Electromechanics

F U N D A M E N TA L E Q U AT I O N S A N D P I E Z O E L E C T R I C C O E F F I C I E N T S

Polarized piezoelectric materials are charac- Examples

D electric flux density,
or dielectric
displacement
T mechanical stress
terized by several coefficients and relations-
hips. In simplified form, the basic relation- 33T permittivity value in the polarization
ships between the electrical and elastic direction when an electric field is
properties (for a static or quasistatic applica- applied parallel to the direction of the
tion) can be represented as follows : polarity (direction 3), under conditions

E electric field strength
S mechanical strain
d piezoelectric charge
coefficient
D = d T + T E
of constant mechanical stress (T = 0:
free permittivity).
S = sE T + d E
11S permittivity if the electric field and
These relationships apply only to small elec- dielectric displacement are in direction

T Dielectric permittivity
trical and mechanical amplitudes, so-called 1 at constant deformation (S = 0:
small signal values. Within this range the clamped permittivity).
(for T = constant) relationships between the elastic deformation
sE elastic coefficient (S) or stress (T) components and the compo-
nents of the electric field E or the electric flux Piezoelectric Charge or Strain Coefficient,
sation (for E = constant)
xis
density D are linear. Piezo Modulus dij
C1
The piezo modulus is fmthe ratio fof induced
(Z) n
3 Assignment of Axis electric charge to mechanical stress or of
The directions
C0 are designated by 1,L12, and 3, achievable mechanical strain to electric field
6 corresponding to axes X, Y and Z of the applied (T = constant).
Impendanz Z
P
5 classical right-hand orthogonal axis set. The
2(Y)
rotational axes are designated withR4, 1 5 and 6 Example
4
1 (see Fig. 5). The direction of polarization (axis
(X) d33 mechanical strain induced per unit of
3) is established during the poling process electric field applied in V/m for charge
Fig. 5. Orthogonal Frequenz
coordinate system to by a strong electrical field applied between density in C/m2 per unit pressure in
describe the properties the two electrodes. Since the piezoelectric N/m2, both in polarization direction.
of a poled piezoelectric material is anisotropic, the corresponding
ceramic. The polarization
vector is parallel to the
physical quantities are described by tensors. Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient gij
3 (Z)-axis. The piezoelectric coefficients are therefore
indexed accordingly. The piezoelectric voltage coefficient g is the

Permittivity
ratio of electric field strength E to the effective

mechanical stress T. Dividing the respective
+ + + +

piezoelectric charge coefficient dij by the

coefficient, is the ratio of the absolute

The relative permittivity, or relative dielectric



+ + corresponding permittivity number gives the
+ +

+
+
corresponding gij coefficient. +

permittivity in vacuum (0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m),

+ + + +

permittivity of the ceramic material and the
+

+ + + +
+

Example
+

+ + + + + + + +

+
U
where the absolute permittivity is a measure
(1) (2) (3)
of the polarizability. The dependency of g31 describes the electric field induced in
the permittivity from the orientation of the direction 3 per unit of mechanical stress

electric field and the flux density is described acting in direction 1. Stress = force per
by indexes. P C/m2 unit area, not necessarily orthogonal.

Ps
Pr

+ +

+

-Ec
+

+

++ +

Ec L T

E kV/cm W
+ +

10
hwingung
-Ps -Pr

hwingung W W W. P I C E R A M I C . C O M