1.

t vn v l do thc hin ti:

ng v Nh nc Vit Nam lun coi trng pht trin s nghip gio dc v

o to, nng cao dn tr, pht trin ngun nhn lc, bi dng nhn ti lm tin
cho s nghip xy dng v pht trin t nc. Ngh quyt i hi ng ton quc
ln th XI v Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc 10 nm ti giai
on 2011 - 2020 cng xc nh pht trin ngun nhn lc l mt trong ba khu
t ph quan trng trong vic a Vit Nam tr thnh mt nc cng nghip ha,
hin i ha vo nm 2020 (Trch Thng bo s 131/TB-VPCP ngy 09/4/2012 v
Kt lun ca Th tng Chnh ph ti cuc hp ca Hi ng Quc gia Gio dc
v Pht trin nhn lc nhim k 2011-2015).

Vic pht trin ngun nhn lc c cht lng cao, c o to chuyn su

v a lnh vc, ngnh ngh phc v cho pht trin kinh t - x hi ang l i hi
cp thit i vi Vit Nam. Thc t cng cho thy ti Vit Nam nhu cu s dng
nhn lc c trnh sau i hc, qua o to chuyn su, c nng lc thc hnh
v gii quyt vn , thch ng cao, ph hp vi i hi pht trin l rt ln. Cc a
phng, doanh nghip, t chc thc hin "tri thm ", p dng ch u i rt
tt v lng thng, c hi thng tin, pht trin s nghip... thu ht ngun nhn
lc ny lm vic, phc v cho mnh to ng lc thc y ngun nhn lc c trnh
i hc, chuyn mn c bn tip tc theo hc chng trnh o to sau i hc
nhm nng cao trnh , kin thc chuyn su cc ngnh ngh, lnh vc. Nng lc
lc lng lao ng ngy mt nng cao l tin thun li Vit Nam pht trin
kinh t - x hi.

Chng trnh o to sau i hc bao gm chng trnh o to trnh thc

s v chng trnh o to trnh tin s. Trong , chng trnh o to trnh
thc s l chng trnh o to bc cao k tip o to i hc, dnh cho ngi
tt nghip i hc. Theo Quy ch o to thc s c B trng B Gio dc v
o to ban hnh kem theo Thng t s 10/2011/TT-BGDT ngy 28 thng 02
nm 2011, hot ng o to trnh thc s gip hc vin nm vng l thuyt, c

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

trnh cao v thc hnh, c kh nng lm vic c lp, sng to v c nng lc
pht hin, gii quyt nhng vn thuc ngnh, chuyn ngnh c o to. Hin
nay, trn phm vi c nc v ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh c rt nhiu c s gio
dc i hc (sau y gi l trng i hc) c php o to trnh thc s vi
nhiu ngnh o to khc nhau, to iu kin thun li cho nhu cu hc tp chuyn
su ca ngi hc.

Khi la chn trng i hc o to trnh thc s theo hc, mt trong

nhng yu t nh hng n la chn ca hc vin l hc ph. Vic nghin cu mc
sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin i vi chng trnh o to thc s c ngha
quan trng, to thun li cnh tranh trong vic thu ht hc vin theo hc chng
trnh o to thc s ca cc trng i hc. gii quyt vn trn, ti nghin
cu: "Mc sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin i vi chng trnh o to
thc s trong nc ti mt s trng i hc Thnh ph H Ch Minh" nhm
xc nh mc sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin, l c s cc trng i hc
xy dng mc hc ph ph hp, tng tnh thu ht hc vin ca cc trng v to
iu kin thun li hc vin theo hc chng trnh o to thc s trong nc.

2. Muc tiu nghin cu:

Nghin cu ny nhm vo cc mc tiu nh sau:

- Xc nh mc sn lng chi tr hc ph trung bnh hc vin chng trnh thc

s trong nc ti trng i hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc Kinh T
TP.HCM.
- Nh n dng v o lng mc nh hng ca cc yu t n mc sn lng
chi tr hc ph ca hc vin chng trnh thc s trong nc ti trng i
hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc Kinh T TP.HCM.
- a ra m t s kin ngh nhm xy dng chnh sch hc ph ph hp nng
cao tnh cnh tranh, thu ht hc vin theo hc ti nh trng v m bo cht
lng o to.

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

3. Mt s c s l thuyt cho nghin cu

3.1 C s l thuyt v mc sn lng chi tr

3.1.1 Khi nim v mc sn lng chi tr theo l thuyt marketing

3.1.1.1 nh gi sn phm:

Nagle v Holden (2002) v Monroe (2003), dn theo Breidert (2005), cho rng
nh gi l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht trong marketing hn hp. N l
yu t duy nht sn sinh ra thu nhp. Gi mt sn phm (l hng ha hay dch v)
c a ra tng tc mnh m vi hu ht cc yu t khc ca marketing hn hp
nh: qung co v khuyn mi, phn phi

Kotler v Armstrong (2001) nh ngha gi l lng tin phi tr cho mt sn

phm hoc dch v, hoc tng gi tr m ngi tiu dng nh i c hoc s
dng sn phm hay dch v.

Monroe (2003) nh ngha gi l:

M
P=
G
trong :

- P: gi.
- M: Lng tin hoc hng ha/ dch v m ngi bn nhn c.
- G: Lng hng ha/ dch v m ngi mua nhn c.

C hai phng php nh gi sn phm l nh gi sn phm da vo chi ph

v nh gi sn phm da vo gi tr ngi tiu dng nhn c.
nh gi sn phm da vo chi ph

Sn phm Chi ph Gi Gi tr nhn c Khch hng

nh gi sn phm da vo gi tr nhn c

Khch hng Gi tr nhn c Gi Chi ph Sn phm

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

Theo phng php nh gi sn phm da vo chi ph (cost based-pricing), gi bn
c a ra da vo cc chi ph lin quan n vic sn xut v tiu th sn phm.
Ch ph l yu t quyt nh gi bn. Ngc li, nhiu cng ty nh gi sn phm
ca h da vo gi tr nhn c (value based-pricing). Gi bn c xy dng
trc khi tnh n cc chi ph lin quan n sn xut v tiu th sn phm. Cng ty
c tnh gi tr nhn c ca ngi tiu dng khi s dng hng ha/ dch v ca
cng ty l gi bn. Cn c vo gi tr mc tiu v gi bn mc tiu, cc quyt nh
v thit k sn phm v chi ph c a ra (Kotler v Armstrong, 2001, dn theo
Breidert , 2005). Vic nh gi sn phm da v gi tr nhn c kh khn hn da
vo chi ph nhng tim nng li nhun ca chin lc gi da vo gi tr nhn c
ln hn nhiu so vi bt k phng php nh gi no khc (Monroe, 2003, dn
theo Breidert, 2005). Tuy nhin, vic nhn nh gi tr nhn c ca khch hng
sai gy nh hng ln n doanh thu ca sn phm. Nu cng ty nhn nh gi tr
khch hng nhn c nhiu dn n nh gi sn phm qu cao, sn phm s
khng tiu th c, doanh thu b nh hng. Ngc li, nhn nh gi tr nhn
c thp dn n gi bn thp, doanh thu cng b nh hng.

3.1.1.2 Gi ti a:

Nagle v Holden (2002), Monroe (2003), dn theo Breidert (2005), nh

ngha gi ti a nh sau:
Gi ti a (pmax) ca mt sn phm c hnh thnh bi ngi tiu dng nh
l s nhn bit mc gi tham kho ca cc sn phm tham kho cng vi gi tr
khc bit gia sn phm tham kho v sn phm quan tm.
Mc gi ti a c th hin nh sau:
Pmax = pref + pdiff
trong : Pmax l gi ti a, pref l gi tr tham kho, pdiff l gi tr khc bit. Gi tr
tham kho (pref) l chi ph m khch hng b ra mua mt sn phm cnh tranh m
h cho l s thay th tt nht ca sn phm h ang quan tm. Gi tr khc bit
(pdiff) l gi tr ca bt k s khc bit no gia sn phm quan tm v sn phm
tham kho. Nh vy, sn phm hon ho, u vit nht so vi cc sn phm cnh
tranh s c gi bn ti a. Mu cht c gi bn ti a l khc bit ha sn phm,

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

tc l sa i mt sn phm lm n thu ht hn, khc bit hn i vi mt nhm
khch hng nht nh. S khc bit i hi mt chin lc gi tinh vi da vo gi tr
nhn c ca sn phm (Kotler v Armstrong (2001), dn theo Breidert (2005)).

3.1.1.3 Gi hn ch:

Theo Varian ((2003), dn theo Breidert (2005)): Cc nh kinh t gi mc sn

lng chi tr ti a ca mt ngi l mc gi hn ch ca ngi . Gi hn ch l
mc gi cao nht m mt ngi chp nhn v vn mua sn phm. Ni cch khc,
gi hn ch ca mt ngi l mc gi m ti anh y hoc c y quyt nh gia
vic mua hng v khng mua hng.
Theo Breidert (2005), gi hn ch (pres) ca mt vi sn phm l mc gi m
ti ngi tiu dng khng thy s khc bit gia vic tiu th hoc khng tiu
th sn phm (hoc bt k loi hng ha no khc ca cng mt lp sn phm).

3.1.2 Mc sn lng chi tr theo l thuyt marketing

Theo Breidert (2005), khi mua sm mt sn phm, khch hng sn lng chi
tr bao nhiu ph thuc vo gi tr kinh t nhn c v mc hu dng ca sn
phm. Hai gi tr xc nh mc gi mt ngi sn lng chp nhn l mc gi hn
ch v mc gi ti a. Ty thuc nhn nh ca khch hng khi mua sn phm l
sn phm d nh mua khng c sn phm thay th th c c hu dng ca
sn phm, khch hng sn sng chi tr khon tin cao nht l mc gi hn ch; hoc
sn phm thay th ca sn phm d nh mua c gi tr kinh t thp hn mc hu
dng th mc gi cao nht khch hng chp nhn chi tr bng vi gi tr kinh t ca
sn phm thay th l mc gi ti a. Mc sn lng chi tr c nh ngha l mc
gi cao nht mt c nhn sn sng chp nhn chi tr cho mt hng ha hoc dch v.
Theo Turner, Pearce v Bateman, (1995), dn theo Phan nh Hng, 2011
cho rng mc sn lng chi tr o cng a thch ca mt c nhn hay x hi i
vi mt th hng ha . o lng mc tha mn khi s dng mt hng ha no
trn th trng c bc l bng mc gi sn lng chi tr ca h i vi mt
hng .

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

3.1.2 Khi nim v mc sn lng chi tr theo l thuyt kinh t hc

3.1.2.1 Cu ngi tiu dng

Theo David Begg (2009), cu ca ngi tiu dng v mt hng ha c

nh ngha nh l mi quan h tn ti gia gi c v lng cu ca hng ha ti mt
thi im. Mi im trn ng cu (D) ca hng ha biu din quan h gia gi c
v lng cu tng ng th hin tt c cc mc sn sng tr tin ca ngi tiu
dng i vi hng ho . Gi c v lng cu tn ti mi quan h nghch bin,
lng cu hng ha tng ln khi gi c hng ha thp i.
Xem xt ng cu ca sn phm A ti hnh 1, ngi tiu dng s mua Q 1
n v sn phm vi mc gi 1 n v sn phm l P 1. Ngi tiu dng s mua Q 2
n v sn phm nu mc gi 1 n v sn phm l P 2. Ngi tiu dng s mua
thm lng hng ha l (Q2 Q1) n v nhng gi bn sn phm cng gim t
P1 xung P2.
Hnh 1: ng cu
P Nh vy, khi s lng hng ha tiu th
P1
tng ln, s sn sng tr tin ca ngi tiu
P2
(D) dng cho mi n v hng ha mua thm s
gim xung. iu ny hon ton ph hp
O Q1 Q2 Q
vi quy lut v hu dng cn bin gim dn
3.1.2.2 Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut
.
Xem xt sn phm A c ng cu (D) v ng cung (S) nh hnh 2. Ti
im cn bng th trng M l im ct ca ng cung v ng cu, mc gi cn
bng th trng ca sn phm A l P* v sn lng cn bng th trng l Q*.

Hnh 2: Th ng d tiu dng v th ng d sn xut

P
P1 (S)
CS Th n
g d tiu dng

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

 P* M
PS
P2 (D)

O Th ng d sn xutQ* Q
Ngun: Mankiw (2003)
Phn th ng d ca nh sn xut l chnh l ch gia tng doanh thu (di n tch
hnh P*MQ*O) v tng chi ph (di n tch hnh P2MQ*O), l di n tch tam gic
P2MP*.
i vi ngi tiu dng, h nhn c li ch (quy ra tin) khi mua 1 sn
phm A bng ng s tin h bng lng b ra mua n. Nh vy, ti hnh 2, khi
ngi tiu dng mua Q* sn phm A th li ch h nhn c l din tch hnh
OP1MQ*. Chi ph thc t b ra mua Q * sn phm A l din tch hnh P *MQ*O.
Li ch rng m ngi tiu dng nhn c khi s dng sn phm A l di n tch
tam gic P*MP1. Li ch rng ny chnh l thng d tiu dng. Thng d tiu dng
l s chnh lch gia li ch ca ngi tiu dng nhn c khi tiu dng hng ha
v nhng chi ph thc t c c li ch .

3.1.2.3 Mc sn lng chi tr theo l thuyt kinh t hc

Ngi tiu dng thng chi tiu cho sn phm A h mun tiu dng vi mc
gi th trng l P*. Tuy nhin, ty thuc s thch tiu dng ca c nhn ngi tiu
dng, h chp nhn chi tiu vi mc gi cao hn gi th trng c c sn
phm A. Ti hnh 2, mc gi cao nht ngi tiu dng chp nhn b ra mua sn
phm A l P1. Nh vy, mc sn lng chi tr (WTP) chnh l biu hin s thch tiu
dng, l thc o s tha mn ca khch hng. Ngi tiu dng mua Q * sn phm
A vi gi tr ca mi n v sn phm A chnh l gi tr ca sn phm cui cng l
Q*. Ngi tiu dng c hng thng d tiu dng v h ch phi tr mt lng
gi tr l Q* ng u cho tng n v hng ha mua. Theo quy lut v hu dng
cn bin gim dn, mc tha mn ca khch hng khi tiu dng sn phm A
gim dn t n v sn phm th 1 n n v sn phm th Q *. Mc tha dng
thng d ngi tiu dng s nhn c t n v sn phm th 1 n n v sn
phm th Q*-1. Do vy, ng cu c m t ging nh ng sn lng chi tr ca

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

ngi tiu dng. Min nm di ng cu, bao gm chi ph ngi tiu dng b ra
mua sn phm theo gi th trng v th ng d ngi tiu dng nh n c khi s
dng sn phm, o lng tng gi tr ca WTP. Hay ni cch khc:

SOP MQ =SOP MQ +SP MP

1
* * * *
1

trong :

SOP MQ : l di n tch hnh OP MQ

1
*
1
*
thu c min nm di ng cu, biu th tng
gi tr mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi tiu dng.

SOP MQ : l di n tch hnh OP MQ , biu th chi ph tnh theo gi th trng ca

* * * *

sn phm.

SP MP : l di n tch hnh P MP , biu th th ng d ngi tiu dng nh n c khi

*
1
*
1

mua sn phm.

3.1.3 Cc phng php xc nh mc sn lng chi tr

i vi nh sn xut, trc khi cung cp hng ha, dch v n ngi tiu

dng h thng xem xt s bn hng ha, dch v ca mnh vi mc gi l bao
nhiu tin. trnh vi c nh gi hng ha m t cch trc quan, khng c s tnh
ton chnh xc, dn n nhng sai lm v gi c nh hng n doanh thu v li
nhu n, nh sn xut phi cn nhc v gi bn, s lng bn ra v li nhu n k vng
thu c.

i vi ngi tiu dng, khi mua mt hng ha hay s dng mt dch v, h

quan tm n mc thng d tiu dng m h nhn c khi s dng. V ngn
sch ca ngi tiu dng l hu hn nn h lun la chn mua cc sn phm mang
li cho h nhiu th ng d tiu dng hn.

Do , vic xc nh mc sn lng chi tr cn c p dng trong qu trnh

nh gi bn sn phm hng ha, dch v v xc nh c im cn c ca hng ha,

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

dch v (trong qu trnh xy dng sn phm) ca nh sn xut. Mc ch ca vi c
xc nh mc sn lng chi tr l xc nh tha mn nhu cu ngi tiu dng, xc
nh mc chi ph khch hng sn sng b ra xy dng gi bn ti u nhm ti a
ha li nhu n thu c.

Mc sn lng chi tr c xc nh bng nhiu phng php khc nhau.

Theo Turner, Pearce v Bateman (1995) c 02 nhm phng php c bn xc
nh l: phng php nh gi hng ha thng qua ng cu (cch ca Marshall
hoc Hicks) v phng php nh gi hng ha khng thng qua ng cu.

Cc phng php khng thng qua ng cu: phng php ny khng th

cung cp thng tin nh gi, cc o lng v li ch thc nhng vn l cng
c tm ti hu ch thm nh chi ph li ch ca cc d n sn xut. Bao
gm cc phng php:
Phng php Thay i nng sut (Changes in Productivity): c s
dng xc nh gi tr kinh t ca s thay i sn lng. u im
ca phng php ny l n gin, d hiu, d thc hin v c th xc
nh c trc tip gi tr kinh t, da trn cc thng tin d thu thp
v quan st c v gi v cc mc sn lng trn th trng. Tuy
nhin, vic p dng phng php ny gp phi vn nht nh chng
hn nh sn lng, gi tr hng ha c th b phn nh sai trong mt
s tnh hung thay i hoc hng ha s dng a mc ch cn c s
nh i v gi tr
Phng php Chi ph thay th (Substitue Cost Method): c s dng
tnh cc chi ph s dng bin php thay th hoc phc hi
loi b hoc gim lc cc tc ng bt li chng hn nh tc ng
ca nhim khng kh i vi c s h tng l cu ng, nh ca
Phng php ny kh n gin trong ng dng do khng phi thc
hin cc cuc iu tra chi tit nhng vic xc nh cc bin php thay
th hoc phc hi i khi rt kh khn dn n tnh ton chi ph
khng chnh xc.

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

 Phng php chi ph phng nga (Preventive Cost Method): trnh
cc thit hi c th nhn thy trc, cc bin php phng nga thng
c s dng vi chi ph thp hn thit hi thc t xy ra. Chi ph
phng nga ny c dng lm c s tnh ton chi ph thit hi.
Phng php ny n gin v c chi ph thp hn thc t thit hi
nhng chi ph phng nga lun b hn ch bi thu nhp. Chng hn
nh vic tim chng phng bnh, chi ph xy dng iu,
Phng php chi ph y t (Cost of Illness): c s dng trong trng
hp pht sinh chi ph do sc khe con ngi b nh hng bi
nhim mi trng. Chi ph v dch v y t chng hn nh chi ph
khm cha bnh, thuc men, chi ph do nng sut lao ng gim
c tnh l chi ph do nhim mi trng tc ng n sc khe con
ngi.
Phng php thng qua ng cu: cung cp cc thng tin nh gi v cc
o lng v li ch, gi tr thng d tiu dng. Bao gm cc phng php:
Phng php o lng mc tha dng (Hedonistic Pricing Method):
c s dng c tnh gi tr ca mi trng n trong gi tr ca
cc hng ha, dch v thng thng nh gi tr ca khung cnh b
sng n trong gi bn ca mnh t ven sng. Gi bn ca mnh t
ven sng s cao hn gi bn ca mnh t khng c khung cnh b
sng, mc chnh lch gia hai mnh t ny l c s tnh gi tr
kinh t ca khung cnh b sng.
Phng php chi ph du lch (Travel Cost Method): c s dng
nh gi gi tr gii tr ti cc a im c khch tham quan nh cng
vin, khu bo tn thin nhin, bi binGi v vo ca m khch
tham quan phi b ra khi n thm cng vin, khu bo tn thng
rt r, khng phn nh ng gi tr gii tr ni nhng c th dng
d liu tng chi ph du lch khch tham quan phi chi tr n khu
bo tn, cng vin xem xt. u im ca phng php ny l d
c chp nhn v da trn s chp nhn chi tr thc t ca khch

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

 tham quan nhng vic ny i hi phi c iu tra quy m rng, phn
tch thng k phc tp v vn a mc ch khi du khch tham quan
nhiu a im trong cng mt chuyn i.
Phng php nh gi ngu nhin (Contigent Valuation Method): l
phng php thc hin kho st, a tra nhiu cu hi v sn phm
cng nh cc c im kinh t x hi, to nn tnh hung gi nh,
xut mt hoc nhiu phng n bn sn phm vi nhiu mc gi khc
nhau cho ngi tiu dng la chn. Phng php ny phc tp v tn
km hn, i hi thc hin phn tch thng k phc tp.

3.1.4 Cc yu t tc ng n mc sn lng chi tr:

Khi ni m mc sn lng chi tr c s dng kh nhiu trong lnh vc kinh

t mi trng. Theo Hanley v Spash (1993), dn theo Hong Th Hng (2008),
mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi c iu tra c th b nh hng bi cc yu t
ho c cc bin khc nhau, bao gm c im kinh t x h i ca ngi nh thu
nh p, trnh hc vn, ...v m t s bin o lng "s lng" ca cht lng mi
trng. Ni cch khc, mc sn lng chi tr c th c biu din bng hm s nh
sau:
WTP = f(Ii, Ai, Ei, qi)
Trong :
- i: ch s quan st hay s ngi c iu tra.
- WTP: mc sn lng chi tr.
- I: Bin thu nh p
- A: Bin tui
- E: Bin trnh hc vn
- q: Bin o lng "s lng" ca cht lng mi trng.

Khi p dng khi ni m mc sn lng chi tr vo cc lnh vc khc bn ngoi

kinh t mi trng, cn xem xt thm cc bin c th nh hng n mc sn lng
chi tr. V cc bin thu c c im kinh t x h i ca ngi c iu tra, cc
bin c th nh hng nh tui, ngnh ngh, ni sng, hc vn, thu nh p,....Cc
bin o lng "s lng" ca cht lng mi trng y nn c hiu l cht
lng ca hng ha. dch v m nghin cu ang xem xt.

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

3.2 Cc nghin cu trc

Johnson v ctg (2006) thc hin nghin cu v mc sn lng chi tr cho cc

hot ng gii tr v th thao khng chuyn ca ngi dn ti thnh ph Alberta
(Canada). Nghin cu s dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin v l thuyt hnh
vi theo k hoch (Theory of Planned Behavior) xc nh mc sn lng chi tr
cho th thao v gii tr Alberta v cc tiu chun o c c cc c nh hng
n mc sn lng chi tr ny khng. Kho st s dng kt qu iu tra tr li ca
967 ngi. i tng kho st c a ra hai kch bn gi thuyt, mt lin quan
n th thao v mt lin quan n ngh thut. Kch bn v th thao cho rng chnh
quyn Alberta dng nh ngh m rng cc chng trnh gii tr v th thao
khng chuyn, nhng cng i hi gia tng thu thu nhp a phng. Kch bn v
ngh thut cng c a ra tng t. Mi kch bn c kho st trn 50% i
tng kho st ca nghin cu. M hnh WTP i vi cc chng trnh gii tr v
th thao ti Alberta c cc tc gi xy dng:

WTP = f($TAX, SCOPE, FIRST, MALE, RURAL, INCOME, MORAL)

vi $TAX: mc gia tng thu thu nhp hng nm i tng kho st b yu cu tr;
SCOPE: im phn trm gia tng khi tham gia, FIRST: bin gi ch ra rng kch bn
gii tr v th thao c gii thiu trc, MALE: gii tnh (nam hoc n), RURAL:
khu vc sng, INCOME: thu nhp hng nm cc h gia nh, MORAL: l bin t
l ch s gia tng n nh o c khi s dng tin c cc gy qu chng
trnh gii tr v th thao. Kt qu kho st c tnh mc sn lng chi tr c tnh
hng nm l 18.33$ trn mt h dn ti Alberta (Canada) cho vic nng cp nh cc
chng trnh gii tr v th thao khng chuyn vt xa mc sn lng chi tr c
tnh ca cc h gia nh ti M trnh gy tn hi cho cc i tuyn th thao tham
gia gii chuyn nghip. Bn cnh , nghin cu cng nh n xt cc tiu chun o
c c cc khng nh hng n mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn.

Zaiton Samdin (2008) thc hin nghin cu mc sn lng chi tr gi v ca

khch du lch khi n tham quan Cng vin quc gia Taman Negara (TNNP) ti

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

Malaysia s dng cc hng ha phi th trng l v p phong cnh, rng nhit
i v cuc sng hoang d. Kho st s dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin
CVM, thu thp s liu bng cch a ra bng cu hi phng vn 180 khch du lch
ti cng vin. Kho st s dng ly mu phn tng vi cc mu c t trong 2
nhm da trn quc tch l ngi Malaysia (gm c 80 khch) v quc t (gm c
100 khch). Bng cu hi c chia thnh 3 phn: c im ca chuyn thm, c
im chi tr v c im x hi - nhn khu hc. Phn u tin c thit k c
thng tin v cc c im lin kt vi TNNP chng hn nh cc ngun thng tin v
TNNP v l do ca chuyn thm. Phn th hai c thit k xc nh c im
ca vic chi tr v gi tr trung bnh ca mc sn lng chi tr i vi ph vo ca
TNNP. Phn ny hi i tng kho st c sn lng chi tr nu ph vo ca hin nay
tng ln hay khng? Cu hi c a ra khm ph s sn lng ca khch hng
tr ph cao hn. Cch tip cn ny c gi l "tr chi u thu" vi 3 mc gi
khc nhau l thp, trung bnh v cao c chn ph hp vi c khch ngi
Malaysia v khch quc t mang li cho h c hi phn ng cu hi cho n khi h
c mc sn lng chi tr ti a. Phn cui cng ca bng cu hi cp n cc
thng tin nhn khu hc ca khch tham quan nh quc tch, tui, gii tnh, tnh
trng hn nhn, hc vn v thu nhp. Kt qu kho st thu c: (i) v c im chi
tr: kho st cho rng khch tham quan sn lng cho tr mc ph vo ca cao hn.
T l ng chi tr ca khch gim dn khi ph vo ca tng ln. 80.6% khch
ng tr ph vo ca mc ph thp (3RM), ch c 15% khch ng mc ph
vo ca cao (30RM), 23.9% khch tham quan tr tin vo ca v s dng cc
thit b gii tr, 11.1% tr tin s dng cc thit b gii tr tt hn, 56.1% tr tin
vo ca tham quan v hng n vic bo tn cng vin; (ii) v gi tr sn lng
chi tr trung bnh: mc sn lng chi tr trung bnh ca khch tham quan l
13.06RM, khch quc t sn lng chi tr ph vo ca 18.47 RM, con s ca khch
Malaysia l 6.32 RM; (iii) v c im nhn khu hc ca khch tham quan, kt qu
kho st thu c l 60% khch tham quan nam gii, 53.3% kt hn, khch tham
quan c tui t 26 n 35 chim 41.7%, tui t 18 n 25 chim 31.7%,

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

55,6% l khch quc t, 27.2% khch tham quan c trnh tt nghip trung hc,
26.7% tt nghip i hc v 23.9% c trnh hc vn sau i hc, 52.8% khch
tham quan c thu nhp di 1000 la, 17.2% khch c thu nhp t 1001 - 2000
la; (iv) v c im ca chuyn tham quan: thng tin v TNNP c tm hiu thng
qua sch hng dn du lch c 95 phn hi, 91 phn hi thng qua gia nh v bn
be, hu ht khch tham quan (158 phn hi) lin tng TNNP vi rng nhit i, 93
phn hi lin tng vi s a dng ng vt thc vt, 93 phn hi lin tng vi
cuc sng hoang d. 25.4% khch tham quan n TNNP bng xe c nhn, 23%
bng xe tham quan, 21% bng xe cng cng v 12.2% bng thuyn.

Nguyn Vn Song & ctg (2011) thc hin nghin cu xc nh mc sn lng

chi tr ca cc h nng dn v dch v thu gom, qun l v x l cht thi rn sinh
hot a bn th trn Tru Qu v x Kiu K, huyn Gia Lm, H Ni". Nghin
cu s dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin CVM, thc hin iu tra trn 116 h
dn ang sinh sng trn a bn. Nghin cu gi nh cht lng hng ha dch v
mi trng s c ci thin ng k nh c nhiu chuyn chuyn ch cht thi rn
sinh hot hn, ng ph c thm nhiu cy xanh v lun sch p... nhm to cnh
quan, mi trng xanh sch... th mc sn lng chi tr cho s ci thin dch v l
bao nhiu. Bn cnh , cc h dn cn c hi v mc sn lng chi tr ca mnh
khi tham gia mua hng ha dch v mi trng c cnh quan xanh sch p. Nghin
cu a ra cc mc chi tr c ca 1 ngi vi mc chi tr thp nht l 0 ng,
cao nht l 20.000 ng/ thng. Nghin cu xy dng m hnh hi quy nh sau:

WTPi = 0 + 1 Geni + 2 Edui + 3 Inci + 4 D1i + 5 D2i + 6 D3i + 7 D4i + 8 Age +

9 Nf+ ui

trong : WTP l mc sn lng chi tr ca 1 ngi dn (n v tnh: nghn ng);

Inc: bin thu nhp (n v tnh: triu ng); Edu: bin trnh hc vn (n v tnh:
s nm i hc); Age: s tui ca ngi c phng vn; N f: s ngi trong mt h
gia nh; Gen: gii tnh, D1, D2, D3, D4 l cc bin gi th hin ngh nghip ca
ngi c phng vn tng ng ln lt vi bun bn, cng chc nh nc, nng

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

nghip v sn xut nh. Sai s ui tun theo phn phi chun v c lp, gi tr trung
bnh bng khng. Sau khi thc hin phng vn cc h dn trn a bn kho st,
nghin cu a ra m hnh c lng:

WTP = 1.7758 + 0.6180 Gen + 0.1062 Edu + 0.0028 Inc + 0.4972 D 1 + 0.5183 D2 +
0.7770 D3 + 0.2753 D4 + 0.0282 Age - 1.0042 Nf

Vi h s tng quan bnh phng ca m hnh Rsquare nhn gi tr 0.5112, m

hnh gii thch 51.12% s thay i ca mc WTP, 48.8% cn li l do cc yu t
khc cha a vo m hnh. Nghin cu tnh ton c mc sn lng chi tr
bnh qun ca mt h nng dn cho dch v thu gom, qun l, x l rc thi l
6.000 ng/ thng. Nghin cu cng phn tch s nh hng ca tng yu t n
mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn. Bin thu nhp c nh hng ln nht, t l
thun vi mc sn lng chi tr ca c nhn. Cc c nhn c thu nhp 3 triu ng
tr ln c mc sn lng chi tr l 20 ngn ng, cc c nhn c thu nhp di 1
triu ng c mc sn lng chi tr bng 0 chim 50%. Ty thuc tng ngh nghip
khc nhau m mc WTP ca ngi dn khc nhau. Ngi lm trong khu vc nh
nc c mc WTP l 8.500 ng/ thng, k n l ngi lm bun bn c mc
WTP l 6.800 ng/ thng, ngi lm sn xut nh l 6.400ng/thng v c mc
WTP thp nht l nhng ngi lm nng nghip vi 3.800 ng/ thng. Trnh
hc vn cng cao th mc WTP cng cao, nam gii c mc WTP cao hn n gii
(6.673 ng so vi 5.390 ng), ngi c tui cng cao cng c thc bo v
mi trng, h gia nh no c nhiu ngi th ngi c phng vn c mc WTP
thp hn vi cc yu t khc nh nhau... l nhng nhn xt tip theo c nghin
cu a ra.

Phan nh Hng (2011) thc hin nghin cu mc sn lng chi tr ca

ngi dn i vi dch v cp nc sch ti Thnh ph Cao Lnh. Nghin cu s
dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin CVM, thc hin iu tra phng vn 172
mu ngu nhin l cc h gia nh ang sng trn a bn thnh ph Cao Lnh
(ng Thp) khu vc cha c h thng cp nc. Nghin cu dng phng php

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

nh lng xy dng m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh s dng phng php bnh phng
nh nht thng thng (OLS) phn tch, nh gi, xc nh cc yu t nh hng
n mc sn lng chi tr ca cc h gia nh. M hnh c nghin cu a ra nh
sau:

WTP = f(GT, TUOI, KV, THV, NN, SN, L, TTN, NGN, LN, NT)

trong : WTP l mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn i vi dch v cp nc sch,

GT: gii tnh ch h , TUOI: tui ca ch h , KV: khu vc sng ca ch h thnh
th hay nng thn, THV: trnh hc vn ca ch h , NN: ngh nghi p ca ch
h . SN: s ngi trong h , L: s ngi i lm trong h , TTN: tng thu nh p ca
h , NGN: ngun nc h gia inh ang dng, LN: lng nc s dng trong thng
ca h gia nh, NT: nh n thc v mi trng i vi cc ngun nc. Kt qu
phn tch hi quy ca nghin cu ch ra rng m t s bin c l p nh gii tnh
ca ch h (GT), tui ca ch h (TUOI), ngh nghi p ca ch h (NN) khng c
ngha thng k. Cc bin c l p cn li c nh hng (58%) n bin ph thu c
l mc sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn WTP. Nghin cu cng a ra kt qu kho
st v mc sn lng chi tr ca ch h cho 1m3 nc sch khi cp n tng h gia
nh, mc sn lng chi tr trung bnh l 4.956 ng/ m 3, hn 50% s ngi dn c
mc sn lng tr di mc 5.000 ng/ m3 nc sch. So snh kt qu nghin cu
v thc t ti a phng, tc gi xut cc chnh sch v gii php nng cao
mc sn lng chi tr v nh n thc ca ngi dn i vi dch v nc sch, gi gn
v khai thc hp l ngun ti nguyn nc, chng nghim mi trng.

So vi cc nghin cu trc y, nghin cu ny c thc hi n theo phng php

nh gi ngu nhin CVM nh gi mc sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin,
thu thp s liu bng cch phng vn trc tip hc vin da trn bng cu hi
xy dng, s dng k thut tr u thu (bidding game) khi hi hc vin v mc
sn lng chi tr hc ph ca h, chy m hnh hi quy phn tch mc nh
hng ca cc yu t n mc sn lng chi tr ca hc vin. Nghin cu ny thc
hi n phng vn hc vin ang theo hc chng trnh o to thc s ti trng i

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc Kinh T TP.HCM. 02 trng ny c nhiu khc
bit v cc yu t:c s vt cht, chng trnh o to, i ng ging vin, hot
ng qun l ca nh trng.... c bi t, mc hc ph hi n ti ca 02 trng l
khc nhau nn cc mc hc ph a ra hi hc vin v mc sn lng chi tr ca
h s c iu chnh cho ph hp vi thc t ti mi trng. S lng mu thu
th p ti c 2 trng l 399. Nghin cu tin hnh phng vn, thu th p s li u,
thc hin thng k m t theo cc tiu ch c th so snh, nh gi v chng
trnh o to thc s, mc hc ph hc vin sn lng chi tr ti 02 trng.

4. Phng php nghin cu

4.1 Phng php nghin cu

Nghin cu ny thc hi n ti 02 trng i hc ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh

l trng i hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc Kinh T TP.HCM. Vi c kho st
mc sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin 02 trng c thc hi n bng phng
php nh gi ngu nhin CVM. Tc l da vo bng cu hi xy dng sn, iu tra
vin phng vn tng hc vin, a ra nhiu cu hi v sn phm cng nh cc c
im kinh t x h i, sau to nn tnh hung gi nh, xut m t ho c nhiu
phng n bn sn phm vi nhiu mc gi khc nhau ngi tiu dng la chn
v sn sng chi tr.

S dng phn mm SPSS v Excel phn tch s li u s cp thu c t

hot ng phng vn. Phn tch nhn t EFA, kim nh tin c y ca thang o
Cronbach's Alpha, hi quy... v thng k m t c s dng.

4.2 M hnh nghin cu

Cn c kt qu v m hnh nghin cu cc tc gi thc hin trc y v

mc sn lng chi tr i vi cc sn phm phi th trng bng phng php nh
gi ngu nhin, lun vn ny xem mc sn lng chi tr hc ph WTP trong phm vi
nghin cu ny l bin ph thuc. Nghin cu xc nh c 12 bin c lp c tc
ng n bin ph thuc, c chia lm 2 nhm: nhm (1) l 7 bin c lp thuc
v c tnh c nhn hc vin, gm c: gii tnh hc vin, tui hc vin, ngh

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

nghip hin ti ca hc vin, thu nhp hng thng ca hc vin, khu vc sng ca
hc vin, chuyn ngnh hc ca hc vin, li ch hc vin nh n c t vi c hc
thc s, v nhm (2) l 5 bin c lp thuc cc yu t bn ngoi hc vin, gm c:
c s vt cht hc tp, i ng ging vin ging dy, chng trnh o to, hot
ng qun l ca nh trng v s quan tm ca nh trng ti hc vin.
Nghin cu s dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin CVM nghin cu
cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc thng qua hot ng iu tra kho st cc hc
vin ang theo hc chng trnh o to thc s trong nc ti 02 trng trong
phm vi kho st v mc sn lng chi tr hc ph. M hnh nghin cu c xy
dng:
WTP = f(G_TINH, D_TUOI, N_NGHIEP, T_NHAP, K_VUC, C_NGANH,
L_ICH, V_CHAT, G_VIEN, D_TAO, Q_LY, Q_TAM)
trong :
WTP : Mc sn lng chi tr hc ph ca hc vin i vi chng
trnh o to thc s.
G_TINH : Gii tnh ca hc vin
D_TUOI : tui ca hc vin.
N_NGHIEP : Ngh nghip hin nay ca hc vin.
T_NHAP : Thu nhp hng nm ca hc vin.
K_VUC : Khu vc hc vin sinh sng.
C_NGANH : Chuyn ngnh hc ca hc vin.
L_ICH : Li ch hc vin nh n c sau khi hc thc s.
V_CHAT : C s vt cht hc tp.
G_VIEN : Ging vin ging dy.
D_TAO : Chng trnh o to
Q_LY : Hot ng qun l ca nh trng
Q_TAM : S quan tm ca nh trng.
Hnh 4.2: M hnh nghin cu.
GII TNH

C S VT CHT
TUI

GING VIN
NGH NGHIP Mc sn lng chi tr
hc ph ca hc vin
CHNG TRINH
THU NHP i vi chng trnh O TO
o to thc s trong
KHU VC SNG nc HOT NG QUN L
CUA NH TRNG

CHUYN S QUAN TM CUA NH

NGNH HOC cng nghin cu TRNG
Ng Thnh Trung
LI CH
NHN C
 Tc gi xc nh cc yu t nh hng n mc sn lng chi tr hc ph bng
vic s dng phng php nh lng xy dng m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh sau:

WTP = 0 + 1G_TINH + 2 D_TUOI + 3 N_NGHIEP + 4 T_NHAP + 5

K_VUC + 6C_NGANH + 7L_ICH + 8 V_CHAT + 9 G_VIEN + + 10
D_TAO + 11Q_LY + 12Q_TAM+ e

trong : 0: h s t do (tung gc), i (vi i = 1, 2, 312): h s hi quy ring

ca tng yu t, e: sai s ngu nhin.
Bin phu thu c:
WTP: l bin ph thuc, mc gi sn lng chi tr hc ph chng trnh o
to thc s (n v tnh: triu ng/ kha hc 2 nm).
Bin c l p:
Bin G_TINH: gii tnh ca hc vin. D liu ca bin ny thu c t
thang o nh danh nn khng c gi tr s hc thc hin cc php tnh nn tc
gi s dng bin ny l bin dummy v nh n gi tr bng 1 nu hc vin l nam,
ngc li l 0. Cc hc vin nam thng chi tiu "thong", t suy tnh c n k nn c
mc sn lng chi tr cao hn cc hc vin n nn c k vng c tc ng dng
(+) i vi bin ph thuc WTP.
Bin D_TUOI: tui ca hc vin. Cc hc vin c tui cao thng i
lm nhiu nm, thu nh p nhiu hn cc hc vin tr tui nn mc sn lng chi tr
hc ph ca h cng cao hn hc vin tr tui. Cc hc vin c tui cao c k
vng tc ng dng (+) ln bin ph thuc WTP v ngc li, hc vin tr tui
c k vng c tc ng m (-) ln bin WTP.
Bin N_NGHIEP: ngh nghip ca hc vin. Tng t nh bin G_TINH,
y l bin dummy v c quy c nh sau:
N_NGHIEP = N_NGHIEPNV: hc vin c ngh nghip l nhn vin vn
phng nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
N_NGHIEP = N_NGHIEPCT: hc vin c ngh nghip l nh qun l cp
trung nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
N_NGHIEP = N_NGHIEPCC: hc vin c ngh nghip l nh qun l cp
cao nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
Bin T_NHAP: mc thu nhp hng thng ca hc vin (n v tnh: triu
ng/ thng). Mc thu nhp hng thng cao hn th mc sn lng chi tr cho hc

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

ph nhiu hn nn tc gi k vng bin ny c tc ng dng (+) i vi bin ph
thuc WTP.
Bin K_VUC: xc nh hc vin sinh sng thnh ph H Ch Minh hay ti
cc tnh/ thnh ph khc. Bin ny l bin dummy v nh n gi tr l 1 nu hc vin
sinh sng thnh ph H Ch Minh v ngc li l 0 nu hc vin sinh sng
nhng tnh/ thnh ph khc. Nhng hc vin sng thnh ph H Ch Minh tham
gia cc lp hc d dng hn, t tn km chi ph khc ngoi hc ph (nh chi ph di
chuyn, thu nh ) hn nn c mc sn lng chi tr cho hc ph cao hn hc
vin cc tnh thnh khc. K vng hc vin sinh sng thnh ph H Ch Minh
c tc ng dng (+) i vi bin ph thuc WTP v ngc li.
Bin C_NGANH: chuyn ngnh hc ca hc vin. M c d tn gi chuyn
ngnh hc ca 2 trng c s khc bi t nhng thc cht vn l 3 chuyn ngnh hc
chung l Kinh t hc, Ti chnh - ngn hng v Qun tr kinh doanh. y l bin
dummy v c quy c nh sau:
C_NGANH = C_NGANHKT: hc vin hc chuyn ngnh Kinh t hc
nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
C_NGANH = C_NGANHTC: hc vin hc chuyn ngnh Ti chnh -
Ngn hng nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
C_NGANH = C_NGANHQT: hc vin hc chuyn ngnh Qun tr kinh
doanh nh n gi tr l 1, ngc li nh n gi tr l 0.
Bin L_ICH: li ch hc vin nh n c t kha hc thc s. Hc vin nh n
c li ch nhiu hn th mc sn lng chi tr hc ph nhiu hn nn k vng c
tc ng dng (+) i vi bin ph thu c WTP.
Bin V_CHAT: c s v t cht phc v hc t p ti trng. nh gi v c
s v t cht phc v hc t p ca hc vin cng tt th mc sn lng chi tr hc ph
ca hc vin cng cao nn k vng tc ng dng (+) i vi bin WTP.
Bin G_VIEN: i ng ging vin ging dy chng trnh o to thc s
ca nh trng. Hc vin nh gi tt v i ng ging vin ging dy chng trnh
hc s sn lng chi tr hc ph cao hn nn k vng c tc ng dng (+) i vi
bin WTP.

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

 Bin D_TAO: chng trnh o to. Hc vin nh gi tt v chng trnh
o to c hc s sn lng chi tr hc ph cao hn nn k vng c tc ng
dng (+) i vi bin WTP v ngc li.
Bin Q_LY: hot ng qun l ca nh trng. Hc vin nh gi tt v hot
ng qun l ca nh trng s sn lng chi tr hc ph cao hn nn k vng c tc
ng dng (+) i vi bin WTP v ngc li.
Bin Q_TAM:s quan tm ca nh trng ti hc vin. Hc vin nh gi
tt v s quan tm ca nh trng s sn lng chi tr hc ph cao hn nn k vng
c tc ng dng (+) i vi bin WTP v ngc li.

i vi cc bin L_ICH, V_CHAT, G_VIEN, D_TAO, Q_LY, Q_TAM,

tc gi s dng thang o Likert 05 mc (01: hon ton khng ng , 02: khng
ng , 03: khng kin, 04: ng , 05: hon ton ng ) thu th p d li u v
nh gi ca hc vin i vi cc bin quan st thuc tng bin ny.

5. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu

- i tng nghin cu l hc vin ang theo hc chng trnh o to thc s

trong nc ti trng i hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc Kinh T
TP.HCM.
- Nghin cu thc hi n ti trng i hc M TP.HCM v trng i hc
Kinh T TP.HCM.
6. D liu nghin cu

Nghin cu s dng 02 loi s li u phc v cho vi c phn tch nh gi mc

sn lng chi tr hc ph chng trnh thc s ca hc vin l s li u th cp v s
li u s cp.

S li u th cp c s dng l s li u c sn ca cc khoa/ vi n o to
sau i hc ti cc trng i hc thu c phm vi nghin cu. Bn cnh l s li u
thu th p c qua sch, bo, tp ch, cc nghin cu trc v thng tin trn mng
internet. Cc s li u cn thu th p nh: quy m o to, ngnh ngh o to,
chng trnh o to, hc ph hng nm, thc trng o to thc s...

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

 Kho st mc sn lng chi tr bng phng php nh gi ngu nhin CVM
l cc iu tra vin phng vn tng hc vin, a ra nhiu cu hi v sn phm
cng nh cc c im kinh t x hi; sau to nn mt tnh hung gi nh,
xut mt hoc nhiu phng n bn sn phm vi nhiu mc gi khc nhau hc
vin la chn v sn sng chi tr. Do , s li u s cp ca nghin cu c thc
hi n da trn bng cu hi l p sn iu tra, phng vn trc tip cc hc vin
ang theo hc thc s ti cc trng i hc thu c phm vi nghin cu.
Tng s mu iu tra ti c hai trng i hc l 399 v thc hi n bng
phng php chn mu thu n ti n. Bng cu hi phng vn c thit k da trn
m hnh nghin cu xy dng, a ra cc cu hi lin quan n bin ph thuc
v cc bin c lp. K thu t tr u thu (bidding game) vi u im d thc
hi n, xc nh chnh xc mc WTP ln nht, c p dng trong bng cu hi
phng vn xc nh mc sn lng chi tr WTP. Ngi c phng vn tr li cc
cu hi v mc hc ph m h sn lng chi tr t cao n thp. Mc hc ph ban
u phi c xem xt k trc khi a ra phng vn, nu ngi c phng vn
khng ng th h thp dn xung n khi ngi tr li ng vi mc sn lng
chi tr ca h.

7. Y ngha thc tin ca ti

ti ny gp phn gip cc nh qun l ti cc trng i hc c B

Gio dc v o to cho php ho c giao nhi m v o to trnh thc s trong
nc xy dng chnh sch hc ph ph hp nhm tng tnh cnh tranh, thu ht hc
vin theo hc.

8. Ti liu tham kho

Ting Vit

B Gio dc v o to (2011), Thng k gio dc t 1999 n 2011.

B Gio dc v o to (2011), Thng t s 10/2011/TT-BGDT v vic ban hnh
quy ch o to trnh thc s.
Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hi p Quc UNDP (2007), Bo co Pht trin con
ngi 2007 - 2008, trang 370 - 377.

cng nghin cu Ng Thnh Trung

David Begg (2009), Kinh t hc vi m, Nh xut bn Thng K.
ng C ng sn Vi t Nam (2011), Chin lc pht trin kinh t - xa h i 2011 -
2020.
Hong Th Hng (2008), Tm hiu mc sn long chi tra ca ngi dn v vi c thu
gom v x ly rc thai bng phng php to dng thi trng ti khu vc
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Website bo Thanh Nin, Gn 50% giang vin cha co bng sau H:
http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20120529/gan-50-giang-vien-chua-co-
bang-sau-dh.aspx
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Nng ph duy t n Quy hoch pht trin nhn lc thnh ph
Nng giai on 2011 - 2020 : http://www.cphud.danang.gov.vn/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=1698:quy-hoac-phat-
trien&catid=193:da-nang&Itemid=556
Website Bo i n t ng C n g sn Vi t Nam,TP.HCM: u tin o to, bi
dng,s dng cn b tre :
http://dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?
co_id=30077&cn_id=512861

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Website trng i hc M TP.HCM: http://www.ou.edu.vn/
Website trng i hc Kinh T TP.HCM: http://www.ueh.edu.vn/
Website trng i hc Ngn hng TP.HCM: http://buh.edu.vn/
Website trng i hc Kinh T - Lu t (i hc Quc gia TP.HCM):
http://www.uel.edu.vn/
Website trng i hc Tn c Thng: http://www.tut.edu.vn/

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