Roots of The Russian Language PDF

Roots of the RUSSIAN Language PASSPORT BOOKS VTC/Contemporary Publishing GroupPublished by Passport Books, a division of NTC (Contemporary Publishing Group, ne, 44255 West Touhy Avenve, Lncolnood (Chicago) nos 60712-1975 USA (© 1989, 1981 by NTCiContemporary Publishing Group. In. Allright reserved, No pat of this book may be repoiced, sored Ina retrieal systems, or ansmnted in any form or by any means, clectroni, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without [noe nin permission of NTC‘Contemperary Publishing Group, Ic Mamfatired nthe Unite States of America. Intemational Standard Book Number: O-8142-4267-5 1213 Hs vRSVRSOS 4 FOREWORD Based on the supposition that familiarity and practice with the component elements of Russian words will facilitate student comprehension and learning, Roots of the Russian Language includes four hundred and fifty of the most commonly used roots of the Russian language in a convenient, reference format. Mastery of these roots should enable students to form many more derivatives, increasing their Russian vocab- ularies, as well as enhancing their enjoyment and satisfaction in learning the Russian language. ‘Once students achieve an understanding and mastery of the basic Russian suffixes and prefixes, they will be able to recognize, identify, and decipher words into their component parts. With this skill established, they should also develop an ability to construct many words and terms from a given Russian root, facilitating both the translation of Russian literature and student conversation and composition, ‘The phrases that follow the derivatives and compounds in this book ‘are designed to illustrate the proper use of the given word in a realistic sentence. In addition, “Exercises for Practice” is intended to furnish ‘more extended practice in word-building. Roots of the Russian Language provides students with the opportunity to acquire a comprehensive Knowledge of word-building and vocabulary enrichment in the Russian language.CONTENTS ‘COMPONENT BLEMUENTS OF RUSSIAN WORDS iT Liar OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SUFFIXES 8 ee 8 st oF panrosimions USED as FREFIGES =... 8 VARIATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS cry “ mxencisps YOR PRACTICE. | s/s 2B SD OW ORDA, SU -Ie Nien’) ) cag le 95 mpEX oF ROOTS 5s ae 330ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF RUSSIAN WORDS ‘The component elements of Russian words are: 1. ROOTS AND STEMS 2. INFLECTIONS 3. PREFIXES 4. SUFFIXES Roots. The root of a word is that essential part of it which it possesses in common with a group of cognate words. ‘Thus, from the root 4a we get a-Th; Na-Ba-Tb; Bii-na-was va-mi-4a; mpo-ma-rh; pac-ipo-né-ma; c-Ré-ua; y-nd-4a and many other cognates. Stems. A stem is the form assumed by the root before an inflectional ending is added to it. Examples: eHAMeH-H andwen-em { axamen is the stem of the noun oxéms, banner BnaMen-a rr lrnopa is the stem of the present tense of Teopiw ‘TBOp-H-Tb, to create Usually the root and the stem differ from each other. ‘Thus, in the first of the two given examples the stem is suamen, while the root is aa; in the second, the stem is raopst and the root is top. There are words, however, in which the root ‘and the stem are the same. For instanc Hee-§, I carry. Both root and stem = nec nen-J, lead. Both root and stem = Bem InFtections. The inflections are the different endings which indicate gender, number, case, and person Examples: cam, cam-a, cay-H 12 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE non-A, BOR-Ki, BOH-EE Géx-HiM, Géx-or0, Géa-ne ronop-H, ropop-ti-tth, ronop-H-re PREFIXES, SUPFIXES. A prefix is a particle placed at the beginning of a root; a suffix is one placed at the end of it. Prefixes alter the meanings of words, while suffixes alter their functions. ‘Thus there is a difference of meaning between ma-s (to give) and npo-zi-rs (to sell); between aa-24-4a (problem) and c-né-ua (change). On the other hand, suffixes form nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, and hence change the function of a word, that is, they make it into one part of speech or another. ‘Thus the root ster becomes a noun in 4uct-or-4, an adjective in wtcr-sH, a verb in yucr-i-75, and an adverb in wicr-o. Many words have more than one affix. Examples: Mpi-waq-nem-4-75, to belong POq-cTB-eH-H-uK, relative DERIVATIVES, COMPOUNDS Aword derived from one simple word is called a derivative whereas a word formed through the junction of two or more implewordsiscalled a compound. Thus can-6n-H-4K (gardener) is a derivative, while caj-o-nd7-cro (horticulture) is a compound (from cag, garden, and noz-i-r to cultivate), as is also mpa-nuar-H-ninT-n-1ér-H-it, twenty-five years old. As a rule, compounds formed from two roots are joined by the so-called connective vowels 0 or ¢: map-o-nda (engin nrin-e-n6n-crs-6 (bird-rearing). In the example qpaqyaTMmarH- aérunft the u after x4quars and nar» is not a connective but the sign of the genitive case. In some compound words, however, there is no connective vowel: Hésropox (Héaxi répon); ‘Jlenmurpaz, ete. Since the Russian Revolution of 1917 a number of compound words have been formed differently. These new compounds may be grouped as follows: 1, Words formed from two or more initial syllables: wap-KOM—wap 6m Kowmecdp 5 KoM-co-Mési—Kommynncritveckuit coms Mononoke; con-xda—conéreKoe xoafiftcrno ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 3 2. Compounds formed from an initial syllable of one word joined to another word: creu-raséra—crennaa raséra; sap-mK6s10—sanéayiomudt mxSr0f 3. Compounds formed from initial letters of two or more words: pux—patténwsth nenommitrenbHett KoMHTETS ‘Tace—renerpahnoe arentorso copércKoro cowsa Often compounds are formed from an initial letter, or initial letters, of one or more words and an initial syllable of another: OPH3—o6'enunéuue rocynipersenuEx uszérenecrD; Taruux—TarapcKu yenrpansauit mcrommirexsmnt xomurér. LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SUFFIXES A. Noun Suffixes (Usually denoting occupation or agent) “aK, “AK : pu6-4x, fisherman; wyn-Ax, queer fellow; Mop-Ax, seaman. -ap, “AP : n4x-ap-b, ploughman; néK-ap-s, baker; cron- ‘Ap. carpenter. “at + cuu-84, strong man; TK-a¥, weaver. -on, : 60-6, fighter; Kyn-éu, merchant; me-n-én, singer. “aK 1 MYA-HK, peasant; Mfu-eH-mK, martyr; y4-en “Hx, pupil. -oK :esn-6x, rider; Kyc-dK, piece; etpea-Ox, shooter. -0CT-b, -eCT-B = stupidity; m6n-ocr-b, news; tinginess; cnéyt-ect-b, freshness. crs, -ecra —: nem-ecrs-6, substance; uc-KYc-cT-o, art; pou-crs-6, relationship. Nore. Tho suffixes -ocr, -ect, -crs, -ecrs, usually indicate abstract nouns. TO4 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 5 -Ten : nuc-a-rea-b, writer; crpo-li-reu-b, builder; -yone 1 Méq-yurK-a, (dear) grandfather; 640-yuK-a, yu-it-rei-b, teacher. (dear) grandmother; Kopén-ymK-a, dear am : Mas-b-umK, boy; Mepe-nOx-uHK, translator; little cow. paa-16c-ux, peddler. i Pe ies 11H : men-uuix, orderly; mo-cran-muix, purveyer; acaee oeeny ore Ce aM-muix, Coachman. sat er-in-a, big fellow; my6-im-a, big cudgel. muy + om-i-e, huge house; py'-Hm-a, large hand. ‘Suffizes denoting diminutives, endearment -eK 1 Ky-cOu-en (KyCOK), little piece; auct-d4-ex (aucrOx), leaflet, little leaf. ~eHbK : MAM-eHBK-a, dear mamma; m4m-enpK-a, dear papa. -oubK + Gepéa-onnk-a, little birch tree. “en : y-pén-en, little monster; 6par-eu, little brother. “mK : HOm-HK, little knife; éc-mK, small nose, créu-ux, small table. Nore. In such words as mynt-ittt, y4-eu-ik, the shade of the diminutive has been lost. wt : ayak-um-a, puddle, small pool. Ka, : wém-Ka, small foot; pyu-Ka, small hand, penholder, handle. -0K, -o4ek + P6t0C, voice; romoc-6x, ronoc-dueK ex, -e4ex + ordu-b, fire; oron-éx, oron-é4eK ~bHK + ma6-éuK-a, wretched little hut; oman-éux-a, jade (often deprecatory) -mmK : RoM-immK-o, little house; sop-iimK-a, little thief. -oHOK 1 Mexpen-6Hox, bear cub. -bnoK : ryc-éHon, gosling; *epe6-8nox, colt. -o4K, -euk —: Wert-Ouk-a, little chain; nog-fur-eax-a, small pillow. “ea + cOms-nmK-o, little sun; sépH-HMK-o, small grain. The most important euffiz: having a collective meaning - : 6a6-b-8, womenfolk, females. myuu-b-6, rustics, peasants. rpan-b-8, rags, tatters. ‘Suffixes denoting nationality, religion, patronymics -ax,-ak —-: Mon-Aik, Pole; mpyce-Ait, Prussian; cu6mp-AK, Siberian. “AHHH : aurauy-Anmn, Englishman; maromer-4nux, ‘Mohammedan. A : xpucrv-aniin, Christian; caas-anin, Slav. Nore. In the plural the -ux is dropped: anraus-An-e, Maromer-n-e, xpucTH-4H-e, cman-fH-€ -en : amepmxdu-eu, American; xém-en, German; anox-en, Japanese. Tlerp-6amu, son of Peter Huxomé-enws, son of Nicholas youa, -enua : Tlerp-6nHa, daughter of Peter Huxon-enna, daughter of Nicholas. a -onmy, ‘Suffixes indicating the feminine gender \to fall out siteniacts, It will be observed that nut is accented in perfective compounds, but unaccented in imperfect compounds. ama, Hue, down: Hua-bomitre, *\to bring down Ewesecris | oane a7 nuc-nponeprans, Huc-nponépruyts, to overthrow aune-xomtiTh, to descend. nepe, mpe, over, across, afresh: nepe-noniirs, to translate nepe-fa(na)th, to transmit, hand over nepe-eaxarb, to cross, to come over mpe-nocxonitr®, to surpass mpe-crymirb, to overstep, to transgress12 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Pas, pac, dis-, di-, un- pas-ruGarb, to unbend pas-ganars, to distribute Pas-jemirs, to divide VARIATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS ‘The most common changes that may occur in the words of the same derivation are: eenaera | VOWELS Q may interchange with a1 xOqur, noxéoxupaer ‘HOCHT, BUHAMIMBaeT Osinonnige o) QM: HaGepy, HaG6p, Hadmpare sanep, san6p, sanupars cao Aare »» Of + Guth, Gof; rHMTs, rHoft Bin OB: PHTS, pon; Kpurb, Kpdnaa min org » 3B: caus, cana Vin a th » Mo: cajmars, caiman cos ct OB + KYW, KoBaTE single » 8B: Kyl, meBarE INSERTION OF VOWELS -pa- often changes into -opo-: rpan, répox xpam, xopount mpax, ndpox “MO wy -OO-: PABA, TOTOBA xan, x610ni0 “RE =m» “pet Oper, Géper npénox, nepéannit npéuo, népeno “Me yy -ee-(-0n0-): nea, HeneRd MaéKo, MOOK BaeKy, BOnOKHO ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 18 CONSONANTS interchanges with», 8 + APyT, ApYakecknit, mpysbA Ra 0 OPK: SyMirs, OyRS, npooyanéAme ce: MopéaMTh, MopéxeHoe; pésars, péxy ory : peka, péuKa, Kyax, KyTanKMtt crommiya, crommiunst eMex, emeutitrs nocitss, Homy oper, cBeva, ocnenéume + mécto, nomeménne nckarb, muy Bea, Becrh, Mery, MecTH, naqaTh, macrs 1B ISIS g i Qygratomminix gis BIE Jit before change into ¢. INSERTION OF CONSONANTS If a root ends in 6, 1, 8, or M, the letter 1 is usually inserted before jo, ¢ and sometimes before a: mo6iirs, 06m, Bmore ‘repnérs, repnand aoptirh, nonmu, a6BaA Kopmiir, Kopaand, KopMaiéHHe pemdrs, npemmd, apémaems, Apemat DELETION OF CONSONANTS qand rare deleted before 2, m, and H: mégarb-nax (instead ponf-néa (instead of ne-n-2); naery-naéx (instead of na-q-1 tead of na-s-m); rangérs-rannya (instead of nae-t-1); nam (i of ran-n-Hy2). Sand m1 are sometimes deleted before ns r#OHyTS, crituyTes cnarb-con (instead of co-n-H), you¥s (instead of ye-m-HyTB). ‘Bis often deleted alter 6: o6zexars (instead of 00-B-1eKats); 66naxK0 (instead of 06-n-1aK0); OGiiwax (instead of 06-B-Avar); 66nacr (instead of 06-n-tacts); o6sruat (instead of 06- B-nuait), ete,4 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE A AJK-, HUNGRY, GREEDY aax-Ars, tobe hungry, greedy, Onm asuyr mime. They are thirsty, to long for hungry for food. Aau-noctn, greediness, strong On wanécren cpoéit An4no- desire, eagerness creo K qensram. He is known for his greediness for money. Amw-nutt, greedy, hungry Asvunitt senonéx, A greedy ‘man. Amu-yoquit, hungry, famished © Haxopuiire Aauymux, Feed the hungry. AY-, HALLOO, ECHO af-Kars, to halloo, shout to lérm ayxawr B necy. The each other children are ie in the forest. af-Kmyts, to halloo, shout, Kré-ro ayxnys. Someone ery out hallooed. (Someone cried out.) af-Kuytéen, to echo, halloo Kax afxueron, tax orkmiiK- nerca. When one shouts, ‘one’s echo comes back. (One good turn deserves another.) af-nanse, echo, halloo Moxaam yonéemtcr ayKanse. ‘The echo reaches from afar. B BA-, TALK, SAYING, CHATTER, TELL STORIES 64-cun, fable Mu mpowmi wce Gacum. We read all the fables. 64-conumx, fabulist, fable. Kpuin6p wonécruft OAcennMK. maker Krylov is a well-known fabulist. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 16 6a-cuocabsustt, fabulous, mythological Gh-nrb, to speak, talk Sa-oxars, to lull y-6a-oxare, to lull to sleep On sanaaria 3a nom GacHo- cadanyw nény. He paid for the house a fabulous price. 06 stom Ganam p crapoe apéma. (They) used to talk about it in ancient times. Mars Gatxaer peGénxa. ‘The mother lulls (her) child. Eré rpyawo yOawxarn. It is difficult to lull him to sleep. BAB-, AMUSE, ADD, RID no-Gas-mATH\ to aad 0-68-17», o-648-ounHI, supplementary 8a-04n-a, amusement, fun additional, aa-6n-Hmx, entertaining person sa-64n-Huit, amusing, entertaining, funny 2a-Gan-mvircn, to amuse one- self, play to rid, rescue eote a fairer relieve, » ) spare ue-Oap-asiTEcA, 4, 8-645-nTECR, }to get rid we-6an-tremb, liberator, de- liverer, rescuer mpu-Gén-Ka, augmentation, increase, raise Ond yoGAnnra ont * cyny- ‘She added (some) water to the soup. To6anounan créumocty. Addi- tional cost. Surplus value. Vim uc’ aaGana, Everything is fun to them. On Gomsmdit sa64sumK. He is a jolly good fellow. Kaxoa sadanant anexnér. ‘What an amusing anecdote. Jléru aa6anatwren 5 nape. ‘The children are playing in the park. Va6anpte ment or Sroft pa6éra. Relieve me from this work. ‘Mu we méakem or Heré maGi- purac. We cannot get rid of him. On e8 uaGapitrens. He is her liberator. A nonywin mpa6anny. I received a raise.16 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Bi, BOL, BY]-, AWAKE, VIGIL, WATCH, BRAVE, SOUND Gn-énme, vigilance, watchfulness, evening-service On-trexsuocts, watchfulness On-treawnuit, watchful, vigil- ‘ant, wide-awake 66y-pocrs, courage, vigour 66n-puitl, brave, sound, healthy, hale and hearty 66n-pornonars, to stay up, to be awake, watch 6yn-sneumx, alarm clock Gyn-tts, to wake, wake up Ofn-nm (6$n-eHs), weekday, weekdays 6yq-nuunwt, woek-day, every- day, working Eo awake, Mu noun Ko scenéumomy Gxéum0. We went to the Gér-mat, fugitive, deserter, evening-service. We went repid to the vespers. Baaronapa sameft Opirens- pay en woerm cé yén0. Every- thing is safe, thanks to your watchfulness. Batrensuntt na6moparems. A wide-awake observer. 6éx-enen, refugee On& coxpaniina Géqpocrs no-Ger-ars, to avoid, shun, njxa. She has preserved ‘escape Lateral ae na-Gér, invasion, inroad, On emg 6éxputt crapitk, The attack old man is still hale and hearty. Hecmorpa wa méaquma ac oni eu Odaperayior. In spite of the late hour, they are still up. no-6ér, escape, flight, deser- tion ¥ wend ner Gynimeumca, I Berle have no alarm clock. Tlopa ux 6yztire. It’s time to ‘wake them up. B Ofaum ma padéraem. On weekdays we work. Ha uém 6fqumunan onéxqa. ‘He wears (his) every-day clothes. nepe-em-Arb, to run across noj-Gexk-4rb, to run up, come running to upH-66K-mue, shelter, re- treat, recourse BET, (BBI)-, RUN, FLIGHT Ger, running, course, race, trot ¢-6ér-ars, to run, run down Bucrpuit Ger némaga. A swift trot of the horse. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE id Hano ckopée Gemarh 9a noxtopom. We must (It is necessary to) run for the doctor right away. Sro Gérauf connér. deserter. He is a Henpudrens o6pariinct Géretso. The enemy has tumed to flight. Ba-rpaninet wudro pfooxux 6éxenyes. There are many Russian refugees abroad. FA _usGerao mjmusx Yann. I avoid noisy streets. Pocciia nocrpanana or rarép- cxux HaGéros. Russia suffered from the Tartar invasions. Kponéranx conepuniin cméasiit no6ér. Kropotkin made = daring escape. Sror pop MémkHO mepenpsir- nyt c paaéra. One may jump over (across) this ditch at a run. Bann nepeSomas nopéry. A rabbit ran across the road. Massunx nogGexia x orny. ‘The boy came running to his father. Ondocranacs 6ea npnoéxanme. She was left without a shelter. Mue wjoxuo cOérat 8 antéxy. T must run down to the drug store.18 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE y-Gen-irs,\to ran away, y-Ger-ars, f escape y-66x-mue, asylum, shelter CoGixa yOenisa co ARopa. ‘The dog ran away from the yard. ‘Y6éuume Ana aymésno- Goamustx. “An asylum for the mentally deranged people. BEL., (BBI)-, BU, POOR, BAD 6eq-4, misfortune, misery, disaster 6én-nocts, poverty 6én-maft, poor 6eq-6puf, mischievous, un- manageable, dangerous Gén-crpue, calamity, disaster Gén-crsonare, to be in need, in want, to be poor n0-Gén-a, victory, triumph mo-Gey-1irb, to conquer, van- quish Y-Sex-ii7»,toconvince, induce, persuade y-Senn-énme, conviction mpen-y-Concy-énue, bias, prejudice Bena ond we mpuxdaur. Mis- fortune doesnot comealone. Béauocrs we nop6K. Poverty is no crime. Béquat ypc. peasant. Kaxétt on Gexésutt. How mischievous he is! Hanoguénue — Gomme Géacrnue. Flood is a great disaster. aan A. poor Sra cemsa Suen Géncrayer. ‘Phis family is very poor. Hawn policed —onepkamm no6ézy. Our troops won a victory. TloGemire wpara we scerna zerké. Tt is not always easy to conquer an enemy. A ne orf eré yOenits 3 érom. In this matter I cannot convince him. B rom mo8 ray6énoe yOen- aéume. This is my pro- found conviction about it. On venonéx Gea _mpeayGen- néumh. He is a man without prejudice. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 19 6iin-a, insult, offense o-Gii-er, to offend o-Giig-aK, offender, wrong- doer 0-Ovbk-enmuttl, offended, in- jured Bu mue manecat répsKy2 ‘o6itzy. You have given me grievous offense. Fl ue xoréa nac o6iizers. I did not want to offend you. O6iiqamKa npuBaeKait x ovnéT- ersennoct. The offender was put on trial. Y nerd o6ioennut sux. He looks offended. BEJ-, (BBJ)-, WHITE Gen-ére, to appear white, turn white Gen-uand, whiteness 6éx-Ka, squirrel Gex-6x, white, albumen 6ex-s-8, linen, underwear Gen-b-6, cataract, white spot in the eye Gen-o-«gpun, _fair-haired, blonde Gex-o-pyuka, lazy man or woman 6-Gen-a, white- at a white heat, jame heat Cuer Genéer ua ropé. The snow looks white on the mountain. YY neé Koma neoSuKHoBéHHOm Germans. Her skin is of ‘unusual whiteness. Bénka npiiraer wa nérke. A squirrel is jumping on @ branch. BaGétire Gendx » nény. Beat the white of an egg into # foam. Mipauxa crupéer Gemsé. The ‘laundress washes the linen. ‘Ou ropuit, KaK GembMé Ha raaay. He stays here like an eyesore. Benoxjpuit mémounx, A fair-haired boy. Beaopfuxm ne mb6ar néro padérars. Lazy people do not like to work hard. %enéso waxaminocs 166ena. ‘The iron is heated to @ white heat.20 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE na-Gen-0, clean, fair mpo-6éz, space, back BEPET-, BPE) blank, gap, void, short-coming, draw- Tlepenmunire name counuénue na6eno. Write a clean draft of your composition. Bu mimnre ¢ ouriOxann — $r0 Gomsmdit mpobéx. You write with mistakes; this is a serious (great) draw- back. , GUARD, WATCH, SPARE, BOARD, SHORE Géper, shore, bank Geper-éuet, guarded protected, Gopem-niiouin, careful, saving, economical, frugal (Gepér-rb), to take are of, guard, look after n4-Gepen-nam, quay, wharf upu-Gepéu-n, to keep, save, preserve BEC., (BBO)-. 6ec, demon, devil, tempter Gec-ttrs, to madden, enrage, drive one mad Gec-nonarsca, to atorm, rage, to be mad en Ham om wa Geperf pexit. Our house is on the river bank. Bepexéuoro Bor Gepenér. ‘Help yourself, and God will help you. (God protects him who protects himself.) Ona Gepexminan xéamuna. She is a frugal woman. Bzopénse nyatHo Cepéub. One must take care of one’s health. Omit ryasian 10 Ha6epemnon. They walked along the quay. Tipueperst ocrarkm. Save the remnants. DEMON, DEVIL Bec we mpéaaer. ‘The devil (tempter) does not sleep. Hévero meni Geciits. Don’t you drive me mad, Crapiik Gecuonaaca néaun nes. The old man raged all day long. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE a 6ém1-emuitt, mad, rabid, raging, exorbitant B Géwencre om pitnynen K oxy. He rushed to the window in a frenzy. Béuenan co6axa _ynycina ésouxy. A mad dog bit the little girl. Oud sanaarinn 3a pom Gémenwe pémpru. They paid an exorbitant price for the house. BU-, BOM-, BATTLE, BEAT 6u-rb, to beat, strike, whip, spank 6u-éume, beating, beat, pal- pitation 6xt-rpa. battle, fight, combat 6u-nars,\ to break, pas-Gxi-rs, f smash pas Ou-riif, broken Y-OH-BITE Gi y-Oi-re, sei y-6i-lt-crso, murder y-Gii-tt-na, murderer, assassin Gomi, fight Héxomy pac Ours 9a name mpokasn. There is no one towhip youfor your pranks. Y we’ cxd60e Ouéune uyaeca. Her pulse (beat) is weak, K névepy wasamac pemirens- nan Oirna. A decisive battle began towards the evening. On pas6in craxan. He broke ‘a drinking glass. B paaGiiroe oxnd ayer. There is a draught from the broken window. Oxérumx y6iin nénxa, ‘The hunter killed the wolf. Eré cymiian aa yours. He was tried for murder. Younny ornpapunu 5 Cu6aps. ‘They sent the murderer to Siberia. Biigenu-am px Gott OsiKdn? Did you see a bullfight?22 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Géft-xntt, bold, daring, energetic 66t-na, slaughterhouse, butch- ery 1K, robber, brigand Bonunt miss we nponanér. ‘An energetic person won't perish. B ropone nue 66ttun, ‘There are two slaughterhouses in the city. Bens dro cfmut paa6om. But this is a downright robbery. FA aura pacexda o paabéti- nukax. I read the story about the brigands. BJIAP- WELL, WELFARE, GOOD, FINE Gndr-o, good, welfare Gaar-6it, good, favourable Gnar-o-nap-tirs, to thank Gnar-o-n4p-nocts, gratitude, ‘thanks Snar-o-na-r», blessing, abund- ance, peace Gnar-o-né-rens, benefactor Gnar-o-nanémuum, trusty, reliable Gaar-o-péamutt, noble Gaar-o-caonitrs, to bless, to give one’s blessing On wc’ exémaer ana Oxara napoxa. He will do anything for the welfare of the people. YY mac mudro Onariix nopxmon, ‘We have many good inten- tions. Buaroxapw vac. (I) thank you. He créur Gaaron4puocni (Don’t mention it.) It is not worth thanks. Saeck rain Onarogath! It is so peaceful here! Bu moft Gaarogéreas. You are my benefactor. dro Gaaronanexnu ver0R6K. He is a reliable man. Baaropéauutt nocrynox, A noble action (conduct). Pomitrens Gnarocsomian wené- cry. The parents gave their blessing to the bride. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 23 Gnar-o-coctostume, well-being, Bnarococrostume crpanst ynfa- prosperity, condition uuuocs. The condition of the country has improved. BJIECK-, BJIEC’ Onecx, glitter, lustre, shin BUIMCT-, GLISTEN, SHINE Sipxuit Gneck aséag. The ‘bright glitter of the stars. Or6neck sap Ha _pexé. ‘The reflection of the sunset on the river. 6r-6neck, reflection mp6-Gneex, flash, spark, ray Y meré membuufa npé6neck of light nanOugs.. A spark of hope flashed through his mind. Gnect-ére, to shine, sparkle © Boma Gmecrat ma cémume. ‘Water sparkles in the sun. Gneo-ufre(6neck-ufre), to Buecnyzaméanua. Lightning sparkle, shine, flash flashed. Gnect-émua, bright, shining, Madu TMerposua Onecrémuit brilliant opérop. Ivan Petrovich is a brilliant orator. sa-Gnect-érs, to begin to Orouskiaanecrénmatymane. shine, sparkle Lights began to shine in the fog. Oxd Gamcréaa 8 66mectBe. She shone in (fashionable) society. 6aucr-Arb, to shine Gamcr-ateabunit, splendid, Omé conepuntaa Oamerérens- brilliant MMA n6qpur. They per- formed a splentiid feat. NEAR Gama, near Brine cena senenéor namun. ‘The green fields are near the village.24 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Guite-Kuit, near, close Gnme-nén, twin Gnits-ocrs, nearness, prox- imity Gams-o-pjxut, near-sighted B-Gaus-4, near-by, not far c-Onwx-énue, bringing to- gether, rapprochement c-Onuis-ureca, to become friendly, intimate , deity, divinity 6ox-un, God's Gor-a-aéasun, almshouse, poorhouse GOD, RICH, WEALTH Ona mo GaiiaKan péacrsen- muna. She is my near relation. rm céctpst — Gamanemti. ‘These sisters are twins. View yxasupaam na Oahsocrh peri. ‘The willows indi- cated the neamess of the river. Bansopfxomy nyncttt ounit. ‘A near-sighted man needs glasses. Oni xupfT BOamom oT Hac. ‘They live not far from us. Hegasno mpousouind c6amné- nue Ainouun c Pepmannen. Recently a rapprochement between Japan and Ger- many took place. Oust mosnaxéaaance m c6mite auaucs. They got ac- quainted and became intimate. Casa Béry, wu sqopéen. ‘Thank God, you are well! Tu Gomectné mo’, cKasaa oud. You are my deity, said she. A _xouy nornanére na ump Bown. I want to see the world. Burcrponan wonyw Goranénp- mo. They have built a new almshouse. Gor-o-poamma, Our Lady, the Virgin Mary h-Gom-muttt, pious, devout o-Gom-Arb, to adore y-6or-u, wretched, humble, poor Gor-Grmif, rich, wealthy Gor-arsips, giant, hero pas-Gor-arére, to grow rich, become wealthy ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 25 Ha crexé aacitr uxéna Boro- pomumst. The Ikon of Our Lady is hanging on the wall. Oud xAGomna. She is pious. Bé oGomawr érm. Children ‘adore her. Ha xpi mepésun crour yOoran xara, At the farthest end of the village there is a humble hut. Bordrait Géqnomy we Bépur. ‘The rich do not trust the poor. B Gwoiuax mu yenaém 0 pyccxmx GoraTHpAx. In the bylinas we learn about: the Russian giants. B Kopérkoe spéma om pas- Goraséa. In ashort time he ‘became wealthy. BOJ-, ILL, HURT, PAIN, ACHE 6oa-b, pain, ache Gon-¢anb, illness, disease Gox-érs, to be ill, sick 6ox-b-mitna, hospital Goz-b-n6tt, sick, ill, patient 2a-Gou-enars,\to fall ill, za-Go-éth, Sto be ill By6uan Gon mywitrenbna. A ‘toothache is tormenting. On ne mor npurnit 10 Gonéau. ‘He could not come because of illness. Bu péako Gonéere. You are seldom ill. ‘Ment orpean ropoensio Gomsniny. ‘They took me to the city hospital. Bompn6it nonpasaterca. The patient is recovering. Mori mar» ceppéano sadouéna. ‘My mother is seriously ill.26 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Bod’ Gont-érs, to chat, prattle Gonr-niisuit, talkative Gomr-onai, prattle, gossip Gonr-fu, chatterbox, chatterer mpo-6ont-Arsea, to babble, to make a slip of the tongue, to blab CHATTER, TALK, DANGLE Bec névep Gonrasn 06 drom mpoucuécrsus. ‘The entire evening they prattled about this incident. Bam xpyr cavum Goatautn, ‘Your friend is too talkative. Ona sanusdercn T626K0 Goa- rosnétt. She does nothing but gossip. Or éroro Gomryna nce Gerfr. Everyone avoids this chatterbox. AA cayuditno mpoSonranca. Inadvertently I blabbed out. BOJI-, BOJb-, MORE, LARGE, GREAT G6ap-umufi, larger, greater Sonv-m6m, large, great, big 6oab-munetn6, majority 6ox»-mesiix, Bolshevik 60-Apau (Gox-Apun), nobleman 60-pcxuft, nobleman’s, of nobility B canf a mponomy Géasmyi uacth qua. I spend the greater part of the day in the garden. Mu norepiam Gomsmde cocto- snue. We have lost quite a fortune. Bomsumucrs6 npuaxano éror aku. The majority adop- ted this law. Boasmesunit npapar Poccien. The Bolsheviks rule Russia. Iyer Gu Gosipunom. Shuisky was a nobleman. Bosipcxan [yma co6upaaacs penko. "The Council of Nobility met rarely. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ity, old nobil- Bosiperso sweryndo npérun Cir re api. ‘The nobility used to come out against the tsar. BOC-, BARE ‘Jlérom Kpectnsime wécto xdzar Goctimu. In summer the peasants often go barefoot. Goc-6f, barefoot Term nepema péuxy Gocn- om, ‘The children crossed the stream barefoot. Tlo Kocriomy $70 Guin rHmia- mult Gocitk. Judged from his clothes, he was a typi- cal tramp. Goc-ux6u, barefoot 6oc-Aik, hobo, tramp BP., BEP-, BUP-, BOP-, TAKE, SEIZE, CLIMB, ee ELECT, COLLECT Ox Ona simyxnen pars paarxut. He was forced to take bribes. AA Gep$ _ypoxu pyccKoro aud, Tam taking lessons in Russian. Op-ars, to take Gep-f, (I) take, I am taking Mu c tpyaém saGmpaemca wa ropy. We ascend the mountain with difficulty. Mansanke pao6paancs wa ‘wepaax. The boys climbed into the garret. 2-6up-Arecn, to climb, ascend ua0-6p-Arsea, to climb -5up-Arb, to choose, select, PaGéune puGupawr ene- ee raéros. ‘The workmen are electing the delegates. Mu emé ue pstGpanm mpesce- areas. We have not yet elected the chairman. bui-6p-arb to choose, elect28 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 2a-O6p, fence, hedge ¢-66p-umx, collection, an- thology co-Gp-anue, meeting BPAT-, BROTHER 4 6par, brother 6par-cxuit, brotherly, brother's 6par-crno, brotherhood, fraternity Gpar-arsca, to fraternize He mpurat épea sa66p. ‘Don’t jump over the fence. Ha croné xemiir cOépaux Opon-fira, tramp, vagabond cruxotnopénuit. ‘The an- 6pon-woxunaats, to prowl, thology of verse is lying on ‘tramp the table. Basrpa cocroiiren coOpanue B KaY6e. To-morrow there Spos-soennuecrno, prowling, will be a meeting at the club. vagrancy c-6p6x, rabble, mob, riff-raff Y mens ner 6péra. no brother. Bpatckan a066ns xpemka. Brotherly love is strong. CB0G6na, panencrno « Opar- crso. Liberty, equality, and fraternity. I have 6poc-re, to throw, cast, fling On we xéuer ¢ Him Opa- ‘ramscn. He does not want to fraternize with them. Opéc-mrs, to throw, give up BPEJ-, BPOJ-, WANDER 6pex, delirium, raving, frenzy Opéx-urn, delirious to rave, to be nonsense, dreams, Gpox-itr, roam, ramble, to wander pec-rit(6pen-nit), to wander, roam, go slowly BM-6p4c-nBatb, to throw out, Trxémut Oper ayunin Gons- enieaic néro. An oppressive delirium was suffocating the sick man. BHi-Opoc-urb, to throw out Ou réaBKo Stam Mm Gpéqur. aoe He simply raves about it. ant cis na-6pac-nparb, to sketch, jot, Beé éro 6péaum. outline is nonsense. On Gpomiian no yéHIM HAM. Pie wes roaming £0r der ey wa-6poc-Ats, to sketch, throw Crapyxa enna Opexér. ‘The on, scatter old woman hardly drags her feat. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, 29 Bponiira maréerem ms ropona ® r6pon. A tramp wanders from city to city. BeapaGérume cram — 6po- oxnuyats. The unemployed began to prowl about. Eré apecronaam 3a 6po- jubxumsectno. He was arrested for vagrancy. Ha oxpamne répona mmpér posit c6pox. All kinds of riff-raff live on the out- skirts of the city. BPOC-, BPAC-, THROW, TOSS He Gpocafire kamnéa » uy~6tt oropéa. Don't throw stones into a stranger's truck- garden. (Don’t cast asper- sions upon other people.) On 6pécua exfaoy. He gave up the position. He suGpacnmaft scerd Ges pas6épy. Don’t throw out everything indiscriminately Jia m yxé nc’ priGpocua. But I have already thrown away everything. On ncermi wacKopo Ha6pa- cupaer ocxits, He always jots down (his) sketch in a hurry. CkéabKo cépy Hadpocdam Ha fanny. How much rubbish they ‘have thrown on the street.30 na-Opéc-n7s, to throw on, over as-6pic-unar», about, scatter as-6poc-dre, to throw about, scatter to throw ByM., BY-, RAGE, STORM Gfft-nsitt, stormy, raging, violent 6yit-crgo, boisterousness, tur- ‘bulence Ofii-crso-nars, to rage, storm, behave violently, to be on the rampage 6y-n7, revolt, uprising 6y-nronat», to revolt, rebel 6y-nropuntx, rebel, mutineer Sy-menirs, to storm, rage ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 64 p-mamt, heated Tama na6pécnna mam wa miéum. The lady threw a shawl over her shoulders. He pas6pacumatire xmirn. Do not scatter the books. Mnam paa6pocas nce némm m yuré. Ivan had scattered all his things and gone away. stormy, violent, BBI-, BEING, to be, exist Gu-rué, existence, being, life, BYitmm wérpow —cueead eo xpsuy. ‘The raging wind tore off the roof, On-ib, fact, true tale Compara raxasaam ea 6fficrso. The soldier was punished for his boisterousness. Tbénsit ncé epéus 6ytterno- saa. The drunken man was violent all the time. Ou sosér ux wa Oyun. He calls them to a revolt. Oni ne xorir Gynronits. They do not want to rebel. 6u-mitna, bylina, Russian folk- lore, ballad 61-7, existence, mode of life, life pu-6st-rme, arrival Byarosmyexi paaGian dxna. The rebels broke the win- dows. co-6ui-rme, event BYP , STORM 6$p-A, storm 6yp-atits, to storm, bubble boil, Mépe Syuenixo. The seu yu-nbr, to diminib, eub- Paspasimacs ciimnan 6fpa. A driving storm broke out. dacity : ake ing, audacity, Pyuéi Gypmir » ymyéne. A eames » ‘stream bubbles in the gorge. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE a1 B§pwioe aacenanme nonro npo- aowKanocs. The stormy (heated) conference lasted a long time. EXISTENCE “Bub fm He GIT, BOT B uém nompéc”. To be, oF not to be: that is the question. Monax wnran xniry Burm. ‘The monk was reading Genesis. ‘S70 Gun, a He cKaaKa. This is a true tale, not a fairy tale. Mu auras pfeckue Gxzaitia. ‘We were reading the Russian ballads. Ouit usysasor KpectbsncKnit Gur. They are studying the peasant life. Beeré uac xo mpuGserua napo- x6ga. It’s only an hour before the arrival of the boat. BEopdnenponexdqar saxune coburn. Important events are taking place in Europe. Bona crana yOupars. The water began to subside. B BAL-, WEIGHT, DARE Topust nonécrHst cuoéht orné- roft. The mountaineers are known for their daring.32 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE or-pion-nuft, daring, courageous or-péon-urbcA, to dare, venture, risk aéoK-muf, important, grave, significant Béx-nuyars, to be proud, to put on airs siox-nocts, importance, sig- nificance, consequence Y-BOK-Arb, to respect, esteem y-pax-éume, respect, defer- ence y-bax-ureapunttt, valid, justifiable, excusable, important Crenan ornéoxnutt marpéc. Stephen is a courageous sailor. Henpuarers ne _oraéoxaren 4a mpitcrym. The enemy will not venture an assault. bro éuenb Banu Bonpéc. It is a very important question (matter). On séoxnusaer cooim wiHoM. He is putting on airs because of his rank. Kaxaa » drow paxnocts. It's ‘of no consequence. (What does it matter!) Bac nce ysamauor. Everybody respects you. Mu ornécmea x ett ¢ yeaxténmen. We treat her with respect. On ne mor aattrit x pam 10 ysanutrensuoi — npwuiue, He could not call on you for a justifiable reason. BAJI-, ROLL, SURGE, BULWARK, HEAP Bast, rampart, embankment Baz-tirb, to throng, to heap, pile, overturn Baz-fTbcA, to roll about, loll, to wallow Ha-nl0-na, outright, on the spot 3a pitom naumuduorer oxnH. ‘The trenches begin beyond the rampart, Hapéx vawir roanéa. The people come in a throng. On naafierca » nocrémm yo 06é7a. He lolls in bed until dinner. Eré y6man wanonas. He was killed outright. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 38 06-n4s, avalanche, landslide nepe-bam-4rs, to pass, get ‘across Tlécne semaerpacénun mpo- waoméa o6pan. After the earthquake there was a landslide. Emy ymé nepenamio pa mectbgecht. He is already past sixty. npo-nds-uparb, to reject, send TIpondmmait nameme! Get off, chase out ‘along with you! (Get away!) npo-pam-irsca, to fail, fall Yuermbx nponamiaca wa oxah- ‘through, collapse mone. The student failed in his examination. pas-naz, collapse, disintegra- Bmx cemsé noanéfummft pas- tion, discord c-nia-xa, fight, heap nap, tar ap-ube, jam, preserve sap-trb, to cook n6-nap, cook mmme-pap-énme, digestion nam. In their family everything is at sixes and sevens. Emg mogGiinm ras p cpamKe. the ‘He got a black eye fight. BOIL, HEAT, COOK Bapom mompanatior nopérm. ‘The roads are repaired with tar. Ona me mb6ur maniinonoro papénba. She does not like raspberry jam. Korga su nayunrets sapiirs xémy? When will you Jearn to cook the gruel? Y uux nénap $panuys. Their cook is a Frenchman. On crpanter pacerpéftcrsom numenapéuma. He suffers from indigestion.34 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE camo-nép, tea-umn. Camonap na croné, nopa mrs vail. ‘The samovar is on the table, time to drink tea. BE-, (BB)- WAFT, BLOW, FAN né-ntb, to watt, blow softly né-naxa, winnowing-machine né-aume, breeze, influence, idea é-ep, fan é-rep, wind né-tprmuit, wind, windy su-né-rpunars, to weather, to air no-né-tpite, epidemic, infec~ tion n0-né-Atb, to begin to blow, flow, spread npo-né-rpapats, to air B orxpsiroe oxn6 néer_npo- xaayof. Cool air blows softly through the open window. Bénaxa » anGpe. The winnowing-machine is in the barn. Héswe néanua uyncrsywren aaKe B nposiunun. New ideas are felt even in the province. Y ue’ goport néep. She has an expensive fan. Ayer ciusust nérep. A strong wind blows. Ha ropé crown érpanas aéxpumua. There is 8 windmill on the hill. Tlepeména remmeparg pst puné- ‘Tpuaer néypy. A change in temperature weathers the soil. Tenép» nonérpue Ha deny. ‘Now there is an epidemic of smallpox. B xémmare nonéazo séraxom upetén. A fragrance of flowers permeated theroom. Caymanxa_nponérpmnaer o- néway. The maid is airing the clothes. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 86 BEJ-, (BBI)-, KNOW SEE: BET- néq-arb, to know, be aware néx-omoctb, journal, list, report néq-bMa, witch néx-nputtt, polite e-néK-a, ignoramus pas-néq-a, search, exploration, reconnaissance c-néq-enme, knowledge, information ¢-BMI-éTeab, 4 a eTseniy, fitness Bé-cTb(Beq-Th), news, Message, information c6-ne-cTb, conscience no6po-cé-ne-crusit, _consei~ entious Xoosinn He Béqaa, 40 rocrs ne oGégam. The host did not know that the guest had no dinner. Tne ramémennan péqomocrs? ‘Where is the customs report? Ona ana Kak négpma. She is angry as a witch. Boxansstt monoy6tt wer0néK. ‘A polite young man. Henéixa ue yméer xepaira ceOt mB OGmectse. An ignoramus does not know how to behave in society. ‘Muormpanuance na pasnéaky. ‘We were off to start an exploration. Omi ne uméior caézenntt 0 6pare. They have no information about their brother. On Gun camgérenem sroro mpecrynaiéaus. He was a witness in this crime. Mu noaywitam —npwirane nécrt. We received pleasant news. Eré mgunam yrprséumn c6- pect. He was conscience stricken. On xo6pocdnectamm pabérume He is a conscientious worker.36 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE m6; tale rb. story, narrative, }-né-cTHe, news, information K nam péaKo noxéqaT nané- bea-tix-ui, great crmn o Hel, We rarely receive news of her. noa-n4-Antiit, majestic, stately, lofty nea-iu-me, grandeur, solem- nity. A_npowéa dry nénects. I have read this story. BEJI-, BOJ-, COMMAND, WILL, ORDER nex-érb, to order, give orders, command mo-nex-éume, command, order no-nex-ittexs, master, ereign, commander sov- Oa-A, will, freedom, liberty BOa-b-nit, free, voluntary o-n61-b-Ho, enough, suffice, content we-néa-ure, to desire, grant, deign n08-n6z-u7», to allow, permit, let. yRo-néa-b-crane, joy, enjoyment ben-mx-an, giant pleasure, Bemi cayré npunecttt suu6. bones teen come Give orders to the servant to bring some wine. Tio sucowatiinemy monenénm0 mpiironop Osu oTmeHéH. By Imperial order the sentence (verdict) was annulled. Ha wénoro nenoamireaa 10 ‘1p noweniirean, For every executive there are three sovereigns (masters). Bona nama, aa c pin ne cormacex. As you like, but T do not agree with you. nép-a, faith, religion nép-u7b, to trust, believe nép-Huiit, faithful 70 carom BémBEEI Tepe- 361. This translation is too free. Hondawno ronopitrs 06 stom. Enough of this talk. Yerd wondaure? What do you wish? (What can I do for you?) nep-osirHo, probably, likely o-nép-ne, trust, confidence Tlosnéasre mue nosHaKomars -nép-uunit, superstitions ac. Let me introduce you. Se raat C Gomsuim ynonémscrsnem. With great pleasure. y-nép-ennocts, assurance, cer B wipe nowéonpanm nean- tainty kana. In the circus they were showing a giant. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 38T Hacrymia neaiionmt npasqemn Tiacxm. ‘There came the great Easter holiday. Beawyansitt ony Kas6éxa. A majestic viewof the Kazbe. Beanune yepKonnom caym6u. ‘The grandeur of the church service. Benpséoa mpondaur maéro spémen mpm mpopé. A courtier spends much time at the court. BEP-, (BBP)-, TRUST, FAITH Xpucruanckan Bépa pacnpo- ‘erpanena mo cemy mipy. Christianity is spread throughout the world, AA nam ne népwo. I do not trust you. (Ido not believe you.) CoGaxa — népanit apyr vea0- néxa. The dog is man’s faithful friend. Bu neposirno Oynere anece aaprpa. You will probably be here to-morrow. i K_ nemy mémH0e gonépue. I have complete faith (confidence) in him. ty Cyenépunit ncerd Gotten. A superstitious person is afraid of everything. FA ne mory cxasirh ¢ yBépen- woctsi0 470 jro tax, I cannot say with certainty that it is 50.38 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE SS EEE an BEPT-, BPAT-, BOPOT-, TURN, TWIST nepr-érb, to turn, twirl, twist nepr-érsea, to turn round, spin nep-1fre(sepr-nyrs), to re- ‘turn aa-népr-snars, |to wrap, roll, Ba-nep-HYTs, mufile up’ epaut-drb, to turn, revolve Bpamt-arecn, to revolve, ro- tate, mix, mingle Bos-npamt-arb, | to return, boa-npar-iins, ) pay back 06-paut-4p, to turn, change, convert, transform 06-par-iits, to turn, change, convert, 06-pam-énste, circulation, ro- tation, usage, treatment pas-npar,corruption,debauch, perversity On& éprur um Kak xduer, She can twist him around her little finger. Cxéso Béprurca Ha nanké, ‘The word is on the tip of (my) tongue. Ou nepya nam kmniry, He retumed the book to us, Mpmxasunx aanéprusaa (aasepuya) naxét, ‘The salesman wrapped the parcel. Ormoprianes Lapexme npara, The holy gates of the sanctuary opened. Cran6x spamaer Koxecé. The lathe turns the wheel. AA spamatoce » oSpasdnannon 6Omectse. I mingle in educated (intellectual) society. Mat cképo nosnpavim nam xoar. We shall soon return (pay back) our debt to you. He oGpamatire ua neré punma- auta. Don’t pay (turn) any attention to him. Obpanire BHumanne Ha pau oumtGKu. Pay attention to your mistakes. Sra Monéra_nimisia wa o6pa- ménun. ‘This coin has been out of circulation. Sro cymmi pasapar. This is a veritable debauch. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 380 —<—— par-nnK, libertine, de- praved person corrupt, pany-Arb, to ye nopor, collar nopor-a, (npar-A), gate, gates nopor-iirs, to return, call back nopor-nit, collar yogo-nopér, whirlpool xoco-popér-Ka, Russian shirt 06-opér (06-nopor), turn nepe-nopér, overturn, revolution no-nopér, turn, bend, loop, crossroad, return Ou mpespariincn » pasnpér- umxa. He turned into @ libertine. ‘Zypxén npunép pasopamder. ‘A bad example corrupts one. YY wer6 mucéxuit pépor. He wears @ high collar. Bopéra ormprrris acre. The gates are wide open. TIp6uoro ue woporius. One ‘cannot call back the past. A xymia nopornunit. 1 bought the collars. ‘JoaKa nomasa 8 BoRonopér. ‘The boat was caught in a whirlpool. Ha _wém 6x4 KoconopérKa. ‘He wore a Russian shirt. Téno mpiiunso ntoxdt 060- por. The affair took a tur for the worse. B Poccita mpouaouéx nepe- nopér. In Russia there was a revolution. Ha nonopére met norpérmant oaKomux. We met (our) acquaintance at the tura in the road. BEPX-, TOP, ABOVE, SUPER- vepx, top, summit népx-nutit, upper Bepx ropst_caunnwom Kpyt. ‘The top of the mountain is too steep. Mu vkuném Ha népxnen aranké. ‘We live on the upper floor.40 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 1epx-6m, horseback, astride sepx-fuka, top, summit Repmi-viva, summit, peak co-nepur-éuerso, perfection co-nepmi-sirs, to perform, com- ‘mit, accomplish AA_m06m Kararscn nepxdm. I like horseback riding. Ménnua pas6iina nepxfuny néper ‘The lightning smashed the tree top. Mut néquasies na cuéanyso epuniny. We ascended the snow-clad summit. Oud suier pfccxut naiK 2 conepmiéuerse. She knows the Russian language to perfection. On conepunian upecrynnéune. He committed a crime. BECEW-, JOYFUL, CHEER, ENJOY necen-ttt, to cheer, enjoy, amuse pecka-Hi, gay, cheerful ‘Becés-be, joy, gaicty nece-b-aK, merry chap, merrymaker ua-necer-é, tipsy, in one’s cups Pas-necer-tins, to cheer up amuse, Yro Kord necemir, Tor mpo 0 w ronopiit. One speaks of those things which one enjoys. Becénoe amné. face. A cheerful B_ yéme mapitno _necéawe. Gaiety reigned in the house. Mot asian Gompudt necens- wax, My uncle is great merrymaker. Bu ceréqua nasecené. You are tipsy today. Kax pac pasnecemitts? How can I cheer you up? ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 41 BET-, (BBT)-, UTTER, SAY, SPEAK SEE: BED- va-nér, testament, will, bequest 0-G6r(06-ner), promise, vow or-nér, answer, reply npu-nér, greeting co-nér, advice, counsel co-nér-unx, adviser, coun- sellor, guide 06-em-Arb, to promise Arb, }to answer, ure,s reply co-nemt-Arsea, to confer, con- sult, deliberate néu-e, moot, meeting But», weave, twist, spin Xpamiire sanérs mpénxon. ‘Keep the bequest of the ‘ancestors. Oud nana o6ér nottrt Mouacritps. She has made a vow to enter @ convent. AA _em@ ne noaysita orpéra. Thave not yet received the reply. Ona wiaér pam mpusér. She sends greetings to you. Tlattre emf xopéumh conér. Give him good advice. Bu naox6 conéramx. You ‘are a poor adviser. AA umverd ne morf pam 06e- mare. Teannot promise you anything. Bu emé we orsérnam a mucemé. You have not answered the letter yet. Out nénr0 conemasuce. They deliberated a long time. CaapsincKoe néve Gxis10 HapoR- mum —coOpanuem. ‘The Slavic moot used to be & popular assembly. WEAVE Becnéft nrima spor rHésxa. In spring the birds make their nests.42 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE nb-ora, blizzard, snow-storm. ‘Bb-10H, grounding, vine, con- volvulus Bssounutt, burden, pack Bb-fourka, damper, valve pas-bit-rue, development Pas-pii-76, to develop, evolve c-nu-r5, to wind, coil, wreath, build BUI, aug, view, aspect Biig-eT, to see burz-nétéca, to be seen, appear Bii-uisf, prominent, con- spicuous, noticeable Ha mnopé aéer mpvra. Tho lizard howls outside. On spire KaK nbon. He twists like a groi . He clings to one like a vine. (He courts favor by cring- ing demeanor.) ‘Témags — peiounoe xnBdrHOe, ‘The pack-horse is a beast of burden. He sa6yax, orxpsirs phimKy Biteuit. Don't forget to open the damper in the stove. Kyzpryproe passitrmecrpant. ‘The cultural development of the country. Al_xouf paspiire sro aén0. I want to develop this business. T[ésouxa catia ce6é nendx. ‘The little girl has made a wreath for herself. SEE Oroioza mpexpacussft baa. The view is beautiful from here. Oni niigat scé B pésonom cnére. They see everything through rose-colored glasses. Baan nwanéerca xepénna. A village has appeared in the distance. Tlerpén sanumaer priaHoe nooméune, Petrov occu- pies a prominent place. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 43, __- BOER EE eae ee yoo-we-na-niig-erb, to hate, begin to hate fis-onate, to envy, to be envious va-mic-ramesttt, envious, jeal- ous i-ptc=75(aa-BIA-TE), grudge npu-pug-énme, vision, appari- tion, ghost envy; c-oma-Anue, meeting, appoint ‘ment Ona er poonenanitgena. She began to hate him. Tlowemy ny emy sapitzyere? ‘Why do you envy him? Bapiicramsoe Ko Dia janéxo, An envious eye sees far. Eé radxer snuctb. She is pining away with envy, B crapuuy sépune nm npe- puénus. In times of yore they believed in ghosts. FA cnemy wa camganue. I am hurrying toan appointment. (Lam ina hurry, I have an appointment.) BMH-, BLAME pun-a, blame, fault pun-rirb, to accuse ana-onéruft, guilty snn-Onnmk, culprit, author, cause na-buu-énute, pardon, excuse ne-biin-waft, innocent, not guilty 06-RMH- fT, 06-aMH-vTs, to accuse Unn dro nana? Whose fault is it? Hanpacuo pu mens puntire. You are accusing me un- justly. On He mpHaHan ce6A nmno- paruim, He did not admit that he was guilty. Tlasea ceréana pandpunic ropxectna. Paul is the cause of to-day’s celebra- tion. Mpomy woonnénun. I beg ‘your pardon. (Exeuse me.) Ou oxaaaacr nepinnim. He was found innocent. Vix o6pnusuor 5 xpaxe. They are accused of theft.44 _ ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 46 : to lord, domin- Jluxrirop naacroyer max BUC-, BEC-, (B%G), HANG ee oe Arepande, “A dictator rules nuc-érb, to hang I1Y6a suciir na néwane, The eaacen aee Bitc-enuna, gallows sa-piic-ers, to depend ec, weight, importance pit-pec-Ka, sign 84-Ha-nec, curtain néul-aurka, hanger, clothes peg néw-are, to hang BIAJ\-, POWER, RULE baag-énen, owner saag-éume, domain Baaz-érs, to possess, rule, Buaj-HKa, master, owner, ruler coat is hanging on a peg. Eré mpurosopiian x niice- atye. He was sentenced torbe hanged on the gallows. pniac-rb(nutaz-7), power, ‘authority Conérckan Baacts yupentina Komxdan. The Soviet authorities have founded the collective farms. Bro or mena ne saniicur. It 66-nac-re(06-naaz-75), prov- IIpumépcxaa oer = es does not depend on me. ince, region, Piippnaer ec QReae. Maritime province is on the Sro yenonéK c nécom. He is Pacific coast. ‘a man of importance. Ha_yamuax Apxwe pxtmeckn. a ‘There are bright signs on Bens Wa the streets, lnon-&, water J[attre mue craxis nomi. Give Bauasec menemircn or nérpa, The curtain is flapping in the wind. B nepéquen nécKomKo né- mavox. ‘There are several hangers in the hall. Baa némaer Gem’ wa ne- pénxy. The peasant woman hangs the clothes on a rope. nop-o-naz, waterfall, falls pon-o-npo-n6x, — water-pipe, plumbing Baaxéxey droro mMéHHA Mott poxersenaux. The owner of this estate is my relative. Bon-HéHMe, flood Y nerd o6unipawe naagénns. He has a large domain. nog-n6a-nuit, submarine, sub- ‘aqueous Auraa saazéer Vhaguett. England rules India. Tlomémux Gui nostHosaacr HUM Baajetkott Kpectbsin. ‘The landlord was the abso- lute master of the peasants. pos-iirs, to lead me # glass of water. Boaka Kpénxnft namitroK. Vodka is a hard liquor. Bogon6a mpoéxam no fame. ‘The water carrier passed along the street, Hmarapexmt noxomax Be- amxosénex. The Niagara Falls are magnificent. Y mac wenéprunca ponompo- 6x. Our plumbing is out of order. Hanoanénme npmunniter wndro GéycraHft. A flood causes many hardships. Tlogpéqman a6qKa noms KO amy. The submarine sank. BOUL, BEM, LBAD Maanumx omer cnenéro 86 pyky. The boy leads the blind man by the hand.46 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE BoKN-b, leader 107, conclusion nepe-n6a, translation 116-noz, ground, reason, cause Pas-pdn, divorce ec-rit (nen-TH), to lead, conduct, manage B-sen-éume, introduction institution sa-nec-ri, to lead, bring, take or-nec-ri, to take no-ney-énute, demeanor, conduct mpo-no-neq-6une, work, writ- ing Jiéumn Oni BoKAeM Mpone- rapmara. Lenin was the leader of the proletariat. AA saxmonix neGxaronpmar mutt prion. I have made an unfavorable conclusion. Sra Kura — nependg ¢ pecxoro. ‘This book is a translation from the Rus- sian. Bolt saropésacs Gea nesiKo- ro nésoxa, The war broke out for no reason. On yrré nonysiix pasnén. He has already been granted a divorce. He aerké secrit raxée Goanmée péno. It is not easy to manage such a big business. Bame wnexéume cmimnxow Kpirko. Your introduction is too brief. A yufen B vétcmem yaéOnom sasenéuum. I am studying in an institution of higher learning. Bu sanemt ment pamexd » napx. You led me too far into the park. FL ornenf e8 xoméft, I shall take her home. ‘Yoenmkd xaxasdnm 8a nypabe nosexénue. The pupil was punished for misdemeanor. Ona mpowrd nce mpomane- nénun Toxcréro. She has read all the works of Tolstoy. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE aT uupo-ne-Box-sin npo-m-nec-Tit, {to make ‘dra méca npomanend xopéuiee nnevaraénme. This play made a good impres- sion on me. BO3-, BE3-, CARRY nea-TH, \to take, carry, noo-tir,f bring oa, cart nov-nf, racket, noise pu-pos-firb, to export wa-n6a-4MK, cabman. napo-n6s, engine, locomotive nepe-n6o, transport, transportation Kpecrofiumn nesér rycét na sipmapky. ‘The peasant brings the geese to the fair. Myx mpéxam nos céna. "The peasant sold a cartload of hay. Uro éro ram ga noaust? What is that racket? Poceta pupéamr xae6 3a- rpaniuy. Russia exports grain (abroad). Tlosoniize waxdaumna. Call a cabman. Oxoxo cranumm moKasancn maponés. An engine appeared at the station. @ipma ynaarina 3a nepends ‘roapa. The concern paid for the transportation of goods. BOJIOK-, BUIEK-, BIIAK-, PULL, DRAG, FIBRE nonox-itra, dangler no0K-H6, fibre n6-nomox-a, pillowcase Ou crapuit ponoxitra. He is an old dangler. Sro abnande BonoKRd Ana npfoxm. This linen fibre is for weaving. Tipmueciire mae vitery@ wano- ‘aoxy. Bring me a clean pillowcase.48 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE mp6-nonox-a, wire Ha crom6é pucitr mpénonoKa, ‘A wire is hanging on the pole. Or yorétocrm e154 nomositar wri, I could hardly drag my fect because of weari- Odunépu soaowsismuce va Heft. ‘The officers were running nonos-ttrp, to drag nom04-#reca, to run after after her. saes-éume, inclination, pro- Y meni Gomsmée paeséune clivity K mganke. I have pro- clivity to music. Bie4-b(B7eK-rb), to bring, in- So paevér 8a co6éw nenpu- volve Avnoctu. It may bring annoyance. mpn-s7ex-Arb, to attract, sum- Eré mpuanexdwr x orpérer- ‘mon, prosecute Bennocta. He is being proso- cuted. Pas-Baex-arb, to amuse, on- Virpu paspaexiwr eréft. tertain Games amuse children. y-snex-Arp, to attract, fascin- Mx ysaexder reérp. The ate theatre fascinates them. Baas-irb, to drag, lead On saawir sxdaKoe cyme- ersondume. He leads a wretched existence. 66-max-0 (06-snax-o), cloud Hé60 noxpstro o6aaKamm. The sky is overcast. BBIC-, HIGH puc-6xnft, high, tall Kaxée nitcéxoe axanne. What a high building. Buic-oKomépme, haughtiness, Eré mpeaupia 3a pscoKo- arrogance mépue. He was despised for his arrogance. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 49 wutc-oK-onpHettt, pompous wuc-ord, height, altitude nuo-b, height pos-piu-énme, elevation no-peat-6ane, promotion pvia-auxa, bundle pas-arb, to knit pio-nyTb, to stick bas-b, ornamental lettering sa-pis-Ka, plot Cramp wamitcana —BBicoKO- napsem cnérom. ‘The arti- cle is written in a pompous style. Ox oxasdnca Ha BucoTé nomoménua. He rose to the occasion. wRanopouoK xeviit B BHCD. ‘The lark soars upwards. Eré nossticusm no renepaib- ‘exoro via. He was pro- moted to the rank of general. Ha sossaméxmm croat xpé- nocts. There is a fortress ‘on the elevation. On noaywix nopsméune. He received @ promotion. TIE, BIND Ox mpanéc sasanky pos. He "brought a bundle of wood. Buysa meni savare sya. Rica me how to knit stockings. B pomny mut BésHem B rpaai. ‘When it rains, we stick in the mud. Tlucsaté namsicano caapitncKort pass. The document is written in Slavic ornamental lettering. BandoKa pomaxa mnrepécna. ‘The plot of the novel is interesting.50 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 06-aB-arenscrn0, promise, fl sen c meré mitcomennoe pledge oGnadrenscrno. I took a written pledge from him. Sro um K 4eMy He OGaniBaer, ‘There is nothing binding in that. Aiéno uner « paspfoxe. The affair is coming to a head. Oud sanaodara Yaeu na nares, She tied & knot in her handkerchief. Vounka ceréqum ocsoSomia. ‘The prisoner was released today. Eré rarovir fas pogersd. ‘He is weary of his family ties. o6-Ae-nBars, (00-BAa-HBaTS), to bind legally, oblige pas-néa-xa, climax fo-en, knot fo-umn, prisoner Son, ties r TAD, GUESS ran-Aaxa, fortuneteller Tera Gud y vanianu. Our aunt was at the fortuneteller’, B crapuay wacro ragaam. In old days they often told fortunes. rag-Ars, to tell fortunes ran-Anue, fortunetelling, divi- Ox sépua ragdnue. She nation believed in fortunetelling. no-rén-inarscn, }to eg «SA caM oraginca To on qo-ray-Areon, S myauxaur, Imyself guessed that he was a musician. xo-rég-xa, conjecture, guess ‘Town paaune nora. Various conjectures were abroad. ga-ray-na, riddle Orranattre Sty Guess this riddle. saraaxy. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 51 po-rj-ounsit, mysterious yeran-drs, to guess Kanan saraqounan meropin. ‘What a mysterious incident. Vrawiitre or xKord upertt. ‘Guess from whom are these flowers. TAJ-, REPTILE rag, reptile ran-Kuit, mean, base rag-ocrb, baseness, meanness Be rpomiueckx —_ orpasnax muro vestxnx rago. In tropical countries there are all kinds of reptiles. Bu cosepunian ranknit 10- erynox. You have done & mean trick. Ox cnocé6ex na noaKme ra- nocrit. He is capable of all sorts of meanness. TUB-, PH-, [YB-, PERIL, BEND, BOW rt6-em, destruction, peril flexible, raAG-xutt, pliable, ri6-nyts, to perish r-yte (r6x-y7s), to bend wa-rii6, curve, bent Mu Gtiam wa Kpaid riGenn, ‘We were on the verge of destruction. Y meni p pyxéx ri6xntt mpyt. hold a willowy rod. Ox ormuderca ri6xocrm10 yma. He is noted for his subtlety. Muérne riGayr 3 Topamax. ‘Many perish in prisons. Kpecrofinan raét critmy Bc1 awnoHb. ‘The peasant works hard alll his life. Tlo éroft nopére MH6ro ma riGos. ‘There are many curves along this road.cr) ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ra-freca, to bend, stoop no-ri6-en5, destruction, peril, undoing c-rH6-ATb, to bend co-ri-frb, to bend, twist, ‘curve ry6-rens, destroyer, undoer ry6-tirs, to ruin, destroy, kill no-ry6-titb, to ruin, undo PUIAB-, POdO! rnap-4, head, chief, principal, chapter rnép-nnit, chief, main, prim- ary sa-radp-ne, heading, title o-raap-aéHue, table of contents, index Mars narnfnacy x pebéany. ‘The mother bent down to her child. S10 Gino eré moriGensw. This was his undoing. PaGérnmx cruGaer yry. The laborer is bending a bow. Cras MéHo cornfre a alomas. One may bend the steel without breaking it. Ou nacrosimuit ryGirem cep nén. He is a veritable Jady-killer. Mopés ryour sarey. Kills the crop. Eré nory6ii1a _npdsnuocrs. Idleness ruined him. Frost HEAD, CHIEF Eré Opar rnana $ipwst, His brother is the head of the firm. Mu_npoumt népsyw raapy. We have read the first chapter. Taasuot rémot pasronépa uaa soit’. War was the main topic of conversa tion. Barnénue xmirn camumkom auitnno. ‘The title of the book is too long. Tlocmorpiire » ornannéame. Look into the table of contents. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 58 rouon-4, head roaos-o-Kpyénme, dizziness roson-o-ndsmsttt, puzzling, difficult to solve ua-ronép-me, head of the bed Y mewi Gomir ronosé. I have a headache. Ona erpaxéer ronosoxpyné- ‘ute. She suffers from dizai ness. She has dizzy spells. Waireap saqam = romoBO- momayo sandy. ‘The teacher gave a braintwister. ‘The teacher gave a difficult problem. O6paa sucir y maronésea. ‘An ikon hangs at the head of the bed. TAL-, SMOOTH, PAT rad-urb, to iron, press radg-Kuit, smooth, even raag-b, smooth surface, still- ness ga-raax-nBatb, to smooth, efface, expiate, make up, make amends pad-rado-uBaT.\ 6. smooth paa-raay-ut, Cecrpa raaaur naan. My sister irons the handker- chiefs. ‘Tex wa pexé radqnuit Kak crexn6. ‘The ice on the river is as smooth as glass. Kaxaa rnazp na mope ceroaua. ‘How smooth the seaistoday. On aarméxtmnaer cpoid Bimny. ‘He is making amends for his fault. Jlésowka = pasradguaa ma wire mlarse. ‘The little girl smoothed out a crum- pled dress. PHAD-, PONOA-, HUNGER rnog-arb, to gnaw, nibble rénoz, hunger, famine Cobaka raéKer Kocts. The ‘dog gnaws the bone. B Sroft crpané compéncrnonam réaoz. Famine ravaged (in) this country.54 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 65 __- BORE nen naman eeceere ronox-Atb, to starve, to be BeapaGdrue ronoaawr. The blie ‘Yuet npowandenr rakemse ‘hungry ‘unemployed are starving, Prke-msit, vowel, pil eafkit Migs peplis’ are roaég-nii, hungry Tlocaxnuasca noi rondqHoro: pronouncing the vowel néaka, The howl of sounds. bind me ber ynaui-Aratt, town-crier Taamdéran Gxierpo pasnecmi mpo-rosios-érsca, to be fA den» mporononiaacs, I pects. The town-criers hungry am very hungry. spread the news swiftly. npH-rTQM-8Tbs\ ny Tipuraaciire wx na vail. In- Dus, BYE Sato e io ieee vite them to tea. carer Y nee npexpicne raasa, -raam-éuve, invitation —- Mat_monywiiu@ mpuraaménne She has beautiful eyes. ran ‘ua Gaz. We have received raaa-érb, to stare Toma senax raaséna Ha the invitation to the ball. aaponmax. A crowd of 6 i -raic-ne, consent, - On we xéver gars cpoer’ idlers stared at the airplane. ie Siee | ON seme tea alot rnas-Ku, eyes Héyero nam crpéurs radaxn. want to give his consent. Xe make Z You must not maks e766 are ae co-rnac-itreca, f° 98F°° mitwn. I agreed to go with raap-HOR, eye Mue nago notin « raasnéuy ‘them. ppauy. I have to go to an oculist. néo-raac, ejaculation, outery Tloeminnaauch | ubaraaci g Aci Bocksmanua. There were ga-raas-d, behind one’s back, [po Koré me rosopir sa- heard ejaculations and ex- amply raas4? Is there anyone of cia whom they don’t tall behind his back? enuno-riac-Ho, unanimous-ly Pesosionmi0 paiax ‘exaz0- i i ‘acno. ‘The resolution was c-raas-nTs, to cast an evil Kpecrbauxa ronopiir ro eé zane spell pedéuxa crasaua#. ‘The ‘unanimously passed: peasant woman says that someone has cast an evil spell on her child. o-rnac-Ka, publicity $ro wenécrme He nozreniT oradcke. This information is not to be made public. (is not to be broadcast). TWAC-, FOSOC-, VOICE : rézt0¢, voice Y Waninnua seanxonénmt rénoc. Shaliapin has « magnificent voice. raac, voice, tune Taac wapéna, raac Bows. ‘The voice of the people is the voice of God. ronoc-ermft, loud-voicea, B aecf pasananoch nénme ee aes ae pei Daacet ecrerea cantea. ‘vociferous. ronocitcTax mr. A loud It is said so in the legal singing of the birds re- statute. sounded in the forest.56 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 87 Ton0c-onir», to vote Muérme ronoconéam mpéi Sroro Kaununara. Many voted against this date. TyX-, 'OX-, DEAF rayx-6ft, deat Tayxomy ¢ Heme wéver Tonopitrs. It’s no use the deaf to talk with the dumb. rayx-o-nemoft, de: Ha yray yom aan rayxo- xemiix, On the comer there is a home for deaf- mutes. rayur-itns, to deafen Tova nepento rafunser mon ‘Thunder frequently deafons, people. rayur-s, solitary, remote place Ont xunfr o rayunt, They live in a remote place. o-rayur-ars, Tifmeunsit oxicrpen orayuni o-rayur-tits, menst. The gunfire deafened me. ‘to deafen, stun rn6x-nytb, to grow deaf On cram rnéxnytb. He began to get hard of hearing. o-ra6x-nyts, to become deaf Ba6ymxa oraéxma. ‘The grandmother became deaf. TMIA-, GLANCE, LOOK raan-érb, to look, glance On ranéa na ment 8 yndp. He stared at me. Bui-rang-ers, to look But xopoué suirnagure. You look well. sa-rafg-wears, to look in, He sarmiqupative 3 Kyiry. peep in Don't look in your book. ga-ran-nyre(sa-rang-nyth), to call, drop in look round, turn round o-rnAg-umarsen, )tolook back, o-rnn-nfrecs, no-rang, look, view, outlook, opinion o-ravig-Ka, looking back Baranwire K am névepom. ‘Come to see (Call on) us tonight. Oud wacro oraignnacton. She often looks back. He yenénm ornauyron Kax aéro mpomné. We had hardly turned round when the summer was gone. Y pac sapapult sarnag ma néum. You have a sound judgment (outlook). On Gena Ges ornaaxn. He ran without looking back (turning his head). TH-, POH-, CHASE, DRIVE ri-ams, )to chase, drive, spur on, bucket, drive, row-ATb,) chase rou-éume, persecution, oppression rOx-Ka, race, regatta, pii-rH-arb, to drive out, turn out, no-rou-firb,\ to catch up, no-rH-atb, f overtake Mendaunk rout n6maqe. The ‘cabman buckets his horse. Tlésymma romier yp ¢ oro- poga. The girl chases the chickens out of the truck- garden. Packéabuukm moxpeprasitcs ronémmo. ‘The dissenters were subjected to persecution. Basrpa cocroiirea rpesuan réuKa. The regatta will be tomorrow. Xone pxirnan npuKasunxa. ‘The boss has turned out the clerk. Bu wire, a nac poromio. Go, T will catch up with you.58 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE o-rH-Axme, exile Ba coon yOounénmm on nent » warninwm. For his con victions he lived in exile. 060-rn-4rs, to leave behind, Hac o6ornas apromobiims. An outdistance, pass by ‘automobile passed us by. o-réx-A, chase, pursuit B noréue sa eupraam Saxapos norepsn aqopénse. In his pursuit of money Zakharov has lost his health. THEB-, (THBB)-, ANGER THep, anger B npmndxxe ruésa nucérens yuuurdnctt pfxonucs. In & paroxysm of anger the writer has destroyed his manuscript. raés-arsca, to be angry, to Havdabumx manpacno raé- fume ‘BaJcA. The chief was angry for nothing. Myx 6pécus ruéonut sornag wa oKen. The husband looked angrily at his wife. rHés-HMM, angry THET., PRESS Tmeo-nit (ruer-n to oppress Mens ruerér nymna. Poverty oppresses me. rnér, oppression Hapéa usnemoraer nog rué- Tom paGersa, The people are exhausted under the oppression of slavery. y-ruet-Arb, to oppress Banoquun yruerder paounx. ‘The factory owner op: presses his workers, y-ruer-énumi, oppressed, de- fl sacra apyra B yrnerénnom pressed cocrofinuu. I’ found my friend very depressed. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 59 PHM., PHOM-, ROT ‘Tyr maxuer rann6t pxi6on. ‘There is a smell of rotten fish here. Céxo ramér or citpoctu. The hay rots in the dampness. Képens népena cruneder. The root of the tree is decaying. Ms paws cowires rxott, ‘The wound is festering. Pnn-n6ft, rotten, foul fur, to rot, decay o-rum-are, to rot, decay ruoft, pus, matter TOBOP-, TALK rénop, talk, conversation Ha fame carmen résop. Talking is heard in the street. ronop-irb, to speak, talk Mut ronopim no-pfeckm. We speak Russian ronop-fx, chatterer, chatter- Sror orynéun crpamaniit r box pyx. This student is a veritable chatterbox. bui-rozop, reprimand, rebuke, Orém cxénam nitronop city. pronunciation ‘The father reprimanded his son. xé-ronop, treaty, agreement, {érosop monmican. The treaty is signed. B&ronop pacKpsr. The plov is discovered. 24-ronop, plot, conspiracy Baronopmmxa nohmaam. They sa-ronép-nuk, conspirator ‘caught the conspirator. or-ronép-Ka, excuse, pretext Bu we onaénaerecs orron6p- Kamu. You cannot get away with (your) excuses. mo-ronép-xa, saying, adage, PYcckuit naiix Gorér noronép- proverb awa. The Russian language is rich in adages.oo ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Pas-ronép, talk, conversation y-tonép, agreement, understanding arrangement TO]-, YEAR, TIME, WEATHER, FIT, GOOD Ton, year ron-on6ft, yearly, annual rop-opupina, anniversary mo-réy-a, weather rog-tirea, to suit, fit, do rOy-Hutt, fit, suitable bui-rog-a, profit, gain, advantage, benefit B rocritwoft méx oncwonéam pasronép. In the dra room there was animat talk. Taxés Ox nam yronép. Such ‘was our understanding. c-ropop-iirca, to agree,make Mu wakowéx cronopiamch, Finally we agreed upon it. (Finally we made the arrangements.) B stow roxy pannan peck The spring is early thi Kynéy nogewtrspan roponéit Hox6a. The merchant was figuring out the yearly profit. B rononuyiny cmépra Tyur- kuna yorpousm Kounépr. On the anniversary of Push- Kin’s death they had a concert. Ceréqun mpexpacuaa noréza. ‘The weather is beautiful today. Bam cxonaps mie we romirea. Your dictionary won't do. Sra munepamnam noma roqna Ana nutbé. This mineral water is fit (good) for drinking. Hawme na06pérenne npuudcur nam ptirony. Our invention brings us profit. yerown-drt, ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE o1 OT Ha mec cuer we yronitmn. ‘You cannot please the en- to please, gratify tire world. ron-itrs, Ha ncex m céanye He yro- vader. Even the ‘sun cannot please everybody. rou-, NAKED ros, naked, bare rou-b, bareness, poverty, Poor people roa-o-néqmma, sleet, rime ‘Mu cndam ua réaoit semné. ‘We slept on the bare ground. Toms a piinymxm xmrpa. ‘Necessity is the mother of invention. ‘Ha quopé crofima rononéamma. Outside the ground was covered with ice. rop-, FPE-, HILL, MOUNT, HEAT, BURN, BITTER, WOE rop-4, mountain rop-nocrait, ermine rop-muttt, mountainous, mountain rop-Huunan, maid npu-r6p-oK, hillock rop-érp, to burn Baamt numuéercn xpytaa ropa. A steep mountain is seen in the distance. Popnocratt néunoe auBdTHoe. "Phe ermine is a valuable animal. Topmwe pysnit Oucrpt. The mountain streams are rapid. Topuusnan merér nox. ‘The maid is sweeping the floor. Hanpurépxe Gepésonan pouta. On the hillock there is a grove of birches. Ordnp » Kammué ropitr sipKo. ‘The fire in the fireplace burns brightly.02 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE rop-Aunit, hot rop-suxa, high fever o-rop-A7s, to burn low, burn heat, climax, full -rop-érsca, to blaze, got hot rép, smoke, fume y-rop-éauit, frenzied, like a » a8 if possessed Tpe-Tb, to warm, heat non-o-rpé-r5, to warm up co-rpé-rsca, to get warm rép-e, grief, sorrow, misfortune Top-endts, to grieve, mourn Top-emsiunutt, wretched, mis- erable Hattre me craxdn ropAvero aw. Let me have a glass of hot tea. Ham ayaxéustt —saGonéa ropaxoh. Our friend (acquaintance) has been stricken with a high fever. Kocrép yoropaer. The bon- fire is burning low. Baa Ou » néanom pasrape. The ball was in full swing. Tex paaropémcr or oa nénua. (His) cheeks blazed with excitement. Or yrépa pas6oaéaace ro- a0p4. ‘The fumes gave me a headache. Ou siicKown ia yomy KaK yropéauit. He rushed out of the house like a madman. Maasuux rpéer pyxu y néuKn. ‘The boy warms his hands at the stove. Tlopa noxorpére yawn. It's time to warm up the supper. FL ums ne mory corpérsca. I simply cannot get warm. Caesdau répio ne moMéxtemp. ‘There is no use crying over spilt milk. (Tears won't help one in sorrow.) Oud ropwer mo noKémuot marepa. She mourns for her dead mother. 7Kurbé niue ropemeisnoe. Our wretched existence (life). ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 68 rop-e4n, bitter taste, bitter- rop-b-Kut, bitter rop-wina, mustard o-rop-arb, to distress, vex o-rop-"énne, regret, concern, distress, sorrow, affliction ropa. répa-o, throat ropa-4uurb, to brawl, roar, ‘vooiferate ropa-on6it, throat o-nepéa-be(o-repes-te), necklace TOTOB. rorép-ntb, to prepare, make ready rorés-uft, ready sa-rorop-itrenbuttt, supply- ing, purveying Y meni ropews no prf. I have a bitter taste in my mouth. Xpe répex ma nxyc. The horse-radish tastes bitter. fl we ew ropuitusz. I don't eat mustard. He oropyait crapuxés. Don’t vex the old people. C ray66xnm oropyéumem Mat yanaam o pawteit morépe. ‘With deep regret we have learned of your bereave- ment. THROAT Y ne8 Gomir ropao. She has ‘a sore throat. ‘Toma noAnex ropranur. The drunken crowd is roaring. Y werd ropsonan Gonéons. ‘He has a throat ailment. Ha nett xoporée omepéase. ‘She wears an expensive necklace. READY Ha xgxue rorémar o6¢z. In the kitchen they are preparing the dinner. AA roroe, nofxémte, I em ready, let’s go. BSaroronitrembnnt — KoMnTéT sacegier. The purveying committee is holding ® conference.6 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Ha-ror6s-e, prepared, in readi- ness, to be on the lookout, nog-rorén-Ka, preparation TPAJ-, LOPOT-, TOWN, ENCLOSURE Tépon, city, town Topon-on6f, policeman Fopon-cK6fl, municipal, public ropox-duun, city dweller o-ropén, vegetable garden, truck garden nepe-ropén-Ka, partition Tpaxy-aniia, citizen Tpaxq-ancrno, citizenship BYnore maroréne. Be pre: pared. (Be on the lookout.) Crygéurs sana nogro- Tookolt K oKedmenam. ‘The tudents are preparing (studying) for (their) exam= inations. Bpar mpuroronaaer ypox. (My) brother is preparing his lesson. Mockna cromitunst répos. Moscow is the capital city. Topoxonéa cror na yray yauuut. A policeman stands on the street corner. B roponcxém cany mrpéna uyauika. A band played in the municipal garden. Toportane mano sxaKoum © cémpckum Oxirom. — City dwellers are little familiar with village customs (life). Boxpyr oropéaa Gua tisro- pods. There was a fence around the vegetable garden. 8a neperopégxott crosisia Kpo- narb. Behind the partition there was a bed. Tpaxnamitx Jiémon mpona- nécut pews. Citizen Lomov is making a speech. Ou noaysiia npaso rpaxnan- ctoa. He was admitted to citizenship. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 65 npe-rpaq-a, barrier, hind- rance, ol Y xadgGuma ner wuKaxést orpaa. The cemetery is not fenced. Boobpaxéune nperpin we ander. Imagination knows no obstacles. PPEB-, PPAB-, [POB-, DIG, GRAB rpé6-ens, comb rpec-ri (rpe6-r1), to row pu-rpeG-arb, to rake out no-rpe6-arb, to bury rpa6-éxt, robbery, holdup rpa6-1ts, o-rpat-nte, feo Pe, rpa6-m, rake p06, ¢oftin rpo6-onmtiin, coffin maker rpo6-auiua, tomb Ei nyoxen rpéGens. She needs ‘a comb. TpeGire x Gépery. Row towards the shore. FA _suirpeGato sonf ua nevi. I am raking the ashes out of the stove. Kpecrofine sécro norpedanr TéHbrH. Often the peasants bury their money. Tpa6ix cpemit 66a ana. A ‘holdup in broad daylight. Mx wuepa orpaGuau. They ‘were robbed yesterday. Caxéenmx pune rpa6am. ‘The gardener brought the rake. B yépxon croiir wépmustt Tp06. ‘There is a black coffin in the chureh. Uranium ps pacck’s 0 rpoGosmmxé? Have you read the story about the coffin maker? Bieta wat rpoGwiny Baumurrona? Did you see Washington's tomb?66 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE or 8a-rp66-nuift, sepulchral, hol- low, beyond the grave On mpowsxée dro sarpé6unm rédocom. He said this in a sepulchral voice. TPEM-, [POM-, THUNDER, ROAR rpew-érp, to roar, rumble rpem-funt, rattle, ring mlo-rpem-fuika, rattle rpom, thunder rpom-iits, to ruin, destroy rpém-xuft, loud rpow-o-ors6x, lightning-rod Ho-rp6m, pogrom, massacre, devastation pas-rpdm, destruction, havoc Ba_xonmém rpewir mm. ‘The guns rumble beyond the hill. Mu piiqea rpenfayio ame. ‘We saw a rattlesnake. Pe6éxox saGanmierca n0- TpemYuixoft. The child plays with a rattle. Tpom rpanya m noméx qoxnm. ‘A thunder-clap was heard, and it began to rain. Boftcxa rpomiixm nenpusrena. ‘The troops were destroying the enemy. Ona saronopiina rpomxum r6- aocom. She spoke loudly. (She spoke in a loud voice.) Ha Kpéme rpomoornéa. There is @ lightning-rod on the roof. Bo spéwa morpéma y6rtam eré imo. His uncle was killed during the pogrom. B xannexipun noanémunet pasrpém. There is complete havoc in the office. TPEX-, (IP'BX)-, SIN rpex, sin, transgression, fault He scnomunait rpex6n vxocru moétt. Don’t dwell (remind me of) upon the sins of my youth. ‘Yemén rpemnirp, ywé wm Ka- ‘arson. If you know how to sin, you must know how to repent. Tpémantt venonéx, mb. I drink, sinful man that I am. : mistake B craricrmxe norpéumocrs no-rpéui-woct®, error, mist _craniermue orpéamocrs errors are unavoidable. rpem-trs, to sin, do wrong ypéu-nuf, sinful TPO3-, AWE, THREAT, ROAR Tpésm y nac Gumi wacro. Fee § eee "We have frequent thunder- storms. 3 threaten, brand- Marp6c rpoasia xynax6u. The aaa a suilor brandished his fist mutt, threatening, men- On rpésHo mocmorpén Ha Tasiog) terrible Meufi, Helooked menacingly at me. Bamu yrpoan mens we crpa- -rpés-a, threat, menace eo oem mar. Your threats do not frighten me. Epon hhreaten, men- Ou yrpomaer ro om yéxer. Pa ase ta) aro THe Ghreatons that he will leave. IPYB-, COARSE : Kaxéa-ro rpy6win tomeuya py6-nis, rude follow, rafian Kax6ti-ro.rpybnin, row 6-ocrs, rudeness, coarse- Eré ne répnar aa rpf6ocrs. area He is not tolerated for his rudeness. VY qwkapén rp/6ue paps. ‘The savages have rude customs. rp§6-uit, rude, coarse68 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE o-rpy6-érb, to become coarse, er On orpy6éa muni na nat MEM césepe. Living in the far north, he became coarse. IPY3-, WEIGHT rpya, freight, cargo, load ‘Mu nonysnian Gomsm6a rpya. ‘We received a large cargo. Tpysonuni ornpinaen Poccitw. ‘The trucks were sent to Russia. rpys-o-pitx, truck wa-rpyx-irs, to load ‘Yoxé narpyéwor napoxdn. ‘They are already loading the steamer. TydJ-, STROLL rya-une, promenade, walk Cécrps nomi wa ryasum ‘The sisters went for a wall on the promenade. rya-AT, to walk Hana ryaier ¢ aeremi. The nurse walks with the children. npo-rfa-npatscr, to saunter, Omit nporyamsaioren 10 a6e- pexnoil. They are saunter- ing along the quay. mpo-rya-Ka, hike, picnic Tanaiire yorpéum nporgany. Let's have a picnic. pas-rja, revelry, riot B xasdpme npfnsit pasrga. ‘There was a drunken riot in the barracks. PYCT., THICK ryer-érb, to thicken Bapéuse ryeréer. The jam is getting thick (syrupy). Mux saGpaaues » ryctém nec. ‘We came into a dense forest. rycr-6i, thick, dense tycr-ord, density, thickness rfur-a, dregs, grounds ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 69 ee To rycroré waceaéuna eror ropox xa népnom sécre. In density of population this city ranks first. Qua sxiGpocuta Kodérinyi0 rywy. She threw out the coffee grounds. a TA; GIVE ya-ns, tribute, contribution na-renpustt, dative ja-te, to give poa-qa-path, to reward, render, return piit-na-ya, distribution, giving out. sa-na-ua, problem, question or-na-Barh, to give, render, return, or-ma-Th, Pycerue nostro naariin AaH> ‘rarapam. For a long time the Russians paid tribute to the Tartars. Oxonyanue parenbuoro 1a nema nerkd sandmanrs. Tt is easy to remember the ending of the dative case. Mue 1éuero pam arb. (I can give you nothing.) I have nothing to give you. Herp alba, Kordpsie nosnaior no6po 8a ano. There are people who render good for evil. Ha moure peimaya mitcem 10 nari uacép. At the post- office the letters are given out until five o'clock. ‘Tpyano peuntre dry saniuy- ‘It is difficult to solve this problem. Coait ornaér veers momK6s- nuxy. ‘The soldier (returns a salute) salutes the colonel. Hao omairs ewy momKHoe. One must render him his due.n0-na-Barb, to present, serve m10-,4-rex1b, bearer no-na-Aume, charity, alms n6q-Ra-Hunit, subject, citizen mpé-aa-nnocts, loyalty, devotion npu-qé-n0e, dowry mpo-na-Bats, mpo-14-Tb, { oe pac-mpo-74-1a, sale e-né-ua, change Yende4a, success, good luck . gift, present na-povdnue, gift, talent, en- dowment ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Odunuanr nonaér x fmam ‘The waiter serves food. Tlonarexs Sroro nuchmé mo xopouuft sxaxdmutt. The bearer of this letter is # good friend of mine. Hitugit mpociianogasium The beggar asked fc alms. FI amepuxdncmit noqzanunttt. I am an American citizen. On uanécren cnoéit npénan- Hocts néay. He is known for his devotion to the cause. Hesécra noxywitaa Goréroe mpuxinoe. The bride got a rich dowry. Hama 6i6ymxa nponamd uxéuue, Our grandmother sold her estate. B warasiine sdnrpa ombmaa pacnpoxéa. Tomorrow there will be @ big sale in the store. A ymé moayuina cnauy. I have already received the change. Kexaw vam yxaun. I wish you success. (I wish you good luck.) Taxant — nap c né6a. Talent is @ gift from heaven. ¥Y werd myaunieuoe napo- panne. He has a talent for music. -pirs, to give, make & present nlo-WAp-oK, present ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE a _ 500 Mue ro u napom we nano. T don’t want this even for nothing. Buaronaptb pacvanw6éanocrs. ‘thank you for your kindness. Tlonapitre ue Sty Kuiiry. Give me this book as present. FL nonapxos He qa. I do not give presents. JIAB-, FORMER, OLD, PRESS, CRUSH nao-numt, long, old nas-né, long nAs-HocTb, remoteness, antiquity, long lapse of time fe-nas-wa, long ago, long nce He-4p-HO, recently jap-trs, to press, oppress, hurt nan-Ka, crowd, press, jam nan-aéHme, pressure Mu snaxoms ¢ manxmx mop. ‘We have known each other for a long time. Jlazué-nm x oqece? How Jong have you been here? Tlo xésuoctm @ me méwmo ‘Sroro mpomcmécrana. Be- cause of a lapse of time I do not remember this accident. Stor mopiqoK sanenéa se- manna. This order was established long ago. Henapxo snecs Gum momép. ‘There was a fire here recently. Y mena adem rpyas. My chest hurts. B gape a norepsin Koure: I have lost my purse in ‘the crowd. Bapémerp ocuépax Ha o03- njumom panaéuen, ‘The barometer is based on tho atmospheric pressure.2 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 8a-qan-firb, to run over, crush Kord-ro sagapim anromo- Giiem. — Somebody was crushed by an automobile, OB-, TWO me-a, two Onomuire mue apa pyOai. ‘Lend me two roubles, Tpax va — versip ‘Twice two is four. As-donn, twice Ap-endqnarb, twelve B ron¥ asenaauars mécanen. ‘There are twelve months in a year. mB-6e, two Hac Guirao mB6e. There were two of us. aa-6ftxa, two, two marks, Yuewii nonyyia qnéftey. The pair pupil got the grade of two. Ap-oftsnti, double On Mom xnottiitK. He is my double. aB-ovpomuBIf, cousin Mo xsobponnuft par Bp Tapioxe. My cousin is in Paris. Ap-yx'ordncnait, two-storeyed Mut aknsém_B qByx’oréoKnOM nome. We live in a two- storeyed house. ABEP-, BOP-, DOOR, COURT, YARD mBep-b, door Baxpéitre aseps. Shut the door. npex-naép-ne, beginning, en- Maremaruxa — npemnoépue trance actpondmnu. Mathematics leads to (precedes) astron- omy. Bop, courtyard, yard Omit urpaam Ha pops. They were playing in the yard. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 73 anop-6u, palace jwop-éuucust, butler jwop-niin, nobleman, gentleman npu-anép-1eiM, court bring about, ee San install, settle, establish aBur- apitr-arb, to move apwx-éune, movement, traffic, motion anib-nmsttt, movable pi-nyrs (apur-nyts), to move, push ga-qmix-Ka, latch, bolt, bar né-apur, exploit, feat, deed Lapp mocrpoun apopén. The tsar has built a palace. Twopéuxut nan wac y pxéxa. ‘The butler was awaiting us at the en- ‘trance. Tipopume noxmerda xéornmny. ‘The janitor was sweeping the stairway. Twopine urpaam sity poss p crépott Pocoiim. The nobility played an import ant role in old Russia. On mpuapépHut spar. He is a court physician. Tonynén xorén pognopiirh nopfiok p crpaxé. Godu- nov wanted to establish order in the country. MOVE He awiraiire pyamit. Don’t move (your) hands. Oxono BoKsana — Gombutde newxeénue. There is much traffic near the station. Haaér wa aninxnmoe uufure- cro ynuaven. The tax on the movable property has een paid. On meiinyn cry. He moved (pushed) the chair. Tlseps aanepra na saqnibKny. ‘The door is latched. Bu conepunian repéftcxmit négpnr. You have done heroic deed." ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE a-genr-irson, to draw near, ‘approach HE-. (1B)-, DO, WORK, MAKE ‘né-10, business, affair, matter, ‘concern aé-nate, to do, make We-non6tt, business né-asnuit, capable, clever mepe-né-1Ka, repair, altera- tion wé-ficrpopars, to act, work, function xé-ntexb, worker, public man, statesman co-n6-ficrane, assistance, help, cooperation EH, fen-b, day an-epdtb, to spend all one’s time anen-nix, diary Hagourderca rposi. ‘The thunderstorm is approach- ing. Kaxée sam no Sroro néao? What does it matter to you? ‘“Yro on ayecs aénaet? What is he doing here? Y_uux jenon6t pasronép. They are having a business talk. On duens némomutt paSorume. He is a capable worker. Heo6xomumo oraars nuarse B nepenéaxy. It is necessary to alter the dress. Tax néticraonars nembaa. It is impossible to act this way. Eré sare wanécrimft nom TitueckMh jénTeaD. His son-in-law is a prominent Politician, Oxaxire emy conéftcraue. Give him (your) assistance. DAY Mar paOéraem wikqui nenb. ‘We work every day. Ou amber m nouser tam. He spends all his time there. Ona nexér anennix. She Keeps a diary. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 16 -éonuift, daily Mu nonyyaem exenéanyi raséry. We get a daily newspaper. no-wen-nuit, day, by the day, Ona x6qur na nonéuayio ‘time-work paséry. She works by the day. A upuag « Bam » TpH wach nonoafaas. I shall come to you at three o'clock in the afternoon. JKEPEB-, JIPEB-, JPOB-, WOOD, TREE Kanée suicéxoe népeso. What aépes-o, tree Ae My Bro jepenénckme peGsita. ae village, coun- Oro, _nepenéucrae, per aren. " Oni aungr » epésne. They live in the village. Mu crpoum = epepsinmnsti capaft. We are building @ wooden barn. Jipéso nosnanna no6pa m sa. The tree of knowledge. Ma npenécnoft Kops xéna10T oymary. They make paper from the (wood) bark. Jipona ropir Apo. The logs ‘burn brightly. Kpecrofinun éxer ma apés- minx. The peasant is riding in a sled. Oni nsysaior Apésmow nerd- puw. They are studying ancient history. nepen-Ammnit, wooden pés-o, tree pen-écusitt, wood xpon-A, logs, firewood ap6o-nm, sled xpés-unfi, ancient76 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE apén-nocts, antiquity ie-npes-ne, in olden days, since time immemorial AEPK-, HOLD, RULE nepx-dna, power, state Repr-Are, to hold Bui-gepyK-arb, to stand, pass va-neprk-drb, to detain, stop non-népx-Ka, support, en- couragement, camo-nep-anne, autocracy, absolutism co-nepy-Ars, to support, keep, maintain AMB-, WONDER mits-o, marvel, wonder win-nutll, wonderful, delight- ful Tlépex wim orxpsirer miin- Bapénnocrn ne anaan xexéaa, In (remote) antiquity they did not know iron. Cnapine saxpenae onan auch rocrenpmiimcrzom. Since time immemorial the Slavs have been noted for their hospitality. Auraua — nenitkan pepwapa, England is a great power. Mare népxur peGémxa na pykx. The mother holds the child in her arms. Mos cecrpa psneprtana oxad- mex. My sister passed the examination. Toaiqna sagepysdsta noxoapii- ‘rempuoro venonéxa. ‘The policemen have detained a suspicious person. Ox paccuiirnpaer na némy noaépaky. He counts on ‘your support. Pewomoynonépst neath Gops6y npérne camonepsanun. The revolutionaries struggled against autocracy. Ona conépanr cox po- autrezetl. She supports her parents. Uro ga lino? What wonder? ual Bu. A wonderful view spread before them. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE a7 wonder, to amazement, y-nun-s1éHe, 2 astonishment, surprise DUK. junk-4pp, savage aitx-mit, wild autk-octb, savagery, brutality w4-b, game, nonsense moar, debt nowx-niix, debtor x6m«-nocr®, position, employ- ment sa-nomn-arnca, to be in debted, to run into debt AA ynunasioce vamemy tepné- mmo. Iam amazed at your patience. On nocmorpén wa web © ‘yaupnéuuem. He looked at her in amazement. WILD Tiwxapit nerpeséoron ‘renéps. One comes across savages even now. Ha dzepe mubro minx rox. ‘There are many wild ducks on the lake. Ocrpéackmit onmcas miKocT xynéueckux upisos. Os- trovsky described _(pre- sented) the brutality of the life of the merchants. Omi oxérarcn 3a itu. ‘They are hunting game. Yro 3a quan! What nonsense! , DEBT A yxé sanaarin pone. I have already paid (my) debt. Tenéps on ne nowKmiiK. Now he is no longer a debtor. Ona nomysiisia xopéuryro. jémknocTs. She has se- cured a good position. Mut 6uenb sazomKdmuce. We have run into debt.718 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE o-mom-éume, favor, service — Tomdnyticra cnéaattre Mne onounéune. Please do me a favor. HOM AUIMH-, LONG néar-ntt, long Adaroe nyremécrame wac yro- mitzio. The long journey has fatigued us. Ha xax6n xoaroré naxéquren Jleumurpax? What is the longitude of Leningrad? Npo-fomk-Arbct, to continue, Kounépr mporousixen 10 go on noxfHout. The concert went on until midnight. Roar-ord, longitude mautn-A, length Ou pacranyatcs no new anuny. ‘He sprawled his full length. sauhu-nutt, long B Can @panmiicxo dyeus Ratan wocr. The bridge in San Francisco is very long. Ra-renpuuitt, lengthy, pro- aiirensuuit nepiton Sonéonm. tracted, lingering ‘A lingering illness. A. protracted period of illness. QOB-, FIT Y-H06-nui, convenient, favor- Bocnémpayemca —_-yq6Ouum able cayuaem. Let us take advantage of the favorable opportunity. ¥-R66-crBo, convenience, com- Y wux Koapriipa co céme fort yaoGcrsamu. They have an apartment with all the conveniences. no-766-nutt, similar, like AA uuveré non66oro He piA- eva. I have never seen anything like it. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 19 K siprpaxy ndzanm croGmue aha NAG Ggann. For they served sweet buns. TOBP-, GOOD, KIND Eré aw6ar 3a 166s apap. ‘They like him for his kindness. Tlo6porérens ne scerna ropyce- erpyer. Virtue is not always triumphant. . fl mpwonarenen a pamy noOp-ord, kindness, goodness pee atiae ams ee your kindness. I appreciate x66p-tit, good, kind noOp-onéreas, virtue your kindness. - jen- Oud poGpocdsecruan cry- ovcbnecruni, conscien- Oud, xoGpoctocerman | oy: tious student. ‘Ora nouna nyweierca B yHOG- pénun. This soil needs fertilizing. y-noOp-éune, fertilizer TOM-, HOME, HOUSE Y wac cO6crsennutt nom. We , house ey have our own home. i - Kémka — aoméuuee wemndr- domestic, home= toes The eat iss domestic animal. nom-auraut made B qowomix um renéps em’ népnr. Even now some believe in house spirits. Mott myx: omocéa. My husband is a stay-at-home person. om-on6ft, house spirit mom-océn, stay-at-home80 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 81 2P-, HAP-, DMP-, JOP-, [bIP-, TEAR, BREAK p-AKa, fight ap-Arben, to fight ap-a4fn, fighter, bully, squab- bler y-nap, blow Y-hap-éume, accent, stress y-ap-ATB,}/to beat, strike, y-nAp-wrs,§ ring, toll npw-wip-Ka, fault-finding, cavil, quibble pas-uup-4rb, to tear, break B8-70P, nonsense 2a-n6p, fervour, heat, energy pas-nép, discord, quarrel auip-4, hole nup-Aputt, torn, ragged 060-np-nten, tramp Ha mtirware — mpowsouind xpaxa. There was a fight at the meeting. Tern nepyren na yanye, Children are fighting on the street. Banoxa Gomsmén xpasya. ‘Vanya is a great bully. On nanée eft ciimbanh yqap. He dealt her a severe blow. Yaapénne(nentir) wa nropéa enére. The accent falls on the second syllable. Yaapuau p xén0Kon. They tolled the bell. (‘The bells tolled.) Sto ne Gémsme KaK npHApKA, This is merely a quibble. Ee cates pasnupawr ne cépane. Her tears break my heart. Tiéano ronopitrs sam Boxop. Stop talking nonsense. Ox paGéran_¢ rxomrecknm sanépom. He worked with youthful fervour. Méxay ima pasaép. A discord rose between them AA samrénana nupy. I have darned the hole. Ha weft 6x10 nupfnoe naaree. She wore a ragged dress. Ko ue nogoméa oGonpanen. ‘A tramp came up to me. , TEASE pas-nir pas-npax-irb, to irritate pas-npax-éume, exasperation, irritation He npasmiire co6ixy. Don't tease the dog. Ilym pasapancier ment. ‘The noise irritates me. B nopsme pasnpanéuun on waronopiar népaocreft. In @ moment of exasperation he made impertinent re marks. WPor-, SHUDDER, TREMBLE npér-nyts, to shudder, trem- dle, hesitate mpox-ars, to tremble, shake, shiver pow-b, trembling, shiver, shudder Be-npar-upars, te start, ne-npér-uyts, § wince npo-apér-ny7s, to be chilled, ‘to be chilled to the marrow Y ner6 ne aporuer py yours e’. His hand will not hesitate to kill her. (He will make no seruple to kill her.) Tlepecrauure mpoxars, Stop shivering. Mena oxpariina mpone. I shiver. Oa noxpérnyna or uenyra. She started in fear. ‘Mu npom6xau 1 npogpéram. ‘We got wet and were chilled to the marrow. JPYT-, HOPOF-, FRIEND, DEAR, ROAD apyr, friend ap§ox-6a, friendship Craputt apyr aysue HéEx upyx. An ‘old friend is better than two new ones. Méxay = Hit sanasanace ‘récuan mpjx6a. An intimate friendship sprang up between them.82 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Apfox-ecnnit, friendly apyx-ia, bodyguard Rpyxciits, to be friends with, to be on friendly terms Ropor-6it, dear Ropor-Arp, to rise in price Roport-itrs, to value, prize ‘par-o-nénmut, precious Ropor-a, road nopén-uuf, travelling ay, Ay-Honénue, whiff, breath ay-7», to blow na-ny-nare, manga feo deceive, fool o-ay-sanustx, dandelion UYX-, bIX-, BLOW, BREATH, SPIRIT Bor nam npyaeckuit conér. Here is my friendly advice to you. Kuson mupyer ¢ apysinol. ‘The prince feasts with his bodyguard. AA G6xme ue apps ¢ Hel. Tam no longer her friend. Toporéit mot apyr. My dear friend. 7" Tenéps ncé nopoxder. Now ‘everything is rising in price. AL nopoxy nda namademem. I value (appreciate) your attention (favor). Kom ¢ aparonénanm Kéimt- nem, The ring with a precious stone. Ms éoxmam no Comma Ropore. We were driving along the highway. Saxsanire am opémuentt Koctiom. ‘Take your travelling suit. Ilynonéue nerepxi paaby- Auino Mens. A whiff of wind awoke me. Byece ayer. draught here. Anpoxir — nanya —_ epoeré Kanénta. The lawyer de- ceived his customer. ‘There is a Onypanwns pactér a néae. A dandelion grows in the field. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 83. ayui-a, soul nyur-itre, to choke, suffocate wux-dume, breathing r-murx, rest or-utx-Atb, Sraasagre, ft et ‘Ou coxpamiin Gbxpocts AYxa- He has preserved his mental vigour. Heamat aur onndit ayxonnort mitmeit. One cannot live on spiritual food alone. Tonopiim 0 Gecomépra nyut. ‘They spoke about the immortality of the soul. Mens ayurar cnéou. Tears choke me. Y weé saxnariino quxanwe. She was out of breath. Vim neoGxomim Oranx. They must have a rest. Topa6éranu, nopa ™ oTf0x- yrs. You have done the work, now it’s time to rest Tlosra wécro omyuienasuor mpupéay. Poets often ani- mate nature. yM-, THOUGHT nju-a, thought, meditation xgu-arb, to think, ponder nie-nym-arb, to invent, devise sa-nyu-unpocrt, thoughtful- ness, musing o6-nym-ars. to think, consider JXoaran nyma, aimnsA cKopOb. ‘A long meditation brings ‘unnecessary sadness. O wea pix xymaere? What are you thinking about? ‘A ne wuinyman éroro. I did not invent it. Ona xomiaa » sanfumnocrs. She walked about musing. Sror wompée Hino o6afmare. We must consider this matter.84 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE mpy-nfm-ars, to devise, con- IIpnaymanu-nu mt ards coct, invent ay! a¥p-a, foolish woman ayp-Ax, fool nyp-x6it, bad, poor ayp-irs, to fool nyp-b, rubbish, foolishness o-nyp-érs, to grow stupid c-nYp-y, out of stupidity EL-, (BI)-, A-, FOOD, POISON en-, food éx-xuh, biting, sharp, caustic e-crb, to eat » FOOL nu6ya»? Have you con- cocted anything? ‘Uro 3a aYpa! What a fool! (What a foolish woman!) Ou yx me raKoH aypax. He is not such a fool. He nonasaitre —_nypéro mpumépa, Don’t give a bad example. ‘Bu ucé aypitre. You are still fooling. Eré rononé waGira nyppw. His head is stuffed with foolishness. Or crdpocra om concém ony- pén. Because of age he has grown quite stupid. Oud cOoarnysia caypy. She blabbed out of stupidity. Eqa emy He smpox. The food does not do him any good. On manéoren cnoéit énKon upénmett. He is known for his caustic irony. Ona concém nepecriaa ects. She has stopped cating. (She has completely lost her appetite.) ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 85 c'e-nOG-muttt, (cobA-no6-mettt), edible 06-6, dinner 06-6n-4A, mass nayo-en-are, to weary, tire, wago-é-crb, annoy tiresome, Al-ontirft, poisonous, venomous f-crpa, food, viands ‘Orn rpu6x c’ead6ust. These mushrooms are edible. 06én wa croné. ‘The dinner is on the table. B uépxen cafxar 066100. ‘They are saying mass in the church. Sra padéra mue wagoéma. ‘This work wearies me. Kaxont nx naxoéaaunnit wex00- ‘éx, What a tiresome person you are. Buécro aexéporsa eft xian ‘ay. Instead of medicino they gave her poison. Alnopiian anéa nomsmé 0 ‘Tpasé. A venomous snake was crawling in the grass. Ha Gmbgax népamm wxyeuse feta, Tasty viands were served on platters. EQMH-, OMMH-, ONE, UNIT exun-éane, unity eqma-sina, unit eqmn-Avaiift, unique eniis-crno, unity, union, con- cord, unanimity oG’equu-irb, to unite, unify B equnéaun cia. In unity there is power. Jlonap —_nénexnan enn- uta. The dollar is a monetary unit. Bro enuuiomsat cafuat. This case is unique. Bam uapécTHO eqiHcTBO mammx ctpemaénuit. You know the unanimity of our aspirations. Onacnocts ux o6'enunina. Danger united them.86 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE y-enun-éume, solitude, retire- On nur » yexunénum, He ment lived in solitude. (He lived a solitary life.) Onin a néae ne néux. One soldier does not make a omits, one, single regiment. omuH-6Kuil, one, alone, soli- B onpare cromr ommudxuft tary, lonely nOwuk. ‘There is a lonely little house in the ravine. onmn-6uecrno, solitude, single fl o6pevéx ua onundyecrno. life, loneliness Tam doomed to loneliness. Onmésnmst_ ona yrs He yro- ‘fra. Once she was almost drowned. ‘omn-foK AB, once ESI, (B3])-, RIDE ear-4, ride, riding, driving © Mew yromavier nepxoan eaqa. Horseback riding tires me. éox-u7s, to ride, drive Mut éoqum B répon KéKMEIH meus. We drive (go) to the city every day. eax-Ox, rider, horseman But mpexpécauitt eag6x. You are an excellent horseman. é-xarp, to ride, travel Omit éxame 10 senéaHott gopére. They went (trav- elled) by train. Bu-eox-Arb,|to go away, Mu puresndem 13 Stott Koap- nie-xars, { leave, move out ‘ips. We are moving out of this apartment. na-Gon-Huma, equestrienne Umpronaa naésanuna ynéna ¢ néwanu. — The circus equestrienne fell down (off her horse). WA, porch, entrance Ulsetinap crosx y non’éana. ‘The porter stood at the entrance. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE aT npw-éoq, arrival, coming npo-6op, passage, fare y-6on, district ‘Mu nem mpuéaga orn’. We ‘are expecting (the arrival of) our father. AA sanaayy aa nau mpoéon. Iam going to pay for your passage. B wamem yéoxe mu6ro muo- erpanues. There are many foreigners in our district. EM-, UM-, f-, POSSESS, HAVE a-ém, loan ba-im-crponars, to imitate, um-énute, estate uu-ujectBo, property, belong ings BH-WM-auae, attention Boc-npu-H-RM-Arb, to take, perceive, to be recepti to be susceptible wa-éa, rent, hiring, lease B Ginko ménkno cnénare Baba. One can get @ loan at the bank. Ou muéro saitmersopax oT Térona. He borrowed a great deal from Gogol. Satimirre naa mend STH RéHETH. ‘Borrow this money for me. On uméer o pac aypaée uuéume. He has ® poor opinion of you. Vix uménue mpénaxo ¢ ropra. ‘Their estate was auctioned off. Boé e& umfmectso cropéao. She lost all her belongings in the fire. Obpariive BHMMAHMe Ha 2TO. Pay attention to this. PeGénox Gxicrpo BocHpMAH- waer pnevaraénun. A child is very susceptible to impressions. A child quickly receives impressions. ‘bra KomHara ormaéren B HAM. ‘This room is for rent.88 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE M-ATb, to hire na-n-A-tb, non’-8m, ascent, rise to lift, raise, TON-H-HM-ATb,) heave TOn-H-ft-T%, office- npu-8m, _ reception, hours, hours of business npu-H-) npu-f-reas, friend npu-A-tuft, pleasant cH-uM-atb, } to take, take off cH-A-Te, cu-im-on, photograph, snap- shot B_ xourépe nanumivor »xauux. In the office they are hiring employees. Ham ago nawire npuenyry We must hire a maid. Ha ropy Oxm Kpyréit ron’ést. ‘The ascent up the hill was steep. AA nonmumar tiokects. I am lifting a heavy load. Emg 6rix0 xda0qno mon néauAst opormix. He ‘was cold, and he turned up (raised) his collar. Y néxropa npués or zesarit ‘acén yrpa. The physician's office hours start at nine in the morning. Omit cto mpmummaror roc ‘réft. They often entertain visitors., Eré npiinann panyumo. He received a hearty welcome. dro Mot npwirens. This is my friend. Mu nonywinn npwirnyi épocts. We received pleasant news. FA cuwmao naasro. I am taking off my coat. C uerd cnian pororpadme. ‘They took his picture (his photograph). Sror cntimox neynauen. This is a bad (poor) photograph. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 89 I i in hteavomrldoemc eben mK AL, GREED Miy-nuyate, to be greedy man-nocrs, greed, avidity, coupidity, nds-muit, greedy, rapacious oxdong-a, thirst, craving afoKn-ars, to thirst, crave, long for Héuero nam mxanumuars. You don’t have to be greedy. On ex c mcanuocrst0. He ate greedily (with greed). Beitxutt ander ro BOaKW 2Kanun. Everybody knows ‘that wolves are greedy. Mena romana Kéoxma. I suffered from thirst. On xéoxner cndpe. longing for fame. He is KAI-, PITY, FAVOR, PLAINT »Kast-érb, to pity, to be sorry, regret rein-Kuit, pitiful, sad, sorry, lamentable »Kaz-o6a, complaint, griev- ance »xda-oOntiit, plaintive, sad man-b, what a pity, pity, (I am) sorry co-man-énme, pity, compassion, regret co-man-érb, to regret, to be sorry Oud xanéer Sry cupory. She pities this orphan. Compa naxoquTcn B manKOM nomonéumm. The family is in a sorry plight. ‘Mu négamm na nerd »Kaso6y. ‘We made a complaint about him. Tlocasmmazcn As06xsitt KPH ‘A plaintive cry was heard. Ovens mans, rons me mpuunni. What pity that you did not come! Oud mocmorpéma wa mmx ¢ comaméunen. She looked at them with compassion. FL comanéw ro Tax BrMTO. I am sorry that it hap- pened so.90 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE snaa-0, sting Her myemsi Gea Axa. ‘There is no bee without a sting. Ei tedaconane, {P07 lary Tiugy gore him Patol méas-onats, to give, grant, TIpécum eré a6» « a thn0- favor, like ers. Wo beg you + il kind and gracious to him. ox&r-onanne, 2KAP-, HEAT »ap- heat, temperature, fever, Y menA ciinpuiit » fever, ap. ‘dor have a high temperature, (I am running a fever.) heat Crofza nessHociman mapas It was unbearably hot. Kyxapxa *apur pry. The ‘cook is frying the fish. Ceréxuaxéprutt zens. Today is a warm day. (It is hot today.) Buep Our Gompudtt moxcdp. ‘There was a big fire yesterday. mp-nTb, to fry axép-Kuft, hot, warm no-«ap, fire mo-#tAp-netf, fireman Tloncapunntt yaa ¢ aécrmmns. ‘The fireman fell from the ladder. E-, HKED-, HKUP-, HKOP-, BURN ar-fuuit, burning, scorching, Krjuan Goa» we na’r He smarting noxés. ‘The smarting pain gives me no rest. mou-b (Ker-T5), to bum Mu woKém apona. We are burning the logs. conmtr-arp, nets en Omi comrat nce xonyméurss, cKOH-B, { ‘They burned all the docu- ments. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE aL pavoKnr-irb, to kindle, in- flame, start co-oK-énme — (CO-KET-CHIE), burning, cremation co-noK-6unBift, scorched, burnt we-nér-a, heartbum non-K6r, arson, setting fire EL-, 2xea-Anme, wish, desire, accord, will oken--renbmuttt, desirable men-Arb, to wish Gaaro-Kea-arenp, well-wisher, well-disposed pobpo-xen-drembuuiti, —_ben- evolent, friendly, well-wish- ing no-Kem-Anue, wish Topuminan pasnurder Kamin. ‘The maid is starting the fire in the fireplace. B Muaun tpyms mpenaoren conmtéumo. In India the dead are cremated. Cononéunan cémnuem Tpand noGaéKna. The grass scorched in the sun has wilted. Bev noun rd mjsinsa noKore. “AIL night long he suffered from heartburn. Mx cymiam 3a mower. They ‘were tried for arson. wish AA nocrymia tax mo moemy eéGersennomy Kenan. I acted thus in accordance with my own wishes (will) (at my will}. Bame npucfrorsne Oxi10 Out éuenb sxendteauuo. Your presence would be very desirable. Mend pam cvdersa. I wish you happiness. (I wish you good luck.) Campden eré Gaaroxenarems. ‘Smirnov is his well-wisher. Cnaci6o nam sa Baie 106po- seméreaeHoe — OTHOUIGHHe. ‘Thank you for your friendly attitude (for your kindiess). Mu ua pam nanayuuine noxenanus. We are send- ing you our best wishes.92 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE mo-Ken-Arb, to wish »eat-érb, to yellow oeat-6x, yolk went-§xa, jaundice oxéat-Hft, yellow 289-8, gall, bile xéa4-HEM, bilious, irritable, choleric, irascible no-«ent-érb, to grow yellow, become yellow JREIES-, (KEIB: re63-0, iron oxenés-nbitt, iron oenes-HiiK, bloodstone, hematite axes1e3-Ho-Ropémawt, railway, railroad Tloapémste noxenare pam cwactminoro nytit. May, Iwish you a happy journey, YELLOW Bram mearéer nogedanyx. A sunflower yellows in the distance. Boabmiire qua xenrKa. Take ‘two yolks. Mot cum Génen xenryxon. ‘Mysonsuffersfrom jaundice. Ha nem »éntoe nnarse. She is wearing a yellow dress. Y nerd pasmmaace »xénun, He has trouble with his gall bladder. Kaxott pst xéaunnit venonén, How irritable you are. Tpapd nowenréna. The grass has turned yellow. 3)-, TRON B érux ropax xo6upiwor »ené30. In these mountains iron (ore) is mined. Pocctia Gorata axeneandit pyx6f. Russia abounds in iron ore. eneausAn pacnosatoro ypé- ra, The hematite is of a reddish color. B ordit aepénue ner mexeano- AopowHOn cranysm. ‘There is no railway station in this village. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 93 2KEH-, WOMAN men-4, wife on-Aruttt, married en-irb, to marry den-ti-756a, marriage oxen-ix, bridegroom ox6n-cKuit, feminine, woman's oéu-crnennocts, effeminacy »xéq-uquHa, woman KEPT-, KP. aKépr-na, victim, sacrifice aKépr-ponarb, to sacrifice nlo-mépr-ponanne, donation, gift offering, omp-en, priest, druid Y neré momogan xen’. He has a young wife. Mendrutt venonéx sa6drurcr ‘© cnoéit cempé. A married man takes care of his neatly? Bor mat eré sxemimm. And ‘so we married him. Oni aaronopian o xeniTE6e. ‘They began to talk about marriage. B yépxeu «ay xenmxd. The bridegroom is expected at the church. Bro én0 wéncKoe. This is a ‘woman’s occupation. (This is a woman’s concern.) Eré «éucrsesnocts méprut emf xapsépy. His effeminacy is ruining his career. Ona xopéman xéummna. She is a nice woman. SACRIFICE Mue oxéprest we nytt. I do not want (need) sacrifice. On »éprayer cBoétt noksHBI0. He sacrifices his life. Bgech co6upaior moxéprao- panna. Donations are accepted here. iKpen saxonda arnénxa. The priest slaughtered the lamb.94 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE axp-é4ecKut, priest's, priestly Kpéueckutt Kean aenchat 6xoa10 anrapit. ‘The priest's staff lay near the altar. STIFF, HARD aséer-Kutl, stiff, hard, tough —Ilérxa a atorKomt meriines, ‘The brush (made) of stiff bristles. Hecroxah wmxord ne Kanéer, ‘A cruel person does not pity anyone, Sra xpyacka cnénana maxxécrm, ‘This jug is made of tin. Ba menménnem crakana mi nian ma xecrAnKH. For lack of a glass we drank out of a tin can. oxect-6xuit, cruel, harsh mect-n, tin sxect-fimxa, tin, tin can sxeot-nndi, tin, pewter Ha cromé Ouni secrania nocfa. There were some tin dishes on the table. KU, LIFE wu-anb, life, living, existence 7Kwans eré pucéna ua wono- oxé. His life was hanging by a thread. wi-rens, inhabitant, resi- Mitream roponés scerga cne- dent, dweller ar. The city dwellers are always in a hurry. Mu xusém nenatexd orcibna. ‘We live not far from here. 2-1, to live, stay, exist man-r58, life, existence Wx wurreé He cniqKoe. Their life is not easy. awu-B6M, living B xepésne mat ne nerpérman HH onNOH aKMBOH nytOH. In the village we did not meet a single person (a single living soul). ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 95 ee yw-ndr, stomach, abdomen mut-n6r-Hoe, animal at-nganil, tenacious of life mu-aé, tenant, boarder nu-mituye, abode, dwelling, residence pitoku-rb, to survive, drive out, get rid, turn out wii-nonuce, painting udoKu-ba, gain, profit no-wu-n6i, middle-aged youit-tsca, to live in har- mony, to live peacefully, to get on ap-Anue, calling, social posi- ion, rank tion, an-arb, to call, name Y peséuxa Comite xundr. The child has a stomachache. AA mom munérHux. I like animals. On oxung4, Kax KéurKa, He ‘has nine lives like a cat. Ham axnaéu wmxenép. Our tenant is an engineer. He siizuo nu onHoré auxamhina. Not single dwelling was to be seen. Mut naciiny eré sipxunn. We could hardly get rid of him. AA unrepecfiocs *xiinonncEN. I am interested in painting. Sror nenéu réumrca TOTBKO ga Haxunoft. This busi- nessman is looking only for profit. Yuirrene, nomun6it vex0néx, punmen B orcramxy. ‘The teacher, a middle-aged man, resigned. C raximm atogeeit TpYAHO yuutrsca. With such people it is difficult to live peacefully. (It is difficult to get ‘on with such people.) 3 3B-, 30B-, S3BIB-, CALL Cond co6panucs mom Bef- Koro apaumst. People of all walks of life gathered here. Kax pac ssarb? (Ka pac sony?) Whatisyourname?96 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 08-88-4uMe, proclamation \7b, to name m10-08-Ars, to call, summon 208, call, summons, invitation it-aop, challenge, defiance, ‘summons u-ou-4r6, to call, call up, send for, evoke ér-su, reference, mention, declaration, recall, recom- mendation, record 3BOH-, 3B-, 3BYK-, pou, ringing, sound snou-srs, to peal, toll, ring asex-érs, to ring, clank, tinkle an6u-Kutt, loud, clear Mu uurasm nossnanne. We were reading the proclama: tion. On nenpasuneno Hasna Stor wuuepas. He named this mineral incorrectly. FA nosony sac Korga pu we Ggnere nyxuet. I shall call you when I need you. Hano coanare xommrér. We must call the committee, (It is necessary to call the committee.) Bu ne ornéruam Ha Mott sop. ‘You did not answer my call. B eré cxoax casnmanca Btigon. Defiance was heard in his words. Ment nuraunawor no Teneéuy. Someone is calling me over the telephone. (I am wanted on the 'phone.) © vac uméworen aéorane ér- sup. We have a good record about you. RINGING, SOUND AA yominnan snow pastitrott nocfax. I heard the sound of broken dishes. Ssowir B KxoroKond. They are ringing the bells. Tlépsanan crpyna anenitr. The broken string is ringing. Opérop rosopita andanin r6- socom. The orator spoke in a clear voice. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 97 Tlocatsunanen spondi neepax. ond, ball ‘Phe bell rang at the door. Bnoniph noquarch wa Koo xoabmi. ‘The bell-ringer climbed to the belfry. z up, call Tlognomiire emy mo renepony. aa PrateaseeaeD Call him ‘up over the *phone. Al wakdx ne morg nospoHiTscA. T cannot get any answer. The mecy nowdenrea raitser- noxmuie onyx. Mysterious sounds come from the woods. BayKontie nomne mepexabren mo panto. ‘The sound waves are. transmitted over the radio. Sror posse anyuitr ocb6eHHo xopou6. This piano sounds particularly well. — (The tone of this piano is particularly good.) - nant dro apyunnit = macrpyménr. Shecglichedatiae 8 7 ‘This instrument has a good tone. To avgunocra wrampsncunit ask cTolit wa TépBOM mécre. For its sonorousness the Italian language ranks first. jon-Apb, bell-ringer jo-snon-irscr, to ring up any, sound, tone anyx-on6f, sound, sounding apys-irp, to sound apfa-HocTb, sonorousness 3BEP-, BEAST : erie, zoo- B nockpecéune mut Oxtaut omtpgteal garden snopiinue. On Sunday we 2 were at the zoological garden.98 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE apep-itnuif, animal, wild B Cu6upu sanmwdwren Pini npdmuciom. — In Siberia they hunt wild animals. -P-b, animal Omit oxérusmcs wa nym snepéft. They were hunting the fur-bearing animals. Kro crocé6en na Taxde anép- cro? Who is capable of such brutality? snép-crnosare, to behave with ro on rar anépernyer? Why eau? to be cruel, bru- is he so brutal? anép-crso, brutality 3]-, BUILD, CREATE aq-dnue, building Apxuréxrop nitcrpomr nOnoe ‘ananwe. The architect has constructed a new building. Kaxée mistoe cosganue! What a dear little creature! co-eA-anme, creature co-an-Arenb, creator, author — Mapxe coaqarems Hénoro oKO- vomiveckoro yuéuna. Marx is the author of the new economic theory. SOPOB-, 3)PAB- HEALTH sqopén-wtt, healthy, sound Spopénomy mmueré He ¢ pauui- Ho. A healthy man is not afraid of anything. Kax name anopénse? How are you? (How is your health?) Bui-anopon-erb, to get well, Ona cKépo Bitanoponena. She recover got well soon. 2n0pés-se, health ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 9 gnopén-arnen, to greet, shake fl samérua erd Korga on hands apopénanca c rocrimm. noticed him when he was greeting (shaking hands with) the guests. gapas-crsonars, to be well, Sapancrsyftre! How do you to thrive do? (How are you?) Tat Bor nam axpasersonars wayémro. May the Lord grant you a long life. Y_wer6 agpiptt paccfnox. He has a sound mind. no-oqpan-urb, to congratulate Tloanéumre nosapanmrs Bac. ‘Let me congratulate you. onpas-uii, sound, sane 3EJ(EH)-, GREEN Ona Hanorina menA Kaxim-T0 aéa-ne, potion, draught séabem. She gave me some kind of a potion to drink. sexen-érs, to become green, Beé aexenéer noxpfr. Every- look green ‘thing round us looks green. Mopexaa non Késeren aere- Hondrow. The salt (sea) water seems to be greenish. sexéu-wil, green Ha epénbax yxé pmanh senénan ancrBa. Green foliage has already appeared on the trees. seneH-oparui, greenish Beneumix mponaér dnomu. ‘The greengrocer sells vegetables. Bam yKno ecrh noGdamme aénen, You must cat more (green) vegetables. sewen-upite, greengrocer aénen-b, vegetable, green100 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 101. 3EM-, BARTH gem-a4, earth, soil, ground sem-avix, fellow countryman sem-naniKa, strawberry sem-afinka, mud hut: seM-H6f, earthly, terrestrial sem-ne-psiagénen, landowner sen-ue-néame, tilling, agricul- ture aem-ne-npacéuue, earthquake To-aéM-HEIH, underground, subterranean ry-aéw-en, native, aborigines su-sirs, to gape, yawn, open en-siouuat, gaping, open Cuer euré aencir wa semaé, ‘The snow is still on the ground. Cepréit mot seman. Sergey is my countryman. Semanmixa pwycuan Arona, ‘The strawberry is tasty. Onit xian p semaine. They lived in a mud hut. Bemnda map spamdercr no- xpyr ocit. ‘The earth turns around its axis. Bemaesaaxéren ocuarpunaer cao moa. The landowner inspects (surveys) his fields. Kpecrpie aannmdiorcn sem- aienéauem. ‘The peasants are cultivating the land. B Kaamgépumu acto Onndsor semaerpacéuua, There are frequent earthquakes in California. ‘Tyr waér monsémnan wenés- uaa yopéra. ‘The subway runs here. B CuGipu mudro tyaémyen. ‘There are many aborigines in Siberia. , GAPE, OPEN, YAWN Tépex mina awiaa npénacts. ‘A precipice yawned before them. A_yorinen owiwomyw pany. I'saw an open wound. xa, lounger, idler 2-iTb, to yawn uén-ngre, sep-ord, yawn mpo-sen-rs, to miss poro-sétt, loafer To yamye xomiaa tonma sepax. A throng of idlers moved along the street. FA nc’ mpéwt seni. T am yawning all the time. On pas sepufa u sacuya. He yawned once and fell asleep. Oud nonasiina sesory. She stifled a yawn. Mu_mposendan nam néesn. We missed our trai Poroaéi nonin w Kande: ‘The loafer fell into a ditch. 3UI-, EVIL, WICKED, ANGRY au-nrs, to anger, provoke, vex, irritate 31-0, evil, harm, ill, wrong aa-66a, fury, malice, spite, wickedness an-66usi, wicked, malicious, angry an-ott, evil, wicked an-ocrb, anger, ill-natured- ness sa-oxa, spitfire sa-ouuit, furious He aam mens. Don't vex me. AL ue ond emg ana. I do not wish him harm. B eré rpymt xunéna sa66a. He was boiling over with spite. Bu 6pécuam wa Heé sad6nuiit parang. You —_ looked angrily (daggers) at her. Y wed anoft upan. She has a wicked temper. AA néome moxpacuést of améerm. I even turned red with anger. Hy ambxa sxe tu! What a spitfire you are! On neprfncr xomét amouyett npesmomut. He came home simply furious.102 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 8n-0-16f, rascal, villain, mal- evolent person sa-o-ndmiirauit, spiteful, ran- corous 8n-0-ymsiumenHitk, malefactor 0-21-0-62éume, anger, wrath, exasperation sua-K, sign, token, symbol ana-KOmsift, acquaintance ana-Menitrnft, famous, distin guished and-mn, banner ana-nme, knowledge, learning, science ena-Tb, to know, to be in- formed, to be skilled end-uuTe, to mean Ha-BHa-yrs, to appoint Kro cam ce6é anoxéit? Who wishes harm to himself? Baondmariniit yenonée ier uéctut. A spiteful man looks for revenge. Saoymemmennaxa yamiatn, ‘The malefactor was caught red-handed. Osnobnénue Hapoxa npusend x pewomumn. ‘The people's wrath led to a revolution. KNOW B anax coraécua on xusuga roion6a. He nodded his head as a sign of consent. Stor rocnogin mott snaKémattt. ‘This gentleman is an acquaintance of mine. Ou suamemirsii xupypr. He is a famous surgeon. PaGéune Hecmit Kpacnoe axd- msl. The workmen were carrying a red banner. Besikoe xéa0 rpé6yer snanna. Any kind of work requires knowledge (skill). Heawafi uceré anars. One cannot know everything. Uro ro auaunr? What does it mean? Eré nasnayaior navacnnuKom oraéaa. He was appointed the head of the depart ment. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE _108 Ho-ona-Komurb, to acquaint, make one’s acquaintan to introduce hpit-ana-k, sign, token pao-y-ond-re, to learn, find out co-bHa-BaTB, to be conscious of, acknowledge, feel FA xouy nac nosnaxduarh niimm. I want to introduce you to them. Ona ne noxanaa npitanaxon naiaum. She gave no signs of life. FL nocrapaiock pasyanéts 06 $rom. Ishall try to find out about this. Oni coanair cpoit onnt6xn. ‘They are conscious of their faults (mistakes). 8P., 8AP-, SEP-, 3MP-, 30P-, SEE, LOOK, LIGHT -mia, heat lightning sap-#, sunset, sunrise fre, (%2_lumine, o-sap-Atb») ‘brighten, light o-aap-ins, | Oop ép-Kazio, mirror co-aep-nétensuuif, contem- plative n-aup-4rb, to look at, regard Hag-omp-Aren», _ inspector, superintendent, warden Bor pemixnyza sapaiina. The ‘heat lightning flashed. Beuépusa sapa oxpacuna ué60. The sunset colored the sky. ‘yumm ewer osapier Kom- nary. Moonlight illumines the room. Ona cmorpénace » sépxano. She was looking into the mirror. VY nerd _cosepuarensuan narfpa. His is a contem- plative nature. Ou noméa ryxa me nompin wa Moé mpeocrepeménue. He went there in spite of (disregarding) my warning. Hagaupareas mpoxéannanca mo Kopuaépy. The superintendent was walking along the corridor.104 npe-up-Ar», to despise, scorn 10P, look, glance, gaze o-36p, patrol, round 0-26, disgrace y-s6p pattern, design ap-éamure, sight ap-éume, sight, vision, eyesight 060-ap-éune, review, survey spectacle, show, nogo-ap-énme, distrust, suspicion mpe-ap-énme, scorn, contempt npit-ap-ax, ghost, phantom npit-sp-aunsiit, illusory, un- real ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE He npeaupatire mew. Don’t despise me. Oud norfnmaa cnott She cast her eyes down. Connanst x6qnt 036pom. The sentries are making their rounds. oP Sro_nosdp am nac_neex. ‘This is a disgrace for all of us. ‘A sump yodp. I am embroidering a pattern. Kaxée sfquoe _ spéamme! What @ wonderful sight! Y weré naoxée apénue. His eyesight is poor (bad). B rasére pst naitaéte 060- apénme naxnux coourut. In the newspaper you will find a survey of important events. Sror rocnomim naxdguren nox moxospénmem. This man is under suspicion. (This man is suspected.) Ba ornécurecs K AMM C mpeapénwem. You are treating them with scorn. (You scorn them.) Eré tpeséxar —npitspaxit npéuitoro, The phantoms of the past are troubling him. Ond mpensuier ce6a mpit- spaunnimn Hanéxnamit. She is deceiving herself with illusory hopes. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE _ 106 B wimem répone nua noma IA Mipuapéna GéqMEx. In our town there are two charitable institutions for the poor. upi-op-éume, protection, oharity, u UIP-, GAME, PLAY urp-4, game, play AA npennounréio urpf Ha expime. I prefer playing the violin. Térm urpawor 5 mas. ‘The children are playing ball. Urpieie adams naGeraor 18 Geper. The playful waves beat against the shore. He is urp-arb, to play urp-#-pusit, playful urp-6x, gambler, player On asépranh urpox. ‘a gambler. Y ne’ ner urpyuex. She has no toys. urp-yurka, plaything, toy dro Mom Bimrpym. This is my prize, (These are my winnings.) On npourpan ncé eno’ cocro- fine. He lost (at cards) his entire fortune. pui-irp-u, winnings, gain, prize npo-urp-arb, to lose, to play (ch-urp-ams), to ro nam curpirs? — What e-urp-arb shall I play (for you)? play WH-, OTHER, DIFFERENT Beriire, undue na onosndere. Run (Hurry), otherwise (or else) you will be late. nn-due, or else, otherwise Vinoraa out xynaworen 8 mépe. Occasionally they bathe in the sea, ua-oraa, sometimes, sionally occa106 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE . different, other mex, suit, action, claim uck-Arens, searcher, seeker uex-Atb, to look for, search Be-ticK-Arempant, strict, exacting BB-HCK-ATB(BOb-HCK-aTb), to exact, recover uo-1icK-annuiit, refined, dainty, artistic 66-11cK, search c-tum-nx, detective K A, S10 un6n pasronép. Ah, this is quite a different talk. ) SEEK Emf mper’asian nox. He was sued. (A complaint ‘was issued against him.) Sro macroamuit uckarem mpuxmovénnit, He is a real adventurer. A umf xapanném. I am looking for a pencil. Bu cmimxom nabicnérexbHi. ‘You are too exacting. On nancKda maépacnn cyn6m. He recovered costs in suit at law. Y neé wotickannnf sxye. She has a refined taste. Tlomiuna néaaet 6681cx. ‘The police are making a search. Compr nanan na exe npe- ctynaénna. The detective has come upon the clue of the crime. KA3-, SEEM, APPEAR, EXPRESS xas-Arnon, to seem, appear ck-as-4rp, to tell Mue xéskercnt ro pa npapss. Tt seems to me that you are right. Cxancire eny aro # Ofay ere aenats. ‘Tell him that I shall expect him. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 107 o-nho-Ka, fairy tale witc-Kas-arsca, to say out, express na-Kia, instruction, decree or-Kaa, refusal, denial, rejec- tion n0-Kaa-rb, to show npx-Kaa, order, command pac-c-Kaa, story, tale y-Kas-4rs, to point, show Ou mb6ur cxdann. He likes fairy tales. I[attre emy mitckasareca. Let him express himself. ‘Mu suraam Hands Exarepias Bemiixoit. We were reading the Instruction of Catherine the Great. Onit nomysitam orkas. They ‘were refused. AI noKaxy nam Sry Kapriiny. I will show you this pit ture. Havaaeunx orgaér npuxds. ‘The chief is issuing an order. Pacckiant Uéxona murepécuts. Chekhov’s stories are interesting. Vcansitre emf nopéry. Show him the way. KA3-, PUNISH Kaa-niiT, to execute, put to death Kas-Hb, execution we-KanK-Atb, to distort, : disfigure me-Kas-tite, Beex nvrepsx xasmitan. All five were put to death. Mix npuronopriam x eméptiton Kiguut. They were sentenced to death. Llpam uckaaria emy aund. A scar disfigured bis face. He ucxasatire iieruau, Don't distort the truth.108 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 100 a-nir, sunset Oni m0Gondamcs saKarom ERE TONE EDUE comma. ‘They were admir- Kdm-enb, stone, rock Hérm Spociwr Kann. The tay Shemmaneths children throw stones. ey KaM-enmuit, stone On Kymin Kamen OM, — ‘He bought a stone house. voteArs, totoss, Massumk Kiya may. The fs : fling, boy pitched the ball. xaw-emfernitt, stony, rocky Keane irae. Aaa Rep crash then pit rést-enuun, mason, brick- Mu ne méxem afi Kamen . ‘ < nu-Kiig-brmare, to discard, dis- Ox mo6ur sakigumars myTKH. ee a gannot aga miss, play tricks ‘He likes to play tricks. o-Kam-enérs, to petrify KAT-, ROLL, RIDE xar-Areca, to ride Kat-iitb, to roll kar-6x, skating-rink Kar-fusKa, spool, reel Kaw-drb, to rock, swing, sway kaw-éau, swing Kau-Ka, rolling, tossing, pitching Or _crpaxa oma oxamenéaa. She was petrified with fright. Sumdft npurno KaratbeR Ha canfx. In winter it is pleasant to go sleigh riding. PaSéume Karin GéaKy no mocronéit. The workmen were rolling a barrel on the road. Ha xarké urpaaa_myanna. ‘The band played on the skating-rink. Tipuneciire mue karguiy wirox. Bring me a spool of thread. Mars Kavder peGéana, The mother rocks the child. Y wac » canf Kaéan. We have a swing in the garden. Marpécs we Gofirca KawKn. ‘The sailors are not afraid of rolling (and pitching). non-Kuig-bu, foundling wa-Kiit-Ka, mantle, cloak, wrap c-Kiix-Ka, discount, reduced price o-npo-Kitn-yrb, to upset, tip over, overturn, KUIL-, xun-érb, to boil, seethe xom-funit, intense, fervent kun-nr6x, boiling water ne-Kun-aitrs, to boil Ha xpsiasyé maaan mon- voigsm. A foundling was wailing on the porch. Ef mpuseami —xpacitpy1o naninny. They brought her a beautiful wrap. Tonip anech mponaéren co ckigKol. The merchandise is sold here at reduced prices. 5A onpoxiinya crya. I tipped the chair over. BOIL Bona p wittauxe Kumir, The water in the teapot is boiling. Huraé wer raxoit xnnyuett aéntenbHocTe KaK B AMé- puxe. There is nowhere else such an intense activ- ity as in America. On noGexin aa xumATKOM. He rushed to fetch the boiling water. Bexunaritre moron. Boil the milk.110 ~=- ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IIL KUC-, KBAC-, SOUR xwe-nord, acid, acidity waiic-s8iff, sour wic-nyT® (Knem-HyTS), to get sour, turn sour Kuc-éns, jelly xpac, sour drink xpdc-uTb, to ferment, pickle Kucnory aéxno xymith 3 anréxe. Acid may be bought at the drug store. A cnexaa nupér no rikemux 60K. I made a pie with sour apples. Hame vuué xitcner. Our wine is getting sour. Héuero cunérh oma u KitcH yrs. You must not stay at home and turn sour (stale). Mu emia wamsinonuttt xwoém. ‘We are eating raspberry jelly. Keac ocnemdroumit xamiiton. Kass is a refreshing drink. Kpecrosiuka co6upaeron xna- cure Kanyery. The peas ant woman is starting to make sauerkraut. KIA], PUT, HIDE Kaaq, treasure xaiyt-Onmie, cemetery xaa-ona, pantry waac-Te (K1aR-T5), to put Tonopfir, wo aneck cupiran Kay. They say that treasure is hidden here. Crépom skunér Sxon0 KAMAN. uma. The watchman lives near the cemetery. B kaagon6tt muéro c'ectaurx npumicos. In the pantry there are many food sup- plies Kyaa a xnagére mir? ‘Where do you put the books? no-Kadin-mmath, to report, an~ nounce, add wa-naag, bet, wager, pledge, mortgage y-una-pareer, to lie down, to pack KUIEB-, ing, peck. Kaes-47b, to peck xp, bill, beak xumb-nytb, to bite xnen-erd, calumny, slander knep-erérs, to slander, malign, cast aspersion kuen-ermix, slanderer KOMK-, KPM KaiK-aTb, manent cal xamy, call, cry, shout Cexperaps noxsiqumaer 0 nonoménmn ea. The secre- tary reports about the situation. He crour pam Ourncn 06 saxsag. You should not bet. Ham nopa yxaaquparsca. It’s time for us to pack. PECK Tloégem ymiirp, cerdnun xopo- unit Ken. Let's go fishing, the fish are biting today. Tiina xawér sepné. The bird pecks the grain. Y nopoGeit Kopérkul Ka08. ‘The sparrow has a short bill. PriGa Katbuysa, The fish are biting. Or knenerst He yAaéu. One cannot get away from slander. Sauém Bur Ha Herd KnenéureTe? ‘Why do you cast aspersion upon him? Ou o6oania mpfra Kaever- ‘AKO. He called his friend « slanderer. CALL, CRY Kavixua er6! Call him. Pasgascn Goes xan, ‘The ‘war cry sounded.112 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE untv-Ka, name, nickname nepe-natis-Ka, roll call xpux, shout, ery, call, scream Kpuk-$1, noisy person, bawler xpui-drb, to shout Boc-KuMu-Anie, exclamation rs, to conjure, im- npo-Kann-Ars, to curse, rue Kus-cTb, to curse kasi-tBa, oath, vow mpo-Kaa-rHe, curse, impre- cation KJA-, OATH, CURSE, SWEAR Buder-mm — monyraft — cnow xatituky? Does the parrot ‘know his name? On ne aniinon na nepexmisky, He did not come to tho roll call. Ha e8 xpux npuGemaaa npn agra. Hearing her scream, the servants rushed in. Kpmxjua ynemit » yuéeron, ‘The bawler was taken to the police station. He xpwuire nomanyftera. Please don’t shout. Tipu e& nonpaéun pasnaancs Bockamuinnta, At her ap- pearance exclamations were heard. Marh saxamndza nous He ocranafth x6ma. The mother implored her daughter not to leave her home. Oua mpoxanuaer tor pens Kora ond peTpérmaacs c ima, She rues that day when she met them. Ou Kaawér erd » ayué. In his soul he curses him, mews arian xasirny. ‘They made me swear (allegiance). Ms niopsaci caemmarucr npo- xavitust. Curses reached us from the prison. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 113 KJIOH-, KJIAH-, BEND, BOW \niomitrs, to lean, drive, in- cline Ma-Ku16H-HocTs, tendency, inclination, no: 16m, greeting, salute, bow ho-Ka6n-Hux, admirer e-K70H, slope, decline c-Ku0H-iiTh, to bend, stoop, win over yewsion-éiite, deviation, eva- sion. kudn-arecn, to greet, bow, send one’s respects pac-Kadu-nvarsen, ) to bow, He nonumaro, kyna on Kadunn, I don’t understand what he is driving at. Y werd waxadnuocrs & asipr- nowt urpé. He has a tendency to gamble. Tloxn6n nam or ncex. Greet- ings to you from all (of us). Moi anaxdwsf noxadnnme ‘Toacréro. An acquaintance of mine is an admirer of ‘Tolstoy. Ha cknwe ser on saaymaz skeniirsen. In his declining years he decided to get married. Ham yaanécs cxsomiire er6 na “Haury cropony. We sueéeeded in winning him over to our side. ro yxaonénue or Témut. This is a deviation from the topic. Kaanaitrecs nimett matyuxe. Greet your mother. (Give my respects to your mother.) Omit packsansauce w paso- salute, umics. They bowed 1 take took leave. pac-knan-areca, | one’s hat off KI04-, KEY Kms, key On norepsia cnott Ka04, He lost. his key.114 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE kemba-numa, housekeeper xunoy-endit, spout, spring 8a-Kmou-éuue, conclusion, de- duction, imprisonment ou-iireabHEi, — exceptional xuitr-a, book Kutibx-Ka, book xuibk-nutit, book Mapsa Veinonna Gund y wx xmbunmyet. Marin Ivanovna was their house: Keeper. Kmovesia ona xononui, Spring-water is cold. Y mac nexmounam anexrpitie- erso. Our electricity wae ‘turned off. Bame saxmoudune népuo. Your conclusion is correct. dro ucKmowiTeRDHMA coysait. ‘This is an exceptional case. BOOK Una Sro xmiira? Whose book is it? Y ens wer sanucnétt xiibxia, I have no notebook. Saftzéwre » KmbKueit mara- ain. Let’s go to the book- store. KOB-, FORGE, CONFINE Kos-Ars, to forge, beat, strike a-KoB-AsbaA, anvil o-K6n-H, fetters, shackles mop-K68-a, horseshoe Kyt »xenés0 nox ropaus. Strike while the iron is hot. Hysnéy nosoxiia reosas wa naKonabHw. The black- smith put @ nail on the anvil. Apecranrst noapixmpasn ox6- namit. The convicts clanked their fetters. ‘émaxs norepaaa noxkony. The horse lost a shoe. ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 115 \rb, to chain, forge, Boaéau» npuxonaaa erd x nocrémm, The illness con- fined him to his bed. KOK., SKIN, HIDE, LEATHER Me x6oxu nénawr 66yps. Foot- ware is made of leather. Hociasmux necér Kékansitt uemonan. The — porter carries a leather suitcase. skin, leather \Ow-amuf, leather vom-ésenmutt, leather, hide, Ox pa6éraer ua KoxésenHoM tannery sanéye. He works at the tannery. KO3-, GOAT Ko9-4, goat Kosa nonaza 8 oropéx. The goat got into the vegetable garden. Al ne xowf Ours Koandm ornyménua. Ido not want to be a scapegoat. Kba-mit, goat owrop noconérosan nuts Kéabe Mom0K6. The physician advised to drink goat milk. Kyuep cuaitr na Kéanax. The driver is seated on the coach-box. Koa-éa, goat 63-1, box, coach-box KOJ-, POINT, PRICK, CIRCLE Or aa6épa ocréaca ténBKo Kon. Only a pole is left of the fence. Koa-ec6, wheel Konecé comasocs. ~The wheel broke. Kou, stake, pole, picket116 ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 117 xou-ert, rut, track x6a-Knit, sharp, stinging Koa-67b, to stab, thrust, sting Kox-b-n6, ring pac-n6x, split, schism 6-Kou-0, near 0-K6a-b-nbitt, roundabout Ha aopére amanda Konet. A rut is running (is seen) along the road. Mpowsouréa KéaKwh paaro- Bép. A sharp conversation took place. Y nerd Kox610 » Goxg. He had a stabbing (sharp) pain in his side. Ha eé nassye o6pyyamnoe Koupn6. There is a wedding ring on her finger. Hépoe yséune mpunend x packé.ty. The new teaching brought about a schism. nit xuyr Oxon0 Hac. ‘They live near us. Mu mpuéxaan _epénmo oKéabHEM =o nytém. = We came to the village by e roundabout road. KON-, WAVER Kom-e6i75, to sway, waver, agitate, vibrate Koa-e6anue, fluctuation, oscil- lation Koa-w6énb, cradle Bérep Komé6xer *Karpy. The wind sways the crop. Szece péaKoe KoeCanne remneparypit. There is a sharp fluctuation of temperature here. PeGénox cout B KommGémt. The child sleeps in the cradle. KOH-, BEGINNING, END uc-KoH-1, from time immemorial, from the very beginning Mcxowit Tax nexérer. Tt has been established so. from the very beginning. Kon-éy, end, termination Kon-é4no, certainly, of course Kon-unrs, to end, finish, complete 9a-Kant-4unar®, to finish, complete, conclude sa-K6n, law sa-K6u-unit, lawful, legal, rightful, just o-Kon-uanme, end, ending, completion KOH-, Kon-éx, fad, hobby Kon-numa, cavalry K6n-Hutt, horse, mounted KoH-b, horse B kouyé Kong on corma- crucn co MHoft. Finally (at last) he agreed with m Bu_Koné4no saéqeve K HAM. Of course you will call on us. Mu xénsuae padéry. We have finished our work. Mu aaxdnunaem népsy1 wacts yuéOumxa, We are finishing the first part of the textbook. Beanen Hows sand 06 mx0- erpannax. A new law was issued concerning foreigners. Sro saKduuoe tpéGonanne. This demand is lawful. ‘This is a just demand. Emgé vac qo oxonuénma ces raxaa. We still have an hour before the end of the play. HORSE, Sro eré Konéx. This is his hobby. Konnmya muasach no peck onép. The cavalry rushed at full speed. Konmait orpaxt ormpanuaca x rpaniine. The mounted troops started towards the border, Y xaaaKa yxpian Kowa. The Cossack’s horse was stolen.

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