THE FAT-SOLUBLE

VITAMINS

Nurina Tyagita
BIOKIMIA-FK UNISSULA
OVERVIEW
Asal kata VITAMIN Vital Amine
Merupakan sekelompok zat gizi organik yang
diperlukan dalam jumlah sedikit
Berfungsi dalam berbagai macam peran biokimia
tubuh.
Biasanya tidak dapat di sintesis tubuh sehingga
harus tercukupi dari diet sehari-hari.
VITAMIN
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMIN
B1 Thiamine A Trans retinal
B2 Riboflavin D Antirachitic factor
B3 Niacin (cholecalciferol)

B6 Piridoxine E -tocopherol
B12 Cyanocobalamin K Coagulation factor

C Ascorbic acid
Constantly flushed from our
bodies
Function as coenzymes
Stored in our fat deposits
Function as hormones, cofactors,
antioxidants

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LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS

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PENDAHULUAN
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:

Diserap ke limfe intestinal bersama lipid diet

Membutuhkan empedu untuk digesti dan absorbsi
Beredar melalui sistem limfatik
Membutuhkan protein pengangkut di aliran darah
Sisa vitamin disimpan di hepar dan adipose
Risiko toksisitas semakin besar
VITAMIN A
Senyawa natural&sintetis dgn aktivitas vitamin A =
RETINOID
Tiga bentuk retinoid : retinol, retinaldehyde, dan
retinoic acid preformed vitamin A, diperoleh dari
sumber makanan hewani
Carotenoid (ditemukan di sayur2an) pro vitamin
A (, , karoten, cryptoxanthin) diubah menjadi
retinaldehyde (oleh carotene dioxygenase di
mukosa intestinal) retinol & retinoic acid
 Retinoid & Beta karoten

Retinol, the alcohol form Retinal, the aldehyde form Retinoic acid, the acid form

Cleavage at this point can yield two molecules

of vitamin A*

Beta-carotene, a precursor
Absorbsi, Transpor, & Metabolisme
Retinyl ester dihidrolisa di lumen intestinal
incorporated ke partikel kilomikron disekresi
90% persediaan vit A tubuh disimpan dalam liver .
Retinyl ester ditransfer ke hepatic fat-storing cells
(Ito cells/lipocyte) dari sel parenkim liver
Retinol dilepas dari liver+Retinol binding prot
(RBP) sirkulasi darah
Ginjal: tempat katabolisme utama
Vitamin A & Vision
Retina : retinaldehyde grup prostetik protein
opsin yang sensitif thd cahaya membentuk :
rhodopsin (sel batang/rods)
iodopsin (sel kerucut/cones)
Setiap sel kerucut mengandung hanya 1 jenis opsin
& sensitif thd hanya 1 warna
Vitamin As Role in Vision
RETINOIC ACID
All-transretinoic acid & 9-cis-retinoic acid mengatur
pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan diferensiasi jaringan.
Retinoic acid berikatan dengan reseptor inti yang
berikatan dengan elemen respon DNA me regulasi
transkripsi gen2 spesifik
2 families of nuclear retinoid receptors:
the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) bind all-trans-
retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid
the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) bind 9-cis-retinoic
acid
Fungsi lain Vitamin A

Sintesis Protein & diferensiasi sel

Epitel permukaan tubuh
Kulit
Mmbran mukosa (Linings)
Ex: GI lumen lining
Ex: Respiratory tract linings
Sel Goblet (sekresi mukus)
Mucous Membrane Integrity
DEFISIENSI
Hilang sensitivitas thd green light gangguan
adaptasi dim light night blindness
xerophthalmia: keratinisasi kornea buta
Keratinisasi kulit, kuku, rambut
Mild deficiency rentan infeksi
TOKSISITAS
SSP: Headache, nausea, ataxia, and anorexia (
TIK) the liver
Hepatomegali
Gangguan homeostasis kalsium (penebalana
tulang panjang, hyperkalsemia, & kalsifikasi
jaringan lunak
Kulit (excessive dryness, deskuama, alopecia)
 VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin since it can be
synthesized in the skin
Only when sunlight is inadequate is a dietary source
required
The main function : regulation of calcium absorption
and homeostasis

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Vitamin D adl hormon steroid yang mengatur ekspresi
gen tertentu dan interaksinya dg reseptor intracellular
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 VIT D DEFICIENCY
Rickets :
the bones of children are under mineralized as a result
of poor absorption of calcium
Osteomalacia (in adults ):
results from demineralization of bone in women who
have little exposure to sunlight, often after several
pregnancies
VIT D TOXICITY

contraction of blood vessels

high blood pressure
calcinosisthe calcification of soft tissues.

FOOD SOURCE :
Fortified milk, liver, butter & fatty fish

RDI : 2,5 mg
VITAMIN E

act as a lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes

The main function of vitamin E is as a chain-breaking,
free radical trapping antioxidant in cell membranes
and plasma lipoproteins.
ANTI OXIDANT SYSTEM
VIT E DEFICIENCY

In patients with severe fat malabsorption, cystic

fibrosis, and some forms of chronic liver disease
unable to absorb the vitamin or transport it,
exhibiting nerve and muscle membrane damage
Premature infants (inadequate reserves of the
vitamin) erythrocyte membranes are abnormally
fragile as a result of peroxidation hemolytic
anemia
VIT E SOURCE

VEGETABLE OILS
SOME WHEAT GERM OIL
MARGARINE
WHOLE GRAINS
DARK GREEN LEAFY VEG
NUT S
LEGUMES

RDI : 9 mg
Vitamin E in Foods
VITAMIN K

Three compounds have the

biologic activity of vitamin K:
phylloquinone, the normal dietary
source, found in green vegetables;

menaquinones, synthesized by
intestinal bacteria, with differing
lengths of side-chain;

menadione, menadiol, and menadiol

diacetate, synthetic compounds that
can be metabolized to phylloquinone
Vit K & Blood
Clotting
Prothrombin and several
other proteins of the block
blood
Coumarin
clotting system
inhibit(Factors
blood VII,
IX and X, clotting
and proteins C
and S) each contain
between four and six -
carboxyglutamate residues
which chelate calcium ions
and so permit the binding of
the blood clotting proteins
to membranes
Prothrombin and
several other
proteins of the blood
clotting system
(Factors VII, IX and
X, and proteins C
and S) each contain
between four and six
-carboxyglutamate
residues which
chelate calcium ions
and so permit the
binding of the blood
clotting proteins to
membranes
 Blood-Clotting Process
Calcium and Fibrinogen
Vitamin K thromboplastin (a (a soluble
phospholipid) from protein)
blood platelets

Several precursors Prothrombin Thrombin

earlier in the series (an inactive (an active
depend on protein) enzyme)
vitamin K

Fibrin
(a solid
clot)
 VIT K DEFICIENCY
Rare , can be caused by :
Broad spectrum antibiotic reduce the
primary source of vit K (the intestinal
flora)
Fat malabsorbtion
Pharmacologic treatment (blood
thinners)
SYMPTOM :
Prolonged clotting time
 Vitamin K Sources
GI tract
Half of persons need
Stored in liver
Food sources
Green vegetables
Vegetable oils
Vitamin K
Foods
THANK
YOU