Tạp chi khoa học/nhà xuất bản ảo, giả, giả mạo - Fake Journal/Publisher

ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online)
Predatory and Fake Scientific Journals/Publishers

A Global Outbreak with Rising Trend: A Review
Luki TinA*, Blei IvanaA , Basarin BiljanaA , Ivanovi Bibi LjubicaA , Miloevi DraganA , Sakulski DuanB
Received: June 15, 2014 | Revised: July 29, 2014 | Accepted: August 28, 2014
Abstract
In recent times some publishers are intensively exploiting the model of open access publishing. During
the last several years, studies have shown that there was a substantial increase in the number of fake
publishers and hijacked journals. These cyber criminals make money by stealing the identities of legiti-
mate journals and collecting the article processing charges on the papers that are submitted. This is all
accomplished by a well developed framework that includes web development steps, intensive e-mail
marketing and victim selections. This review article strives to recommend that the Bealls list of pred-
atory publishers and journals should be consulted every time when an author plans to submit scientif-
ic work to some of the journals that are indexed by Thomson Reuters/Institute for Scientific Informa-
tion-ISI and covered by the Journal Citation Report. Also, the authors are advised to be up to date
with new information regarding this controversial topic by informing themselves through various web-
sites and specialized scientific portals. The review paper itself strives to summarize the most recent in-
vestigations on predatory and spurious journals/publishers which affect the entire scientific communi-
ty, thus representing an outbreak with rising trend not only on national and regional level, but on global
level as well.
Key words: predatory, journals, publishers, hijacking, cyber criminals, scientific publishing, Bealls list
Introduction brarian, Auraria Library, University of Colorado Den-

In the academic sphere of publishing some publish- ver, USA (Beall, 2012; Rahman, et al., 2014).
ers are exploiting the model of open access publish- Journal hijacking has become an important issue
ing. This means that these publishers may accept the in the academic world. During the last several years,
manuscripts that are flawed in terms of scientific and/ studies have shown that there was a substantial in-
or scholarly quality or charge substantial fees to au- crease in the number of fake publishers and hijacked
thors without providing essential editorial and pub- journals (e.g. Wulfenia Journal, Archives des Scienc-
lishing services. These publishers are known as pred- es, Jkull Journal, Bothalia, Pense Journal, Syl-
atory open access journal publishers. This provocative wan, Ciencia e tecnica vitivinicola, CADMO etc).
term predatory open access was conceived by Jeffrey The academic community has read with great interest
Beall, Associate Professor and Scholarly Initiatives Li- the paper published in the journal Nature in which
A University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Trg Dositeja Obradovia
3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
B University of the Free State, Disaster Management Training and Education Centre (DiMTEC), 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park
West, Bloemfontein, South Africa

* Corresponding author: Luki Tin, e-mail: tin.lukic@dgt.uns.ac.rs
Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 69

Declan Butler reported two sham journals that were Hijacked Scientific Journals
scamming authors (Butler, 2013). According to Butler a tool for cyber criminals
(2013), two print-only journals that do not offer elec-
tronic versions (only hard copy version) were hijacked Stories about fake websites that deceive people into
by cyber criminals. The hijackers set up fake websites paying for goods that are never delivered have been
and took money from authors who were attempting mentioned for many years. Today, a quality research
to publish their original research work in one of the work is only considered as such if it is published in
journals indexed by Science Citation Index Expanded journals that have an impact factor (IF), thus mak-
(SCIE), a Thomson Reuters metric product that com- ing the academic publishers shifting from a tradi-
piles impact factors (IF) for covered journals (Jalalian, tional business model to an open-access model (Jala-
Mahboobi, 2014). lian, Mahboobi, 2014). All this have made it profitable
Hijackers make money by stealing the identities of enough for scammers to add a new line in their busi-
legitimate journals and collecting the article process- ness: Real Money from Fake Journals (e.g. Beall,
ing charges on the papers that are submitted. Accord- 2012; Butler, 2013; Jalalian, Mahboobi, 2014).
ing to the recent research of Jalalian and Mahboobi As presented in the study of Jalalian and Mahboo-
(2014), the cybercriminals have cheated thousands of bi (2014), during the last several years, observations
professors and Ph.D. scholars (mostly from develop- pointed out that cyber criminals have started to im-
ing countries) and those who were in the urgent need itate the names of respectable scientific journals that
of publishing their articles in journals that are cov- publish only printed versions of articles. Such spuri-
ered by the Journal Citation Report (a Thomson Re- ous journals involved not only some relatively young
uters product). The fake scientific journals targeted journals, but also journals with long tradition in pub-
their potential victims using smart ideas both in web lishing such as Wulfenia Journal and Archives des
development steps, e-mail marketing and victim se- Sciences respectively (Figure 1).
lections, thus making themselves hard to distinguish Investigating these kinds of fake journals, Jalalian
from the authentic journals. Usually the target groups and Mahboobi (2014) found evidence of the hijack-
of the cyber criminals are journals with not so high ing of Jkull Journal from Iceland, a South African-
impact factor value (IF), because it would be difficult based journal entitled Bothalia and an old French
for the hijackers to convince the authors that a high journal Pense Journal, all of which have their im-
impact factor journal invited them to publish their pact factor compiled by Journal Citation Report (JCR)
research work, with peer review process done with- (IF varied from 0.017 to 1.067). Recent investigations
in just a couple of weeks. Unfortunately, claiming a noticed one more active spurious journal with hi-
low impact factor (> 0.0) on the fake website is good jacked website (http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/05/02/
enough for authors who are trying to get their work red-alert-polish-scholarly-journal-is-hijacked/),
published in a Thomson Reuters indexed journal in Sylwan, one of the oldest scientific journals in the
the shortest possible time (Jalalian, Mahboobi, 2013; world covering forestry topics, established in 1820 as
2014). the semi-official representative of the Royal Forestry
Also, respectable journal Science published the Corps in Poland (IF 0.295). Since 1966 it has been pub-
controversial article written by John Bohannon, a bi- lished by the Polish Forestry Society (http://sylwan.
ologist and science journalist based at Harvard Uni- ibles.waw.pl/pls/apex/f?p=SYLWAN:profil:0:::::/) (Fig-
versity. Bohannons paper addresses the research in ure 2). The hijacked version of the website purports
which author himself applied to different open-access to be the English Edition of the journal. Also, cy-
publishers by submitting a fake scientific article to a ber criminals edited the Wikipedia article to add the
large number of fee-charging open-access journals, counterfeit web address and distributed a call for pa-
revealing that less than 40% were living up to their pers to the academic public via e-mail, spamming for
promise of rigorously peer-reviewing what is pub- article submissions. Unfortunately, the indication is
lished (Bohannon, 2013). The news about this research that this number of active spurious journals will like-
quickly echoed through the entire scientific commu- ly continue to grow and expand on global level (Jala-
nity making the spotlight and posing some important lian, Mahboobi, 2014).
questions regarding the ethics in scientific publishing The most incredible thing is that cyber criminals
and quality of academic research in general. are acting in a very fast way. Only during month of
This review paper strives to summarize the most June and July 2014 the report from Dr. Mehrdad Jala-
recent investigation on this important topic which af- lian, who is actively involved in research of publica-
fects the entire scientific community, thus represent- tion ethics in academic journalism, indicated big
ing a global outbreak with rising trend. hijack of at least seven scientific journals such as:
Natura from Netherlands, Doriana from Italy,
70 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

Luki Tin, Blei Ivana, Basarin Biljana,
Ivanovi Bibi Ljubica, Miloevi Dragan, Sakulski Duan
Figure 1. Official website of the Archives des Sciences scientific journal (A) and warning message about journal hijacking
with posted internet sites addresses of the fake journal (B)
Source: http://www.unige.ch/sphn/
Cahiers Des Sciences Naturelles from Switzerland, sites of hijacked journals can be created by almost
and Mexican Journal of international studies from anyone who has even minimal knowledge of how to
Mexico. The hijackers cheated the Thomson Reuters design a website by using an open-source Content
by providing a web link to their fake website. Also, the Management Systems (CMSs). According to the Jala-
Journal of Balkan Tribological Association from Bul- lian and Mahboobi (2014), cyber criminals are defi-
garia, Ciencia e tecnica vitivinicola from Portugal nitely familiar with authors behaviors, and they know
and CADMO (Giornale italiano di Pedagogia sper- that many of authors are in urgent need of publishing
imentale/ Italian Journal of Experimental Pedagogy) a couple of ISI papers (i.e. articles published in jour-
from Italy have been hijacked by the cyber criminals nals that are indexed by Thomson Reuters/Institute
as well (http://www.mehrdadjalalian.com/). Spatial for Scientific Information-ISI) within a limited period
distribution of some recently hijacked scientific jour- of time. In the Republic of Serbia, a journal published
nals is presented in Figure 3. by the Serbian Biological Society is currently under
Paying for real, open-access publications is a rea- investigation by the Centre for Evaluation in Educa-
sonable thing to do, but the money should go to rep- tion and Science (CEON/CEES), which runs theSer-
utable, not spurious journals. The extent to which bian National Citation Index in cooperation with the
thousands of authors have incurred strong negative National Library of Serbia. The investigation follows
impacts as the result of having been duped into pub- a revelation by Scholarly Open Access blog that the
lishing in spurious journals is sad, both for those au- journal, Archives of Biological Sciences, accepted a
thors and the scientific community at large. Fake web- scientific paper within the 24 hours with no peer re-

Figure 2. Legitimate Sylwan journal website (A) (http://

sylwan.ibles.waw.pl/pls/apex/f?p=105:1:0), hijacked journal
website (B) (http://sylwan.ibles.org/) and a screenshot
of the spam e-mail being distributed to the academic
community (C) (http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/05/02/red-
alert-polish-scholarly-journal-is-hijacked/). (To trick people,
the counterfeit website contains much correct information
lifted from the authentic journal website)
cusation-of-predatory-practice/). Also, during 2014

in the Autonomous province of Kosovo and Meto-
hija (Southern Serbia), University of Pritinas Rec-
tor has been pressured to resign after it was revealed
he published articles in predatory journals (according
to Bealls list) in order to meet the requirements for
promotion to a full professor. Three articles were pub-
lished in volume 4, issue 3 (2013) of the Internation-
al Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences,
a journal published by the Lucknow, India-based pub-
lisher Society for Science and Nature (http://scholar-
lyoa.com/2014/01/24/university-of-pristina-rector-
under-fire-for-publishing-in-predatory-journals/). In
addition, an article co-authored by the above men-
tioned Rector was published in the scandal-plagued
Romanian scientific journal Metalurgia Internation-
al. The target of a sting operation which was per-
view and demanded 1,785 Euros to publish it. Due to formed by the professors from the Faculty of Organ-
this affair, CEON/CEES have also started a bibliomet- izational Sciences University of Belgrade (Serbia)
ric analysis to address the accusations, before decid- during 2013 has led to the removal of the Metalur-
ing on the course of action (http://www.scilogs.com/ gia International impact factor (IF) and predato-
balkan_science_beat/serbian-journal-archives-of-bi- ry journal disappearance from the internet (http://
ological-sciences-under-investigation-following-ac- scholarlyoa.com/2014/01/24/university-of-pristina-
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of some of the recently hijacked scientific journals

Source: authors work according to http://www.mehrdadjalalian.com/ and http://kobson.nb.rs/kobson.82.html

rector-under-fire-for-publishing-in-predatory-jour- Some of the criticisms that are associated with

nals/). Scientific community in Serbia is somewhat predatory open access publishing also include:
unprotected to this negative trend and insufficiently 1. Accepting articles quickly without peer review or
informed by the Ministry of Education, Science and quality control, including hoax and nonsensical pa-
Technological Development, KoBSON Portal and pers (Gilbert, 2009; Basken, 2009).
COBISS platform. These services provide very general 2. Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit
information about predatory journals with highlights articles or serve on editorial boards (Butler, 2013).
on the Jeffrey Bealls classification of predatory pub- 3. Listing academics as members of editorial boards
lishers and most likely predatory journals (http://kob- without their permission (Beall, 2012), and not al-
son.nb.rs/kobson.82.html). There is an appeal to the lowing academics to resign from editorial boards
researchers to check the International Standard Seri- (Kolata, 2013).
al Number (ISSN) of the journal, not bearing in mind 4. Appointing fake academics to editorial boards. In
that some spurious journals have copied the original some cases the editor and/or review board mem-
ISSN number to their site, making them hard to dis- bers do not possess academic expertise to reason-
tinguish from the authentic journals. In the section of ably qualify them to be publication gatekeepers in
the KoBSON electronic journal database there should the journals field (Rahman et al., 2014).
be a warning against some of the highly suspicious 5. Rapid review and production times (e.g. around 10-
scientific journals which have been hijacked by the 15 days between submitting a draft to final publica-
cyber criminals over the last several years in order to tion) raise questions about the thoroughness of the
prevent possible frauds. review process and the quality of the publication
process (Rahman et al., 2014).
6. Mimicking the name or website style of more es-
Guidelines for identifing the predatory
tablished journals (Kolata, 2013).
scientific journals 7. Majority of the journals is not listed in standard pe-
In the past, a journal title that was unfamiliar to a re- riodical directories and is not widely cataloged in
searcher would be an automatic red-flag for journal library databases (Rahman et al., 2014).
quality. As the number of journals increases exponen- 8. There is no indication of the journals digital pres-
tially (Larsen, von Ins, 2010), scholars and academic ervation policies (Rahman et al., 2014).
researchers have turned to a wide variety of tools to 9. Some of the journals combine two or more fields
help separate quality publications from the rest. Jour- that are not normally treated together. For exam-
nal metrics like the impact factor (IF) (Garfield, 2006) ple: International Journal of Philosophy and Social
and a journals h-index have been used (and misused) Sciences [IJPSS], Global Journal of Pharmaceutical
extensively.In recent years, librarian Jeffery Beall has Sciences and Education [GJPSE], Journal of Ap-
put together a list of the worst journals of all, so-called plied Mathematics and Fluid Mechanics [JAMFM]
predatory journals. Also, he assembled a list of the etc (Rahman, et al., 2014).
predatory publishers by applying the specially desig- 10. The journal/publisher claims to be indexed in ser-
nated criteria. The list of questionable, scholarly open- vices that however are not abstracting and/or in-
access journals is presented in Table 1 (see appendix) dexing services. For example: Scribd, DocStoc, Ca-
(http://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/). The list bells, Ulrichs (Rahman et al., 2014).
of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly 11. Predatory open access publishers often produce a
open-access publishers is available on: http://scholarly- large number of journals. For example: a) Academ-
oa.com/publishers/. ic and Scientific Publishing: 355 titles b) Scientif-
Jeffrey Beall regularly updates this list. He sets forth ic Research Publishing: 351 titles, c) International
criteria for categorizing predatory publications and Scholars Journals: 343 titles and d) BioInfo Publica-
lists publishers and independent journals that meet tions: 292 titles (Rahman et al., 2014).
those criteria (http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/crite- 12. Sometimes the publishers lift the aims and scope
ria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publish- of an established journal, for example: The Glob-
ers-2nd-edition/). According to Nature Bealls list al Journal of Academic Librarianship [GJAL] has
and website are widely read by librarians, research- been lifted from the Journal of Academic Librarian-
ers and open-access advocates, many of whom ap- ship (http: //www.journals.elsevier.com/the-journal-
plaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices of-academic-librarianship/). The aims and scope of
(Butler, 2013). Beall has instituted a four person review The International Journal of Librarianship and Ad-
body to which publishers can appeal (http://scholarly- ministration has been lifted from the Journals of
oa.com/appeals) in order to be removed from the list Librarianship and information Science (http://www.
in case they feel their inclusion is unjustified. sagepub.com/journals/Journal201675/title).

13. Some predatory open access publishers intentional- uters/Institute for Scientific Information-ISI and cov-
ly assigned the word International or Global in ered by the Journal Citation Report. Also, academic
front of well-established and popular journals, for society in the Republic of Serbia needs to be more in-
example: International Journal of Applied Physics formed about this important issue by the competent
[IJAP], whereas the Journal of Applied Physics is institutions and working groups within the Ministry
published by IEEE (Rahman, et al., 2014). of Education, Science and Technological Development
in order to prevent possible frauds. All this efforts in
fighting and suppressing this new form of cyber crime
Conclusion and future preventive strategies within academic community can be strongly support-
Fake publishers and impact factors (IF) indicate an ed by a well organized open academic discussions on
urgent need to evaluate the methods that are current- various levels. Providing an open lecture series with
ly used to assess academic research. Doing a thor- media support can be a useful tool in this matter. The
ough retrospective assessment of journals and pub- question regarding predatory open access publishing
lishers is definitely an urgent need in todays academic represents an important issue that has to be briskly
world. Also, if author is considering publishing a re- discussed within academic scientific community on
search work in a scientific journal that is character- national, regional and global level as well.
ized as reputable journal there are few crucial things
to consider following the pre-submission process such
as: References
Have any of the colleagues from authors respective Basken, P. 2009. Open-Access Publisher Appears to
institution read, reviewed or published in that spe Have Accepted Fake Paper From Bogus Center.
cific scientific journal? The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from:
Where is the journal indexed? Can it be found via http://chronicle.com/article/Open-Access-Publish-
databases which stands as usual tool to access, use er-Appears/47717
or find specific scientific information? Beall, J. 2012. Predatory publishers are corrupting
Is it associated with a scholarly society familiar to open access. Nature 489, 179.
the author? Butler, D. 2013. Sham journals scam authors. Nature
Are there any reliable metrics associated with the 495, 421-422.
journal (traditional or alternative)? Bohannon, J. 2013. Whos afraid of peer review? Sci-
Who is the editor? Who is on the editorial board? ence 342, 60-65.
Are the members of the editorial board familiar to Garfield, E. 2006. The history and meaning of the jour-
the author itself? Is there any available information nal impact factor.JAMA: the journal of the Ameri-
about them? can Medical Association 295-1, 9093. DOI:10.1001/
Does the scientific journal come with the regular jama.295.1.90
trappings of a serial publication (e.g. ISSNs, DOIs, Gilbert, N. 2009. Editor will quit over hoax paper. Na-
etc)? (http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/infor- ture News. DOI:10.1038/news.2009.571
mation-culture/2013/05/24/its-not-about-preda- Jalalian, M., Mahboobi, H. 2014. Hijacked Journals
tors-its-about-journal-quality/). and Predatory Publishers: Is There a Need to Re-
Think How to Assess the Quality of Academic Re-
The author has to make a distiction between so search? Walailak Journal of Science and Technolo-
called reputable journals and high-quality jour- gy 11-5, 389-394.
nals (Jalalian, Mahboobi, 2014) bearing in mind that Jalalian, M., Mahboobi, H. 2013. New corruption de-
scientific work which he/she tends to publish can be tected: Bogus impact factors compiled by fake or-
endangered by applying the research to some ques- ganizations. Electronic Physician 5-3, 685-686.
tionable journals. Due to the fast acting of cyber crim- Kolata, G. 2013. For Scientists, an Exploding World of
inals regarding the hijacking of the scientific journals, Pseudo-Academia. The New York Times. Retrieved
the authors are advised to act with extreme caution from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/
when submitting their research. They are also advised for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-aca-
to be up to date with new information regarding this demia.html
controversial topic by informing themselves through Larsen, P. O., von Ins, M. 2010. The rate of growth in
various websites and specialized scientific portals. It scientific publication and the decline in coverage
is highly recommended that the Bealls list of predato- provided by Science Citation Index. Scientometrics
ry publishers and journals should be consulted every 84-3, 575603. DOI:10.1007/s11192-010-0202-z
time when an author plans to submit scientific work to Rahman, J., Dexters, N., Engels, T. C. E. 2014. Preda-
some of the journals that are indexed by Thomson Re- tory open access journals in a performance-based

funding model: Common journals in Bealls list http://scholarlyoa.com/appeals Retrieved on

and in the VABB-SHW. Report of the Gezagheb- 26.07.2014.
bende Panel. Expertisecentrum Onderzoek en http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-deter-
Ontwikkelingsmonitoring - Centre for R&D Mon- mining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-
itoring, Antwerpen, 1-23pp. edition/ Retrived: 26.07.2014.
http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/01/24/university-of-pris-
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http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/05/02/red-alert-polish- ry-journals/
scholarly-journal-is-hijacked/ http: //www.journals. elsevier.com/the-journal-of-ac-
http://sylwan.ibles.waw.pl/pls/apex/ ademic-librarianship/
f?p=SYLWAN:profil:0:::::/ http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201675/title
http://www.scilogs.com/balkan_science_beat/serbi- http://www.mehrdadjalalian.com/
an-journal-archives-of-biological-sciences-under- http://www.unige.ch/sphn/
investigation-following-accusation-of-predatory- http://sylwan.ibles.waw.pl/pls/apex/f?p=105:1:0
practice/ http://sylwan.ibles.org/
http://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/ Re- http://kobson.nb.rs/kobson.82.html
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26.07.2014. journal-quality/
Appendix
Table 1. Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access journals
International Journal of International Journal of

Interdisciplinary Journal of
Academic Exchange Quarterly Engineering, Science and Scientific Research in
Research in Business (IDJRB)
Technology Education
International Journal of
Academy of Contemporary International Ayurvedic The International Journal of
Engineering Sciences &
Research Journal (AOCRJ) Medical Journal (IAMJ) Social Sciences (TIJOSS)
Research Technology (IJESRT)
International Journal
Acta de Gerencia Ciencia The International Asian International Journal of
of Social Sciences and
(CAGENA) Research Journal (TIARJ) English and Education
Entrepreneurship (IJSSE)
Acta Advances in Agricultural International Journal of Soft
International Design Journal of English Language &
Sciences (AAAS) Computing and Engineering
Translation Studies (IJ-ELTS)
The International International Journal of
International Journal of Sport
Advances in Forestry Letter Interdisciplinary Journal of English Language , Literature
Studies (IJSS)
Education (IIJE) & Humanities (IJELLH)
International Journal International Journal of
Al Ameen Journal of Medical International Journal of
Advances in Social Science Technical Research and
Sciences (AJMS) Farming and Allied Sciences
and Humanities (IJASSH) Applications (IJTRA)
Aloy Journal of Soft International Journal for International Journal of
of Trends in Economics
Computing and Applications Pharmaceutical Research Fundamental & Applied
Management and Technology
(AJSCA) Scholars (IJPRS) Sciences
(IJTEMT)
American International International Journal for International Journal of
Journal of Contemporary Research & Development in Universal Pharmacy and Bio
Governance
Research (AIJCR) Technology (IJRDT) Sciences (IJUPBS)
American International International Journal for
International Journal of International Journal of World
Journal of Contemporary Scientific Research &
Health Research Research
Scientific Research Development
Internation`al Journal on
American Journal of
International Journal of International Journal of Recent and Innovation
Advanced Agricultural
Abdominal Research (IJAR) Health Sciences and Research Trends in Computing and
Research (AJAAR)
Communication (IJRITCC)

International Journal of International Journal of International Refereed Journal

American Journal of
Advanced Engineering and Human Resource and of Engineering and Science
Advanced Drug Delivery
Nano Technology (IJAENT) Procurement (IJHRP) (IRJES)
International Journal of International Journal of International Research Journal
American Journal of Advances
Advanced Engineering Humanities and Social of Applied and Basic Sciences
in Medical Science (ARNACA)
Applications Science Invention (IJHSSI)\ (IRJABS)
American Journal of International Journal of The International Journal of International Research Journal
Engineering Research Advanced Research Humanities & Social Studies of Applied Finance
American Journal of of Advanced Research International Journal of International Research
Pharmacy and Health in Computer and Humanities, Engineering and Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Research (AJPHR) Communication Engineering Pharmaceutical Sciences Applied Sciences (IRJPAS)
(IJARCCE)
Advanced Research in International Journal
American Journal of
Computer Science and of Information and International Researchers
PharmTech Research (AJPTR)
Electronics Engineering Communication Research
(IJARCSEE)
American Journal of Advanced Research in
of Information and International Review of Social
Phytomedicine and Clinical Computer Science and
Communication Technology Sciences and Humanities
Therapeutics Software Engineering
Research
(IJARCSSE)
American Journal of Scientific of Advanced Research Information Sources and International Technical
Research in Computer Science & Services: A Research Journal Sciences Journal (ITSJ)
Technology (IJARCST) in Library Science (IJSS)
Advanced Research in International Journal of
American Journal of Social Journal der Pharmazie
Electrical, Electronics and Information Technology &
issues and Humanities Forschung (RAPSR)
Instrumentation Engineering Business Management
(IJAREEIE)
Journal of Advances in
American Research Journal Advanced Technology and Information Technology &
Internal Medicine
Engineering Research (IJATER) Computer Science (IJITCS)
Anglisticum: International
International Journal of International Journal of Journal of American
Journal of Literature,
Advanced Technology and Innovation in Science and Physicians and Surgeons
Linguistics & Interdisciplinary
Science (IJATS) Mathematics (ISISM) (JPANDS)
Studies
International Journal of Journal of Animal and Plant
Archives Des Sciences Journal Advancements in Mechanical
Innovative Ideas Sciences (Nairobi, Kenya)
and Aeronautical Engineering
Archives of Biological
Advancements in Research & Innovative Research and Journal of Applied Pharmacy
Sciences
Technology (IJOART) Development
ARNACA American Journal of Journal of Applied
Advances in Engineering & Innovative Research and
Advances in Medical Science Pharmaceutical Science
Technology (IJAET) Studies
Asia-Pacific Journal of Journal of Ayurveda and
Advances in Management and Innovative Science and
Research Holistic Medicine (JAHM)
Economics (IJAME) Modern Engineering (IJISME)
International Journal of International Journal of Journal of Basic and Clinical
Asian Journal of Biomedical
Advances in Power Systems Innovative Technology and Pharmacy [Link dead as of
and Pharmaceutical Sciences
(IJAPS) Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 2013-05-06]
Asian Journal of Health and Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Agriculture and Crop Sciences Innovative Technology and
Medical Sciences in Asia
(IJACS) Research

Asian Journal of Humanities of Interdisciplinary and
Agriculture Innovations and Journal of Bio Innovation
and Social Sciences Multidisciplinary Studies
Research (IJAIR)
(IJIMS)
Asian Journal of Business International Journal of International Journal of
Journal of Biomedical and
and Management Sciences Agricultural Management & Inventions in Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical Research
(AJBMS) Development Sciences (IJIPS)
Asian Journal of International Journal of Journal of Business
Pharmaceutical and Health Inventive Engineering and Management and Applied
Agronomy & Plant Production
Sciences Sciences (IJIES) Economics
The International Journal of Journal of Business Research
Asian Journal of Pharmacy Application or Innovation in
Knowledge, Innovation and (letme Aratrmalar
and Life Science Engineering & Management
Entreprenurship Dergisi)0
(IJAIEM)
Asian Journal of International Journal of
of Applied Biology and Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Research and Language Learning and
Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Sciences
Health Care (AJPRHC) Applied Linguistics World
(IJABPT)
International Journal of Latest
International Journal of Australasian Journal of
Research in Engineering and Journal of Computing
Applied Economic Studies Herpetology
Computing (IJLREC)
International Journal of International Journal of Latest International Journal of
Journal of Contemporary
Applied Linguistics & English Trends in Engineering, Science Applied Research & Studies
Issues in Business Research
Literature and Technology (IJLTEST) (iJARS)
International Journal of Law International Journal of
Journal of Coastal Life Australian Journal of Basic
and Legal Jurisprudence Applied Research & Studies
Medicine and Applied Sciences
Studies (IJllJS) (iJARS)
Australian Journal of Business International Journal of
International Journal of Life
Journal of Cosmology and Management Research Applied Sciences and
science and Pharma Research
(AJBMR) Biotechnology (IJASBT)
International Journal of Life Ayupharm: International International Journal of
Journal of Current Pharma
Sciences Biotechnology and Journal of Ayurveda and Artificial Intelligence and
Research
Pharma Research (IJLBPR) Allied Sciences Mechatronics
The International Journal of Journal of Current Trends in International Journal of Arts
Bioinformation
Management Big Data Analytics and Entrepreneurship (IJAE)
Journal of ELT and Applied
Management and Business The Bioscan Ayurveda and Pharma
Linguistics (JELTAL)
Studies (IJMBS) Research
Journal of Electrical
Management, Economics and Bioresearch Bulletin Basic Medical Sciences and
Engineering
Social Sciences (IJMESS) Pharmacy (IJBMSP)
International Journal of Journal of Emerging Trends in
International Journal of Bio
Management Research and Computing and Information Bioscience Discovery
(IJOBIO)
Business Strategy (IJMRBS) Sciences
Journal of Environmental Biosciences, Biotechnology International Journal of
Management Sciences and
Hydrology Research Asia (BBRA) Biomedical Science
Business Research (IJMSBR)
Journal of Experimental
Mathematical Research & British Biomedical Bulletin Biosciences and Nanosciences
Sciences
Science (IJBSANS)
International Journal of British Journal of Economics,
Journal of Global Research in International Journal of
Mathematics and Soft Finance and Management
Computer Science (JGRCS) Business and Commerce
Computing (IJMSC) Sciences
International Journal Journal of International
The International Journal of
of Medical Science and Academic Research for British Journal of Science
Business & Management
Education (IJMSE) Multidisciplinary (JIARM)

International Journal of Journal of International International Journal of

Bulletin of Mathematical
Medical Sciences and Health Environmental Application & Bussiness and Management
Sciences & Applications
Care (IJMSHC) Science Invention
Journal of International Bulletin of Pharmaceutical International Journal of
Medical Research & Health
Management Studies Research Business and Social Research
Sciences (IJMRHS)
International Journal of Journal of Knowledge Bulletin of Society for International Journal of
Medicine and Biomedical Management, Economics and Mathematical Services and Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Research Information Technology Standards Sciences (IJCPS)
International Journal of Journal of Medical Research Communication Networks
Calodema
Medicine and Biosciences and Practice (JMRP) and Information Security
(IJCNIS)
Journal of Multidisciplinary International Journal of
International Journal of Canadian Chemical
Engineering Science and Computational Engineering
Medicobiologial Research Transactions
Technology (JMEST) Research
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Canadian Journal of Pure and
Modern Engineering Research Computer & Electronics
Biomedical Sciences (JPBMS) Applied Sciences
(IJMER) Research (IJCER)
Multidisciplinary and Current Journal of Science Case Studies Journals Computer and Information
Research (IJMCR) Technology (IJCIT)
Chemical Science International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Health Journal of Science Editing
Transactions Computer Applications
Sciences
Journal of Scientific Theory Computer Application and
Multidisciplinary Sciences and Computer Science Chronicle
and Methods Engineering Technology
Engineering (IJMSE)
(IJCAET)
International Journal of Novel Sustainable Development SEE
Computer Science Journal Computer Applications in
Drug Delivery Technology OIDA International Journal of
Engineering Sciences (IJCAES)
Sustainable Development
The Criterion: An International Journal of
International Journal of Journal of
International Journal in Computer Science and
Nursing Telecommunications
English Business Informatics
Pharma and Bio Sciences Kashmir Economic Review Current Biotica Computer Science and
(IJPBS) Information Security
International Journal of Lingua: International Journal International Journal of
Pharmaceutical & Research of Linguistics, Literature and Current Discovery Computer Science and
Science (IJPRS Journal) Culture (Lingua- IJLLC) Information Technologies
Current Trends in Technology
of Pharmaceutical and The Macrotheme Review Computer Science and
and Sciences (CTTS)
Biomedical Research Network (IJCSN)
Mathematical and International Journal of
of Pharmaceutical and
Computational Applications The Dawn Journal Computer Science and
Phytopharmacological
(MCA) Network Security (IJCSNS)
Research (eIJPPR)
International Journal of International Journal
Pharmaceutical Research and Modern Behavioral Science Direct Research Journals of Computer Science
Development (IJPRD) Engineering (IJCSE)
The Modern Journal of E-Library Science Research International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Science
Applied Linguistics (MJAL) Journal Computer Science Issues
Invention (IJPSI)
National Journal of Basic ExcelingTech Publishing
Current Innovation Research Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Medical Sciences Company, Ltd.
(IJCIR) Drug Research

Elixir International Journal International Journal of

National Journal of Medical OIDA International Journal of
(formerly Elixir Online Current Microbiology and
and Dental Research Sustainable Development
Journal) Applied Sciences
Euro-Afro Journal of Arts and International Journal of Open Access Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Social Sciences (EAJASS) Current Research Science and Technology
Research (IJPSR)
International Journal of Oriental Journal of Computer
European Academic Research Current Research and
Pharmacognosy (IJP) Science and Technology
Academic Review (IJCRAR)
European Environmental International Journal of International Journal of
Pattern Recognition in Physics
Sciences and Ecology Journal Current Research and Review Pharmacy
European International
Journal of Applied Science International Journal of
International Journal of Peoples Journal of Scientific
and Technology (Centre for Pharmacy and Technology
Current Science Research
Promoting Knowledge [CPK], (IJPT)
UK)
International Journal of Plant,
European Journal of Academic International Journal of The Pharma Research
Animal and Environmental
Essays (EJAE) Dental and Health Sciences (Journal)
Sciences
European Journal of Advanced International Journal of International Journal of Power
Pharmacologia
Computer Science (EJACS) Development Research Electronics Engineering
European Journal of International Journal of
Digital Library Services PharmacologyOnline (PhOL)
Biotechnology and Bioscience Recent Scientific Research
(IJODLS)
PHARMANEST: An
International Journal of Drug International Journal of
European Journal of Business International Journal of
Development and Research Recent Technology and
and Social Sciences (EJBSS) Advances in Pharmaceutical
(IJDDR) Engineering (IJRTE)
Sciences
European Journal of International Journal
Recent Trends in Electrical
Contemporary Economics and of E-Computer Science Plant Digest
& Electronics Engineering
Management (EJCEM, EJEM) Evolution
(IJRTE)
European Journal of International Journal of Research and Innovation Pure and Applied Biology
Educational Research (EUJER) Economics and Finance (IJEF) in Computer Engineering (PAB)
(IJRICE)
International Journal of Reef Resources Assessment
Research Development and Management Technical
Educational Sciences (EJES) Economics and Research
(IJORD) Paper
European Journal of Natural Research in Aeronautical
Economics, Commerce and Research
History (EJNH) and Mechanical Engineering
Management (IJECM)
(IJRAME)
Research Directions:
The International Journal of International Journal of
European Journal of Scientific International Multidisciplinary
Educational and Psychological Research in Agricultural
Research Research Journal (Research
Assessment Sciences (IJRAS)
Directions Journal
Research in Ayurveda and Research in Biotechnology
Sustainable Development Electrochemical Science
Pharmacy
International Journal of International Journal of Research Inventy:
European Law and Politics
Electronics and Computer Research in Computer and International Journal of
Journal (ELPJ)
Research (IJECR) Communication Technology Engineering and Science
Research Journal of
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological
European Scientific Journal Electronics Communication
Research in Computer Science and Chemical Sciences
and Computer Engineering
(RJPBCS)

FLUIDS: International Journal Electronics Communication
Research in Computer Research Revolution
of Medical Fluid Management and Computer Technology
Technology
(IJECCT)
FOREX Technical Journal Research in Engineering
Emerging Science and ResearchDesk
Library and Advanced Technology
Engineering (IJESE)
(IJREAT)
Frontiers in Aerospace International Journal of Researchers World Journal
Research in Engineering and
Engineering Emerging Sciences (IJES) of Arts Science & Commerce
Science
Galaxy: International International Journal of International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research Emerging Technology and Research in Engineering and Review of Research
Journal Advanced Engineering Technology (IJRET)
Global Journal of International Journal of
Management Science and Research in Medical and Reviews of Progress
Energy & Technology
Technology Dental Sciences
Global Journal of Medical and Revista Iberoamericana de
Engineering and Advanced Research in Wireless Systems
Health Sciences (GJM) Ciencas
Technology (IJEAT) (IJRWS)
Global Journal of Medicine International Journal of Romanian Biotechnological
Engineering and Applied
and Public Health Reviews in Computing Letters
Sciences
Sci-Afric Journal of Scientific
Golden Research Thoughts Engineering and Computer Science and Advanced
Issues, Research and Essays
Science (IJECS) Technology (IJSAT)
Hygeia: Journal for Drugs and The International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Science International
Medicines Science & Technoledge
Technology (IJEIT)
Indian Journal of Applied- International Journal of
Engineering and Management Science Park
Basic Medical Sciences Science and Research
Research (IJEMR)
The IJES: The International
Indian Journal of Applied International Journal of
Journal of Engineering and Science Postprint (SPP)
Research Science and Technology
Science
Indian Journal of International Journal of International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering and Science Science Commerce and Science Research Reporter
Research (IJPBR) Invention (IJESI) Humanities (IJSCH)
Indian Journal of Research
Engineering Innovations and Science Innovations and Science Reuters
Anvikshiki
Research (IJEIR) Discoveries
Indian Journal of Research in
International Journal of International Journal of Scientific Research Journal
Pharmacy and Biotechnology
Engineering Inventions Sciences (IJSciences) (Scirj)
(IJRPB)
Indian Journal of Scientific International Journal of
Scientific & Technology Scientific World
Research (IJSR) Engineering Research
Research
Indian Streams Research Seventh Sense Research
Engineering Research and Scientific and Engineering
Journal Group Journal
Applications Research (IJSER)
Indo American Journal of South Asian Journal of
Engineering Research and Scientific and Research
Pharmaceutical Research Mathematics
Development (IJERD) Publications (IJSRP)
International Journal of Swiss Journal of Research in
Indo-Global Journal of Engineering Research and
Scientific Engineering and Business and Social Science
Pharmaceutical Sciences Science & Technology
Technology (SJRBSS)
(IJERST)

Innovations in International Journal of

International Journal of Tactful Management Research
Pharmaceuticals and Engineering Science &
Scientific Research Journal (TMRJ)
Pharmacotherapy (IPP) Advanced Technology
Interdisciplinary Journal of International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technics Technologies
Contemporary Research in Scientific Research and
Innovative Technology Education Management
Business Application (IJSRA Publishing)
(IJESIT)
Universal Journal of Applied
Computer Science and
Technology
Universal Journal of
Computer Science and
Engineering Technology
(UniCSE)
Universal Journal of Pharmacy
This is a list of questionable, scholarly open-access journals. The recommendation is that (UJP Online)
scholars read the available reviews, assessments and descriptions on similar topics, and then Weekly Science International
decide for themselves whether they want to submit articles, serve as editors or on editorial Research Journal
boards.
World Applied Sciences
Journal
This list is kept up-to-date to the best extent possible but may not reflect sudden, unreported,
or unknown enhancements. World Essays Journal (WEJ)
World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research
(WJPR)
World Journal of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences
(WJPPS)
World Journal of Science and
Technology (WJST)
Source: http://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/

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ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online)

Predatory and Fake Scientific Journals/Publishers

Introduction brarian, Auraria Library, University of Colorado Den-

West, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 69

70 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 71

Figure 2. Legitimate Sylwan journal website (A) (http://

cusation-of-predatory-practice/). Also, during 2014

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of some of the recently hijacked scientific journals

72 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

rector-under-fire-for-publishing-in-predatory-jour- Some of the criticisms that are associated with

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 73

74 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

funding model: Common journals in Bealls list http://scholarlyoa.com/appeals Retrieved on

International Journal of International Journal of

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 75

International Journal of International Journal of International Refereed Journal

76 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 77

International Journal of Journal of International International Journal of

78 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

Elixir International Journal International Journal of

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 79

80 Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014)

Innovations in International Journal of

Geographica Pannonica Volume 18, Issue 3, 69-81 (September 2014) 81

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