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Chapter 1 Rate of Reaction
Chapter 1 Rate of Reaction
2. It is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction.
3. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time.
Rate of reaction
The shorter the time taken, the higher the rate of reaction.
The longer the time taken, the lower the rate of reaction.
Activity 1:-
Study the reaction between 2.0 g of CaCO3 with excess of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl.
whole reaction =
V3
V2
V1
Time(s)
0 t1 t2 t3
(V1 0) cm3
The average rate of reaction in the first t1 second =
(t1 0) s
V2
The rate of reaction at ta second
= Gradient of tangent to the curve at the given time
Time (s)
0 t1 t2
ta
Chapter 1 2 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 1
Activity 2 :-
Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.
Volume of
carbon dioxide Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time
gas (cm3)
40
30
20
10
Time (s)
40 80 120 160 200
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of the apparatus in the experiment.
(c) Calculate:
at 40 seconds at 80 seconds
(d) Base on the answer in (c) (ii), which have the higher rate of reaction. Explain your answer.
..
..
....
....
....
Activity 3 :-
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with magnesium ribbon. The results are shown below.
Time /s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Volume of
0.0 8.5 16.0 22.0 27.5 32.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
H2 /cm3
(a) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
(c) Compare instantaneous the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain why?
(c) The graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time obtained is as shown below :
Experiment I
Large pieces
Experiment II
Small pieces
tx ty tz
Time(s)
p = q =
The rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium carbonate chips is than the
rate of reaction of the large pieces.
Relationship between the size of marble chips and their total surface area :
small pieces have a total surface area than that of large pieces of marble chips of
the same mass.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the .. the total surface area of marble
chips.
The larger the total surface area of marble chips, the .. the rate of reaction.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the .. the rate of reaction.
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments are .
because the . of the reactants are .
Activity 4 :-
A group of students carried out two experiments to investigate the factor affecting the rate of a reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Table below shows information about the reactants used in each experiment.
Experiment Reactants
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these experiments.
(b) State the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II.
The graph below shows the result obtained from these experiments.
Volume of gas
collected (cm3)
20
II
15
10
Time (s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
(b) Based on the table and graph, compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II
2. Concentration of reactant
(a) An experiment to show a reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid
is conducted.
(b) The rate of reaction is measured by how fast yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
Observation is made on the time taken for the X mark placed under the conical flask to
disappear from view. Temperature, volume and concentration of the sulphuric acid are fixed but
the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied.
(c) Chemical equation for the reaction :
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O
(d) The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, and the graph of
concentration against 1/time are plotted.
The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, (the more the The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, the .
number of moles of Na2S2O3) the the the number of particles per unit
number of particles per unit .
Therefore, this the frequency of Therefore, this the frequency of
collision between the colliding particles. collisions between the colliding particles.
The frequency of effective collision ....................... The frequency of effective collision .......................
Therefore, the rate of reaction ............................ Therefore, the rate of reaction ...........................
3. Temperature
(a) Study through the formation of yellow precipitate (sulphur), the product of the reaction between
sodium thiosulphate solution with sulphuric acid.
(b) In this reaction, the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed.
(c) All other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution and
volume and concentration sulphuric acid remain constant.
(d) Time taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the X mark below
the conical flask is recorded.
(e) Two graphs are obtained :
When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases, the time When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases, the rate
taken for yellow precipitate formed to cover the X of reaction ..
mark .. [1/time shows the rate of reaction]
The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the The higher the temperature of Na 2S2O3, the
2- +
the kinetic energy of S2O3 ions and H ions. the kinetic energy of S2O32- ions and H+ ions.
Therefore, this the frequency of Therefore, this the frequency of
collision between the colliding particles. collision between the colliding particles.
The frequency of effective collision ....................... The frequency of effective collision
Therefore, the rate of reaction ............................. ............................
Therefore, the rate of reaction ...........................
4. Catalyst
Catayst is a chemical substance that alters the rate of reaction but it does not change
chemically at the end of the reaction.
Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction while negative catalyst decreases the rate of
reaction.
Characteristics of catalyst :
It does not change the quantity of the products formed.
It is unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction.
The amount of catalyst is the same before and after reaction.
It is specific.
Only small amount is needed.
Study through :
I : The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
[copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution as the catalyst]
II : The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
[using different quantity of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 as the catalyst]
Experiment I :
The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid [CuSO4 as the catalyst]
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
(b) Volume of hydrogen gas collected in a burette are recorded at every 30 seconds.
(c) This experiment is repeated by adding 2 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
(d) In this reaction, mass of zinc, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid and temperature
are remain constant.
(e) Graph of volume of hydrogen gas produced against time are obtained :
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Time(s)
0
Chapter 1 12 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 1
At the end of this reaction, the total volume of H2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the ...... of zinc and sulphuric acid is the same.
Copper (II) sulphate solution as catalyst lowered the ... for the reaction.
Therefore, more zinc atoms and hydrogen ions will be able to overcome the lower
The frequency of effective collision between the colliding particles ..........
Experiment II :
(a) In this reaction, all other conditions such as volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide, temperature remain constant.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
(f) Graph sof volume of oxygen gas produced against time are obtained :
1 spatula of MnO2 An increase in the quantity of catalyst used will increase the rate of reaction.
The quantity of catalyst does not affect the total volume of gas produced.
spatula of MnO2
Time (s)
0 t2
t1
From the graph :
The gradient of the curve using 1 spatula of MnO2 is . than using spatula
of MnO2.
At the end of this reaction, the total volume of O2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the . of hydrogen peroxide is same.
5. Pressure
Only for reactions involving reactants in gaseous state.
When the pressure of the gaseous reactants increases, the particles of the gaseous reactants are
compressed to occupy a smaller volume.
Thus, the number of gas particles per unit volume increases.
In industry:
Haber process; manufacture of ammonia :
Optimum conditions :
The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.
Energy
Reaction path
Activity 5 :-
Zinc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature of the mixture increases.
(a) Draw an Energy Profile Diagram for the reaction. On the diagram, show the:
Heat of reaction, H
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea
The effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. When the frequency of effective
collision increases, the rate of reaction will also increase.
Activity 6 :-
Four experiments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
The table below shows the details of each experiment.
Temperature of HCl
Experiment Reactants
(C)
Excess of magnesium ribbon and
I 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3
Excess of magnesium powder and
II 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3
Excess of magnesium powder and
III 40
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3
Excess of magnesium powder and
IV 40
50 cm3 sulphuric acid 1.0 mol dm3
(a) Write the chemical equation of the reaction occurred in Experiment I and IV
Experiment I : ...
Experiment IV: ..
(b) Calculate the maximum volume of gas released at room condition in:
[Molar volume of gas at room condition = 24.0 dm3]
(i) Experiment II
(ii) Experiment IV
(c) Sketch the graphs of the volume of gas released against time for Experiment I, II, III and IV on the
axes provided below.
Time (s)
0
(d) Explain the difference in the rate of reaction in the experiments below. Use the collision theory in
your explanation.
(i) I and II
...
...
...
...
Chapter 1 18 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Activity 7 :-
Interpretation of graphs.
Study the graphs below and complete the following:
Reaction I : . .
Reaction II : ..
Time
0 t1 t2
Total quantity of product for reaction I and II are the same.
GRAPH 4.1 Quantity of the reactants (number of moles) for reaction I and II must be .
Reaction I : . .
Reaction II : ..
Time
0 Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is . than
GRAPH 4.3 reaction II
END OF CHAPTER 1