CURRENT EMISSION LEGISLATION

2012
20.03.2012
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Structure of all emission legislation

Legislation

14 0
Emission Test - Type I
12 0

10 0

Speed [km/h]
80

60

40

20

0
0 20 0 40 0 60 0 80 0 1 000 1 200
time [sec]

Procedures Formulas
Limits Test Cycle
Specifications Protocols

All emission legislations are structured in 4 main parts.

1. Limits, which define the maximum allowed tailpipe emissions
2. Test cycle, how the engine or vehicle is operated
3. Test procedures and specifications for the test- and measurement
systems.
4. Formulas and reporting, how the final result is calculated and reported.

2
 EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Structure of all emission legislation

Legislation

14 0
Emission Test - Type I
12 0

10 0

Speed [km/h]
80

60

40

20

0
0 20 0 40 0 60 0 80 0 1 000 1 200
time [sec]

Procedures Formulas
Limits Test Cycle
Specifications Protocols

Environment

Engine Development

Test Systems

3
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Split level approach: One Legislation is formed by 2 parts

Co-Decision Part Comitology Part

Political Regulation Technical Regulation
co-decision regulation after co-decision regulation

Standard Setting Part Technical Part

Environmental relevant part. Technical realization of testing

4
US EMISSION LEGISLATION
Split level approach: One Legislation is formed by 2 parts
Standard Setting Parts Technical specifications
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR 40 - 1066
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
This Technical part is the same
for chassis dyno (roller) testing.
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles

CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road

CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1054 Nonroad SI< 25 HP
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR 40 - 1065
This Technical part is the same
for all engine applications, which
are tested on an engine test
bed.

CFR-1045 Marine SI
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI > 25 HP
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles

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NEW US EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
CFR-1065 is an On-Line Legislation

www.ecfr.gpoaccess.gov

http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-
idx?c=ecfr;sid=924d0211cdc9e705209c43cbebd87e
db;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A31.0.1.3.18;idno
=40;cc=ecfr#40:31.0.1.3.18.1.15.4

6
EMISSION LEGISLATION (LIGHT DUTY)

WMS 2011: D.Schppe, Continental

7
 MARKET DRIVER LEGISLATION (HEAVY DUTY)
Today

Europe EU IV EU V EU VI

US 14 -18 GHG & Fuel Economy

USA US 04 US 07 - 09 US 10

Fuel Efficency Standards

Japan J-NLT J-PNLT
J-PostPNLT

Korea EU IV EU V EU VI

Russia EU II EU III EU IV (imports only / domestic 2012) EU V

India Bharat 2 Bharat 3 Bharat 4

Major Cities Bharat 3 Bharat 4 ?Bharat 5?
China EU II EU III ? EU IV ? ? EU V ? Fuel Consumption Standards
Beijing EU III EU IV ? EU V

Brazil EU III (P5) EU V (P7)

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: AVL Emission Report, May 2011 Data for new type approval if applicable
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EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Light Duty 2012: Requirements / Opportunities

USA Standards:
Currently little changes in Legislation
Upcoming Green House Gas (GHG)
emission standards
New legislation CFR1066, with large
impact on all measurement systems.
(like 1065)

European Standards:
Currently large changes by EU-5/6 for
emission measurement, especially
particle number emissions.
Particulate mass and number also for
DI Gasoline engines.
Particle number also for Gasoline
engines

9
 EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Light Duty: continuously adding new test requirements

8
Diesel
(CI)

8
+CH4
Gasoline
(PI)

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5AEuro 5B Euro 6

Emission
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2012 2014
CO, THC, NOx, CO2

Diluted Hot THC CI only (Diesel)

Particulate Mass CI only (Diesel)

NMHC

Particulate Mass PI-GDI only

Particle Number CI only (Diesel)

CO2 Limit

Particle Number all PI (Gasoline)
)
(

10
LD: EURO 4 TO 6 LIMITS PM/PN

2005 2009
Motor Euro 4 Euro 5A
mg/km mg/km
GDI no 5
Particulate mass
Diesel 25 5

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LD: EURO 4 TO 6 LIMITS PM/PN

2005 2012 2014

Motor Euro 4 Euro
Euro5B
5 Euro 6
mg/km mg/km #/km mg/km #/km
GDI no 4,5
5 4,5
Particulate mass
Diesel 25 4,5
5 4,5

Gasoline no 6*1012 *
Particle number
Diesel 6*1011 6*1011

* max. 3 years, afterwards same as Diesel

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EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Heavy Duty 2012: Requirements / Opportunities

USA Standards:
On going effect by the large changes
from the CFR-1065 requirements.
Effecting all systems, bench, CVS,
SPC and Automation
On board measurement

European Standards:
Currently little changes by EU-V
Significant changes coming by EU-VI,
which will be the main topic in 2012.
New test cycles
Particle Number limits
NH3, NO2
On board measurement

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HEAVY DUTY 2012
EU-V

 Euro-V is implemented since 2008.

 Most limits of Euro-V are identical with Euro-IV. There is

mainly a moderate reduction in the NOx emissions.

 ESC: NOx reduced from 3,5 to 2,0 g/kW-h

 ETC: NOx reduced from 3,5 to 2,0 g/kW-h

 No changes in test- and measurement procedures and

equipment.

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HEAVY DUTY 2012
Limits
EU-I EU-II EU-III EU-IV EU-V EU-VI
Test / Emission
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
CO g/kW-h 4,50 4,00 2,10 1,50 1,50 1,50
THC g/kW-h 1,10 1,10 0,66 0,46 0,46 0,13
NMHC g/kW-h

CH4 g/kW-h

ESC NOx g/kW-h 8,00 7,00 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,40

Test cycle PM g/kW-h 3,60 0,15 0,10 0,02 0,02 0,01
NH3 ppm 25 25 10
PN #/kWh ?
CO2, FC g/kW-h ?
unregulated g/kW-h ?
CO g/kW-h 5,40 4,00 4,00 4,00
THC g/kW-h 0,16
NMHC g/kW-h 0,78 0,55 0,55
CH4 g/kW-h 1,60 1,10 1,10
ETC NOx g/kW-h 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,40
Test cycle PM g/kW-h 0,16 0,03 0,03 0,01
NH3 ppm 25 25 10
PN #/kWh ?
CO2, FC g/kW-h ?
unregulated g/kW-h ?
Moderate Reduction (<30%) Large Reduction (>30%)
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HEAVY-DUTY
EU-VI Considerations

EU VI  Main aspect:
 Further tightening of PM and NOx.
 Particle number limit (prevent the possibility that open filters may
pass the PM limit but having a high number of ultra fine particles.

 World Harmonized Cycles (WHSC, WHTC).

 EU-VI is using WHSC and WHTC.
 USA and Japan announced also to implement it in future. USA first
as alternative to FTP and later as the only allowed cycles (2016+).
Japan as alternative to JP08 in for its Post & Long term legislation.

 Limits adjusted to meet new cycles.

 Correlation factors established by TNO.
 1 for all components for ESC to WHSC
 1 for CO, HC, NMHC, PM and 1.15 for NOx for ETC to WHTC

16
HEAVY DUTY 2012
Limits
EU-I EU-II EU-III EU-IV EU-V EU-VI
Test / Emission
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
CO g/kW-h 4,50 4,00 2,10 1,50 1,50 1,50
THC g/kW-h 1,10 1,10 0,66 0,46 0,46 0,13
NMHC g/kW-h

ESC CH4 g/kW-h

NOx g/kW-h 8,00 7,00 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,40

(WHSC) PM g/kW-h 3,60 0,15 0,10 0,02 0,02 0,01
Test cycle NH3 ppm 25 25 10
PN #/kWh 8*1011
CO2, FC g/kW-h ?
unregulated g/kW-h ?
CO g/kW-h 5,40 4,00 4,00 4,00
THC g/kW-h 0,16
NMHC g/kW-h 0,78 0,55 0,55
CH4 g/kW-h 1,60 1,10 1,10
ETC
NOx g/kW-h 5,00 3,50 2,00 0,46
(WHTC) PM g/kW-h 0,16 0,03 0,03 0,01
Test cycle NH3 ppm 25 25 10
PN #/kWh 6*1011
CO2, FC g/kW-h ?
unregulated g/kW-h ?
Moderate Reduction (<30%) Large Reduction (>30%)
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HEAVY-DUTY
EU-VI Considerations

EU VI  Also Limits for Positive Ignition Engines (PI)

 Asia and South America where the EU standards are also in used
through the UN-ECE standards.
 Gas engines

18
 In-Use Legislation Roadmap
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Gaseous

PM

Gaseous/ ?
PM
?

?????????
Gaseous/
PM/Soot
PEMS program (RDE)
kicked off 29.9.11
Research program
Pilot program
Implementation/ transition phase ? Planed

Review & finalization Fully in force ?? Expected

19
Certification versus In-Use Testing
Type Approval:
 Standardized test cycles
 Comply with NTE Limits/ Off Cycle
emission (e. g. WNTE) limits during
random modes to simulate real life
operation (NTE multipliers)
 New!!! PEMS Demonstration Test in
Europe!
In-Use Testing:
 Comply with NTE Limits/Off Cycle
emission limits during useful life
(detoriation factors + measurement
instruments accuracy margins)
 Real life operation on the road with
PEMS
 In-Use Compliance Testing (US)
 In-Service Conformity Testing (EU)
20
 Commission Regulation (EU) No. 64/2012 of 23 January 2012

 Increased time pressure: Manufacturers have to do in-

use tests ~ 20 months earlier (~ 2 months before finalizing TA)

21
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Off-Road 2012: Requirements / Opportunities

USA Standards:
Hugh impact by reduced emission
limits.
Introducing transient testing
Large changes by new US legislation
CFR-1065. Effecting all systems,
bench, CVS, SPC and Automation

European Standards:
Hugh impact by reduced emission
limits
Introducing transient testing

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OFF-ROAD
Non-Road Land Based Legislation

1996 +/-2012 2015

NOx + HC 4.0 g/kW-h NOx 2.0 g/kW-h

PM 0.2 g/kW-h PM 0.025 g/kW-h

NOx + HC 4.0 g/kW-h NOx + HC 0.6 g/kW-h

PM 0.2 g/kW-h PM 0.02 g/kW-h

2010-12 large reduction of emission limits (app. -90%)

 Exhaust after treatment will be required widely
 Indroduction of transienten testruns

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EMISSION LEGISLATIONS
Split level approach: One Legislation is formed by 2 parts

EU- Off-Road ISO 8178

Legislation Technical Regulation

Technical Part
Standard Setting Parts
CFR-1065

24
OFF-ROAD EMISSION LEGISLATION
Test cycles

US
Off-High Way

EU
Off-Road

Marine
(IMO)

ISO
Cycles

25
OFF-ROAD EMISSION LEGISLATION
Overview

26
OFF-ROAD ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION
Construction machinery Legislation local

The off-road sector is effected by several other legislation types:

Air quality legislation
Work place legislation (TRGS 554 Techn. Regeln f. Gefahrstoffe).
48 StVZO Annex 27
VERT Listed devices
FAD Qualittssiegels

Examples:
Switzerland:
DPF mandatory for all construction machinery in tunnel, mining and
large construction areas.

Germany, Austria, (Sweden, Japan, USA):

DPF mandatory for all construction machinery in tunnel and mining
areas.

Additional requirements, like in Austria:

Adding a DPF must not increase the NO2 concentration in Vienna,
Vorarlberg, Tirol and Graz

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OFF-ROAD EMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Emission strategies

Minimum
Exhaust
aftertreatment
Engine Technology

since Limited
space
Maximum Exhaust
aftertreatment since
EGR Rate limited by
cylinder peak
pressure

Exhaust after treatment

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 OFF-ROAD EMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Emission strategies for TIER 4
NRTC

NOx + NMHC / PM [g/kWh]

kW Tier 2 Tier 3 Interim Tier 4 Tier 4 NOx / NMHC / PM [g/kWh]

<8 7.5/0.8 7.5/0.4

8 19 7.5/0.8 7.5/0.4 no EGR

Mech. Fuel injection,

19 37 7.5/0.6 7.5/0.3 CR +4.7/0.03

EGR + POC
7.5/0.4 4.7/0.3 or IDI+DPF (burner)
37 56 4.7/0.4 4.7/0.03
mech. Fuel injection + inter.
56 75 7.5/0.4 EGR 4.7/0.4 3.4/0.19/0.02
CR
75 130 4.0/0.3 CR 3.4/0.19/0.02
+ EGR + POC + EGR
CR + inter. EGR + late injection
or CR + SCR + POC
or EGR
130 560 4.0/0.2 2.0/0.19/0.02 + SCR

> 560 6.4/0.2

CR, no EGR CR +3.5/0.40/0.10
EGR or SCR 3.5/0.19/0.04
 +POC

2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EGR: Exhaust gas recirculation FIE: Fuel injection CR: Common Rail
SCR: Selective catalytic reduction DPF: Diesel particulate filter
POC: Particulate Oxidation Catalyst IDI: Indirect Diesel Injection
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TRENDS EMISSION LEGISLATION
2012

20.03.2012