c) ( BOIUTCDIBUKBUIUCEHBO )

sutsu

=

( ) 1130 )
=
Bolutct )
1Bu)( But UCE

EIBUKBKI

:
= I

= ( Bolut ( E) UCE )lBo )

UTCE )UCt)=I

( BOIBO )
.

=
I
=
.
.

pnbalsniks of observing
It ensures that the

states of to
the the
system sum are .
 Her
Ljtlj
2
= H
ihz
-

Pct)
iz ( pct ) Pct ) Heart ) , patljt
Hea +
- -

He )(gl
+
L 1 = LI = FI g) 61

Lz =
Ylg ) ( el Lzt =
ytlekgl
H= kwle ) 61

i. Hell kwle ) 61
ihz ( Mgkelslexgl ytlexglylg )
(e)
-

= +

Hell = kwlekel -

ih(
tzlgxetkgltyzlexglgfiel
)
Melt = kwle ) 61 -

ih(t2lgXgl +421461
)
p (E) =
Peete ) level
+
Peglt )1eKgl t
pgeutlgkel

Plo ) =
lgkgl ... Pegct ) and pgglt ) =
0 for all time : .
there teams are net included

kwpautle
to

Pggctlgkglt
the
Pct ) -41461 lgkgl
:
siwphhy ululation .

=
Pee
+
pggct )

ihzypeeaylekel @ )( )
Heap At wle ) 61
ituzyzlekel peeutlekel pggceslgkgl
=
ihzsygkgl +
-
-

-izy2leKP#
Wto
0

gut
1 -

= .

He
Hey Let
put =
)
ikztyg > ( ) ( el
ihzyyekelpeeutle
> 61
- -

0
= =

kwle ) (
t > Cgl
ihgftgkglpgglgkgl lgkgl

Heffpltk twlekel -
-

itzltpggatlgkgl
 ikzuppeeatlekel
itzltpggctslgkgl
-
-

Plt ) Helft =
( Paule > 1)pggceslgkg (
( el +
kwlekel
ikzitlgkgl
+ +
izkyzleke )

He
# Lg
'

-
= -

1
=

Peeutkwle
pct ) Hefft ) 41
its
= + +

peectsizeyzleklkel
Pggctsihzltlgkglgflgl
T2peeLt)le7gKgl
= '
o
= =
0

(E) kwlg Let

)ih > (
+
t
pgg +
pggct 1g > el

)=h(
pCt)Helbt= Peeuthwle ) tpggcesizh 54g >
61 lekel
ihgltpeect ) )
+

Heffpcekpeeltltwlekel Tlekgl ( Peele ) Pggutlgxg 1) Ttlgkel

pedtkeihzy2p.at
LIPCHLIE level +

Pct ) 4- e) ( glpeeutle ) Let
LGDTHG
spggctsle Lglg ) > 61
+
= + )

L1pCE)L1t= Giggle) level

12pct )L2t=
)yTe
ylgsldfpeectslekeltpggutlgkgl ) ( gl

peeutlgkelekel gDy
ypggceslg )( elg ) ( He > ( gl
= +

Yjeeutlgkelekgl 42 Pact
)1g
= =

Peekskill
.
:
Plt e) ( el
-

itftzpggctslg ) Lgl
-

ikzfpeeutlekel ) its Mg ) (g) Ppggctslekel ippeeatlg > Lgl

-
-
+ +
 Peekskill
:
Plt

)=h(pedtKeihzy2pa
at level
itftzpggctslg > Lgl
. -
-

) ikzppeeutlekel its Mg ) (g) Ppggctslekel +42Pa at lg >

Lgl
-
-
+

fyi
52
#y2
p Ct ) Pee (E) 1461
(g) PPGGLHKXEI

CHIH
@
=
pggle ) I g) +
-

Peeltslgkgl
+
y2

pCt)=G#2y2pee
a.) level +
Pggatlgkgl +
Ppggutle ) 61 +

y2Peewlg> Lgl

=
42Pa a.) e) Lel Rpggutlg> Lgl tppggutle ) 61 +
42Pa 4-
Hgkg
)
1
-
.

)
'
Lt ) Pact ) zpggut level 42Pa
'

[ gyct ) (
+
p +
1g ) gl
= +

61 pole )l e) elfippeect
piece ) = =
( )
Left
Ppgg +
e) ( el +

(g)
( -
f '
Pgglt ) +42 peek ) ) lg ) e)

piece ) ( #
2
Htpggle)
'
el y Pee (E) + C Pgght ) k ) -42Pa a.)
-

= =

apa.ee#=.y2Peeut+f2pggCt)

peect
expfyzt )
(
)
Pyyqghtexpfpt ) gep(y2
=
-

Pggltl
P
=
I -
 apa.ge#=.y2Peeuttf2PggLt)apee=yy=-y2peeltl
+ P
( at
Pee i -

2
ippeelt ) + C Zpee Lt )
apley
(
-

apes
' =
-

putt )(y2 +
a) + a

solution of linear deferential

Using the general a

equation :

expfax )
(by expcaxjtk )
)
d+ay=b

ycx
=

( y2H2 )
2
) )
dpedet + Pee Ct = c

;
peects-expfCr2ty2HGpexpC@tyDiJt4peeltl-yzI.p

kexpf (
s2ty2)t)
+

Pee 6) =

y{
+

kexp ( o
) =0
a

: .

KG ) =
-

I
42 + f2
 Belt ) ( at
yf kexpf y2)t)
= +

Paul f yf zexpfcsztyyt )
-

,
, , ,

(
)t exp C- (
'
Peeltl
l a +4
-

1-
b) t a 0

E)
epr2+y

2)

: .

putt
a) =
I
2
YZ + [

(
exp
q=
-
HIKBT )

(
exp (
-
HIKBT )
H=kwl e) ( el

( pear )ee= ( elexp (

truly ) )
le
lz ztexp ftp.g)
=
-

"

yfz
=

ztexpfuhpa )
 :

yfz
=

ztexpfuhaa )
s2=
2

ztexpfhze )y2 ,
+

ztexpfuhsfy

( )
2

ztexpfy.ge ) tzexpfnu.se )y2

s 1 -
=

:p= )
.
tzePfEF)_ yz

lzexpfaufn
1 -

P = 1- y2
I

# kwlkrij

c2= 1- YZ
#
Zep( Kyun )

Zexp ( wknd ) I
-

a-