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    of 39
    English Edition DETAIL The cult of timber gridshells Refurbishment of curtain wall facades Future-proof buildings for a warmer world 01/13 DETAILGreen 01/13 DETAIL Spocial Edition 66268 ISSN 1868-3643, ‘The cult of the gidshell liver Lowenstein Projects Publications, Events Backorouna High density housing with the qualitos of single-family homes Amelie Mayer, Dorothe Gerber, Ulrike Sturm, Peter Schwehr Sustainable architecture Tax office in Garmisch-Partenkirchen Roinhiard Bauer Architokten, Munich Housing complex in Baissels. MDW Aechitecture, Brussels. Msitor cent in Glands Wingard arkitektsortar AB, Stockholn, Fnliden Clegg Bradley Studios, Bath Research and practice Refurbishment of curtain wall facades: facelift or complete renovation? Marin Lutz, Jirgen Eincc van Wun, Products and materials. ‘Soecialist information Future-proot buildings for a warmer world Interview wih Gaveth Robeas, Plannin e rere Editorial and publishing data/phoo ceeds www.detail.de/english Publishers an extn garment ast Sr intomat Ett department rns Somme (adorn mal rearitaradcade ‘lophere 0 89 38 152037 Adverisng: ena it {Qdots ce felechone: x9 80 38 1020-28 ion & svbscroons ema delalabomvertiswson da wlphore: +061 2902 98-211 TTansiaone:LarcePmippsFearga Dove, Sean MeL aught Englon rouresang: Rrra Reco 16 22 80 38 44 © 70 74 (Co KG, Hackeroricke 6, €c885 Munch, Germany, The energy supply systens and the existing building stock in many European countries are facing an unprecedented historic change. Many people feel overwhelmed by new developments, particularly since the - supposed or real - downside of the energy turnaround is gradually becoming a subject of intense debate. With some exaggeration, the discussion goes something Tike this: “Energy-saving measures for build- ‘ings? They often cost more and achieve less than what is intended. Composite heat insula- vion systems? An aesthetic absurdity and the toxic waste of the future. Air-tight windows? Cause mildew in apartments. Photovoltaics and wind power? A blight on our cities and country- side." What was initially (sometimes under- standable) uncertainty regarding new technolo- gies is turning into aversion, obstruction sm and a nostalgic wish to return to the past. People say that there was once a time when we managed to get along without such things as in- sulation, air-tight windows and unsightly solar panels. New technologies usually face scepti- Cism in the beginning because they are not properly understood In their pure form, these sceptics are rare but there is a little of them in most of us. We keep a suspicious eye on every change of the Tandscape in our cities and the countryside, without reflecting on what consequences our failure to act would incur. Global warming of 3.5 to 4 degrees - a probability by the end of the century according to many climate research- ers - will certainly leave its mark on all cit- jes and the entire country. Building higher Jevees would simply not be enough to solve the the problems. The flora and fauna, the water supply in the ground, our methods’ of cultiva- tion in agriculture, people's daily routines, and much much more would be transformed. ‘The pending changes call for a sense of propor- tion, not blinkers. And even the term ‘a sense of proportion’ is all too frequently used as a pretext for postponing what is necessary, ob- fuscating the facts and pushing the responsi— bility to act onto others. We have all heard the seeningly strong arguments: "The craze for insulation will achieve nothing as Tong as the Chinese continue to build two new coal power stations a week, We need more creative involvement with the new, ‘instead of an insistence on blocking change, we need ambitious plans for tomorrow Cincluding all the unavoidable uncertainties associated With this) instead of a nostalgic wish to re- turn to the past. Moreover, knowledge of the facts is always the best cure for uncertainty. With this in mind, we hope you enjoy reading this issue of DETATL Green and find information ‘that can be of use to you in your architectural endeavours. Jakob Schoof Hidden synergy Research institute in Oslo Pir IT arkitektkontor, Oslo For the extension to thelr existing re search facilities close to Oslo's City Cen- tre, the Norwegian Meteorological insti- tute had high ambitions in terms of energy efficiency. "As one af the suppliers of ci- mate research data, the institute know that they, too, neaded to contribute to the reduction of emissions", wrote the archi- tects, Ph Il aritextor, orn Oslo, The 1500 rr building accommodates two contrasting uses on two distinct levels The lower (susterrancan) level houses the largo server park ofthe Institute, which is sed fo ganerate weather forecasts, amongst other things; whereas the upper level contains a cartcen and meeting rooms for the employees. This dual pro: gramme, with its widely diferont naods in terms of security, accessibilty, and ener- gy supply has, in many ways, efits mark onthe architecture. The lower far is es sontialy a rectangular conereto box, whereas the public spaces were given a more expressive shape. As the upper flgcr shifts off the footprint of the technical fiocr, italso generates the required open roof space for comauter cooling systems directly above the server rooms. Further- more, the clear division also constitutes an acoustic barrier between the entrance area and the noisy technical installations. The contrasting demands for both closed and more visually open facades, as well {as physically open ones for the cooling devices, were met by a facade cladding ‘made of recycled aluminium, the pecfora- tion pattems of which are reminiscient of Clouds ang other meteoroiagial phenome- The client's ambition to minimise CO, omissions influenced both the choice of building materials and the energy con~ cept. For the concrete in the lower fcr, a low carbon’ cement ix incorporating tly ash was used, whareas the uppar tlaor Consists ofa steal tamawork with timber an of upper toor infil. nthe interior, the materials were. chosen from a ‘Nordic’ palette, with un- ‘rested wood on the walls and ceilings. The upper floor was but to Passive House eriteria, whereas the lower floor achieves a low-energy standard ~ both far exceeding the eneray requirements of the Norwegian building regulations. The ‘space heating requirement is largaly met by waste heat from the servers on the basement floor. The servers are cooled directy with water, which is fed into a wa ter-to-water heat pump to heat the spaces above via convactors and radiators. Peak loads in te heating system are covered, by local district heating. The waste heat is. ‘even used to heat the exterior access ar ‘a to the building whenever outside tar. peratures drop below 15°C. According to the architects, this results ina significant increase in user comfort, particularly in winter, when snow Gan be malted trom the entrance paving using this heat. Glazed cloister Office building in Zeist RAU, Ansterdam ‘The pariike wooded landscape south- east of Zeist used to be known as a sum- mer retreat for the well-to-do trom nearby Utrecht. Teday there are numerous busi- eases based here. Among them is the Dutch Association of Interior Decorators CBW, which merged with the textile trade ‘association, Mitex in 2008, As a result, the ld headquarters of CBW — which was too sinall, technically obsolete, and largely isolated from its surroundings ~ were re= placed with a new Building by the Am- stordam architects RAU. The double-sto- rey building oncioses a green courtyard Its southeast wing Is lited on pilots, mak- ing a gate-lke entry open to the park. Comparable to a glazed cloister, the of- fice and conference rooms are all ac- assed via a corridor on the courtyard side, Thase spaces accommodate around 75 employees: training courses, ‘conferences, fasion shows as wll as other activities for association members hich also take place there. Except fora grey-tle clad core for ancillary rooms, the Complete building was clad witha stick system facade with tiple glazing. Shad: ing is provided by mavable blinds as well 2 by fixed horizontal cantilevering sun shades, made from aluminium and heat- treated wood, in fren ofthe floor slabs. ‘The intarior designer, Bart Vos, was r0- sponsible for creating the intorior spaces, As beitting his client, he worked from the ‘wealth of Dutch design in selecting the lighting and the furnishings. Among Vos" ‘own creations are the raception counter, which can also function as a catwalk, as ‘well as the sound absorbing panels ¢t coloured felt, which are hung by a simple rail system on parttions along the corr dor, They were necessary because tho building has a concrete core thermal actl- vation system, which meant that supple- mentary sound absorbing and cooling ceilings were only installed in some (Ground Yon plan_ Seal 1750 rooms. Heating and ccoling is provided by a heat pump; additionally @ ventilation system with heat recovery. Ths system draws fresh air through an underground duct from the park, was installed "The flow of energy fellows the flow cf people” was the motto of the architects for the design of the building services. The air flow volume is controlled by CO, sensors in the rooms, the lighting intensity by daylight and occupancy detectors. Even the chiled ceilings vary their tem perature by up to 3 degrees, depending ‘on the presence of people in the room, The building shell has an average U-val up of 0.68 Wink; the Dutch enrgy eff ciency certificate shows 2 32% lower en- ergy demand than in a standard new con- struction. A photoveltac system is still to be installed on the roof to make the now building CO, -neutral in operation, Flexibility cast in concrete Office building in Stuttgart Blocher Blocher Partners, Stuttgart EBlocher Blocher Partners is a firm of 150 employees specialising in housing, ur- 'ean, retail and graphic design. Far the rst time these business departments a now working together in a single building on the edge of Stuttgart’s inner cy. AS required by the master plan, the massing and roof of the design aro similar to tho postwar building that once stood there. In order to accommodate 2400 m? of floor space in the building, the architects add- fd a hal submerged ‘garden level’ which receives daylight trom two courtyards. The exterior walls consist of an outer and inner layer of exposed concrete. Con- rato was even Used for the roof; here the exterior cladcing consists of precast ele ments cf up to eight metres in length. Originally the top floor was planned to be aloft apartrnent but currently the building is being used as offices throughout Girculetion and buliding services have ‘been laid out so that the Bullding can be divided into six separate rental units. Two structural cores as well as metal and glass paritions subdivide the office spac 2s. The building's acoustics are good in spite ofthe high proportion of hard sur faces (exposed concrete on walls and clings, untirished comers saraed on the raised access floors). This performance is primarily due to the acoustic board on the parttions and both of the structural cores. inthe lof, which has an open layout, sound absorbent plaster was appliod in some places, The now building received a Gold cert cation fron the DGNB (German Associa ion for Sustainable Building) in the au ‘umn of 2012. With a primary energy de- mand of 113 kWh/mma it surpasses the energy efficiency requirements of the EnV (German Energy Conservation Ord nance) by 30%. In order to reduce the heat gain in the summer, the proportion of Window area was reduced to 39% as quired by the DGNB enteria. Mahagony panels with Integrated operable venti tion easements visually extend the wir dows and supplement the mechanical ventilation system when outside tempera- tures are moderate, The architects justty the (rather controversial) specification of this tropical wood, which was also used ‘or intarior doors and wall fnishings, with ‘he fact that the material is highly durable and resiiort against weathering, Tropical \woods are in fact permitted in the DGNB system as long as they bear the FSC (For- est Stewardship Council) quality seal Thiny-five geothermal probes, which, due {othe soil conditions, are only 40 matre deep, store warmth and cold for the new building. Two reversible heat pumps pro- vide heating and cooling, which is distrib uted via concrete core activation and ‘convectors that are integrated in the spandrels. The halls and office spaces are lt exclusively by LED luminaires, Three under one roof School in Espoo Playa Arkkitehdit, Helsinki Espoo in southern Finland is an archipela- {go within an archipelago. Like its larger the cily is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea (which is dotted with thousands of small islands in this area). In itself, Espoo forms an agglo- eration of several suburbs without & defined conte, Mrtensbro school by Playa Arkkitehdit is located in the sou- thernmest ofthese suburbs, on the edge ofa sports park that extends towards the sea. The building accommodates a day care, pre-school and a school - all of which had previousty been located on orate premises with a total of 550 students and a staff of 70 beneath its gertly curved roof. The building has an regular Y-shaped plan, with the access courtyard oriented south-west, sheltared from the cold north ‘winds. Due to the sloping terrain, the height of the building varies between one storey in the south wing (which houses the day care) and three storeys in the orthavest. Both wings are connected by ‘an open hall that also functions 2s ining space and library. On the northeast cor ner of the school is the sports hall, which is half submerged into the around. The load. bearing structure consists of (mainly precast) concrete but forthe fa cades and some of the interior surfaces the architects chose more textured mate: rials such as birchweod and hend-made brick, Heavy timber columns line the courtyard facade: originally, they were in- tended to suppor the roof but the local building regulations would not allow for this. n fac, extansive safoty measures (such as srrcke detectors next to the co- lumns) had to be met even to get appre: val for them as merely decorative (and shading) facada elements. {As the new school was conceived as a pi lot project for eneray-etticient architecture by the city council, it combines a number cof heat sources and heating systems. The largest portion of the heat demand is co- vores by district heating and distributed to the spaces via radiators. Only the day care is equipped with undertioor heating ‘and cooling and uses a gecthermal heat pump as ite main enargy source. Solar thermal collectors (for the hat water in the kitchen) complete the heating system. The root also carries a PY array whose energy yield is directly fed into the grid. The building is equipped with a vontilati ‘on system with heat recovery. Some of ‘the rooms also feature a forced-air sys tem, which the client intends to test here bofore rolling it out te other buildings in ‘he future. With a total energy demand of ‘91 Kwh/me.,./year, the school comfortab- ty achieves an ‘A’ rating in the Energy Porlormance Certificate (the maximuin iit for this rating being 120 kW/m}, Place of learning and building prototype ‘School in Hohen Neuendorf IBUS Architects and Engineers, Berlin/Bremen The outskirts of Berlin, with their suouran spraw of single-family homes, are not Usually the place where one would expect to find exemplary, forward-looking archi tecture. The new primary school in Hohen Neuendort however, might help to alter this negative image” As the frst building of its kind in Germany, the three-track, school is expected to generate even more eneray than it consumes. The double-storey buliding an the out- skirts ofthe town is based on a comb-liko layout with courtyards that open towards the west. A Piple-court sports hall dem cates the building complex to the north The anergy optimisation of tho new-build star's with the floor plans. The westeast orientation of the parallel wings allows all of the clagsrooms ta be oviertad south, ‘while the corridors and secondary rooms all face north, The solar gains in the classrooms can thus be adjusted tar more precisely than would have been possible in westleast oriented spaces. Furthermore, the south-oriented mono- pitch roots maximise the yields of the 400 mv photovottaic array. A fourth, con- necting wing ta tho east of the sita con- tains the commen rooms such as the I brary and the canteen, the latter also serving as assembly hall With U-values of O.11 Wine {in the root and 0.18 to 0.15 Wimek (in the facades) the bullding envelope achieves almost Passive House Standard: the airtighmess values correspond to this standard too The timber/aluminium framed windows are tiple-glazed. A noteworthy anginser- Ing feat are the south facades of the classrooms which combine natural vent lation, solar shading and daylighting. Hor- zontal, fixed shading devices at approx ‘mately 3/4 of the room height block out the harsh summer sun. Below them, mo- bile vertical awnings in bright colours pro- vide shading whenever needed. The up- ermest parts of the windows partly have light-reflecting louvres integrated into the glass intorspaces and partly feature high ly insulating, ight-itfusing nanogel glaz- ing. Electochomic glazing that changes light transmitianes when an electric eur rent is applied, was installod in the can- teen, The electric lighting is controlled ac- cording to daylight availabilty, decth of the room and the presence af pupils hon it comes to schools in particular, a fequent question is posed: natural or ma- chanical vertiation? In Hohen Neuencior, both options have been implemented Storoy-high, opaque ventilation flaps in the windows are automatically opened during breaks; furthermore, the pupils ‘can open the window whenever they please, During winter and during the peak of sumer, decentralised ventilation unils (one per class-com) with integrated heat exchangers are utlised. The school is primarlly heated by a 2201 pellet boiler; olactrciy is supplied by the roof top PV array. Furthermore, a 10 KW CHP unit, which is also pallatfualled, supplie: hot water and additional electricity Inan accompanying research project, the expected life cycle casts of the school ‘over 2 50 year period have been calculat ‘ed, Compared to a standard schoo! bul according to the German Energy Saving Orcnance, the naw building was slightly more expensive, but its whole life costs are expected to be reduced by 25% and ‘ne oporation costs reduced by as much as 70%, 1) ae cmos Eon cacy Cutting-edge architecture CE Werte Ri el Cor eC Cel Rene asoldy Including two issues on sustainable planning and construction DETAIL is ong of the world's most influential architectural publications. DETAIL English ection fs published six tmes per year complemented by two adkitlonal DETAIL Green issues in May and Nevernber. Architectural pretessionals benef ram stimulating, up-to-date, inermative material for design anc planning, Specially prepared detailed scale drawings, sunple- manted by text and comprahersive keys atfora unique oppor tunity te study the very best in contemporary architecture. DETAIL DETAIL Green: 1 The joumal forall aspects of sustainable plancing and eonetruetion 1 Publishod twice a yearn May and November uathin the DETAIL subscription programms, 1= Examplos of actual buildings plus the relevant certification processes. = DETAIL Green brings together many diferent strands of modem technology and provides orientation In the realm of innovative products and concepts Compiled by the pecple who create DETAIL. '= DETAIL is available as a digital subscription, to, Topics 2013, 1 January Concrete Construction March Transparent and Translucent 3 May Concept: Building for Chileren plus DETAIL Green 1/13, 4 ly Simpla anc Complex DETAIL is also availbale 5 September Steel Construction a8 a digital subscriton 6 November Mode and Temporary Structures vwnww.detallde/omagazine plus DETAIL Groen 2/13, Quick and easy ordering: www.detail.de/subscription phone: +49 892816200 fax: 449 89.998670 email: mail@detailde {would ike te erder DETAIL English: Ope nreeetyarinei 1 1-year lassie eubscription esi) Pace cage eat cae 126 50 /69.~/US$ 172.90 ee tn Secs 1 Are 0 Or 1 thyear student subscription is. LLL ty € 79,40 /£.56.50/ USS 105.00 ay Pai pe (eect reer smoree evaiectensinain st 1 Green mini subscription =u ‘Pesan sateen Taare €99-/624~/ USS 55.— ove am {rawinnsetmsceor@ Prese2013 DETAIL Hackerbunche 6» 805 Munich ° GERMANY » phone «49693816200 + fx-4 89998070 + malGdeaLde + wwadetashonine com WEATHER ARCHITECTURE Architecture & Design versus Consumerism ‘Ann Thorpe. Earthscan, London/ Now York 2012. 242 p., ISBN 978-1 84971-356-6, £ 25,00 The numberof ‘activist projects and practices within architecture and dasign has grown significantly n recent years, ranging ftom post-Katrina disaster reliet initiatives on the U.S. Guif Goast to de- signers ongaging in social protest move- meri. Although broadly documented, a comprehensive overview, let alone theory, of these projects has so far been lacking ‘With her book, Anne Thorpe now tries to fllthis gap. Sho starts with a discussion (on growth-dependancy and consumerism in our society andi on how to overcome them, Having established this as a trame- Weather Architecture Jonathan Hill Routledge, Abingdon’ Now York 2012. 974 p. ISBN 978-0-415+ 66861-3, £34.99 ‘To protect mankind from the inconven- iences of the weather is considered a pri- ‘merdial purpose of architecture, But how ‘doos architacture relate to the hybridized weather of our day, with allits pollution and effects of climate change? In his ook, architectural histerian Jonathan Hill {gives an account of the architectures \woathor rolaton that spans from the Brit igh Enlightenment of the 17th certury to Bostwar modemism and (slightly) beyond. ‘The book has @ strong bias towards Brit ain and the Nordic countries, yot within this gaographic reaim, the author pro- Torre David Urban-Think Tank/Ghair of Architecture {and Urban Design, ETH Zérich, Lars Mit ler Publishers, Zurich 2012. 416 p. ISBN 978-3-03778-298-9, € 45.00 Much has already been said and written about Torre David, the unfinished 45-sto- rey skyscraper in downtown Caracas that was converted into a vertical squat by around 3,000 formar sium dwellers, In their book, Aliredo Brillembourg and Hu- bert Kiumpner from the Garacas-based office, Urban-Think Tank, provide an ac- ccount of the past and prosent ofthe high rise, 25 well ofits possible future as they fervisage ft. Tholr texts explain the history of the buiding, Its soctal context and the ways in which it was appropriated (and is work for all further content, the author goes on fo discuss design activin, its methods and limitations, forms of organi sation, and connections to other, more political forms of activism, in mare data Thorpe illustrates her argument with a wide range of projects from architecture and design; analysing them rather than ‘merely docurnenting thar. Whilo the so- lection has a certain bias towards the US., the conclusions she craws are ap- plicable to most ‘developed’ societies, ‘Thorpe's argumont is concise and cloar, the content well-sbuctured and her prose entertaining to read. What's more, the ook is also short enough to read in a sin. gle week-end. With its mix of acholerly thinking, a wide knowindge of activist practice, and a clear political message, this book is Just as groundt-breaKing as, most of the projects discussed within it. vides a profound analysis that is rooted as much in natural science, philosophy and literature as itis in the history of at architecture and landscape design. While the book stands out for this interdis- ciplinary approach ~ a rare git among ar chiteciural writers today — Hill's forays into the history of ideas occasionally tend to be lengthy and excessively detailed which makes reading a damanding exer: cise to all those mainly interested in archi- tecture, Raisin-picking in this book is ‘therefore advisable. Furthermore, given the timeliness of the topic for the current dobato on sustainable architecture, a ‘greater emphasis on questions related to climate change would have been desira ble. As an investigation into architectural and cultural history, however, Weather Architecture is highly recommended. acministated) by the inhabitants. Intricate drawings llustrate almost every aspect of the tower. A graphic novel by André Kita- gama tolls the story of Torte David in a more visval way; and over 100 photo- daraphs by Iwan Baan illustrate ite In and around the building, This book is @ para ble about architactural improvisation and the potential of housing cooperatives. It casts new ight on the question cf sustain- able architecture. Itig algo a caveat to ar- chiteots: know your fits! Klumpner and Erileinbourg have headed ths, limiting their proposed intervention to infrastruc tural improvements, and to a few pages in the book. Torre David is an inspiring road even if the project is unique in every con- colvable way, and therefore the extent to Which itis instructive for other projects ts rathar lrited. World Building Congress 2013 Theme: Built environment research focused on social auleanas 55.2013-9.6.2018 Brsbane/Australia sldbuiidingcons 19.com Intornational Concrete Sus! Conference 65.2013-8.5.2013 San Franisco/USA waw.concratesustainabiltyconterence.org Solarexpo & Greenbutlding Congress and exhibition an energy officiency and sustainable architecture 85.2013-10.5.2013 Milanvitayy www solarexpo.com. All-Energy 2013 Trade tar on renewable energies 22.5,2018-23.5.2013 ‘Aperdeer/UK wwwwall-energy.co.uk 6th International Conference on Sustainable Development & Planning 27.5,2013-28.5.2013, os/Greace wane, wassox.ac.uk/13-conferences! ‘planning-2013. html. Resilient Citios 2013 4th world congress on cities and adapta- tion to climate crange 31,6.2018-2.6.2013, Bonn/Germany btin:d/resiliont-ctias cle org/bonn2019/_ Building Lasting Change National conference and expo af the Ga- nadian Groen Building Council 4.6.2013-6.6.2018 Vencowver/Canada woww.caghe.org/AM/Template.. -cim2Sectian=National Events. Intersolar 2013 Trade fair on solar technology 19.6.2013-21.6.2013, Munich/Germary woww.intersolarde. CESB 2013 Central Europe towards Sustainable Building conference 26.6,2013-28,6.2013, Praguo/Gzech Fapublic wos.c25b.62. IcAE 2013 Sth International Conference on Applied Enorgy 4.72018 -4.7.2013 Pretoria/South Africa Intersolar North America rads fair on solar technology 97.2013-1,7.2013, ‘San Francisco/USA ‘ave intorsolanus, Green Building Solutions Vienna Surnner University 28,7.2013 - 18.8.2013 Vienna/Austria ‘building-salutions-vienna’ CISBAT 2013 Internationale conference on clean technology for smart cies and buildings 492013-6.9.2013 Lausanne/Switzerland hitoi/cisbat.eptlch 'SB13 Singapore Sustainable Buildings Conference: Realising Sustainabilty in the Tropies= 9.92013- 109.2013 Singapore vonw.sbconfarences.org/sb1singapor PLEA 2013 Internationale conference on sustainable architectura for a renewable Tuto 109.2013 - 12,9.2013 Munich/Germany wuwu.plea is de Greenbuild Asia 2013 International exhlottion and conference: ‘on sustainable building & construction 17.9.2013-19.9,2013 Kuala LumpurMalaysia uw oreenoulldasia.cra Mis 2013 International Vacuum Insulation Symposium 19,8.2013-20.9.2018 Dilbondort/Switzerland suwempa.chyivis2019/ Klimamobility 2013 ‘Spocialis trade fair for sustainable mobility 19.9.2019-21.9,2013, Bolzano/taly save flrabolzano.i¥dimamabiity. Solar Air-Conditioning 5th International Conference 259.2013, Bad krozinger/Germany wan attido eT Russia Specialist rade fair on windows, doors, gazing and solar protection 259.2013 -27.9.2018 Moscow/Fussia $813 Graz International conference on sustainable architecture 25.9.2012-28.8.2013, Graz/Austria amesh13.0r9. EUPVSEC 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition 30.9.2013-04.10.2013 Paris/France ue phiolovoltaic-confersnce.com, CEB Clean Energy Building Expo 5th Intemational exhibition and conter- fence for energy-efficient and intelligent building 9.10.2013- 10.10.2013 Budapest/Hungary RENEXPO Poland Trade fair and congress on renewable energy and energy-efficiency 16.10.2018 - 17.10.2013 Warsaw/Poland ‘yyw tenexpo-warsaw.com SAIE 2013 49th Innovation Building Exhibition 16.10.2018 19.10.2013 Bolognaittaly RIFF Architecture Conference Conference on architecture and habitat 11.41.2018 12.11.2013 Bucharest/Rornania wunsieritico RENEXPO South East Europe Trade fair and congress on renewable energy and energy-stficiency 20.11.2019 - 22.11.2013 Bucharest’Remania ‘naw tenexpo-bucharast.com. Half of the world’s population alroady live in urban centres. Itis estimated that by the year 2050 this percentage wil rise to 70%. Urbanisation brings with f great challenges to cities and communities: on one hand many places are confronted with an increase in inhabitants, and as a consequence, the need for mere housing stock. On the other hand, for mary people, espe- cially those in areas surrounding urban growth regions under pressure to develop, the single-family home (henceforth re ferred to 2s SFH) stil represents high quality housing, even with its high per capita space consumption. According to estimates by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development, by 2025 near- ly two thirds ofall newly built housing in Germany will be single- family or double family homes. Of the housing builtin Switzer- land since 2000, nearly three quarters are SFH's, As surveys, demonstrate, the demand for this housing typology remain high. in Switzerland, in spite of stowing population growth, 11 hectares of agricutural land is built over dally due to the in- creasing demand for beter quality housing. In 2070, in the ‘much larger neighbouring Germany - which has a shrinking ensity housing with the jes of single family homes Mayer, Dorothe Gerber, Ulrike Sturm, Peter Schwehr population ~ an alarming 77 hectares a day wore used for now housing and ranspor infrastructure. Urban sprawl is not just fuelled by the increase in the number of SFH's, but also by the fact that the majority (75.3% in Switzerland in 2000) were built outside of city contras. This statistic, however also demonstrates the potential or change: since 200 there has been a slightly slower increase in SFH's. In 2010, 84% of all newly buill Suiss housing fell into this category - thal is over 10% lass than in 2004, Furthermore, there is an increasing number of uninhabited SFH’s in the sub- ros. Atthe same time, there has been an increase in the num- ber of newly built flats in apartment buildings and the portion of ‘owner-occupied fats relative to the entire number on the market thas increased. For communities, planners, developers and in- vestors who are thinking about the future, makes sense to 1ake advantage of this trend to creat atvractve fats in apert- ‘ment buildings (also referred to in this article as mutiple-farily homes or simply MFH] which reduce urban spraval and have advantages of SFH. The Technology and Architecture Depart ‘mont of the Competence Gentre for Typology and Planning in Acchitocture (CCTP} of tho Lucerne University of Appliod Sci: ences has been studying how this can be possible, Since 2010, they have been working together wit the Social Work Depart- ment of the Gompetence Gente for Urtsan and Regional Devel- ‘opment of the Lucene University of Applied Arts, as well as ‘with seven partners from the commercial sector in a research. project funded by the Swiss Commission for Technology and In ovation (CTI [1] Which quaies define iuing in a SFH? ‘The basis of the research oroject was an exploratory survey, in which 22 single-family homeowners were asked which prefer: fences they associated with the building type in which they lived: The interviewees had already decided to live in a SFH, but the decision was a relatively recent one. Whereas in the first par of the intorviews, they were asked why they chose to buy a SFH and what they considered to be its symbolic meaning, in the second part, the interviewees received a criteria catalogue which asked ther to rate the preferences which could be deci- sive in choosing to buy a SFH (ll, 3). Overall it showed that pey- Peychologieat housing preferences Prvaey Seundpretng (eam stret nls, regrocurs) Clerars cast ouside Proumiy to naire Number of ome seg rexbity Irvastueture (achao, cel public Wengparaton sheppng naa) Private door space (garden, awn) Patingsoeoe. Phe worage, soe ‘Size of apartment Peteoraleaton of spaces roomy to urban Fo bin Wak around cam heme Excuse eeu ‘Social preferences Panygreanceptons cus lean un nsigboutood Nolgheouread cormunty Damegrache of tre maighbohaod Daten ave pets Economic / Legal housing protrances. Legal and naneetincapordonce SF 98 an vostrort, Fanci nsntis (ak savings, morgage mere Ecological housing preferences Ecological conetucten Amelie Mayer, Dorothe Gerber, Ulrike Sturm and Peter Sciwehr work at the CCTP Conpe~ tence Centre for Typology and Planning in Architecture (Konpetenzzentrum Typologie & Planung in Architektur/CCTP) of the Tech- nology and Architecture Department of the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Switzerland, The research focus of CCIP is the sustainable transformation of buildings and urban areas. 1 Mutiple‘omiy nome in Amre/ML (NEXT Acie, Amsterdam {a Tha nulong sane tar apartments each wh Ran ‘ontanco, veo stro anda rot oma. 3 Ovarian of fost oraferotcos of SFH rosidents (rol of stand ruses qvesbonng) chological, social and spatial aspects wore most important in the decision. Emphasised ware privacy, freedom in decision- making, tteedom of action, proximity to nature, numoer of rooms, security for the children, heving an additional (wears) room, and having a private garden. Also important were garage and storage space, as well as the neighbourhood community ‘The SFH as a status symbol was not mentioned as an important Geciding actor. This contrasts with studies trom the English speaking countries which suggest that status was a crucial fac- tor in the purchase of a SFH twas anparent that the interviews revealed a new trend to- wards a growing acceptance of muliole-family homes. They showed that random events often contribute io the decision to live in a SFH, for example when property was inherited. Two thirds of the interviewees were wiling to move into an MFH une dor specific conditions. According to the interviewees, impor- tant conditions were reduced visibility and sufficient sound proofing, Furthermore most SFH owners wanted to lve with no more than six partes in the same building, but only if they, themselves, could live in the ground floor or the top Toor. Adai- ot mentions . ° 18 20 7 (mi Paccutny mporant Bl Ramer meonant onally the MFH had to be built in an ecologically correct man ner, and in order to be attractive, the apartment fad to be less expensive than a SFH. How can these qualities be transferred to mutiple-famiy homes? Ina second step, the transterabilty of the STH pretevences to ‘multi-family homes was investigated based on a broadly de: fined analysis of Bult examples. It was found that most of th built characteristics were transferable. Some of the characteris ties can, in fact, be better achioved with larger, denser MFH's. A fat in a MFH with SFH characteristics can meet the changing needs of their inhabitants as they age and can even be occu: pied by the elderly, as long as itis built at ground level and has no threshholds (due to accessibility). In contrast to traditional SFH's, mult-storey apartments with aopropriate circulation can easly be divided into sevoral one-storey units with separate ontria However, insiling SFH qualities means taking into account is sues which are rarely considered in multi-storey MFH's. For ex ‘ample, storage space within the apartment and in the shared be era outside space aro essential as is protecting privacy. SFH's provide this by having @ separate entrance, not being too close to each other, by being shisided from the sight of neighbours, ‘a3 well as having a clearly defined private exterior space. in or- dor to achieve a comparable fooling of privacy in a MFH, no more than twelve apartments should be accessed by a com: ‘mon entry. The number of apartments per floor should also be limited ~ ideally to two ~ and the front doors should be placed apart from each other to guarantee privacy. Other built features \which contribute to achieving that "STH feeling” include: +a front garden o” a slight elevation off the ground floor, so that its not possible to see into the apartment from the outside. + vertically and horizontally staggered private outside spaces, vigually shielded from neighbours. This also insures that the s08Ce8 are Not too close to anather, + an effective soundproofing within the building to prevent the neighbours from disturbing ane anc + sufficient space in sanitary facilties which makes it unneces- sary for inhabitants of a flat to coordinate bathroom use with each other, ows 2 eros 2 : ‘ 5 ° 1 ‘ aga ° > ; , ashy bn 130 7 Eamon enone ewcws enone swore wa me NSae 8S shower 6 = bab, AB = washbaon ‘Common Wing room Foor of tat Kitchen aren Netw ir a rata vet Storage spece Sanitary facies Outdoor ares leas! 200 om deep ie ong forme Inaseh acarment, noun e2aeo for a able args enough te ascemadat th ary Bedroom ‘Alloa 10 for ane porean, 4m fortwo poonle dro lot Mod osha stxago eon gaunt doub handicap access om, 2. and, can rot necessary handicap accesse ore homoawmers can oxpress they have an important voice in the olanning pro- cess, can fumish the spaces as they see ff, and also have the right to decide on future renovations. Apartment buildings which offer the same design options aro different from what is normally on attr on the market. While cwnership of apartments allows the inhabitants an almost unrestricted participation in the dct sion-making process, options inthe floor plans and the fit out satisfy various needs in rented MFH's. Furthermore, designers should be willing to take unconventional pats. Often the decision to buy a SFH is based on the desire for a private garden. This wish can be fullilled in a MFH, If it of fers private recessed soace open to the outside, balconies, ter- races or even garden plots. These need not only be on the ‘ground floor, but can be ~ especially in an urban envicenment — located an the roof, or even on a neighbouring building with a connection to the apartment space. Altornativaly, the garden may be located outside, on a communal area. In all of these ex amples, private outdoor space can be accessed directly from the apartment. How can SFH qualties bo evaluated in multle-family homes? Research conducted for the study showed basically that the ‘tansferabilty of qualities is possible to any bullcing typology for example courtyard house, freestanding building oF city bloc}. As a design aid, a point rating system based on the Apartment Evaluation System 2000 (WWehnungs-Bewertungs- ‘System WBS 2000) of the Swiss Federal Otfice of Housing, was eveloped to measure SFH quaties in apartment buildings [2) The Swiss WBS system was first developed in the 1970's as an in BachwivcH ana Sule wins System trie evaluators SH qualtes of SF": overview o the gin Koalhouval ML Trg 2008, Buldng tbo Oty Boek . Residortl aavelgment in Kustgra/OK vara Conenage ce “gos wneh ee based on pretence 52x52mnsce ‘evaluation tool for housing standards and has since boon up- dated several times. The influence of the WES 2000 can be seen in that numerous erovia were adopted trom it in the Hand: book for New Housing published in 2011 by the German Society for Sustainable Building (OGNB Doutschen Gosollschalt fir Nachhattiges Bauen) I. 6 shows an overview of the required basic features of a SFH- like apartment according to the rating system. The system also provides targal scores for the design of multiple family homes with SFH quaities as well as a checklist1or the design phase Which rates qualities with a total score composed of aver 40 cri teria. Besides the established criteria of the WES 2000 such as net lving area, nurnber of rooms and mull-use flexibility, there were four newr criteria: perceived spaciousness, privacy, exteri- cof meeting places and personalisation options. These critena fall into three groups: apartmant, surroundings and location. Types of mutiole-terniy homes with SPH uaities Fispresentatve for the diverse realisation of SFH qualities, elght MFH types were developed in the research project, which are based on already completed buildings. They demonstrate the typological design basics from which architects can build their own designs. ‘An example is the small scale MFH type Freestanding building with apartments’, which is based on a. multiple-tamily home de- signed oy GKS Architects and Parmers AG in Bachvil [ll 4. 5). Each apartment features a half roofed private area outside (cre- ated by the offsetting of the balconies) and a garden terrace. Only one of these «terraces is located on the ground floor. A second is located on the garage adjacent to the house, the third is on the root of the building. Views to the nocth, south, east and west are provided trom each apartment, which creates a fealing of spaciousnass. The MIFH type shown here has been lvided for three parties and features a raised ground fioor, Which fulflls the need for privacy so valued by single-family home owners. This building type is mare appropriate for conur- bation communities, in compatiion with SFH's, rather than for inner city areas. The location should net be downtown but should nevertheless be fairly certral. A walking distance of tive Toten minutes to the nearest public transportation stop ie rec- commanded. Thata small scale is not required in order to fut the preferenc- 08 of SFH clientele is demonstrated by two case studies on ex- lating buildings, which were analysed with the help of the rating systom. The projacts Stina in Honw and TribschenStadt Ul, 9-14) represent respective to their location at the outskirts of the city oF in the inner city of Luceme ~ diferent planning soales and SF qualities. The residontial area of Siimrit offers a varied sequence of exto- rior spaces 2s well as a location that is close to nature. Three U- shaped residential buildings, each of which has its own court yard, achoin an open space which borders the forest and is held to the west by a perpendicularly positioned block. The root cf the underground parking garage is covered by an extensive lawn, which oxtonds through the communal space of tho entire development. Each apartment either has a private garden o” a roof terrace. Some of the living spaces have been designed as, ‘maisonettes thus offering the inhabitants gsneraus space. In contrast, the development TribschenStadt lies in a densely built area not far rom the Luceme train station, the historical city and the Viewaldstatter Lake. The city block type muttiole family homes provide space for 85 rental flats in total, which ‘cover 2 variety of sizes from 2.6 10 5.5 rooms. Two flats for as sisted living, six studios, a child care centre, and a cafe-bar also form part of the amenities. The single-storey flats extend perpendicularly theough the building. Moat of them have a e- ‘cossed torace towards the street as well as a balcony facing the courtyard, A spacial aspect is that the courtyard is raised a bral atorey in relation to the surrounding sveet level ang is ac ccossible o all inhabitants, A water feature runs along the main building, separating the private spaces of the ground floor flats, ‘om the public soaces. Both of the garden courts created by the offset of the building blocks serve as addtional play and recreation arens, For many of the muttiolefamily homes studied in the research project. the qualities of the building's surroundings ave far worse than the quality of the individual apartments. In the future ‘more attention should be placed on the design of the commu: rally shared autside spaces and on the intagration of additional storage spaces tor equipment and garden furniture. Another is- ‘sue important to study in greater deta relative to lacation and Clientele is whether larger entrance areas and circulation spac- 65 are appropriate, which would allow the inhabitants to person- alse their private entries. Additionally, a good location that is convenient and central often brings benefits which compensate ther negative aspects, Conclusion ‘The research project demonstrated that mutt-family homes can coffer similar ving qualities ae SFH's. Even small multi-family homes with fower than six flats, contribute significantly to reduc- ing urban spraw! by requiring less circulation space and less built over terrain. As shown in 2 study conducted by the Swiss Federal Office for Stastics there ie great potential in the reduc tion of tho surrounding property areas. While the surrounding property areas of SFH's are on average 4.3 times as large as the arca cf he building, the relationship in mult-farniy-hornes Is con average 2.6 as large [3] Many issues need to be resolved however, so that this ap- proach can be further disseminated. The paint here is to devel- 9 appropriate coneapts, which in the spirit of John Habrakon’s ‘Housing for the millions’ would agpeal to as large a oliant base ‘3 possible. The goal, to ereate living space though architec: ture, whose effect extends beyond property lines, requires a fundamental rethinking of many basic assumptions. Inorder to achieve this, itis necessary to think in terms of neighbourhoods and not just single buildings. The ideal of the self-sufficient building, often leads to cur buildings being over- Sized in scale and in technical infrastructure. Furthermore, the location of single-family home developments in the suburbs is problematic. Itseems questionable not only due to social and energy rea~ sons, to aim to be self-sufficient, it also makes litle sense eco- nomically to have rooms, which are geldomly used in the long- term, Itnecessary, in a multiple-amily home it makes more Senge to have an extra room for guests outside of the flat, por- haps elsewhere in the building or close by in the neighbour hood. Rentable adcitional living and office spaces make the long-term remodating of housing to fit the changing needs of in habitants overtime more aifordabie. The additional space only partially inours further cost. A postive side-offact is that com: munally used areas serve as meeting places within the neigh bourhood. Due to the rising cost of construction and infrastruc: ture and the disappearing reserves of undeveloped land, in the future, thero will have to be more of these types of cooperative tons in architecture. bye cose Eee Be dan eked Arak Set ain