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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

INTRODUCTI ON Probability of occurrence of A is given by
Probability is the measure of degree of certainity or uncertainity n
A
of occurrence of an event. The set of all possible outcomes is P(A) = P B P(Bi )
called sample space of that experiment and is denoted by S. i=1 i
Example : P(A/Bi)-Probability of occurrence of A when Bi has already
Sample space of tossing a coin : S = {H, T} H-head, T-tail. happened.
Sample space of tossing 2 coins : S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)} Bayes Theorem
Sample space of throwing a die : S {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} If B1, B2, B3,...... Bn are mutually exclusive and exhaustive random
Probability of an event is denoted by P(E). events whose individual probabilities are greater than zero, and A
0 P(E) 1 be an event within these events. (P(A) > 0), then,
Probability of sample space, P(S) = 1. A
P . P(E i )
B Bi
Notations Used in Probability P i =
Probability of happening of events A or B : P(A B) or A n
A
P(A + B). P B P(Bi )
i =1 i
Probability of happening of events A and B : P(A B) or
P(AB). Sample Problem
1. There are two bags A and B having 2 white and 1 black ball
Mutually exclusive events in bag A and 1 white and 3 black balls in bag B. A bag is
Event whose occurrences is independent of occurrence of another chosen at random and two balls are drawn. The balls were
events is said to be mutually exclusive. They dont occur one white and one black ball. What is the probability that it
simultaneously i.e. A B = f is from bag B ?
E.g. : tossing a coin, throwing a die.
1
Equally likely events Probability of choosing a bag = P(A) = P(B) =
2
If an event cannot happen in performance to other such events is Let X be probability of choosing 2 balls.
said to be equally likely. We have to find P(B/X)
Independent events By Bayes theorem
Two events are said to be independent if happening or failure of X
P . P(B)
one does not effect the happening or failure of the others. B
P(B/X) =
Exhaustive events X X
P . P(A) + P . P(B)
Set of events which includes all possible events is said to be A B
exhaustive. X
P
B 1
Addition law of probability = P(A) = P(B) =
P(A) and P(B) are probabilities of two events A and B, then
X
X 2
P + P
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) A B
For mutually exclusive events P(A B) = 0. 2!
2 1 1 2
X C1 C1 1!1! 2
Law of total probability P = = =1 =
A 3
C2 3 ! 3 3
If B1, B2,...... Bn are mutually exclusive events and an event A
occurs only if Bi occurs, then : 2 !1! 1

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2

3! 3 For normal distribution,

1 3 1
X C1 C1 2! 1 x1 + x2 + ...... xn
P = = = mean x =
B 4
C2 4! 3 4 n
2!2! 2 For frequency distribution, mean
3 1 f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ...... + f n xn
= = x =
6 2 f1 + f 2 + ...... + f n
1 1 n
B
P =
2 = 2 fi xi
X 2 1 4+3 i =1
+ = n
3 2 6
1 6 3 fi
= = i =1
2 7 7 Median : Median is the middle term in the collected data. In case
Conditional probability of even number of terms, take average of middle terms.
B N
P(AB) = P(A) . P - C
A 2 h
median = L' +
B f
P . P(A)
A A L-lower limit of median class
P =
B P(B) N-total frequency = S fi
Consider one event B which occurs after occurrence of event A, h -width of median class.
then
C-cumulative frequency upto class preceding median class
B P(B A) f -cumulative frequency of median class
P =
A P(A) Mode : It is the value that occur most frequently or it is the value
number of elements in A B with maximum frequency.
=
no of elements in A fi - f i -1
mode = h
B ( fi - f i -1 ) + ( fi - fi +1 )
i.e., P(B A) = P(A) . P
A L-lower limit of class certaining mode
[Multiplication theorem of conditional probability] fi-maximum frequency
Sample Problem fi1-frequency preceding fi
1. If a pair of die is thrown and the sum of numbers that fi+1-frequency just after fi
appeared is 7. Find the probability that one of dice shows 3. h-size of model class
Total elements in sample space = 6 6 = 36 Points to be noted
Sample spaces of occurred sum of 7, B = {(1, 6), (2, 5), For asymmetric distribution : mean = medians = mode
(3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)} For normal distribution : mean mode
Sample space of occurrence of one element as 3 = [(1, 3) = 3(mean median).
(2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3), (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 5),
(3, 6)] Sample Problem
(A B) = {(3, 4), (4, 3)} 1. Find the median and mode of following data.
6 11 Age group 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
P(B) = P(A) =
36 36 No. of people 5 7 9 6 8
2
P(A B) = Age No. of Cumulative
36
2 group people frequency
A P(A B) 36 0-10 5 5
P = =
B P(B) 6 10-20 7 12
36 20-30 9 21
2 1 30-40 6 27
= =
6 3 40-50 8 35
Mean, Median, Mode N = 35
Mean : It is the average or arithmetic mean of observed values. Median class : 20 30

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 3

N mr .e - m
-C Probability of r successes, P(r) =
Median = L + 2 h r!
f
where, m = np (constant)
35 m = mean, variance
- 12
= 20 + 2 10 standard deviation = m
21 Normal Distribution
= 20.62 A continuous random variable X follow normal distribution if its
Mode probability density function f (x) is given by:
Max frequency = a
\ Modal class is 20 30 \ a = 20 (X -m )2
-
C( fi - fi -1 ) 1 2s 2
f (x) = e
Mode = a +
( f i - f i -1 ) + ( fi - fi +1 ) 2ps2

10(9 - 7) -mean, s-standard deviation.

= 20 + Normal Distribution Curve
(9 - 7) + (9 - 6)

10 2
= 20 + = 24 y or f(x)
2+3
Standard Deviation
It is the square root of mean of squared of the difference of values
from their arithmetic mean. It is denoted by s.

S( xi - x )2
s=
Sfi
x
u
2 2
S f i di Sf d
s= - i i C
Sf i Sf i For this curve mean, median and mode coincide
Variance : square of standard deviation (s2) It is symmetrical about y-axis with equal on both sides.
Binomial Distribution
s
coeff. of variation : 100 i.e. ratio of S.D. to mean. Binomial distribution deals with trials of repetitive nature in which
x
occurrence of an event or not is of interest.
Random Variable
In a series of trials, the probability of r success in n traits is given
In a system, those variables which are one explicit function of
by
time is called random variable. nC pr qnr
Mean (or Expectation) of random variable X = E(X) r
where, p-probability of success
E(X) = X(a1) . P(a1) + X(a2) . P(a2) + ......
+ X(an) P(an) q-probability of failure
n
Tips : This is important for GATE exam.
= X(ai ) . P(ai ) Example
i =1 Probability of zero success = nC0 p0qn0 = qn
Variance of X = s2 = E(X2) [E(X)]2 Probability of 1 success = nC1 p1qn1 = npqn1
Standard deviations = s. Probability of 2 success = nC2 p2qn2 = n(n 1) . p2qn2 etc.
Poission Distribution Points to be noted
Poissions distribution is related to probabilities of events which Sum of probabilities = qn + nC1 pqn1 + nC2 p2qn2 + ...... + pn
are extremely rare but have large number of individual chances to = (q + p)n = 1
occur. E.g.- number of persons die by dog-bite in a city. The
Mean of binomial distribution = np and standard deviation = npq
number of trials n is taken very large and chance of P is taken
every small taking np constant.

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4

1. There are 25 calculators in a box. Two of them are (a) 66.7% (b) 50.0%
defective. Suppose 5 calculators are randomly picked for (c) 33.3% (d) 16.7%
inspection (i.e. each has the same chance of being 5. Two coins are simultaneously tossed. The probability of
selected), what is the probability that only one of the two heads simultaneously appearing is [2010, 1 mark]
defective calculators will be included in the inspection?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) [2008, 2 marks] (a) (b)
2 3 8 6

1 1 1 1
(c) (d) (c) (d)
4 5 4 2
2. If probability density function of a random variable X is 6. There are two containers, with one containing 4 red and
f(x) = x2 for 1 x 1, and 3 green balls and the other containing 3 blue and 4 green
= 0 for any other value of x, balls. One ball is drawn at random from each container.
then the percentage probability P 1 x 1 is The probability that one of the balls is red and the other
3 3 is blue will be [2011, 1 mark]
(a) 0.247 (b) 2.47 [2008, 2 marks]
1 9
(c) 24.7 (d) 247 (a) (b)
7 49
3. A person on a trip has a choice between private car and
public transport. The probability of using a private car
12 3
is 0.45. While using the public transport, further choices (c) (d)
49 7
available are bus and metro, out of which the probability
of commuting by a bus is 0.55. In such a situation, the 7. The annual precipitation data of a city is normally
probability (rounded up to two decimals) of using a car, distributed with mean and standard deviation as 1000 mm
bus and metro, respectively would be [2008, 2 marks] and 200 mm, respectively. The probability that the annual
(a) 0.45, 0.30 and 0.25 (b) 0.45, 0.25 and 0.30 precipitation will be more than 1200 mm is [2012, 1 mark]
(c) 0.45, 0.55 and 0.00 (d) 0.45, 0.35 and 0.20 (a) < 50% (b) 50%
4. The standard normal probability function can be (c) 75% (d) 100%
approximated as
8. In an experiment, positive and negative values are equally
1 likely to occur. The probability of obtaining at most one
F(xN) =
(
1 + exp 1.7255 x N x N
0.12
) negative value in five trials is [2012, 2 marks]

where, xN = standard normal deviate. If mean and 1 2

standard deviation of annual precipitation are 102 cm and (a) (b)
32 32
27 cm respectively, the probability that the annual
precipitation will be between 90 cm and 102 cm is 3 6
(c) (d)
[2009, 2 marks] 32 32

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 5

1. In a city, 40% are women. In an organisation of 5 people p p +1

from the city, what is the probability that there is exactly (a) (b)
two women? q q +1
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.346 q q +1
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.426 (c) (d)
2. In a binomial distribution, mean is 5 and variance is 3. p p +1
Then its mode is 10. Let X be a normal random variable with mean 1 and
(a) 2 (b) 3 variance 4. The probability P{X < 0} is
(c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 0.5
3. What is the probability of having 53 sundays in a leap (b) greater than zero and less than 0.5
year? (c) greater than 0.5 and less than 1.0
1 2 (d) 1.0
(a) (b) 11. The probability that a student knows a correct answer in
7 7 a multiple choice question is 2/3. If the student does not
3 4 know the answer, he guesses the answer. The probability
(c) (d) that the guessed answer being correct is 1/4. Given that
7 7
4. A box contains 10 screws, 3 of which are defective. the student has answered the question correctly, the
Two screws are drawn at random with replacement. conditional probability that the student knows the correct
The probability that none of the two screws will answer is
be defective (a) 2/3 (b) 3/4
(a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 5/6 (d) 8/9
(c) 47% (d) none of these 12. An automobile plant contracted to buy shock absorbers
5. For a data, mode is 16 and mean is 22, then median is from two suppliers X and Y. X supplies 60% and Ysupplies
equal to 40% of the shock absorbers. All shock absorbers are
(a) 60 (b) 66 subjected quality test. The ones that pass the quality test
(c) 20 (d) 38 are considered reliable. Of X's shock absorber, 96% are
reliable. Of Y's shock absorbers, 72% are reliable. The
1
6. A and B are two elements such that P(A B) = , probability that a randomly chosen shock absorber, which
4 is found reliable, is made by Y is
2 3 13. A box contains 4 red balls and 6 black balls. Three balls
P(A) = and P(B) = . Then P(A B) = are chosen at random from one box one after other, without
5 8
replacement. The probability that the selected set contain
11 31 one red ball and two black balls is
(a) (b)
40 40 (a) 1/20 (b) 1/12
21 1 (c) 3/10 (d) 1/2
(c) (d) 14. An unbiased coin is tossed five times. The outcome of
40 40 each toss either head/tail. Probability of getting at least
7. A hydraulic structure has four gates which operate one head is
independently. The probability of failure of each gate is (a) 1/32 (b) 13/32
0.2. Given that gate 1 has failed, the probability that gate (c) 16/32 (d) 31/32
2 and 3 will fail is 15. A box contain 2 washers, 3 nuts and 4 bolts. Items are
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.20 drawn from a box at random one at a time without
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.008 replacement. The probability of drawing 2 washers first
8. Six dices are thrown simultaneously. What is the followed by 3 nuts and subsequently the forth bolt is:
probability that all will show different faces?
(a) 2/315 (b) 1/630
6! 5! (c) 1/1260 (d) 1/2520
(a) (b) 16. A standard deviation of a uniformly distributed random
6 4 64
variable between 0 and 1 is
7! 1
(c) (d) 1 1
6 4 6 (a) 12 (b) 3
9. What is the expectation of number of failures preceeding
first success in independent trials with constant 5 7
(c) (d)
probability of success? 12 12

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6
17. If three coins are tossed simultaneously, the probability 27. The discrete random variable X takes value from 1 to 5
of getting at least one head is with probabilities as shown in the table. A student
(a) 1/8 (b) 3/8 calculates the mean X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates
(c) 1/2 (d) 7/8 variance to X as 1.5. which of the following statement is
18. A coin is tossed 4 times. What is the probability of true?
getting heads exactly 3 times? k 1 2 3 4 5
(a) 1/4 (b) 3/8 p (x = k ) 0 .1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1
(c) 1/2 (d) 3/4
(a) both student and teacher are right
19. Let X and Y be two independent random variables . Which
(b) both student and teacher are wrong
one of the relations between expectations (E), variance
(c) student is wrong, teacher is right
(Var) and covariance (Cov) given below is FALSE?
(d) student is right, teacher is wrong
(a) E (X Y) = E (X) E (Y)
28. Consider two independent random variables X an Y with
(b) Cov (X, Y) = 0
identical distribution. The variables X and Y take value 0,
(c) Var (X + Y) = Var (X) + Var (Y)
1 and 2 with probabilities 1/2, 1/4 and 1/4 resp. What is
(d) E (X2Y2) = (E (X))2 + (E(Y))2
the conditional probability. P (X + Y = 2/XY = 0)?
20. A single die is thrown two times, what is the probability
(a) 0 (b) 1/16
that the sum is neither 8 or 9?
(c) 1/6 (d) 1
(a) 1/9 (b) 5/36
29. If E denotes expectation, the variance of the random
(c) 1/4 (d) 3/4
variable X is given by.
21. Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussian
(a) E (X2) E2 (X) (b) E (X2) + E2 (X)
1 1 (c) E (X )2 (d) E2 (X)
random variables of variances and respectively. 30. A fair die is rolled twice. The probability that an odd
4 9
The probability P (3V 2 U) is number will follow an even number is
(a) 4/9 (b) 1/2 31. Suppose p is the number of cars per minute passing
(c) 2/3 (d) 5/9 through a certain road junction between 5 pm and 6 pm,
22. Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly and p has a poisson distribution with mean 3. What is the
distributed in the interval [1, 1]. The probability that probability of observing fewer than 3 cars during any
max [X, Y] is less than. 1/2 is given minute in this interval?
(a) 3/4 (b) 9/16 8 9 17 26
(c) 1/4 (d) 2/3 (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d)
23. A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. 2e 2e 2e 2e3
The probability that the number of required tosses is odd, 32. If two fair coins are flipped and at least one of the
is outcomes is known to be a head, what is the probability
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/2 that both outcome are heads?
(c) 2/3 (d) 3/4 1 1 1 2
24. A fair die is tossed two time. The probability that the 2nd (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 3
toss results a value that is higher than the first toss is
33. Consider a company that assembles computers. The
2 2 probability of a faulty assembly of any computer is p. The
(a) (b) company therefore subjects each computer to a testing
36 6
process. This testing process gives the correct result for
5 1 any computer with a probability q. what is the probability
(c) (d)
12 2 of a computer being declared faulty?
25. A coin is tossed independently 4 times. The probability (a) pq + (1 p) (1 q) (b) (1 q) p
of the event the no. of times heads show up is more than (c) (1 p) q (d) pq
no. of times tail shows up is 34. An exam paper has 150 multiple choice question of 1 mark
(a) 1/16 (b) 1/8 each with each question having 4 choices. Each incorrect
(c) 1/4 (d) 5/16 answer fetches 0.25 marks. Suppose 1000 students chose
26. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability that all their answer randomly with uniform probability. The
only the first two tosses will yield heads? sum total of the expected marks obtained by all the
2
students is
( 2) 1
2 10 35. Seven car accidents occurred in a week, what is the
(a) 1 (b) C2
2 probability that they all occurred on the same day?

1
10 10
1 1 1 1 7
10 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) (d) C2 7 6 7
2 2 7 7 2 27

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 7

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

PAST GATE QUESTIONS EXERCISE 6. (c) Probability of chosing red ball from first container,
4
2 C1
C1 25C4 PR = 7
1. (b) P = 25 C1
C2
2C one selected from 2 defective Probability of chosing blue ball from second container,
1
25C four from 25 non-defective 3
4 C1
PB = 7
1 C1
P= .
3
Since both these events are mutually independent,
1 1 4
C1 3 C1 12
1 1 3 3 required probability, P = 7 7 = .
2. (b) P x =
3 3 f ( x ) dx = x 2 dx C1 C1 49
1 1
7. (a)
3 3
1
1 8. (d) P (positive value) = P (negative value) =
2
3
(Total probability is one and each are equally likely
= 2 f ( x ) dx [f(x) is even] to occur)
0
Required probability
1
= P (no negative value) + P (one negative value)
x3 3 2 0
1 1
5
1 1
1 4
= 2 = = 5
C0 + 5C1
3 81 2 2 2 2
0
5 4
2 1 1 1 6
% of P = 100 = 2.47%. = 11 + 5 = .
81 2 2 2 32
3. (a) P (using private car) = 0.45
\ P (using public transport) = 1 0.45 = 0.55 PRACTICE EXERCISE
P (using bus) = 0.55 0.55 = 0.3
P (using metro) = 1 (0.45 + 0.3) = 0.25 40 2
1. (b) P(women), p = =
4. (d) Probability, P(90 x 102) 100 5
90 102 102 102 12 3
= P z = P z 0 \ q=
27 27 27 5
\ p (2 women members) = 5C2 p2 q3
12
F(0) F 2 3
27 5 4 2 3
=
1 2 5 5
1 1
= = .346.
1 + exp (0) 12 12
1 + exp 1.7255
27 27 2. (d) np = 5, npq = 3
3
1 1 \ q=
= 5
1 + 1 1 + exp ( 0.6870)
3 2
= 0.165 = 16.5% 16.7%. \ p=1 =
5 5
5. (c) Sample space = {(T, T), (H, H), (H, T), (T, H)}
(n = 4) 25
Favorable cases = {(H, H)} (m = 1) \ n=
2
1 Mode x is given by
Probability, P = . np + p > x > np q
4

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8

\ E(x) = 0 . p + 1 . qp + 2 q2p + .....

2 3
5+
5
>x>5
5
= qp (1 + 2p + 3q2 + .....)

= qp
27 22
>x> (1 q ) 2
5 5
5.4 > x > 4.4
qp q
\ x = 5. = = .
2 P
P
3. (b) In a leap year, there are 52 full sundays.
(Divide 366 by 7)
10. (b) m = 1
Thus, there are 2 days left
P(having sunday) is if days are either saturday- m
sunday or sunday-monday. P (X < 0) = P (Z < )
s
Total cases : (S-M), M-T, T-W, W-Th, Th-F,
F-Sa, (Sa-S) 1
= P(Z < )
2
2
\ Required probability = . = P (Z < 0.5)
7 P (X < 0) = 0.5 P (0 < z < 5)
3 2
C0 7 C2 11. (d) P(answering correctly) =
4. (c) P = 10 3
C2
1
7 P (guessed answer is correct) =
4
= 47%.
15
2
5. (c) 3 median = mode + 2 mean 3 8
= 16 + 2 22 = 60 Required probability =
2 1 1 9
median = 20. +
3 3 4
6. (c) P (A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
R R
2 3 1 12. P = 0.96 , P = 0.72
= + X Y
5 8 4
Y P(Y R)
16 + 15 1 P =
= R P(R)
40 4
31 1 P(Y)P(R )
= Y
=
40 4
X ( )
P(X)P R + P(Y)P R
Y ( )
31 10 21
= = . 0.4 0.72
40 40 =
0.6 0.96 + 0.4 0.72
7. (c) P = P(2) P(3)
(Since all gates operate independently) 0.288
= = 0.334
= 0.2 0.2 = 0.04. .864
8. (b) Total number of ways of occurance = 65 4
C1 6C1 4 15
Number of ways different number occur of 13. (d) P[1R 2B] = 10
=
120
the dice = 6! C3

6! 5! 1
= . =
\ P= 5 4 2
6 6
1 1
9. (c) Expectation, E(x) = mean 14. (d) n = 5, p = , q =
2 2
n n
1 P (X 1) = 1 P (X = 0)
=
n
xi = Pi xi 5
i =1 i=1 1 31
2 3 = 1 5C0 =
Probability of success in trials is p, qp, q p, q p, ..... 2 32

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 9
15. (c) Required probability 24. (c) Sample space ;
{(1, 2) (1, 3) .... (1, 6); (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6); (3, 4)
2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1
= = (3, 5), (3, 6); (4, 5) (4, 6); (5, 6)}
9 8 7 6 5 5 3 2 1 1260
n = 15
(b a)2 15 5
16. (a) Var (X) = for a < x < b Req. prob = =
12 36 12
25. (d) n = 4
(1 0)2 1
= = Let X be event of showing no. of heads.
12 12
Req. prob = P (X = 3) + P (X = 4)
1
= 4 C3 ( 1 2 ) ( 2 ) + 4 C2 ( 1 2 ) 4
3 1
SD = s =
12
17. (d) Required probability (getting at least one head) = 5/16
= 1 P (getting no head) 2
1 1 1
= 1 3C0 (1/2)0 (1\2)3 = 7/8 26. (c) P (first two tosses is head) = =
2 2 2
18. (a) P(X = 3) = 4C3 (1/2)3 (1/2) = 1/4
19. (d) 1 1 1
P (remaining 8 tosses is tail) = ... (8 times)
20. (d) First find probability of getting sum 8 or 9 2 2 2
S = (2, 6) (3, 5) (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2); (3, 6) (4, 5) (5, 4) 8
(6, 3) 1
=
\ n=9 2

P(E) = 9
36 =
1
4 Total 36 cases. 1 1
2 8
Required probability = = ( 1 2 )
10
\
\ Required probability (sum not 8 or 9) 2 2
1 3 27. (b) m = S x P(x) = (1 0.1) + (2 0.2) + (3 0.4)
= 1 P = 1
= 4 + (4 0.2) + (5 0.1)
4
21. (b) P(3V 2U) = P(3V 2U 0) =3
s2 = Sx2P(x) [SxP(x)]2
P (Z 0) = 1/2
= 10.2 9 = 1.2
22. (b) P [max (X, Y)] = P [X x, Y y]
\ both are worng.
Q X and Y one independent
X + 4 = 2 = P[(X + Y = 2) (X Y = 0)]
28. (c) P
= P[X x] P [Y y] X Y = 0 P(X Y = 0)
1 1
2
1 2
1 P(X = 1,Y = 1)
= (solving)
= 2
dx 2 dy P(X Y = 0)
1 1

4 4
1 1
1 2 1 =
= [ x ]1/ 1/ 2
1 [ y ]1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 + +
2 2 4 4 4 4
1 3 3
=
4 2 2 = 1
6

9 29. (a) Var X = E (X2) (E(X))2

= 30. Ans. 0.25
16
1
1 1 1
3 5 P (getting odd no.) =
23. (c) Probability = + + + .... 2
2 2 2
1
P (getting even no.) =
1 2
2
= 2 = 1 1 1
1 3 \ Req. prob = = = 0.25
1 2 2 4
4
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10
31. (c) P(X< 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2) 34. Ans : 9375
3
9e Marks 1 0.25
= e3 + 3e3 +
2 Probability 0.25 0.75
3 9 17 3
= e 1 + 3 + = e Expected marks = E (X)
2 2
32. (a) Total available out comes ={(H, T) (T, H) (H, H)} = S X. P(X)
= 1.25 + ( 0.25) (0.75)
1
Required probability = = 0.0625
3
\ Marks for 150 questions of 1000 students
33. (a) There can be 2 cases:
(1) A faulty computer is declared faulty = 150 1000 (0.06 25)
probability = p q = 9375
(2) right computer is declared faulty
probability = (1 p) (1 q) 7 1 1
\ Required probability = pq + (1 p) (1 q) 35. (b) Required probability = C1 7 = 6
7 7

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