsMKal; r 2
3r + 2 = 0
eday a + b + c = 0 naM[ r 1 = 1 , r2 =
c
a
=2
tamrUbmn y = Ae r1x
+ Be r2 x eK)an
y = A.e x + B.e 2 x nig y' = A.e x + 2B.e 2 x , A, B IR
edaytambMrab;eKman yy'(0(0))==10 b A + B = 1

A + 2B = 0
A = 2
naM[
B = 1
dUcenH y = 2e e CacMelIysmIkar .
x 2x
lMhat;TI3
eK[smIkarDIepr:g;Esl
(E) : y' '4y'+4y = 4x 2 24x + 34
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit a, b nig c edIm,I[ y (x) = ax
P
2
+ bx + c n
CacMelIyedayBiessmYyrbs;smIkar (E) .
- 151 -
x-bgajfaGnuKmn_ y = y (x) + y (x) CacMelIyTUeTArbs;
P c
(E) enaHGnuKmn_ y (x )CacMelIyrbs;smIkarGUmU:Esn

c
(E') : y' '4y'+4y = 0 .
K-edaHRsaysmIkar (E')rYcrkcMelIyTUeTArbs;smIkar (E).

dMeNaHRsay
k- kMnt;cMnYnBit a, b nig c
(E) : y' '4y'+4y = 4x 2 24x + 34
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ y (x) = ax + bx + c CacMelIyedayBiess
P
2
mYyrbs;smIkar (E)luHRtEtGnuKmn_
y (x ), y' (x ) nig y' ' (x ) epgpat;nwgsmIkar (E ) .
p p p
eK)an (E) : y' ' (x) 4y' (x) + 4y (x) = 4x 24x + 34

p P p
2
y P (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

eday y'p (x ) = 2ax + b

y' 'p (x ) = 2a
- 152 -
eK)an
(2a ) 4(2ax + b ) + 4(ax 2 + bx + c ) = 4x 2 24x + 34
naM[
4ax 2 + (4b 8a )x + (2a 4b + 4c ) = 4x 2 24x + 34
4a = 4 a = 1

eKTaj)an 4b 8a = 24 naM[ b = 4
2a 4b + 4c = 34 c = 4

dUcenH a = 1 , b = 4 , c = 4
nig y (x) = x 4x + 4 = (x 2) .
P
2 2
x-karbgaj
GnuKmn_ y = y (x) + y (x) CacMelIyrbs; (E)
P c
luHRtaGnuKmn_ y, y' , y' 'epgpat;smIkar (E) .

edayeKman y' = y' (x) + y' (x)
p c
nig y' ' = y' ' (x) + y' ' (x) enaHeK)an
p c
- 153 -
[y' ' p + y ' ] [
'c 4 y 'p + y ' ] [
c + 4 y p + y c =]4 x 2
24x + 34
[y' ' p 4 y ' p + 4 ]

y p + [y ' 'c 4 y ' c + 4 y c ] = 4 x 2
24x + 34 (1)
tamsRmayxagelIeKman
y' 'p (x ) 4y' P (x ) + 4y p (x ) = 4x 2 24x + 34 (2 )
eRBaH y (x) CacMelIyrbs;smIkar (E) .

p
tamTMnak;TMng ! nig @ eKTaj)an

4x 2 24x + 34 + [y' ' c 4y'c +4y c ] = 4x 2 24x + 34
naM[eKTaj)an y' ' (x) 4y' (x) + 4y (x) = 0

c c c
TMnak;TMngenHbBaak;faGnuKmn_ y (x) CacMelIyrbs;

h
smIkar (E') : y' '4y'+4y = 0 .

K-edaHRsaysmIkar (E') y' '4y'+4y = 0
smIkarsMKal; r 4r + 4 = 0 , ' = 4 4 = 0
2
naM[smIkarmanbsDb r = r = r = 2 1 2 0
- 154 -
dUcenHcMelIysmIkar (E') CaGnuKmn_
y c (x ) = (Ax + B ).e 2 x , A, B IR .
TajrkcMelIyTUeTArbs;smIkar (E)
tamsMrayxagelIcMelIysmIkar (E) KWCaGnuKmn_TMrg;
y = y p (x ) + y c (x )
edayeKman y p (x ) = (x 2 ) 2 nig y (x) = (Ax + B).e

c
2x
dUcenH y = (x 2) + (Ax + B).e

2 2x
, A, B IR
CacMelIyrbs;smIkar (E).
- 155 -
lMhat;TI4
eK[smIkarDIepr:g;Esl (E) : y'4y = 4x + 10x 6
2
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit a, b nig c edIm,I[ y (x) = ax + bx + c

P
2
CacMelIyedayBiessmYyrbs;smIkar (E) .
x-bgajfaGnuKmn_ y = y (x) + y (x) CacMelIyTUeTArbs;
P h
(E ) enaHGnuKmn_ y (x ) CacMelIyrbs;smIkarGUmU:Esn
h
(E') : y'4y = 0 .
K-edaHRsaysmIkar (E')rYcrkcMelIyTUeTArbs;smIkar (E).

dMeNaHRsay
k- kMnt;cMnYnBit a, b nig c
(E ) : y'4y = 4x 2 + 10x 6
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ y (x) = ax + bx + c CacMelIyBiess
P
2
mYyrbs;smIkar (E)luHRtEtGnuKmn_
- 156 -
y p (x ), y'p (x ) nig y' ' p (x ) epgpat;nwgsmIkar (E ) .
eK)an (E) : y' P (x ) 4y p (x ) = 4x 2 + 10x 6

y P (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
eday
y'p (x ) = 2ax + b
eK)an (2ax + b ) 4(ax + bx + c) = 4x + 10x 6

2 2
naM[ 4ax (4b 2a)x + (b 4c) = 4x + 10x 6

2 2
4a = 4 a = 1

eKTaj)an 4b 2a = 10 naM[ b = 2
b 4c = 6 c = 1

dUcenH a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 1
nig y (x) = x 2x + 1 = (x 1) .
P
2 2
x-karbgaj
GnuKmn_ y = y (x) + y (x) CacMelIyrbs; (E)
P h
luHRtaGnuKmn_ y, y'epgpat;smIkar (E) .

edayeKman y' = y' (x) + y' (x) enaHeK)an
p h
- 157 -
[y' p (x ) + y'h (x )] 4[y p (x ) + y h (x )] = 4x 2 + 10x 6
[y' p (x ) 4y p (x )] + [y'h (x ) 4y h (x )] = 4x 2 + 10x 6 (1)
tamsRmayxagelIeKman
y' P (x ) 4y p (x ) = 4x 2 + 10x 6 (2 )
eRBaH y (x) CacMelIyrbs;smIkar (E) .

p
tamTMnak;TMng ! nig @ eKTaj)an

4x 2 + 10x 6 + [y'h (x ) 4y h (x )] = 4x 2 + 10x 6
naM[eKTaj)an y' (x) 4y (x) = 0 .

h h
TMnak;TMngenHbBaak;faGnuKmn_ y (x) CacMelIyrbs;

h
smIkar (E') : y'4y = 0 .

K-edaHRsaysmIkar (E') y'4y = 0
eday a = 4 dUcenHcMelIysmIkar (E') CaGnuKmn_
y h (x ) = k .e 4 x , k IR .
- 158 -
TajrkcMelIyTUeTArbs;smIkar (E)
tamsMrayxagelIcMelIysmIkar (E) KWCaGnuKmn_TMrg;
y = y p (x ) + y h (x )
edayeKman y p (x ) = (x 1)2 nig y h (x ) = k .e 4x
dUcenH y = (x 1) 2
+ k .e 4 x , k IR .
- 159 -

Mathe Grade 12 A

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Mathe Grade 12 A

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y

eroberogenH rYmmanR)aMCMBUkFM Edl)andkRsg;ecjBIesovePAKNitviTa

)at;dMbgfTI 8 Ex ]sPa qaM 2010

nig lim b = N eK)an

x> lim (a + b ) = M + N , lim (a b ) = M N

K> lim (a b ) = M.N

ebI N 0 enaH lim ba = MN n +

k>ebI r > 1 enaH lim r = + ehIy r CasVItrIkeTArk +

x>ebI r = 1 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 1 .

K>ebI r = 0 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 0 .

X>ebI r 1 enaHsIV (r ) CasIVtqas; ehIykalNa n +

esrIrYm nig esrIrIk

Edl a 0 CaesrIrYm b rIkeTAtamkrNIdUcxageRkam

!>etIsVIt (U ) EdlmantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam CasVItrYm b rIk ?

x> U = 2nn ++n5

g> lim (n cos n)

X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3 .

k>KNna lim UU nig lim VV

^>BinitesrIxageRkamenH etICaesrIrIk rW rYm?

x> lim n + n + ... + n

(> eK[sVIt a kMNt;eday a = 2 + q Edl q 1.

CaTRmg; (2pa+ 1) + (2pb+ 3) .

!> etIsVIt (U ) EdlmantYTUeTAdUcxageRkam CasVItrYm b rIk ?

x> U = 2nn ++n5

eKman lim U = lim (3n + 5n + 1)

x> U = 2nn ++n5

eKman lim U = lim 2nn ++n5 = lim 2nn

eKman 1 sin 2n 1 naM[ 51 U 51 n n n

eday lim 51 = 0 enaH lim U = 0 .

eKman 1 sin n 1 naM[ n n+ 1 u n n+ 1 2 n 2

eday lim n n+ 1 = 0 enaH lim U = 0 .

eKman lim U = lim 2 n3 + 4n

= 2 eRBaH lim = lim

g> lim (n cos n)

X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3 .

X> lim (n + n1!)!n! n2 + 3

k>KNna lim UU nig lim VV

eKTaj b = 12 b enaH (b ) CasIVtFrNImaRtman q = 12

^>BinitesrIxageRkamenH etICaesrIrIk rW rYm?

K> 2nn+ n1 CaesrIrYm .

eday lim S = lim ( 2n + 1 1) = +

eKman 4k 2 1 = (2(2kk++11) )( 2(2kk11) ) = 2k1 1 2k1+ 1

cMeBaHRKb; k = 1 , 2 , ..., n eKman

-ebI q > 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 0

-ebI q = 1 enaH lim a =

-ebI 1 < q < 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 12

-ebI q < 1 enaH lim a = lim 2 +1q = 12

CaTRmg; (2pa+ 1) + (2pb+ 3) .

dUcenH lim S = lim (1 2n1+ 3 ) = 1 .

eK)an lim S = r + 1 naM[esrIxagelICaesrIbRgYm .

!#>kMNt;esrIxageRkam etIesrImYyNarYm mYyNarIk? ebICaesrIrYm

C' A' ' B'

B' C' '

S CaRkLap A' ' B' ' C' '

eK)an m(b a) f (b) f (a) M(b a) .

EdlRKb; x [a , b ] : | f ' (x) | M enaHeK)an

ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelIcenaH (a , b )

nig f (a) = f (b) enaHmancMnYn

ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelIcenaH (a , b )

enaHmancMnYn c (a , b ) mYyy:agticEdl f ' (c) = f (bb) fa(a) .

x> y = 12 5x cMeBaH x = 2 , x = 0.07 .

edayeRbIDIepr:g;)a:n;santmRbEhlnkMeNInR)ak;cMNUl ebI smar

x> f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) , c (1 , 3)

x> f (x) = x(x x 2) , c ( 1 , 1)