KUHA, E. B. 34 Aa iN) UL a oe NY ACop A NPAKTMYECKAA Mead AW dea Lo YNPA-KHEHMAMM WY ES = Vou LTO ne) Re caes Ciirte fo) si) Co NCR C= aver Tel @ laa:I. PULKINA E, ZAKHAVA-NEKRASOVA RUSSIAN A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR WITH EXERCISES 8th edition, revised %G Russky Yazyk Publishers Moscow 2000 VM. M. IYJIBKMHA E. Bb. 3AXABA-HEKPACOBA PYCCKMM A3Z3bIK TIPAKTHYECKAA TPAMMATHKA C YIPA)KHEHHAMY Hadanue 8-e, ucnpaenennoe wD Visnatensctso «Pyccknii #351) Mocxpa 2000YJIK 808.2(075.8)-054.6 BBK 81.2 Pyc-923 1188 Tlepesog c pycckoro B. Kopomxozo Tlon penaxunet P. Tuxcona Tlyapkuna HM. M., 3axapa-Hexpacona E, B. Pyccknit #3pIK. Tipaxtirieckan TpaMMaTHKa C ynpaxkHeHHAMH: YueOuuxK (a9 roBopaMMx Ha aHTNHiicKOM #3EIKe) — 8-e USA. ucip. — M.: Pyc. 13., 2000. — $92 c. ISBN 5-200-02743-8 1188 YueGumx coctout w3 mpyx pasgenop: Mophonoruu Hu cuHTaKcHca. Marepwan yse6uuka pacnpesenéu no rpaMMaraueckum Team. Hayyenne kaxq0H TeMbI COMPOBOKIAETCR TPeHHPOBOUHBIMU YNPAKHEHHAMH, eM KOTOPHIX — pa3BHTHe HABLIKOBR YcTHOH HM MMCBMeHHOH peun. Muorowncnennate Ta6nunsi cucremaraanpyior yaeGuuit warepyan. > Tipeawasnayen ana mHu, wMeromMx ry! lONTOTOBKY fi HOWMX HavanbHy!O : : AFOTORKY 10 YAK 808.2(075.8)-054.6 BBK 81.2 Pyc-923 ISBN 5-200-02743-8 © anateascrao «PyccKuit a3biK», 1979, nepeson Ha aHrMHiicKnit a3siK, 1979, w3MeHeHna H DO- noaucnns, 1988, uameHenns, 2000 Penpoayumponanne (nocnpousseaenue) 1aH- Horo W32aHHA A0GEIM CHOcoGOM 6e3 noroBopa © 3qareaberaom sanpeulaeres. CONTENTS Foreword . Abbreviations MORPHOLOGY General Remarks on the Parts of Speech The Component Parts of a Word. Alternation of Sounds in the Stem of a Word Compound Words THE NOUN The Gender of Nouns. The Gender of Nouns Which Take No Ending in the Nominative Singular and Whose Stem Ends in a Soft Consonant . . The Gender of Nouns Denoting Members of a Profession 0 or Trade Nouns of Common Gender . . The Gender of Indeclinable Nouns. | Supplement 1 1. The Most Common Feminine Nouns Ending in “amb, “cre, “Ch, -Bb, -Ob, “ib ‘Supplement 2: The Most Common Masculine and Feminine Nouns Ending ine . : The Plural of Nouns | : Formation of the Plural of Masculine and Feminine Nouns Formation of the Plural of Neuter Nouns . Some Peculiarities in the Formation of the Plural of Masculine and Neuter Nouns . . . Nouns Used Only i jin the Singular or Plural - Changing the Noun for Case . i Some Meanings of the Cases... - Three Types of the Declension of Nouns - The First Declension Peculiarities in the Declension of Some Masculine Nouns in ‘the Genitive and Prepositional Singular. The Second Declension The Third Declension z The Declension of Nouns in the Plural The Genitive Plural . ¢ Irregular Declension of Some Nouns . Use of the Cases with and without ut Prepositions ‘Use of the Genitive . ‘Use of the Dative Use of the Accusative Use of the Instrumental Use of the PrepositionalTHE ADJECTIVE oa con hanging the Adjective According to Gender Changing the Adjective According to Number | The Declension of Adjectives in the Singular The Declension of Adjectives in the Plural Qualitative and Relative Adjectives Complete and Short-Form Adjectives and Their Function in the Sentence The Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives The Comparative Degree. HE The Superlative Degree. | |) Conversion of Adjectives into Nouns Cities and Towns... THE PRONOUN . cee Declension of Personal Pronouns The Reflexive Pronoun ce6it Possessive Pronouns . Demonstrative Pronouns Supplement 3. Declension of Nouns Denoting Surnaines and the Names of The Definitive Pronouns eam, cAmulii, Bech, peaiuil, KaxcTEN, m0bdi Interrogative Pronouns . Negative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns THE NUMERAL .. ; Classification of Numerais | Cardinal Numerals epee imple, Compound and Composite srals Spelling of Cardinal Numerals Numerals Cardinal Numerals Used with a Noun pict ‘ardinal Numerals Used with an Adjecti : Declension of Cardinal Numerals ote and & Noun Collective Numerals es Hees Use of Collective Numerals Ordinal Numerals . Fractional Numerals | THE VERB . fae General Idea of Verb Aspects” Meaning of the Aspects © rammatical Distinction The Inflaltve ss eon OF the Aspects The Stem of the Infinitive | : Use of the Infinitive . The Present Tense. |) 1) ) |)! The Ist and 2nd Conjugations of the Verb | Mixed Conjugation Verbs... . Verbs with Stressed Personal Endings | The Stem of the Present Tense Ist and 2nd Conjugation Verbs with Unstressed Personal Endings | Main Types of Verb. 2s! : 1¢ Preser et ve s The Bast Tense (on OF the Verbs Gurr, ecrmy éxa Formation of the Past Tense |) ) | The Future Tense. . ; The Imperative Mood fae Formation of the Imperative | The Conditional Mood = ¢ Meaning and Use of the Co: /Me Transitive and Intransitive Verbs fenateL pene Verbs with the Particle ea... | | | Principal Meanings of Verbs with the Particle -ea Impersonal Verbs : Verbs of Motion ren Verbs of Motion without Prefixes 121 121 124 124 128 131 133 136 137 141 144 146 148 149 150 152 156 162 170 172 176 182 182 183 183 183 184, 185 186 189 192 194 197 197 198 199 202 203 203 208 208 209 209 212 213 215 229 231 232 235 237 238 241 241 243 244 245 254 256 256 Verbs of Motion with Prefixes ete Ho ae Use of Verbs of Indefinite Motion to Denote Single Actions... The Meaning of Some Phrases Consisting of a Verb of Motion and Rag TO cha EHH HS EEE eee eb Ee Eero Formation of Verb Aspects. 2s ss : Formation of Perfective Verbs by Means of Prefixes Perfective Verbs Implying Completion of an Action . Perfective Verbs Implying the Beginning of an Action . . 2. Perfective Verbs Implying Limitation of an Action in Time (the Prefix no-) Perfective Verbs Impiying the Short Duration of an Action, Momenta- neousness of an Action . BEE etar ee Formation of Verb aspects by means of Suffixes Prefixed Verbs with the Suffixes -bipa-, -Waa- eee Prefixed and Unprefixed Imperfective Verbs with the Suffix -na- : Aspectual Pairs of (Prefixed and Unprefixed)Verbs with the Suffixes -1-, Aspectual Pairs of Prefixed Perfective Verbs Whose Infinitive Ends in “cru, -31#, -4b and Imperfective Verbs Whose Infinitive Ends in -are (Except Verbs of Motion) eet ee Alternation of Vowels in the Verb Stem in the Formation of the Aspects ‘Aspectual Pairs of Verbs Formed from Different Roots ree ‘Aspectual Pairs of Verbs Differing in the Position of the Stre Verbs with the Suffix-wy- 2 6 ee ee ee Non-Paired Verbs Use of the Aspects. . BEE eee eee Principal Meanings of the Verb Aspects Lae oP the Verb Aspects to Express Actions Lasting a Definite Period of Time . eet Poe - Use of the Aspects to Express Recurrent or Single Actions Use of the Aspects of the Infinitive... - - Some Uses of the Aspects of the Infinitive Preceded by ne Peculiarities in the Use of the Aspects in the Past Tense Peculiarities in the Use of the Aspects in the Future Ten: Use of the Verb Aspects in the Imperative... - - Peculiarities in the Use of Tenses... ee es The Present Tense ; : The Future Tense The Past Tense tae Pee eee Different Tenses Used with the Particles 6ninia0 and 610 THE PARTICIPLE . . - The Verbal Features of the Participle . The Adjectival Features of the Participle . ‘The Participial Construction Lt Active and Passive Participles Formation of Participles Formation of Active Participles Formation of Passive Participles Declension of Participles . . naeeaaee #1 Hee ‘The Participial Construction and the Attributive Clause Short-Form Participles 3 _ ce The Spelling of the Negative Particle we with Participles Conversion of Participles into Adjectives and Nouns THE VERBAL ADVERB . Verbal Features of the Verbal Adverb Adverbial Features of the Verbal Adverb bee Use of Imperfective and Perfective Verbal Adverbs The Verbal Adverb Construction . . . . + - Formation of Verbal Adverbs... - ee se Formation of Verbal Adverbs from Imperfective Verbs Formation of Verbal Adverbs from Perfective Verbs 258 271 272 279 279 280 283 285 286, 288 288 290 293 297 299 301 304 304 307 310 310 312 315 318 323 326 332 334 338 338 339 341 342 344 344 345 346 347 348 348 350 356 357 360 362 363 367 367 368 368 369 370 370 37tVerbal Adverb Constructions and Subordinate Clauses . Supplement 4. Table of the pacar cope of Verb Prefixes | THE ADVERB. . Adverbs of Manner Ending in-o | | | The Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs Predicative Adverbs : Pronominal Adverbs . Relative and Demonstra Negative Adverbs Indefinite Adverbs | Adverbs of Place . Adverbs of Time | Adverbs of Measure or Degree | |] | ft PARTICLES eee eee Toate The Spelling of Particles ; See INTERJECTIONS Adverbs” SYNTAX Declarative, Interrogative and Exhortative Sentences ‘ Interrogative Sentences . Direct and Indirect Questions ” Exhortative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences | Negative Séntences Parts of the Sentence. The Principal Parts of the Sentence” Unextended and Extended Sentences The Secondary Parts of the Sentence . The Principal Parts of the eee - The Subject . The Predicate The Secondary Parts of the Sentence The Object... The Attribute . The Appositive i Adverbial Modifiers . z Active and Passive Constructions Coordinate Parts of the Sentence Coordinate Predicates Conjunctions Used with Coordinate Parts of the Sentence . Punctuation of the Coordinate Parts of the Sentence Generalising Words in Sentences with Coordinate Pas Detached Secondary Parts of the Sentence Detached Attributes . ef Detached Appositives | Detached Adverbial Modifiers Vocatives 7 : Parenthetic Words. | | Kinds of Sentences According to their Composition Personal Sentences i Indefinite-Personal Sentences - Generalised-Personal Sentences Impersonal Sentences Nominal Sentences Elliptical Sentences | : Compound and Complex Sentences Compound Sentences been The Copulative Conjunctions #, aa, 4m... uM. The Adversative Conjunctions Boy 8 ey iy onto The Disjunctive Conjunctions ro... T0, m1 (Hab), 160, He TO ... He TO ymplex Sentences aa Complex Sentences with Object Clauses Compiex Sentences with Subject Clauses . Conjunctions Used in Complex Sentences with Object and Subject Clauses Use of Verb Tenses in Subordinate Clauses Introduced by the Conjunc- ns 410 and 4TOGbE cegucnce! Words used in “Complex Sentences with th Object and nd Subject Clauses. Complex Sentences with Attributive Clauses. Conjunctive Words Used in Attributive Clauses Conjunctions Used in Attributive Clauses Complex Sentences with Predicate Clauses Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Place - Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Time . Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Purpose . Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Cause Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Result Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Manner . Complex Sentences with Clauses of Measure or Degree Complex Sentences with the Comparative Conjunction 4eM. Complex Sentences with Clauses of Condition Complex Sentences with Concessive Clauses Supplement 5. Use of the Conjunctions sro and 766m. Complex Sentences with Two or More Subordinate Clauses Compound-Complex Sentences . ae Asyndetic Compound and Complex’ Sentences | Direct and Indirect Speech i 516FOREWORD This book is intended for students who have already learned the fundamentals of Russian: the structure of the simple sentence, the types of relationship between the words in a sentence, and the basic rules of conjugation and declension. Students of Russian will find here a brief exposition of the material they have al- ready studied which will prove useful both for revision purposes and for improving speaking skills. Attention has been paid mainly to those themes which usually prove to be the most difficult for non-Russians: the meanings and uses of the cases, the productive and non- productive types of Russian verbs, the verb aspects, verbs of motion, the use of pro- nouns, and the meanings and uses of conjunctions and conjunctive words in compound and complex sentences. The book contains a large number of drill exercises designed to help the student ac- quire practical mastery of Russian As a rule, the examples in the explanations and the first exercises designed to pro- mote the assimilation of a particular grammar rule are based on simple everyday vocabu- lary to make them easier for the student to understand: however, in exercises in observa- tion sentences and whole passages from modern Russian fiction have been included to acquaint the student with Russian as it is spoken today. ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations of the names of the authors quoted are used through- out this book: Ane. B.H. Axien AKe.—C.T. Axcaxos AKT-—AK, Tonctoit ‘Anue-—M.M. Aanrép ‘Aum.—C. 1. AnToHos ‘A.Ocmp.— A... OctposcKnii Ape—B.K. Apoéines A.T.—A.H. Toncroit Bap —A. J. Bapro Bea —B.T. Bemitnicxnis Ba— A.A. Box H, Toneaoit By6-—M.C. By6ernon T. HB. Pérom Taiid.— A. 11, Paiaap Tapu.—B.M. pur Tonu, MA. Tonwapon Top6.—B. 11. Top6atos Ipu6-— A.C. Ppu6oen08 Hoan —E. A, Honmatoncknit Hcax.—M. B. Vcaxdncknit H3—W.T. Ipex6ypr Kam, —B. 11. Karaen A.B. Kospnon Kop.—B.T. Koposténxo Kp—W..A. Kpsit65 Kynp.— A.M. Kynpie f e6,-K.—B. V. Nebenea-Kywat IT. IH. Toncroi JM. 10. Jlépmoxton Main. —A.H. Maiixos M.I—M. Voppxnit z M-C.— JJ. H. Maman-Cu6upix Mapw.—C. A. Mapwak Manx.—B. B. Masxonckuit Mux. —M. JI. Maxiiixo3 Muxaax.— C.B. Muxaaxos H.—H.A. Hexpicos Hux W.C. Haxiran H.O.—H.A, Octposcknit Osew.—B.B. Onénxutt Ow. JA. Oude 11—A.C, Tyuxwnt Taba — M1. A. Mapnéuxo Tas. 11. Tapsion Han. —B.®. Tandwa Tlayem.— K.T. Tlaycronexnit Tlaew.— A.H. Taewées Tpuu.—M. M. Tpiuean ‘| C-i.—M. E, Canrsixos-Meapinn Cepap.— A.C. Cepapumonnt C-M.— H.C. Coxon08-Mururos Teapd.— A.T. Twapnoscnnit Tux: H.C. Taxouon Type. MC. Typréves Troma— ©. Mi, TroTHeB Pad.— A. A. Dazeen ed.—K. A. bern dypm— J. A. dypmaow Yepu.—H.T. Yeprenméscruii Yex-—A. 11. Yéxon Hloa.— M.A. Wonoxonfe The following abbreviations of some of the English terms are used throughout the ext: ace., accusative conjug., conjugation lit, literally mase., masculine dat., dative neut., neuter fem’, feminine nom., nominative fut. farure P-, perfective gen., genitive pl, plural imp., imperfective imp., in rep., prepositional istr., instrumental sing., singular MORPHOLOGY GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH There are notional and syntactic words in Russian. Notional words denote objects (maabunk ‘boy’, cToa ‘table’, Kapall- nant ‘pencil’), qualities (kpacientit ‘beautiful’, Gonbudii ‘big’, cimnii ‘plue’), quantities (apa ‘two’, Tpa ‘three’, aécaTp ‘ten’), actions (mimer ‘he writes’, 6éraeT ‘he runs’, yautes She studies’) or their modifiers (xopomdé ‘well’, m16xo0 ‘badly’, GeicTpo ‘quickly’, Tixo ‘quietly’). Syntactic words express relationships between notional words or clauses: ‘The book and the magazine are on the table’. ‘I have come from London.’ ‘The comrade did not come to the University because he had fal- Jen ill.’ Kutira wxypHdn sexar na croné. A upwéxan w3 JlOnnona. Topapuul He Mpuuién B yHuBepcn- TéT, HOTOMY 4To 3aGoeN. (In these eee the syntactic words are: u ‘and’, Ha ‘on’, 43 ‘from’, He ‘not’, B ‘to’, notomy uto ‘because’.) Depending on n their meaning, the way they change, and their func- tion in the sentence words are divided into groups called parts of Speech. Every word, whether notional or syntactic, belongs to a definite part of speech. There are ten parts of speech in Russian: 1, The noun: yyeni« ‘pupil’, croa ‘table’, sumanne ‘attention’ 2. The adjective: kpachBiii ‘beautiful’, G6onpmidii ‘big’, nepessmubtii ‘wooden’ . The numeral: oaim ‘one’, aga ‘two’, néppiii ‘first? . The pronoun: s ‘I’, rst ‘you’, on ‘he’, Tor ‘that’, moii ‘my’ . The verb: surah ‘to read’, caréTe ‘to sit’, yuTbes ‘to study’ . The adverb: xopomé ‘well’, 348rpa ‘tomorrow’, 3iecb ‘here’ . The preposition: B ‘in’, ‘to’, wa ‘on’, w3 ‘from’, éKom0 ‘near’ . The conjunction: u ‘and’, no ‘but’, aro ‘that’, noromy 4ro ‘be- cause” 9. The particle: passe ‘isn’t’, ‘don’t’, ‘won’t’, etc, (Paspe TbI He npu- éub KO MHe cerogHa? ‘Won't you come to see me today?’), am used to form a question (Uutas sm Thr Sty KHMry? ‘Have you read this book?’), 13 DADARWBeab which has emphatic force, xe used for emphasis or to show con- trast (Beab a Ke roBoplia Te6é 06 tom. ‘I told you that, didn’t I”) 10. The interjection: yet ‘alas’, ax! ‘oh!’, oif! ‘ouch!’ : Six parts of speech —the noun, the adjective, the pronoun, the nu- meral, the verb and the adverb— are notional words. They can be used as a of the sentence (for a definition of the parts of the sentence, see p. . Three parts of speech — the preposition, the conjunction and the particle—are syntactic words. They cannot be used as parts of the sentence. Interjections are neither notional nor syntactic words. THE COMPONENT PARTS OF A WORD Russian words are divided into parts called morphe s mes. E; of a word has a definite meaning. z fi aa The main part of a word is its root, which contains the principal meaning. 1. A word may consist of only a root: ‘ iy Merete ne ly : @Bop ‘courtyard’, nom 2. A word may consist of the root followed by a suffix: 16 ; rd in 1 > : DBOpHHK yardkeeper’, ”OMHK ‘little house’, crésmK ‘little table’ ace The part aBop of the word apopunk is the root, and the part -ank is a suffix. The suffix -nuk is used in this case to form a new word which denotes a person. The suffix -mx has the same meaning in the words KOJIXO3HHK collective farmer’, noon ‘assistant’, etc. The suffix -aKk in the words crésmx ‘little table’ and 6mm ‘little house’ is used to form diminutives. The suffix oHiK has the same meaning of diminution (and affection) in the words cégux ‘little garden’, kapanméume« ‘little pencil’, etc. A suffix can also be used to obtain a word form; thus, th 7 3 us 7 7 , the part qa- in the verb nam ‘he gave’ is the root, while -a is a suffix, used to form the past tense. ; The root in the word secesée ‘merrier’ is Becen, while the i 4 art -ee is a suffix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives. A suffix is the part of a word which follows the root and is used to form new words or word forms. Suffixes may add various connotations to the meaning of a word a 3. A word may consist of the root preceded by a prefix: nepexéT flight (nepexér sepes oxean ‘a flight across the ocean’), The root in the word nepexér ‘flight’ is aér which contains the principal meaning of this word. ‘We can find this root in the words aerate ‘to fly’, aéramk flyer’, nérHam (noréza) ‘flying (weather)’, etc. Tlepe- in the word nepe- aér is a prefix, used to form a word with a new meaning (across/over ree This Prefix adds the same meaning to the words nepexo- AUTb (4épe3 ropsl) ‘to go (over the mountains)’, nepedeaate (ué yamuy) ‘to run (across the street)’. : ots ee 14 A prefix is the part of a word which precedes the root and is used mainly to form new words. Prefixes add various connotations to the meaning of a word. 4. The stem. The root, suffix and prefix make up the stem of a word. Every stem has a root. A stem may consist of only the root: aBop ‘courtyard’, 20M ‘house’, croa ‘table’. Such stems are called primary. Stems which contain a prefix or suffix are called derivative: e.g. nsopuuk ‘yardkeeper’, ~6muK ‘little house’, nepenér ‘flight’. ‘A stem may contain more than one prefix or suffix, thus, the word nonactpout, ‘to build’ (nonactpéuth mMHOro oMén ‘to build many houses’) contains two prefixes (mo- and na-); the word ucenéqonatetbh ‘investigator’, ‘explorer’ with the root ene has a prefix (ue-) and two suffixes (-opa- and -tesb) following the root. A word may contain more than one root, thus the word napox6 ‘steamer’ contains two roots: map ‘steam’ and xog ‘going’. Such words are called compound words. 5. The ending. The part of a word which follows the stem and de- notes relationships between words is called the ending. One and the same word may have different endings. The different relationships be- tween a given word and other words are expressed by different endings: ‘I took my brother’s magazine.” ‘I took the magazine for my brother.” A Bsa KypHa Gpara. A Bsa xKypHan 6pary. The word 6par ‘brother’ in the above sentences has different end- ings which express different relationships between the words: the first sentence shows that I took a magazine which belongs to my brother (ei 2kypHast? ‘whose magazine? —xypHin 6pata ‘my brother's’), whereas the second shows that I took the magazine for my brother (komy? ‘for whom? — 6paty ‘for my brother’). The adjective Gomsmoii, Gombmda, Gomurde ‘big’ takes different end- ings in accordance with the gender of the noun with which it agrees: Sonbmdii ManbuuK ‘a big boy’, GoxBmdii crom ‘a big table’ (masculine), Sonbmaa 7én04Ka ‘a big girl’, Goaburan KHitra ‘a big book’ (feminine), 6ommide cobpanue ‘a big meeting’, Gomme TucbMO ‘a long letter’ (neuter): The verb nummy ‘I write’, nimenm ‘you write’ (sing.), mimer ‘he writes’, mimem ‘we write’, nimere ‘you write’ (p/.), mimyr ‘they write’ contains the stem maui- and the endings -y, -enmb, -eT, -em, -ere and -yT. These endings denote the person and number of the verb. 6. Suffixation. Suffixes help to form words of different grammati- cal categories from one and the same root, thus urate ‘to read’ is a verb; antares ‘reader’, 4rénne ‘reading’, wirka ‘reading’ and uurasbua ‘reading-room’ are nouns; auTaremckuii (Gunér) ‘library (ticket)’, unraspubiii (3am) ‘reading (hall)’ are adjectives; crpéurs ‘to build’ is a verb; erpofteas ‘builder’, crpotrenscrso ‘building’, no- etpoiika ‘building’ are nouns; crpofrespunii (maTepuas) ‘building (material) is an adjective. 15Every part of speech has definite suffixes. These suffixes express vari- ous meanings, particularly noun and adjective suffixes. Suffixes differ as far as their productivity is concerned: productive suffixes form a large number of words commonly used in Modern Rus- sian; non-productive suffixes form a limited number of words. Productive noun suffixes include: -eu ( Teopén ‘creator’, répeu ‘mountain dweller’, Gopén ‘fighter’); -(u)Hx (orate ‘top pupil’, korx63uMK ‘collective farmer’, nowkap- HHK ‘fireman’); “MHK, -UIHK (nepesézuMK ‘translator’, ‘interpreter’, 3aKa34MK ‘cus- tomer’, xamenmmHk ‘bricklayer’); ~ann(e), -eum(e) (BHuManne ‘attention’, sananue ‘task’, naGmonénHe ‘observation’) and a few others. The commonest productive adjectival suffixes are: oH (néTHnii ‘summer’, Beuépnnii ‘evening’, mécTuBsii ‘local’, a6- piuupiii ‘factory’); -ck- (ropoackéii ‘urban’, auraniicKuii ‘English’, ap- Méiickuit ‘army’) and a few others. 7. Prefixation. Prefixes help to form new words from other words of the same category, i.e. verbs from vebs (mcatb ‘to write’— nepenucatb ‘to rewrite’, cnucaTs ‘to copy’, BbINHcaT ‘to write out’, ete.), adjectives from adjectives (akycuniii ‘tasty’ —GesBxycuesii ‘taste- less’, myapeiii ‘wise’ —npemyapwiit ‘very wise’, pecémiii ‘live- ly’ — paspecéaniii_ ‘very lively’, naysnntii ‘scientific’ — anranayannrit ‘anti-scientific’). Prefixes are typical of verbs (except a few verbs, mainly those borrowed from foreign languages) (aanucaTs ‘to write’. Nepectpouts ‘to rebuild’, yéxate ‘to leave’, etc.) and of nouns formed from verbs (npHxogiTe ‘to come’ —npuxoa ‘coming’, B3MaxHYTB ‘to wave’ —B3max ‘wave’). Prefixes add various meanings to the words they are attached to. Thus the prefix psi- added to verbs denotes move- ment from within (Berxogirs 43 aynuTopun ‘to go out of a lecture- hall’, siesxat. 13 ropoya ‘to leave the town’, BLIHOCHTb YTO-TO 43 kOMHatoI ‘to take something out of the room’, BErBO3HTs TOBApEI 13 CTpanpt ‘to carry goods out of the country’, etc.); however, when added to other verbs, this same prefix may denote bringing the action to a cer- tain result (neuitrs GombHOro ‘to treat a patient’ —tneqTE Gomb- HOro ‘to cure a patient’, npocitte y Tosapuuta KHMry ‘to ask a friend for a book’ —s&mpocut y Topapuia KHury ‘to get a friend to give one a book’) or removing part of a whole (peape3aTb kapTHHKu ‘to cut out pictures’), etc, Like prefixes, suffixes fall into productive and non-productive. Some prefixes, e. g. mpu-, nepe- and c-, form many prefixed verbs with enone meanings, others, e. g. B3- and Boc-, form but a limited number of verbs. Exercise 1. Write out these words and underline their roots. |. poawna, ponirenk, poanoi. 2. semaa, non3émuniii, 3emaaK. 3, HOBEI, HO- BocTb, HopaTop. 4. neréTs, néTunK, nonér. 5. ueHd, NeHUT, UHHH, OUdHKa. Exercise 2. Write out the words having a common root and underline the root. 16 1, Bor can, B cay paSoraet candsHux. On nocanin Kpactiapie canonbie uBeTisL 2. Cxépo pacenér. Ha ropusoute cnéts1aa nonoca. Hé60 cnerséer. Cxopo comiue ocpé- Jur nose Hee. 3. Mbt wile 10 necdit nopore. BoKpyr rycToit nec. B rstyOuné steca 16- monk siecaKa. 4. Ha wéuieit anue crpéat HOpbti 20M. K MécTy cTpéiiKH HAcTO MOK 3xisor anToMauninsi. Oxi mpundsst Crpoirenbibte MaTepsastst. CTponresm paGoTaroT Gsrcrpo. Onit saKou4at crpoitrennctao oma K Hoaomy rosy. Exercise 3. Give some words which have the-same root as the following. pa6éra, cno662a, Map, Mocksa, Gopb6a, Mosioadit, crdpuiii, yur, Tpya, cxdcrbe Exercise 4, Point out the suffixes in the italicised words. Cadéenux paGoraer w cany. JTecuix oxpanier nec. Cmoasip nénaet cromés. Mopar ato6ut MOpe. Tucdmeas uarncan pomas. Vuimess uur. Yuenuxt fuarcs. Tpaxmo- piicm Boaur vpaxtop. Exercise 5. Write out these phrases and indicate the component parts of the ital sed words. Model: mop-cx-it aecuaa opera, cadbsme uBeTe, simnaa ONEKAA, uumepécHast HOBOCTE, cuacmati- an MOs10R0CT, BecnoKéiinas NSHP, Cé.recKOe XOBAIICTBO, Almoean ales Exercise 6. Find the prefix in these words. BEIXO’, BXO, Nonér, pasroRdp, GesondcHocrs, paccaér ALTERNATION OF SOUNDS IN THE STEM OF A WORD In Russian, when a word is given new forms or when new words are formed from a given word by means of suffixes, some of the sounds (vowels or consonants) are occasionally replaced by others: a conso- nant may be replaced by another consonant (€. g. micaTp ‘to write’ — may ‘I write’, apyr ‘friend’ — apyxeckuii ‘friendly’), and a vowel may be replaced by another vowel (stoMaTb “to break’ — pa314MbIBaTb “to break to pieces’, B3npIxaTp ‘to sigh’ —Bs3ox ‘sigh’); besides, when a word is given new forms there may appear or disappear the vowel © or e in its stem, e.g. con ‘sleep’—cna (gen. sing.), orén “fa- ther’ — ona (gen. sing.), Heub ‘day’— qua (gen. sing.), Gopén ‘fight- er’—Goputr (pl), KycéK ‘piece’ —Kyckh 2 (pl), | KopéTKnii ‘short’ —Koporok (short form masc.)—KoporKa (short form fem.). The replacement of one sound by another is called alternation of sounds, and the vowels that may be dropped are called unstable vowels. Consonants alternate more frequently than vowels. c—u HochT ‘to wear’ — HoUIy, HOCHUID... mucats ‘to write’— nummy, minneut... BuicoKnii ‘tall’ — peiue ‘taller’ x—u naxaTh “to — namy, namemp.,. plough’ Sane “drier” cyxoit ‘dry’ — cyme ‘drier yxo ‘ear’ — yum ‘ears’ cTpax ‘fear’ — crpammorii ‘fearful 2-384—* BosiiTb ‘to carry in a vehicle’— Boxy, BO3MUIb... pésatp ‘to cut” — péxy, péxeum. Hi3KHt ‘low’ — ninxe ‘lower’ —* ory ‘1 can” — MOéxemp ... MOryT Ropordii ‘dear’ ~=— yopéxe ‘dearer’ Hora ‘foot’ — HOxka ‘little foot’ r—*K—3 apyr ‘friend’ — npyaupuit ‘friendly’ — apyspn ‘friends’ A * cayéT ‘to sit? Mouiox6ii ‘young’ — cwRY, cnuinus... — Mmo.léxKe ‘younger’ A— KD xomiTe ‘to walk’ — xoanéune ‘walking’ K—4 maar ‘to cry’ — muadauy, maayenn... neky T bake” — neu ... neKyT kpénkuii ‘strong’ — xpénue ‘stronger’ pexa ‘river’ tiv — peuka ‘small river, rivulet’ BOCTOK ‘east’ — Bocrounpiii ‘eastern’ u—4 anué ‘face’ — smart ‘personal’ ™m4 xoTéTh ‘to want’? — xou4y, xdueun ... XOTAM... XJONOTATS ‘to — xaono4y, xrond4yeutE. bustle about’ KpyTOli ‘steep’ — Kpyue ‘steeper’ ™T mW Npekpatirs ‘to — mpexpamy, upekpariu.., stop’ pontats ‘to — pomny, pomuenn... grumble’ cr— mh spyeriere ‘to be — rpymy, rpyerimp... sa npocToii ‘simple’ — npéme ‘simpler’ cK— uckaT ‘to seek’ — mmy, fue... 6—6a a106iTb ‘to love’— sroGaro, noOHUIb... n—n01 TepnéT, ‘to en- — Tepnso, Tépnui... dure? ; B—BI roréputs ‘to pre-— rorésmo, roTésunn... pare’ o—oa rpagare ‘to rule-— rpadar, rpadau... M—Ma kopmurs ‘to feed’— kopmaro, KOpMHuE. Note.—For more detail on the alternation of vowels and consonants, see the chapters on each part of speech. Exercise 7. Write out these words and phrases, underline the root of each italicised word and point out the alternating consonants. 1. eocméx, socméuneiti paiiou. 2. cmoatiya, cmoaiuueie Tearpst. 3. pyrd, piuKa, pyundt Mennéab, epyuime miceMé. 4. Opy2, OpyoKok, nodpyea, nodpyacka, Opysbh, Opy dicts, Opyornan pabora, dpyoweckui MpHBET. Exercise 8. Read through these sentences; write out the words with a common root and alternating vowels. 1, — Hpowy re64, npuxomit xo mue ceréaus Bévepom.——He mpocit, He Mory, a ceréaHa Oven 34HsT. A O¥ay cunéTh noma w 3anuMdTEca.— Kame! Ho écn He Mo- xeulb ceréaHa, npaxoih 34BTpa.— He ory # sderpa. 3aprpa veraépr, « KaKABI 4eT- Répr xoxY padoTaTs B OUGAMOTEKY H CHxKY TaM Bech BexEp. 2. Buepa a xymia nntepécnyio kwary. A qanud xoréx Kymire Sty Kuioxxy. Eom xOueutb, @ M Tee KyRMO TAKYIO KHiIry. 3. —- Tlowemy y Te6a ceromna Tako naoxdii sua? — Buepa a ndsquo xér cnat», HY Mena GomiT ronopa. O6Er4HO § nO Ycb B 11 Yacés, Buepa nér B 2 4aca HOW H AdITO alexa — He Mor 3acHyTb. 4. Ha oxpaune répona nocrpéwnn Hopyto haSpuny. daSpisnoe saduue 6omsuide, cpérnoe. COMPOUND WORDS Aggregation of stems. Words may be formed by aggregating two or more stems (with or without suffixes): map-o-x6qa_ ‘steamship’, opu-e-B6i ‘sheep-breeder’, rpéx-aTaanbiii ‘three-storeyed’. Most words formed in this manner are nouns or adjectives. Words formed by aggregating two (or more) stems are called com- pound words. To combine the parts of a compound word, so-called con- nective vowels are used: 0 after hard consonants (e. g. napox6y ‘steam- ship’) and e after soft consonants (e. g. 3emaenésme ‘agriculture’), sibi- i 19eae ie . emer ciuenalines? ) a ae 5 oBueBoa ‘sheep-breeder’). Compound words may also be formed without a con- () ‘Auenporse ‘Dnieper z P fated first nective vowel: Daman Volgograd”, rocemunérka eight-year schoo’. 7 Hydro-electric | oraucenateae ae Sten eet and Compound words are generally formed from noun, and verb stems roe the initial sounds of (e.g. napoxég ‘steamship’, ancronag ‘fall of the leaves’, cagonéa ‘horti- each of the following culturist’); they may also be formed from adjectival and noun stems SOD at (e.g. 4epHo3ém ‘black earth’), a pronoun and a noun (e.g. camoxpa- Tuxa ‘self-criticism’) or a numeral and a noun (e.g. aeTsipéxTOMHHK ‘four-volume edition’) Baas Note— Like simple, Words corre onckan (rompepes) "(a 7 cational establi: — New words may be formed from compounds by means of suffixes: eee ana higher ‘educational establishment’. mapox6a-crs-o ‘steamship line’, osneséa-crs-o ‘sheep-breeding’, 3em- aenénp-4eck-nii ‘agricultural’, apyxenro6-n-ni ‘friendly’, _406- poxyu-n-Eii ‘good-natured’. Compounds may be formed not only from complete stems but also from incomplete ones (e. g. sapnata ‘wages’, ‘salary’ — from 3apa6ot- Has mata; _yHuBepmar ‘department store’ — from yHuBepcanbHbIii Mara3iin). Compounds formed from incomplete stems are called com- pound-abbreviated words. There are a large number of compound- abbreviated words in Russian which appeared in the language after the Great October Socialist Revolution (komcoméa ‘Young Communist League’, xo1xé63 ‘collective farm’, py3 ‘higher educational establish- ment, CIA ‘USA’='United States of America’, etc.) ‘Aenponcxan ruapo- | The compound consists According to the manner of aggregation and abbreviation, com- pound nouns are classed into a number of groups: @) 103 mpodpecewonastpunaii co- | Only the first word is ab- ‘trade union’ 3 breviated. sanudcru 3anacubie 4acTH ‘spare parts” (b) yuusepmar yupepeésienait Alll the words making up “department store” Mara3iin jhe compound are abbre- cobk6p c66craennEti viated. ‘own correspondent’ koppecnonaént komcoméa Kommynnctiwecknit co- ‘Young Commu- 103 MononeKH fist League™ (© ays Buseuee yxe6noe sase- | The compound consists “higher education- nenne of the initial sounds of al establishment’ the component words. CUIA ‘USA’ Coeaunénuere Ulrarer Amépuxn {_ (Po Pocesiiickas The compound consists (pronounced 9p- enepiuns of the names of the ini- 2) ‘RF’ tial letters of the com- ponent words. 20THE NOUN Russi Bee Fir ee nouns are distinguished by gender and change for number THE GENDER OF NOUNS A Russian noun belongs to one rs: ine, femi- ie een g of three genders: masculine, femi- It is necessary to be able to distingui: i lis n ary iguish the gender of nouns, si adjectives, participles, some pronouns, ordinal numerals and past tense verbs agree with their head noun in gender, i.e. the endings they take depend on the gender of their head noun: Masculine Feminine Neuter Murepécnat oa Murrepécnas kuira, Wntepécuoe saaanne. interesting re- ‘An interesting ‘An interesti . port. book.’ . ene Cini kapangam. Chuan Gymara. Cine natn. A blue pencil.” : ‘Blue paper.’ ‘A blue spot.” Hau: népsniit ypox. Hama néppaa néx- Haue néppoe coGpa- us. ne. ‘Our first lesson.” ‘Our first lecture.” ‘Or fi on. i ur first meeting.” aay erynénr. Tpamaa erygéurka, Tpumié imcoM. (boy) student ‘A (girl) "student ‘A letter came.’ came, came.’ I. The gender of nouns denoting i i persons is determined by the of thi mined by their ending meee: the gender of all other nouns is determined by The words myacaiina ‘man’, ronoura ‘ ", me _ The i " an’, | youth’, aéayunca ‘granddad’ oréy ‘father’, Opa brother’, MaaBunk (starneafanea) "boy" a vhich at note males, are masculine (no matter what their endings are); the words oe woman’, aépyuika ‘girl’, Mare ‘mother’, noun ‘daughter’, 64- yunKka fee cecrpa fine which denote females, are feminine : uline names (whatever their endings) belong to the m 1 line gender: Mean (Baus), Huko.rait (Kéna), Buranismp (Boab), Et kira, Basenrin (Basa), Anexcanap (Cima), , 22 All feminine names belong to the feminine gender: Tarpsma (Tans), Auna (Ans), Basenritna (Baas), Aaexcauapa (Cama). Of all the words denoting persons, the word aura ‘child’ alone is neuter (it is rarely used in Modern Russian). II. The gender of an inanimate noun is determined by the ending of the nominative singular as follows: 1. Nouns ending in -a(-) are feminine: crpana ‘country’, 3emaa ‘earth’, poawna ‘motherland’, aepésna ‘village’, Apna ‘army’. 2. Nouns ending in -o (-é), -e are neuter: micbMé ‘letter’, mpaso ‘right’, pyabé ‘gun’, Mépe ‘sea’, 34HMe ‘building’, naarse ‘dress’. 3. Nouns without an ending whose stem terminates in a hard con- sonant (ec ‘forest’, répog ‘city’, ‘town’, mocr ‘bridge’, 40m ‘house’) or the consonant ii (y3éii ‘museum’, Kpaii ‘edge’, 6oii “battle’) are mascu- line. 4, Nouns without an ending whose stem terminates in a soft con- sonant (4eup ‘day’, Teap ‘shadow’, oréup ‘fire’, aH3HL ‘life’, yroap ‘coal’, eras ‘steel’) or a soft or hard sibilant (Hox ‘knife’, pow ‘rye’, xapanaam ‘pencil’, tyu ‘Indian ink’, ays ‘ray’, wow» ‘night’, maamt ‘raincoat’, Bemb ‘thing’) are either masculine or feminine: (a) the words jen ‘day’, oréup ‘fire’, from ‘coal’ are masculine; the words Ten ‘shadow’, au3Hb ‘life’, cra ‘steel’ are feminine. (The gender of these nouns must be memorised, see Supplement, pp. 28-29.) (b) the words nox ‘knife’, kapanzam ‘pencil’, ayy ‘ray’; mrany ‘rain- coat’ are masculine; the words poxkp ‘rye’, rayusb ‘backwoods’, Hou, ‘night’, Benth ‘thing’ are feminine. Masculine and feminine nouns whose stem ends in a sibilant can be distinguished by their spelling: feminine nouns take b after the sibilant in the nominative singular, no matter whether the sibilant is soft or hard, while masculine nouns never take & after the sibilant. 5. There are ten Russian nouns ending in -ma (ima ‘name’, Bpémst ‘time’, 3naMa ‘banner’, mama ‘flame’, naéma ‘tribe’, céma ‘seed’, Tema ‘top of the head’, erpémn ‘stirrup’, 6péma ‘burden’, Bera ‘udder’); they are all neuter. 6. There are borrowed words in Russian which denote inanimate objects: namer6 ‘overcoat’, Merpé ‘underground railway’, kano ‘cin- ema’, Grop6 ‘bureau’, opi ‘jury’, map ‘bet’, Goa ‘boa’, etc. These words are neuter, except Kote ‘coffee’, which is masculine: Kpénknit kOe ‘strong coffee’. Exercise 1. Read through the text, state the gender of the italicised nouns and write them out in three columns, the first containing the masculine nouns, the second the femi- nine and the third the neuter. Model: Masculine Feminine Neuter répoa, cramuua — yrpo Burt eockpecéuse, Mur peuttian noéxare 34 zopod. Pano Srpom mpHuutit Mbt Ha 6ok- sda v cain » noes, Mut éxasH wac. Bpéma upomiad HesaMérho. Bor Hata cmanyun. Mer BeIuiIN 43 Bardxia. B&uIo sicHoe ympo, uitcroe né60. Ha HeGe mAMTy OM Oe70e 2366aauxo. Heqaitexd or crasunu 612 aec. B sec aépe3 ndae nen mpontinxa. B none emté crosit mya. Mot nowt w sec. Tpasd Gwisrd mOxpas. Ha Tpawé Gnectésa pocd. Mus LUM H BABIXAaAM CBERUIA aeCHOI ed3dyx. KpyrOm muuiund noKéit. CaxbuuHO TOBKO né- nue nyu, Bor bi yenkiuiastn THxoe 9ypudnne non. DTO pyuét. B pyuné xonoAHAR npospawiaa odd. Mux puma Bom HK HouuTh AdABIIe. Zopdea upuBEXd Hac B HdsTe. Céanye Buicox6 crosuto B Hebe. Boi yxé ndadens. B nec) Ooild npoxagawaa meno, a 2 nde 2xApKo. Mut ocrdauce 5 secy. Exercise 2. State the gender of the nouns and write them out in three columns as for Exercise 1. aépeno, ay6, cocua, Sepésa, kaéu, KycT, GondTo, pexd, péuxa, daepo, mpya, oBpar, noniua, ay, Arona, Tpu6, niordsa, xap4, Tposd, TPOM, MOaHHs, paslyra, BéTep, Ae~ pépHs, Cond, cTAN0, HOB, AyHa, KOCTEP, Jy, POX’ Exercise 3, Write out the sentences and underline the italicised masculine nouns once and the feminine nouns twice; underline the neuter nouns with a wavy line. 1. Baws aéca nporexdna Tiixaa péuka. 2. Ha cane Apko 6ecténo d3epo. 3. Met beim a nommy. Moana nectpéna usetamu. Yxe noapiutach semaanixa, 4. Crosaia climbuas oicapa. 5. B aepépie Mbt mui aysécHoe Moaoxd. 6. Béyepom nozdda WaMeHit- Jiacb: Havasdcb rposd. ApKo cnepKana Méanus, tpemés zpom. Ho dueHe cKOpo 2036 yrixna. Hé60 npoiicuuiocs. Met paseesti Kocmép, BCKUNATIH vail M HOYKMRATH. Exercise 4. Write the names of the days of the week and indicate their gender. Exercise 5. Give an account of a trip to the country. Make use of the material of the preceding exercises. Exercise 6. Write out the sentences and underline the nouns which end in a sibilant once if they are masculine and twice if they are feminine. 1, Bpay cnewirr wa néMouye k GombHémy. 2. Ha croné nexitt veptéx. 3. B Ganne sépwaa Tyme. 4. Cropoxk 93841 Ku104 H OTKpEIN rapaox. 5. Jupéxrop upomsuéc pew. 6. B néze nocnéna poxb. 7. Crossta Témias Hou. 8. JTéaabun userér B Mée. Exercise 7. Write out the following nouns, adding the pronouns Moif, TBoif to the masculine nouns and moi, Taoa to the feminine nouns. aX, HOH, ReUIb, KIHOY, KapAHTAll, TYUIb, TORAPHI, MAM, peste Exercise 8. Write out the following nouns, adding the numeral oatm to the mascu- line nouns and oawa to the feminine nouns. otk, rap&ok, MAIUIB, CTOpOx, HOuE Exercise 9. Write out the words, supplying the numeral oti to the masculine nouns, oawa to the feminine nouns and oaué to the neuter. «»- CTYAEHT, ... CTYAGHTKA, ... YIEHIIK, ... YHEHIIHA, ... FOHOUIA, ... KEBYLLIKA, ... THCEMO, + Kaira, ... aTE6OM, ... KAYG, ... OHOIHOTEKA, ... AYAHTOPHA, ... MY3EIt, ... OKHO, ... MECH, ov HeMGIA, .., YaC, ... MMHYTA, ... CeKVHA Exercise 10. Read through the sentences and write out the italicised pro- noun + noun phrases in three columns: (1) the masculine, (2) the feminine and (3) the neuter. 1. Imo Gonpmde sddme—rearp. Ima fauya—Jamua Tdpexoro, Ima nad- wyade——nxdu1at Masxéackoro. Imom némaninux—ndmaranx Uyurenny 2. Kak edwa Gamtiaus? Moa Pasiaua Merpon. Kax ede iis? Mod tina Huko- mai 3.’ Buepa a acé impo paGoran noma. Bect den» a Ovi B yHMBepcuTéeTe. 4, Tlépsoro mas mot Ob11n Ha Kpacnoit nomarn. Bea nadwyade Ovid noma napo- ay. Exercise 11. Write out the following nouns, adding the adjective wéstaii or HOnas. 2KUSHB, HYTb, TeTpAM, UeMb, HeMb, nopTpérs Exercise 12. Write out the following words, adding First the adjective wrrepeemity aa, -oe and then mocaéMil, -A5, -ee. i i eee nds net, Gecesa, Pew, KOUCY.ABTELNE, BucryntHTHe, coop, KONEDL ‘3acenan ume, KOHUEPT As, AaHMe, COBELIAI : ; E Exercise 13. Write down some nouns (in the singular), which could be used 10 de- seribe ta) 2 city (or town), (b) a university, and supply adjectives to them. exercise 14. Read through the sentences and find the words which watieeSF nouns State the gender of each of these nouns, 1. B cang pacrér Gonsuidit cepeOpicrusti mézor, Xopows p 2NORNL misery nop Ténsio Tonos. 2. Hacrymitta deen acto wae: rales ds.3. Boropone Do: cx mopnet, poe Kaper retaen. 6. boacans MoMeutita eM pM yacTHE ope eae 7. A coseTyo BAM nOCMOPETD STOT WiTEpECHOMH eneRI agree with the ENDING ENDER OF NOUNS WHICH TAKE NO IN THE SOMINATIVE SINGULAR AND WHOSE STEM ENDS IN A SOFT CONSONANT The gender of nouns whose stem ends a soft oaccaanl ees r ing it inative singular must be mi which take no ending in the nominative, acy any Russian dictionary). ender of these nouns is indicated in u ier jt is sometimes possible to determine the gender even from the nominative singular: . By the suffix: . i : ‘i @ Nouns with the suffix -Temb or -apb (urate reader a Teab ‘writer’, BbIKMO“ATETE switch’, GuOnHoTéKaph ‘libraria masculine (-rem in the feminine nouns eee ‘snowstorm’ and apTé/b ‘ tive craft society’ is not a suffix). 7 a oo) All the nouns with the suffix -ocrb or -ecTb Cie A pa NocTh ‘joy’, MpOMBINLIeHHOCTS ‘industry’, cBéaecTbh freshness’) a! fem he ing of the noun: the meanin; 7 : re Tne aioe of ihe months (auwaps Pano : or eee > én ‘April’, wfoub ‘June’, urob ‘Suly’, cents6pb t > OK Tibpe “Octobe”, HosGpb ‘November’, jekAGpp ‘December’) are mascu- he final sounds of the word: inal soun 7 : qsegr ae aodne inanimate objects ie tee: a te ae ecTb ‘honour’), -ch (Buice ‘heigl! t’), -Bb (000Bb > ates hole?) or -Hb (cTellb ape ) at the end of the word are femi- i s lement 1, p. 27-28). ; 7 me ST cee cases you must refer to a dictionary. (For the en est masculine and feminine nouns denoting inanimate objects, se Supplement 2, pp- 28-29). Exercise 15. Read through the sentences. State the gender of the it c 5 disnyn, Houay nevitr. (Trom.) a Pexd pesér. (IL) 2. Bor déorcdux 6pkisuys. 1 ) 3 na ane fepue, Bode erpyiicn who. KyK ayaa. (11), Bémep evan, Fees seo Gauno HeoObIKHORERHO thcro. (b. [To4.) 5. Bets auadpe, co ren nya peace Tepepnuait swemep. (B. IIo.) 6. Mopéa w cbse, Hen» synécrns 25 alicised nouns.7. Tpospasmiii sec omim vepHéer, Heap cKpo3E Hell 3enenéer, H péuka Noo THIOM Onecritr. (IL) 8. Hoods npomést. Tpasé Guiectitr. B Hebe padyea crotrr. (Mapw..) Exercise 16. State the gender of the nouns and supply adjectives to them. _Hapod, posta, MHP, USN, TpyZ, Ap/*GA, emMnicrRO, cords, GopLb4A, cBo6dna, He- saplicHMOcTs, MOAONEKb, GesonackocTs, Mporpécc, npapirreabeTKO, rocy4peTBO, Ap- Mua, MipTHs, XosaiicTBO, nomitTHKa, KyABTYpa, ueONOTHA. THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING MEMBERS OF A PROFESSION OR TRADE Nouns denoting members of a profession or trade are generally masculine (negarér ‘teacher’, npodéccop ‘professor’, aouént “docent’, pau ‘doctor’, ‘physician’, cyabsi ‘judge’, cexperapp ‘secretary’, mexa- umk ‘mechanic’, TéKapb ‘turner’, canoBég ‘horticulturist’), but in Mod- ern Russian these nouns may be used in regard to women: Ona énommuori Bpay. ‘She is an experienced doctor.’ Sra mésyurka—xopdwuit 16- ‘This girl is a good turner.’ Kapb. Mos cecrpa—npexpdcneiii mena- ‘My sister is an excellent teacher,’ ror. In such cases the adjectives (6msivuprii ‘experienced’, xopéumii ‘good’, mpexpacnprit ‘excelient’), used as attributes of masculine nouns (spay ‘doctor’, ‘physician’, ToKaps ‘turner’, neaarér “teacher’) agree with them in gender. Kro pprctyna na co6panuuc no- “Who made the report at the kyl4.0M?— Baictynaia —_mpo- meeting?” ‘Professor Mikhai- déccop Muxaiiona. lova did.” Cxaxitre, moxanyticra, roe ce- “Can you tell me where the secre- Kperapb? — Cexperapp BEI- tary is?” “The secretary is out.” ita, Predicate-verbs in the past tense are generally used in the feminine gender when they refer to a woman (suicrynasa mpoéccop Muxaiio- Ba, CeKpeTapb BbIIa), NOUNS OF COMMON GENDER There are a number of Russian nouns ending in -a (-a) (e. g. cupota ‘orphan’, kanéka ‘cripple’, ymmmua ‘clever person’, pa3nna “gawk’, He- pixa ‘sloven’, etc.) whose gender depends on whether they refer to a male or a female: (a) when they denote a female, these nouns are feminine, and the modifying adjectives, participles, pronouns, ordinal numerals and past tense verbs take feminine endings: Sra nésowka— xpyeaaa cupora. ‘This girl has neither father nor mother.” “What a clever girl (woman) she is!” Kaxaa ona ymunna! 26 gra agpymika—nama ayuuan “This girl is our best leading sing- sanenana. er. os ifyi jecti ticiples, they denote a male, the modifying adjectives, par a nee dina numerals and past tense verbs are generally used in he masculine (sror yyeniik — Ham ayant 3anenara this pupil is our best leading singer’), but they may be used in the feminine: ‘This boy has neither father nor mother.” Dror MA&Nb4nK — Kpy2aoiii CHpO- Ta ; ror Maab4unk—-Kpyeias CHpo~ va. Kaxoii xe om Yuma! Kaxasa xe on yuunua! THE GENDER OF INDECLINABLE NOUNS There are words which have been borrowed into Russian and are declined (they all end in a vowel). ef ae mt) Nae denoting inanimate objects are nee Uretecna tie ‘ i 6“ iful underground railway’, x overcoat’, Kpacipoe Merpé ‘beautiful rail 106 kyné “comfortable (railway-carriage) pompareuen soectnen ta ; 7 te i‘ taxi cab’, cnpasounoe Gropd inquiry office’, mt I reps ‘interesting ‘erview", nyunictoe 60a fluffy boa’, BKycHoe pary Had ragout’, etc.), but the word Kége ‘coffee’ is masculine: mb10 Kpé bie ‘I drink strong coffee’. z ee i note) Nouns denoting living beings are masculine (xpacinneti ea ‘beautiful cockatoo’, MajeHbKnii Koumi6pu ‘little humming-bir : rei midi Keurypy ‘big kangaroo’, muTepéecHbiit umMMman3sé ‘amusing chim panzee’), but in the sentences Llumnansé Kopmitra cnoero eigenen’ ‘The chimpanzee was feeding her young one’; Kenrypy kopmiia - tl merémuua. ‘The kangaroo was feeding her young one’ the form at e predicate-verbs (past tense, fem.) shows that ne nouns miumnansé ‘chim- .e’ and Keurypy ‘kangaroo’ denote females. ae Pangome Risaan words (interjections, adverbs, syntactic ane a used in a sentence as nouns are treated as neuter nouns 2 ar as thei relations with other words in the sentence are concerned: : ‘A loud ‘hooray!’ was heard. “There is one little ‘but’. “You can’t pronounce the hard Russian ‘1’.’ } ‘What a clever fellow he is!’ Pa3zdaaécb epomKoe «ypant Ecmy 00n6 neboabude «HO». Bot He yMéere IIPOH3HOCHTb pyc- cKoe meépooe «D>. Supplement 1 The Most Common Feminine Nouns Ending in “Bib, “CTH, -Cb, “Bb, -Gh, “I BaacTe ‘power paich ‘height’ roperb ‘handful’ Gosésnp ‘illness’ Gposp ‘eyebrow BecTL ‘news’Tpyctb ‘sadness’ *KH3HB ‘life’ 3amnce ‘record’, ‘entry’ 3apucth ‘envy’ kucTb ‘brush’ kocts ‘bone’ Kposb ‘blood’ s1éromcn ‘chronicle’ aecth ‘flattery’ 3106685 ‘love’ MecTb ‘vengeance’ MopkK6Bp ‘carrots’ nénapucts ‘hatred’ é6yBb ‘footwear’ nésects ‘short novel’ mponacth ‘gulf, ‘precipice’ noamuch ‘signature’ upopy6p ‘ice-hole’ pykonneb ‘manuscript’ cOBecTs ‘conscience’ cTenb ‘steppe’ cTpacrb ‘passion’ yen ‘chain’ “acts ‘part’ 4ectb ‘honour’ urepcTb ‘wool’ Supplement 2 The Most Common Masculine and Feminine Nouns Ending in -b (with the exception of nouns with the stem ending in a sibilant and nouns ending in -31b, -crb, -cb, -Bb, -Gn, -im) aBToMoOi1b ‘motor car’ aucam6.m ‘ensemble’ GunoKaw ‘binoculars’ Gronterénp ‘bulletin’ BHXpb ‘whirlwind’ reo3b ‘nail’ récnutaap ‘hospital’ Henb ‘day’ Row ‘rain’ kAmenb ‘stone’ kaptéden ‘potatoes’ kamesb ‘cough’ kucétb ‘thin fruit jelly’ KonTp6ap ‘control’ Kopadu ‘ship’ KOpexs ‘root’ Kpeman ‘the Kremlin’ aarepb ‘camp’ smipent ‘downpour’ a6KoTb ‘elbow’ MOHACTEIph ‘cloister’ HoroTe ‘finger-nail’ Hy» ‘nought’ akpapéjm ‘water-colour’ 6omp ‘pain’ 28 Masculine orénp ‘fire’ neHb “stump” noajeus ‘midday’ noprpés ‘brief-case’ ny3eIpp ‘bubble’ nYTb ‘way’ peménp ‘strap’ pos ‘grand piano’ py6ap ‘rouble’ py. ‘steering wheel’ cneKTakab ‘performance’ cré6enp ‘stalk’ erépxeub ‘pivot’ cru ‘style’ cyxapp ‘rusk’ TOu01b ‘poplar’ TyHHéap ‘tunnel’ yroamm ‘coal’ Yposent ‘level’ bouapp ‘lantern’ wiipky.1 ‘a pair of compasses’ uiTéncesth ‘plug’ sakopp ‘anchor’ Feminine 6pimp ‘true story’ rasan ‘harbour’ rapménp ‘concertina’ rhGeab ‘destruction’, ‘death’ ropranb ‘larynx’ rpanp ‘facet’ rpyae ‘chest’ rpa3b “dirt” gab ‘distance’ janb ‘tribute’ mpepe ‘door’ apo6p ‘fraction’ eab ‘fir-tree’ KombiGeb ‘cradle’ KpoBatb ‘bed’ gagonb ‘palm (of the hand) aenb ‘laziness’ Ma3b ‘ointment’ mega ‘medal’ Megb ‘copper’ Mestb ‘shoal’ Meréab ‘snowstorm’ Mopas ‘morals’ bic ‘thought’ Heft ‘oil’, ‘petroleum’ mute ‘thread’ écenb ‘autumn’ ocb ‘axis’ érpacap ‘branch’ Orreneab ‘thaw’ naMsaTb ‘memory’ neyas ‘sadness’ nevatp ‘stamp’, ‘seal’ né4enb ‘liver’ mdmayb ‘square” nocréa ‘bedding’ mphGbi ‘profit’ npiicranb ‘landing-stage’ Tibi ‘dust’ pou ‘role’ pTyTb ‘mercury’ cBa3b ‘connection’ cers ‘net’ cupént, ‘lilac’ cKatepTp ‘table-cloth’ cepts ‘death’ coap ‘salt’ cramp ‘steel’ crénenb ‘degree’ crynéub ‘stage’ cyTb ‘essence’ Tem ‘shadow’ Terpayp ‘exercise-book’ Tkanp ‘fabric’ Tpetb ‘one-third’ yea ‘purpose’ uMmHeNL ‘greatcoat’ mea ‘chink’ THE PLURAL OF NOUNS Nouns in Russian change for number: a noun may be either singu- lar or plural. When a noun changes for number, its ending changes too (3an6g ‘plant’—-3anéap1 ‘plants’, 40m ‘house’— goma ‘houses’, raséra ‘newspaper’—ra3érbi ‘newspapers’, Kura ‘book’—xuira ‘books’, tcnMé ‘letter’— nitceoa ‘letters’, né.1e ‘field’— noni ‘fields’); in some cases not only the ending changes but the stem of the noun as well (rpaxnanim ‘citizen’—rpaxaane ‘citizens’, pedénox ‘child’— pe6sra ‘children’, 6par ‘brother’-—6parpa ‘brothers’, 3nama_ ‘ban- ner’— 3naména ‘banners’). In certain cases the stress may shift too. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS Masculine and Feminine Nouns ending in -b1 or -4 in the Nominative Plural 1. The following nouns have the ending -t1: : (a) Masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant (sas64 29‘plant’— 3an6q11 ‘plants’, Ko.1x63 ‘collective farm’— Ko1x6sb1 ‘collec- tive farms’), except for nouns whose stem ends in r, k, X, % Or m1, Which take the ending -w, and the two nouns cocéa ‘neighbour’—cocéan ‘neighbours’ and 4épr ‘devil’—éptu ‘devils’. (b) Feminine nouns ending in -a (ra3éra ‘newspaper’—ra3érer ‘newspapers’, mamma ‘machine’— Mammut ‘machines’), except for nouns whose stem ends in r, k, x or a sibilant, which take the ending -1. 2. The following nouns have the ending -u: (a) masculine nouns ending in -it (repéii ‘hero’— repéu ‘heroes’, my- 3éH ‘museum’— my3éH ‘museums’); (b) feminine nouns ending in -a (qepésna ‘village’— nepésun ‘vil- lages’, crarpa ‘article’-—craroii ‘articles’, simma ‘line’— situ ‘lines’); (c) masculine and feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (g0xKab ‘rain’—yoxah ‘rains’, miémaqb ‘square’-—naémaqH “squares’); (d) masculine and feminine nouns whose stem ends in a sibilant (nox ‘knife’-—noxi ‘knives’, kéoka ‘leather’-— K6xxu ‘leathers’, Kapan- Aam ‘pencil’— Kapanyamm ‘pencils’, Homa ‘burden’— Houm ‘burdens’, Bpaw ‘physician—spawm ‘physicians’, now ‘night’—noun ‘nights’, naan ‘raincoat’— naan ‘raincoats’, poma ‘grove’— pomm ‘groves’); (e) masculine and feminine nouns whose stem ends in r, K or x (Bpar ‘enemy’— spar ‘enemies’, ord ‘leg’—néru_ ‘legs’, 3ByK ‘sound’— 3nyxu ‘sounds’, a6puxa ‘factory’—da6pukn ‘factories’, macTyx ‘shepherd’—macryxu ‘shepherds’, crapyxa ‘old woman’— ctapyxu ‘old women’). Notes—1. A number of nouns drop 0, e, é in the plural: kpyator ‘study group’—xpyaxt ‘study groups’, oréu ‘father—orus ‘fathers’, opén ‘eagle’ —opans ‘eagles’, oronék ‘little light—oromseci ‘little lights’, conoséi ‘nightin- gale’—conoanit ‘nightingale’. The o and e (8) which are dropped are called un- stable vowels. 2. In some masculine and feminine nouns the stress is shifted from one syl- lable to another in the formation of the plural: (a) in feminine nouns the stress is shifted from the ending to the stem: erpana ‘country'— crpamta ‘countries’, seam ‘star’ —3Béaaus ‘stars’, pyxa ‘arm’— pyxn ‘arms’, ord ‘leg’—wora ‘legs’, ronona ‘head’—réstonts ‘heads’; (b) in masculine nouns the stress is shifted from the final syllable in the singu- lar to the final syllable in the plural: oréms ‘light’— orwit ‘lights’, oronék ‘little light’—orompxa ‘little lights’, xpyatox ‘study group’—Kpyaxka ‘study groups’, py- 6€x ‘boundary’— pyGexé ‘boundaries’, maixau ‘hut—manaui ‘huts’, kapanadin ‘pencil’—kapanaaum ‘pencils’. (The position of the stress in all such words must be memorised.) Exercise 17. Give the plural of the following nouns and mark the stress. Read aloud the words in the singular and the plural. Model: epand —crpawiet pyka, Hora, spesma, 3eMus, Tpapa, ronopa, ropa, cTeHa, nocka Model: Hox —noxit, cononéii—cononsit kapawnaut, apay, ulaam, mai, nopoGell, Mypancit Model: oronéx —oronpxit, kpyxOK — Kpyxxit KYCOK, THCTOK, THIATOK, NOTONOK, 3BOHOK 30 rxercise 18, Write out the sentences, putting the italicised nouns and the words which agree with them in the plural. Read the sentences aloud. is 1, Basti senbxmga oeouéx, 2. Spent ayy cOnmatta generis koMiaTY x ner ct a bon 4B natin necdx pacter exe. 5. B eany uo8t coms 6. 51 xymiia pyC- sa oemia. 7, ‘oro muTepectaa cmamos. 8, Me npanites Sra nécna. 9. B wat cat ere cor xuniieckan aadopamépua. 10, BOT Baul crosdps H wawra Kiiod Mie golt kapariddu exitT anech. 12. Ha crone wexar adotexa, nome w etlaxa w CTORT sadn w mapéaxa, 13. Kaow nei x junuxe crosd. 14. Tya saxpsuia comme MASCULINE NOUNS ENDING IN -A (-) IN THE PLURAL sculi i s ding -A (-fi): Some masculine nouns have in the plural the stressed en! 1g, ~A ( nom ‘house’-— oma ‘houses’, Kpait ‘edge —Kpait edges’ q Géper ‘shore’ Gepera ‘shores’, ropoa ‘city’- ~ropona cities’, yulrrem, ‘teacher’'— yaurena ‘teachers’, mpodéccop ‘professor’— npotpeccopa ‘professors. : ae aes Presuch nouns may be monosyllabic (40m, Kpaii), dissyllabic (6éper, ropoa) and, less frequently, trisyllabic (yanrem, mpodéccop). dl These nouns are never stressed on the final syllable in the nomina- tive singular. Monosyliabic Dissylabic “side” a ‘sides’ per ‘shore’ _ — Gepera ‘shores’ Gor ‘side’ — Goxa ‘sides 6éper 7 a : ek “century” 4 ‘centuries’ ep ‘evening’ — weepa ‘evenings ray “eye” eyes” réaoc ‘voice’ — ronoca a 7 7 7 Soe tn pean ‘house’ - oma ‘houses’ ropoa ‘city’ si : eee ARO ot — een Soto hee ‘forest’ — seed ‘forests’ mactep “foreman’— wactepa ‘foremen ayr ‘meadow’ — ayra ‘meadows’ wémep ‘number’ — womepa, ‘numbers cuter ‘snow” cuter ‘snows’ derpon “island” — erpons “islan por thorn’ — pora ‘horns’ nose “belt = wowed “belts | copr ‘sort’? — — copra ‘sorts’ mapye ‘sail’ = — mapyca “sails” | . noes ‘train’ — noe314 rains’ | nénap ‘cook’ = — noBapat ‘cooks’ Trisyllabie mporpéecop ‘profes: — npospeccopa ‘professors’ nor & ‘tea . yuirreat ‘teacher’ — ysmrveait ‘teachers 19, Read through the sentences and write them out. Mark thestressin the ita- Exercis licised words. _ : 1. Kpactias: Gepeca Boarn: ocd6eno xpaciin npawssit Gepee — xpyTOh nOKDHTHE aécowi, 2. Bectiol aenentior ayza. 3. JlateKd B mope Genéior napyca. 4. OxuBinics Oxpamiuy rOpo.ta: HOCTpSeHe: HORBIe BHICOKUE Doma, HOBKIE 3as0de1, GaopuKu. 5. TIpe oGparxdiores Haun 2opoda. Exercise 20. Make up sentences, using some of the nouns given in the above table and write them down. 31Formation of the Plural of Neuter Nouns Neuter nouns have the ending -a (-a) in the plural. 1. Nouns ending in -o take -a (nucemé ‘letter’— micema ‘letters’, 7 ele ‘affairs’, rocyaaperso ‘state’—rocymapersa ‘states’), 2. Nouns ending in -e take -a (néze ‘field’—noam ‘fields’, mépe ‘sea’— Mopai ‘seas’, 3nanne ‘building’— 3n4uua ‘buildings’); nouns end- ing in -€ also take -a (pyaxbé ‘gun’—pyaxba ‘guns’, Konbé ‘spear’— k6nbs ‘spears’). ...,Note— A number of neuter nouns form their plural irregularly: xo ‘ear'— jum ‘ears’, med ‘shoulder’ —naéan ‘shoulders’, konéao ‘knee’— konéun ‘knees’, wéxo ‘eyclid’— néxw ‘eyelids’, &6.n0K0 ‘apple'—&6a0Kn ‘apples’. 3. In forming the plural the stress may shift from the first syllable to the last (aéno ‘affair’— nena ‘affairs’, npaso ‘right’ npasa ‘rights’) or from the last syllable to the first (okHé ‘window’— 6xua ‘windows’, pyxbé ‘gun’—pyxbsa ‘guns’, nucbmé ‘letter’—miicama ‘letters’); the stress remains unchanged in nouns with the suffix -ann(e) or -enn(e) Gaanne ‘building’—3aauna ‘buildings’, co6panne ‘meeting’— co6panua ‘meetings’, snevataénne ‘impression’— snevataéuna ‘impre- ssions’), with the suffix -crs(o) (rocyzaperso ‘state’-—rocyaapersa ‘states’, xo3aiicrBo ‘economy’ xo3siicTBa ‘economies’). ing Exetete 21. Form the plural of the following nouns and write them down in the singular and plural. Mark the stress. Model: oxnd— Oxnia TUCMO, KOMBUO, CTEKIO, JIMILO, Ces10 Model: néno —nena mpazo, Mecro, 3epKasio, e080 Model: ayanne—snauns, rocynapcrso—rocyaapersa co6panve, 3acenaHte, copeulaHMe, ynpaxHeHHe, NpaBHTeTbCTBO Exercise 22. Read through the text. State the gender and number of the italicised nouns. MOCKBA Mocksé—cmoniya Pocchticxoh Denepaunn. B Mocxsé paGoraer Pocchilicxoe npasiimesnemao Mockeé—kpynuoiit npombuuaenibtl uertp. B Mocksé Gompusite Pd6puxu u saadder. Wis Mockwét 80 wce KoHUg Pocchm 4 8 sapy6éxKHbte CTpdubi BeiBbsaTcn aemonobinu, cmankt, cman, cerecKoxosalicmeenhbie MauuiHo. Mocked—uentp wayxn 4 Kxynbrypei. B Mocxwé naxdawres Poccitticxan axademus nayk, MockOackwii rocynépersennsii yxusepcumém fimenn Jlomoudcona, oni 13 crapé#mmx yuneepcutéros crpanét. B Mocksé mHOxecTs0 BY30B, mkoa, 6u6nHoTéK. Pocchiicxaa rocyadpersennaa 6u6nnotéxa—seanudiuiee Kxucoxpaniimue mapa. B \Mockné waxéqntca Koxcepeamdpua fimenn Yalixdsckoro, Axanémusa xyadoKecTs, Bonus tedtp w apyrie tedtpet. Co acému Kouuamn Poccim Mockay caistinaior xenésunie dopéew BosnyumHBIe mpaccet. B Mocxsé 9 BoK34n08 x 4 aspondpta. Mocxed— nop nati Mo- 32 ei. Ona pacnondxena Ha Geperdx Mockssi-pexit, Kasia mewn Mocxnét coeanniter Mocksy-pexy ¢ Bosrofi. ; : ; ie B Mockné Gompuide Yuunoe deuncénue: asmomobtau, asmébyce, mpoanétibyce, mpamedu. Camu YOONDii BULA Tpécnopra B MocKnée — Sto Memp6. OHO cBsgbibaet PneHTpoM OTNATEHHBIe padidnet CTOsUHUD. SOME PECULIARITIES IN THE -FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS 1, Masculine nouns ending in -anun or -aHmH (rpaxqanin ‘citizen’, KpecTbsmim “peasant’) take -ane (-ane) in the nominative plural (rpax- jane ‘citizens’, kpecrpine ‘peasants’). : Nouns ending in -uu form their plural differently: xo3fnn ‘master’ — xo3sesa ‘masters’ rocnosi ‘gentleman’ — rocnoma ‘gentlemen’ varapun ‘Tatar’ — tarapei ‘Tatars’ Goarapun ‘Bulgarian’ — Gosrapsr ‘Bulgarians’ rpy3iu ‘Georgian’ © — rpy3iner ‘Georgians’ The above words are-isolated cases and must be memorised. 2. Masculine nouns ending in -onok or -éHoK (Boa4onoK ‘wolf-cub’, Korénok ‘kitten’) and denoting the young of living beings end in the nom- inative plural in -ara (-wra) (Bodta ‘wolf-cubs’, xotara ‘kittens’). The plural of pe6énor ‘child’ is pera ‘children’, but the more com- mon form is zéru. (The word pe6sra may also be used with the mean- ing ‘lads’, ‘boys’.) 3. Some masculine and neuter nouns take -ba in the plural: 6par ‘brother’ — 6parea ‘brothers’ auct ‘leaf’ — akeres ‘leaves’ ery ‘chair’ — eryaes ‘chairs’ Kpbi16 ‘wing’ — xkpbuiea ‘wings’ nepé ‘feather’ — népps ‘feathers’ épeso ‘tree’ — nepéses ‘trees’ Ké.ioc ‘ear (of corn)’ — Kkomécbs ‘ears’ In the formation of the plural of some nouns alternation of conso- nants occurs in the stems. Apyr ‘friend’ — apy3ea ‘friends’ (r—3); cyk ‘twig’ — cyan ‘twigs’ (kK—4). Note.—The words mya ‘husband’ and cpm ‘son’ have two plurals each: myx “husband’—my2xei, Myad ‘husbands’, chit ‘son’— CbIHOBb#, CbIHEL ‘sons’. | The forms mympé and ceiosbit are used in everyday language, cbumét and Myzit in elevated style: fume comet nenicoit matepa-Péammnt “the best sons of their great Motherland’. 4. Neuter nouns ending in -msa have different stems for the singular and the plural; only the following nouns are used in the plural: Bpéma ‘time’ — Bpemena ‘times’ 3nama ‘banner’ — 3Haméua ‘banners’ muiéma ‘tribe’ © — mremert ‘tribes’ 3~384 33ima ‘name’ — umena ‘names’ céma ‘seed’ — cemena ‘seeds’ crpéma ‘stirrup’ — erpemena ‘stirrups’ 5. The following neuter nouns ending in -o have different stems in the singular and the plural: Hé60 ‘sky’ = — neGeca ‘skies’ 4yao ‘miracle’ 4yzeca ‘miracles’ He6eca generally occurs in poetry: Cunés Gnémyt neGeca. (IT.) ‘The skies glisten as they grow blue.” _ Exercise 23. Write out the sentences, putting the italicised nouns and the words which agree with them in the plural ,__|. Spam orupasunes va peiGuyio nosmo. 2. Pedéxox urpaa oxono noma. 3. JIpye sacro niturer Mue mitcbMa. 4. Hanpotae Moerd oxua pacrér dépego. 5. Xossun npuser- suiso serpéTus rocTéit. 6. M3-noy 3a6opa BéicKoHNAT KoménoK. 7. ATpoHOM BHMMa- TembuO pasruiaBaN Kb.20c THMeHiNUs. A number of masculine nouns have different forms of the plural for their different meanings (aucr épesa ‘a leaf of a tree’, amet Oymarn ‘a leaf of paper’, but: siicrba gépesa ‘leaves of a tree’, ameTEL Oymarn ‘leaves of paper’). ‘Singutar Plural | : aner amerét aheres ‘leaf (of a book, etc; | ‘leaves (of a book)’, ‘sheets’ | “leaves (of a plant)’ ; of a plant)’ Ms npuroréenin Goas- | Ha aepénnax wéarrote mine sanerét Gysarw 2. aierbs. There are yel- auearpiw, “We prepared low leaves on the trees.” large sheets of paper for the diagrams.” i mponyer ‘absence, pi Y yeenmsa ecr mponycen janéerui no Goaésun. “The pupil was absent from some of the lessons owing to illness,” Y ex6aa nposepin upony- exa."The sentry checked the passes.” Notes.— 1. The plural of mperd« ‘flower’ is unerst ‘flowers’ (Ha yrs sanec- ‘Tpéan upetit. ‘Flowers showed colourfully in the meadow.’); the plural of unet ‘colour’ is usera ‘colours’ (JlkoGind spkue sera. ‘I like gay colours.) _ 2. The plural of weaonek *person’ is avosn ‘people’. The plural form 4eaonéx: is used only in the genitive with a numeral (nar wenoséx “five people’). ___ Exercise 24. Write out the sentences, supplying the appropriate words from the right-hand column. 34 1. Ocenb. Ha nepéabax xxésrrite a xpacuie ... amerés, mers Ha croné sexanm Gane ... 6ymara. 2. ¥ HekoTOpMX ToRApuuiel B HdueH pyre ects | nponycKH, nponycKd . BANATHH 0 6o-1e3H Tipu Bxdxe B Sro aude uipkHo npexeaviitre 3, B kapritue mpeoGaasduu caérante uperéi, uperd Ha oxné crosim ... NOUNS USED ONLY IN THE SINGULAR OR PLURAL Some Russian nouns are used only in the singular or only in the ural. : 1. The following nouns are used only in the singular: (a) Collective nouns, i.e. nouns which, in the singular, denote a number of objects taken as a whole: Moaog@x» ‘young people’, ery- aénaectso ‘the students’, 4e10Bé4ecTBo ‘humankind’. The above nouns denote animate beings. Beané ‘linen’, nocyza ‘tableware’, 66yBb ‘foot- wear’, MéGep ‘furniture’, oyéaxpa ‘ clothes’. The above nouns denote inanimate objects. (b) A number of nouns denoting substances: #eé30 ‘iron’, Meqb ‘copper’, cram ‘steel’, Kucaopén ‘oxygen’, a36T ‘nitrogen’, Boxopéa ‘hydrogen’, etc.; medicines: acnupin ‘aspirin’, toy ‘iodine’, nenmuMaaiA ‘penicillin’, etc.; food items: Maco ‘meat’, céxap ‘sugar’, myKa ‘flour’, pue ‘rice’, etc. (c) Some nouns denoting vegetables, cereals, berries: kaprodes ‘potatoes’, aén ‘flax’, ayk ‘onions’, MopKésb ‘carrots’, poxb ‘rye’, Ma- amina ‘raspberries’, etc. (d) Abstract nouns formed from certain adjectives and verbs: san- Manne ‘attention’, urénme ‘reading’, mMésonocTb ‘youth’, GeansHa ‘whiteness’, Temnora ‘darkness’, etc. Notes.—1. A number of nouns of this group may be used in the plural, but when so used they acquire a concrete meaning: patocta mirsin ‘life's joys’, siwre- parypume trénus ‘literary readings’, waaéaaa raynocreit ‘he did a lot of foolish things’ 5. There are abstract nouns which have the plural: w3menéune nge’—msmenéuus ‘changes’, norpé6uocrs “need’—norpéOuoctu ‘needs’, cio- céGnocTe ‘ability’-— cnocd6woctH ‘abilities’, ete. 2. The following nouns are used only in the plural: 6prokn ‘trousers’ 6yaun ‘week days’ Bopéta ‘gates’ Beet ‘scales’ BEIGopei ‘elections’ aéuprn ‘money” iXposa ‘firewood’ alyxit ‘perfume’ kaperikn © inverted commas’ kyapu ‘curls’ eran ‘skittles’ ve Kanikysbt ‘holidays’ kypantst ‘(tower) clock with chimes’ Memyapbi ‘memoirs’ nOwHHUBI “Scissors” HociiaKn ‘stretcher’ oukit ‘spectacles’ Nepiita ‘railings’, ‘hand-rail’ nOxopoust ‘funeral, obsequies’ nposogsr ‘seeing-off leperoBopsr ‘negotiations’ 35péapr ‘childbirth’ canu ‘sledge’ cama3Ku ‘sled’ cymepxn ‘dusk’ cmipkH ‘cream’ cyrku ‘twenty-four hours’, ‘(whole) day’ ‘Tpycei ‘shorts’ ¢bunducni ‘finance’ xuénoTer ‘trouble’ yacsi ‘clock’, ‘watch’ epuiuia ‘ink’ uraxmatst ‘chess’ wan ‘draughts’ urammubt ‘tongs’ um ‘cabbage soup’ and a number of others. All the words used with above nouns also take the plural. A kyu Kpdcnore 4epuiina. ‘T bought some red ink.’ Ox xopomé nposéa zémuue Ka- ‘He spent his summer holidays HiKky 06. nicely’. A yéavie cyTKu Gb B AOpore. ‘I_ travelled for twenty-four hours’. Indeclinable nouns — naan7é ‘overcoat’, Merpd ‘underground rail- way’, TaKca ‘taxi’, mioccé ‘main road’, etc.—do not change for number; however, if these nouns denote a number of objects, the words which are used with them take the plural: B Mara3ine npogapasm Kpacievte démcxue named. TIpoabncenbt Hdsvie moccé. “There were beautiful children’s coats on sale at the shop.” “New highways have been built.” Exercise 25, Write out the nouns and state their gender. (a) kpecrpinicrso, unTeamurénuus, cryaéHiectBo, AeTBOpA, Ponta, cEipDé, Gemé, opyxue, O6yBb, on6xna, Me6ems (b) mob6es, apyxx6a, vers, Tepnénue, nevims, cMénOCTR, HOBKOCTb, NOMOLL, sHHMaane Exercise 26. Supply an adjective to each of the following nouns; write down the nouns with the adjectives in three columns: masculine, feminine and neuter. xe1630, Meith, 361070, cepeBpo, craits, 61080, HeDTs, mena, pox, YK, Kam cra, MOPKOBB, KapTOibem, KAYOHMKA, MONOKO, waif, cdi10, MICO, MYKA, MELO, OeHaiiH, Mbit, BOsyX Exercise 27. Write out the following nouns in three columns: the first containing the nouns used only in the singular, the second the nouns used only in the plural and the third the nouns used both in the singular and the plural. Supply an adjective to the italic- ised words. céanye, mynd, anesna, Bosayx, Mops, Kapa, mute, doxeds, cHer, mymdi, Tpaba, cup, MoOK6, Kpyna, ayKd, coo, chxap, CAHM, moaomoK, TOHOP, 668, MéGeaD, BOPOTA, sepuiad, HORHMUbI, WAXMaTHI, UIAINKH, Opyrxue, opyaMe, camori, OploKH, nepuamnu, pyanKa, Kocméa CHANGING THE NOUN FOR CASE Russian nouns change for case (are declined). There are six cases in Russian: 36 The nominative, which answers the questions The genitive, The dative, The accusative, The instrumental, The prepositional, KTO?, 470? ‘who?’, ‘what?” kor6?, 4er6? ‘of whom?’, ‘of what?” Komy?, 4emy? ‘to whom?”, ‘to what?” kor6?, 4T0? ‘whom?’, ‘what?’ kem?, 4em? ‘by _whom?’, = ‘by what?’ ‘with whom?’, what?’ 0 KOM?, 0 4éM? ‘about whom?’, ‘about what?’ ‘with All the cases other than the nominative are called oblique cases. Nouns which denote animate beings answer the questions: KT0? ‘who?’ y koré? ‘at whose place?” Komy? ‘to whom?” koré? ‘whom?’ ¢ Kem? ‘with whom?’ 0 Kom? ‘about whom?” to? ‘who?’ y Kor6? ‘who has?” K Komy? ‘to whom?’ koré? ‘whom?’ kem? (with) whom?’ © Kom? ‘about whom?’ Nouns which denote inanimate ‘To? ‘what?’ Alpyr xunér B Mocksé. ‘The friend lives in Moscow.” A Oni y apyra. ‘I was at a friend’s.’ A wanucdn apyry. ‘I wrote to a friend.’ A sorpérua apyra. ‘T met a friend.’ A 3anvmasica ¢ apyrom. ‘I studied with a friend.’ Mbr rosopii.in 0 apyre. “We spoke about a friend.’ B 300napke ecb caon. ‘They have an elephant at the Zoo. Y cnond znmunpiit xd60r. ‘The elephant has a long trunk.’ A nogowén 6013KO K crony. “I came near to the elephant.’ A BriepBbIe yBHeN %*HBOTO CI0- Ha. ‘I saw a live elephant for the first time.’ AA mto6onasica STHM COHOM. ‘I admired that elephant.” A nanncan paccka3 o cone. “lL wrote a story about an ele- phant.’ : objects answer the questions: Tincemé exit Ha cToné. ‘The letter is on the table. 374er6? ‘of what?” 4emy? ‘to (at) what?” 4ro? ‘what?” 4em? ‘with what?’ o 4ém? ‘about what?” Ha cToné Het mHceMa. ‘There is no letter on the table.’ AL pay auceMy. ‘I rejoice at the letter.” A nonysin nucemd. ‘I received a letter.’ A Ovens poRéneH nuchMém. ‘Lam very pleased with the letter.” Al paccka3as1 o muceomé. ‘I told (them) about the letter,’ Exercise 28. Write out the sentences. What questions do the italicised words an- swer? (a), 1. Cmydéum paGéraet ® naGoparopun. 2. Buepi a Guin Ha Koncyabriunn y npogéccopa. 3. A wanucin nuchMé omyy.4. Bredtpe & serpérun mosdpuya. 5. Ha DKCKY/PCHH MBI pasroBapHBasH c dupexmopom 3an6sa. 6. Bevepom pabdyne roBsopiuin © 3an6sle, 0 HOBOM dupéxmope. (b) 1. Apo cpetiino céanye. 2. Ceroana Het cé.snya. 3. Mei Bcerga paar coanyy. 4, A sob céanye. SOME MEANINGS OF THE CASES The genitive case of a noun: (1) denotes possession and an- swers the question 4eii? 4ba? abe? DH? ‘whose?’ (2) with the words net ‘have no’, ‘there is no’, Hé Gpim0 ‘had no’, ‘there was (were) no,’ we 6yaeT ‘will have no’, ‘there will be no” denotes the absence of an object. (3) when used with different pre- positions acquires different meanings. 38 Kunra 6pata. ‘The brother's book.’ (Gba kunra? — Bpara. “Whose book? — The brother’s.’) Tlona_Kouxésa. ‘The fields of the collective farm.’ (Yu noma? — Konxd3a. “Whose fields?—— Of the collective farm.’) Y mena net (vecd?) Kapannama. ‘I have no pencil.’ Buyepa.né 6bui0 (ve2d?) ORAM. ‘It did not rain yesterday.” 3aprpa ne 6Ynet (ko26?) AMpeKTO- pa. ‘The director will not be in tomor- row. A Gein (y Koed?) y AdKTOpa. ‘I was at the doctor’s.’ A kymia xaary (019 Ko26?) Aan Topapuuya. ‘I bought a book for a friend.’ On mpuéxan (omxyda?) ws Cankt < _Merep6ypra. He came from St. Petersburg.’ The dative case of a noun: without a preposition or with the preposition generally denotes the person or object towards whom or which the action is di- rected and answers the ques- tions KomMy? (kK Komy?) ‘to whom”, 4emy? (Kk 4emy?) ‘to what? (1) with a transitive verb denotes the object to which the action passes over and answers the questions Kor6? ‘whom?’, ¥ro? “what?” (2) when used with the preposi- tion B ‘to’ or ma ‘to’ and an- swers the question Kya? ‘where to?’ denotes the place towards which the action is di- rected. ‘The instrumental (1) may denote the instrument or means by which the action is performed and answers the question 4em? ‘with what?’ (2) may denote the person in con- junction with whom the action is performed and answers the question ¢ Kem? ‘with whom?" Tlomorato (xomj?) Topapunty. ‘T help a friend.” Pasyroce (vemy?) yenexam. ‘T rejoice at (your) success.” Vay (x coy?) « mpenoganatemo. ‘Tam going to my teacher.’ The accusative case of a noun: A scrpétua (ko26?) Towapunta. ‘I met a friend.” Uwraro (umo?) rasery. ‘Tam reading a newspaper.’ Vay (xyda?) B nexanar. ‘Lam going to the dean’s office.’ Vay (xvod?) wa coGpanune. ‘Tam going to the meeting.’ case of a noun: Thay (we?) méstom. ‘1 write with chalk.’ Pexy (ues?) HoaOM. ‘] cut with a knife.” 3anumaroch (¢ Kem?) ¢ ToBa- pimem. ‘I study with a friend.” Toxopto (c Kea?) ¢ mpenoyaare- stem. ‘I am speaking with the teacher.’ The prepositional case of a noun (which is used with (a) with the preposition 0 ‘about’ it denotes the person or object spoken of and answers the questions 0 Kom? ‘about whom?’, 0 4ém? ‘about what?” (b) with the prepositions B ‘at’, wa ‘at’ it denotes the place of ac- tion and answers the question tye? ‘where? prepositions only): Mor qraan (0 Kom?) o TyuKnne. ‘We read about Pushkin.’ Oni ropoprim (0 4és1?) 0 anvepa- Type. ‘They spoke about literature.’ On Gpin (20e?) B Tearpe. ‘He was at the theatre.’ PaGdrtaio (2de?) na adpnKe. ‘| work at a factory.” The cases in Russian are rich in meanings. One and the same case of a noun can be used (either with or without a preposition) in sentences to express different relationships. 39Exercise 29. Read through the sentences, state the case of each noun and tell what question it answers. Translate the sentences into English. 1. Moi oréu paGoraer ua sanone. Bpat yunten n uncruryre. 2. Cectpa Tonipuiua famrea » Mockwé. 3. ¥ Meni net yuéOunea. 4, Cryaénr cnan sayér npenomanaremo 5. Army nicemé tonapuny. 6. A noxapiia Opaty noprbeny. 7. Ha stoi 6ymare mo- 2KHO HCA TS TOKO KapawstaluOm. 8, Buepa Mbl cuyinaau WHTepécHBHit AOKI O Me~ -xAyHapoHOM HooKéHHH. 9. Ha Janne a peTpérH1 Tosapuuta. 10. $1 nOsICO pasronA- psa c ToBdpuitem 0 noKdre. THREE TYPES OF THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS I. In accordance with their endings in the singular Russian nouns are divided into three types of declension. 1, The first declension includes: (a) masculine nouns without any ending in the nominative whose stem ends in a hard or soft consonant or ii (répoy ‘town’, ‘city’, news ‘day’, aii “May’); (b) neuter nouns ending in -o (-e) or -é (nuceMé ‘letter’, pykbé ‘gun’, nove ‘field’, 34ume ‘building’). Note.— Masculine nouns with augmentative or diminutive suffixes plus the ending -0 or - (ropoaéumo ‘small town of no importance’, zomMumo ‘small and/or dilapidated house’, aomiuye "huge house’) also belong to the first declen- sion. 2. The second declension includes feminine nouns ending in -a, -#: crpana ‘country’, 3emaii ‘earth’, apmus ‘army’. Note.— Masculine nouns ending in -a, -a (iouoma ‘youth’, crapocra ‘village elder’, cyama ‘judge’, aaa ‘uncle’, Kyabma ‘Kuzma’, Basta ‘Vanya’) and nouns of common gender ending in -a, -a (cupora ‘orphan’, Yymuua ‘clever person’, pasina “gawk’) also belong to the second declension. 3. The third declension includes feminine nouns without any ending in the nominative, whose stem ends in a soft consonant or sibilant (hard or soft): ren ‘shadow’, crenb ‘steppe’, Hou ‘night’, pow ‘rye’, Mbillib ‘mouse’. IL. Some nouns do not belong to any of the above three types of de- clension and are declined in a special way: they are the neuter nouns end- ing in -mx (fmm ‘name’, spéma ‘time’, etc.), the masculine noun nyTe ‘way’ and the neuter noun guré ‘child’, Mil. There are a number of nouns which are not declined and do not change according to number: nasré ‘overcoat’, kid ‘cinema’, MeTpo ‘underground railway’, moceé ‘main road’, atopit ‘jury’, keurypy ‘kanga- Too’, Kode ‘coffee’, etc. These nouns are neuter, except G¢pe (masculine). All of them have been borrowed from foreign languages. The First Declension This declension includes masculine nouns without any ending in the nominative and neuter nouns ending in -o, -€ or -e. The declension of a noun of the first declension depends on whether its stem ends in a hard or soft consonant. 40 THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS WITH THE STEM ENDING IN A HARD CONSONANT Ending i é No ending : yuenis exon sana, nen ‘pupil’ ‘elephant’ ‘plant’ Gen. yseumsé coud sansa “a Dat yuenmsy conf 3andy _y Ace yuewmca cao ganda | as Gen. or Nom. Instr. Yueumom —caowom —3aB6q0m “OM Prep. 0 Kom? o uém? | 06 yuenmké o cuoné 0 3an6ne < WITH THE STEM ENDING IN A SOFT CONSONANT OR -i1 ia Ending . 0? umo? orém, rept Gok | No ending etal ‘fire’ ‘hero’ “battle Gen, | xozd? eed? | noma orwit —repom Gost * Dat. — | omy? vemy? | aommi orm repro 6610 +0 Acc. | koz6? mo? | noms orés —repon Golf as Gen. or iom. Instr. kem? vem? | nomaém orm repéem 66em -ém, -em. Prep. 0 kom? 0 uém? | 0 aowae 06 orné 0 repoe o GOe ve L (a) The accusative of masculine nouns denoting animate objects ae their genitive are identical (yaenma, cond, repos); the accusative of nouns denoting inanimate objects and their nominative are identical (3a- BOA, ordHb, Goii). : Hee : : (b) The accusative of the masculine nouns Hapéa people’, oTpix ‘detachment’, which have a collective meaning, and their nominative are identical (aro6ire Hapéz ‘to love one’s people’, Bectit oTpii ‘to lead a detachment’). THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS: Neuter nouns with the stem ending in a hard or soft consonant are declined in the same way as masculine nouns. | With Stem ending in Ending | With Stem ending in Ending a Hard Consonant a Soft Consonant Nom. | oxwé —aéa0 © | pyre mbae, --e ‘window’ “affair” gun eld _ Gen. 4 nga -a | pyani 2 Dat. aeary sy | pyant 60 a na10 as Nom. none as Nom. wén0M 0M m6s1eM -ém, -eM. Prep. © eae € 0 nds *e 41__ The accusative of neuter nouns and their nominative are always identical. THE SPELLING OF STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED CASE ENDINGS AFTER A SIBILANT OR IL After a sibilant (a, 4, ut or uy) or 4 the ending of the nominative gular of neuter nouns is spelt -o when stressed (kosu6 ‘ring’, m1e4d ‘shoulder’) and -e when unstressed (cépaue ‘heart’, yummie ‘college’); the ending of the instrumental singular of masculine and neuter nouns is spelt -om when stressed (6oi16M, HoxkKOM, KO.IbUOM, HTe4dM) and -em when unstressed (sosrorpaauem, ToBApuuyem, cépauem, yursuuem). THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS ENDING IN -Mi AND OF NEUTER NOUNS ENDING IN -HE Masculine Neuter Nom. wo? | nponerapuii —_ canaTopuit co6panue ‘proletarian’ ‘sanatorium’ “meeting” Gen 4e26? | uponerapun —canaropus cobpanna Dat. wea? | mpoaerépao — canarépmo co6pannio Acc. amo? | uponeripua —canaTopuit co6panne Instr. vew? | nponerépuem —canaropuem coSpannem Prep. |o xom? o véw? | omponetapan 0 cauatopun © co6pannnt Unlike other masculine and neuter nouns, masculine nouns ending wii (nposteTapnii ‘proletarian’, Bachanii ‘Vasily,’ canaTépuii ‘sanato- rium’) and neuter nouns ending in -ne (co6panue ‘meeting’, sHHManHe ‘attention’) take the ending -w in the prepositional (0 npoaerapmn, o Ba- ciumu, B canaTopun, Ha co6paunn, etc.). Exercise 30. Write out the sentences, state the gender and case of the italicised nouns and give their nominative. 1. Must caja aoxsiiy 0 coGitrisx 3a py6eordm. 2. Buepa mui xoniuin ¢ moadpu- wea ® rearp. 3. A rosophst c spaxéa. 4. Crapiix padoract B KOAXO3e cméporcem. 5. Trenéu seipoc # cra Becénbi nesydat. 6. Mbt NOKpHUIM AHO TOTKH KaMoUWOs. 7. B necy maxnet adndenues Exercise 31, Give oral and written answers to these questions, using the masculine nouns mpenosadreas and aaGopaur in your answers. A. Kro somén 8 ayaurépaio? 2. Uns 5ro kutira? 3. Komy crynéure Oran colt paborni? 4. Koré eryaéurer BkiGpann npeacenatetem co6pauns? 5. C xem crynéntet pabdtaior B naGopatopun? 6. O Kom Guid crates R cTeHTasére? Exercise 32. Make up sentences containing the words yueuiic and cexperaps in all the cases singular. Write down your sentences and mark the stress throughout Exercise 33, Decline the neuter nouns erpoftremerso, 3nénne, sacenanne. Make up sentences containing those nouns in the prepositional Exercise 34. Write down the instrumental of words kapanim, ayy, Kyanéu, co.amne, amu), naten, ckBopély, nrenéw. 42 ci IN THE DECLENSION OF SOME MASCULINE NOUNS, PECOL THE GENITIVE AND PREPOSITIONAL SINGULAR THE GENITIVE WITH THE ENDING -Y (-10) i i tance or material, some When denoting a quantity or part of a substance n | n masculine nouns take the ending -y (-10) in the genitive singular: kycoK cAxapy ‘a lump of sugar’, craKaH aro ‘a glass (cup) of tea’, KustorpaMM méay ‘a kilogramme of honey’, xymith cAxapy, Méay to buy some sugar, honey’, BBINMTD 4At0 “to drink some tea’, HaGpatb xBopocTy “to 1 some brushwood’. . . ole ‘nouns x1e6 ‘bread’ and onée ‘oats’ do not take the ending -y in the genitive. Note— Sometimes the genitive singular ending -y occurs in prepositional 2 bl i i Hi the house, ow! raSeS, €. (OH BbIUEeT M3 OMY, anecy ‘he came out of ul | the aaa Ei ab mony aac it Look me an hour to reach home’, xi1as1 6x00 whey i eesited for about an hour’. In such cases, the stress is frequently shifted to the preposition. Exercise 35, Read through the sentences and account for the ending -y or -10 in the italicised nouns. 1. Haéiine sue, noxdaylicra, waxy wo. 2, Ttiitre wie, noxxaaylicra, x0 ci apy w craxant wcdy. 3. Tot noiiséint ® Marasin? Kymik me, nowasryiicra, x4é6a, cvipy ncaxapy. 4. He yxoui, Mbt celiuic puimbem ud. ‘THE PREPOSITIONAL WITH THE ENDING -¥ (10) i S$ ing -y (-10) in the prepo- Some masculine nouns take the stressed ending -y ¢ 10) int ‘ sitional after the prepositions 8 and na (when denoting place and, occa- ione ti J, ©. Bet z i ae sions aie the wood’, B cagy ‘in the garden’, B yray ‘in the oo ner’, B ukady ‘in the cupboard’, B Hocy ‘in the nose’, B ra3y ‘in the eye”, Bo pry ‘in the mouth’, B Goro ‘in the battle’, B TEITY behind the frontline’. B iaeny ‘in captivity’, B Kppimy ‘in the Crimea’, 8 apimy “In * ¥ ‘in snow’. eae aus ames i Sepery ‘on the bank’, wa Mocrg ‘on the bridge’, wa ayry “in the meadow’, Ha mkady ‘on the cupboard”, wa ay ‘in the forehead’, Ha nocy ‘on the nose’, Ha nocry ‘at one’s post’, Ha Kparo ‘on the edge’, Ha ony ‘on the (river) Don’, - : a B xakOM rogy? ‘In which year?’—B 1988 roay. In 1988. Hee B xoropom aacy? “At what time?’— B néppo uacy. ‘After twelve. Exercise 36. Read through the sentences; state the case of the italicised nouns and give their nominative. Mark the stress. 6 i gan si ay. 3. Typiterss pasoxtait Garo ryt ¢ aecy. 2. Tloxenréan witcres ¢ cad) 1 2 oer a depecy exit 4. Fla nocmy crokt saconoit. 5. Ha mocmy Gonpuide aatoxene, 6 Ornyek Mur apone mi « Kpoiaty. 7. BkakoM 20dy Bot ponuaitcs? —~ A poziites # 2ody, 8. B XOTOpoM Hacy BbI MpHLUIIH AOMOH? Exercise 37. Make up several sentences containing masculine nouns in the preposi- tional ending in -y (10). 43_Exercise 38. Write a composition, using the words néro, mope, céamue, 6raBtx, ca- uarépuit, the prepositional of masculine nouns (wa Geperf, m zaecy, etc.) and the phrases Mponectii 1€T0, paonatben OTABIXY, AMOGORATKCA MOpeM, 3aRATOM, BCHOMUNATE Oo AéTe, The Second Declension This declension includes feminine nouns ending in -a, -#. Like the first declension, the second declension also has different endings depending on whether the stem of the noun ends in a hard or soft consonant. WITH THE STEM ENDING IN A HARD CONSONANT tnd: | Nouns with Stem | Ende ing | ending in rsx, x ing Nom. |remo? mo? | erpani xéuuma | -a | py aopora “a ‘country’ ‘woman’ ‘hand’ ‘road’ G 7 z ‘arm’ Gen. crpanst xéuuumot | 81 | pyxit —aoporm n” Dat, erpané —xénmume | -e | pyké —nopore e Acc, erpany —xemmmny | -y | pyky — aopdry y instr. erpandit wémmunoit | -of | pyKdii aoporot | -oi1 Prep. octpané o wémmmue) -e | 0 pyké o xopore | -e WITH THE STEM ENDING IN A SOFT CONSONANT End- End- ing ing Nom. | xmo? umo? | aemai cempi crn | -a | pwns “a i land’ ‘family’ “flock” ‘army? Gen, | Ko2d? ueed? | semai cembii cra apwuin " Dat. | Kosi? wean? |aemné cemme crate pwn “a Ace. | Ko2d? umo? | sémmo cesta eran0 Apymo “40 Instr. | Kea? vem? Bemaréit cemBiii cracit Apwueit cli Prep. | 0 Kom? 0 ves? | 0 3emaé 0 cembé 0 crae 06 psa " (a) nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant take -a in the nominative, -b1 in the genitive (but after r, « or x the ending is -), -e in the dative and prepositional, -y in the accusative and -oii, -oro in the in- strumental. (b) nouns ending in -us (4pmua ‘army’, smu ‘line’) take -w in the ive, dative and the prepositional (4pMun, .1iiHu). (©) masculine nouns and nouns of common gender ending in -a (-a) also follow the second declension: myacaina ‘man’, asia ‘uncle’ youu- ua ‘clever person’, : : i gel 44 THE SPELLING OF STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED CASE ENDINGS AFTER A SIBILANT OR LI After a sibilant (a, 4, m1 or ui) or g the ending of the instrumental singular is spelt -oii (-oro) when stressed (Mex6ii ‘with a boundary’, cBe- uoii ‘with a candle’, opudii ‘by a sheep’) and -eii when unstressed (Kpbi- weit ‘witb a roof’, pomeii ‘with a grove’, mraueli ‘by a bird’, ryseii ‘with a cloud’, ayokeit ‘with a puddle’). Exercise 39. Give oral and written answers to the questions, using one of the femi- nine nouns npenonaBateabunna, cecTpa and naGopamrka in them. Underline the endings in these words. 1, Kro sowés 8 xémuaty? 2. Uns Sto xwiira? 3. Komy per nanicdnm mcemo? 4, Koré pet aivtesn wa coOpannu? 5. C xem Bhi pasrosapaBasm ro Tenedony? 6. O Kom pet FOBOpHLIN © TOBapULEM? Exereise 40, Decline the words 46puica, kuira and ayzurrops. Make up sentences containing these words in the prepositional. Exercise 41. Write out the sentences and mark the stress in the italicised words. 1. Bepusiua ropér sakpéuiacs myyeit. 2. Mor win poweit. 3. Komnata ocpenti- nace cecwit. 4, STactouRn cBiiin rHe316 nos Kponwed. 5. Mbt nostro MOGOBAINCE rmu- yet. The Third Declension This declension includes feminine nouns with no ending in the nom- inative and with the stem ending in a soft consonant or a sibilant (hard or soft). Ending Nom. |xmo? wmo? | 2ku3Hb HOME poxws = MbIILb No ending ‘life’ ‘night’ “rye” ‘mouse’ Gen, | x020? asigan Nou pH MEI “a Dat. | kom? wigan MON pH MEAL “a Acc. |xoz6?umo? | 2803 HOM = POL MITE As Nom. Instr. |xew? vest? | 2XIDHEIO HONBIO — pOrKLIO MBIIUEIO (s)10 Prep. |o xom? o véu?| 0 aiauH 0 HONK 0 PAHO MUSH “i (a) the accusative of nouns of the third declension and their nomi- native are always identical; (b) the ending of the genitive, dative and prepositional is -# (xi3nm, HOYM, PoKH, MBIUIH); (c) the ending of the instrumental is -()1o (aiisub10, etc.); (d) some nouns (stressed on the stem in all other cases in the singu- lar) are stressed on the ending in the prepositional when they denote place, e. g.: nenb ‘chain’, uénu, uémpro, but wa meni ‘on a chain’, crenb ‘steppe’, crénm, crémpio, o crénm but B crenii ‘in the steppe’, KpoBb ‘blood’, Kposu, Kpéspro but B Kposit ‘in the blood’. Exercise 42. Read through the sentences; state the case of the italicised words. 1. Uupoxé packitnynace cmenv. Xopoutd 6 cmenit. 2. Tpya monéit mpeopaxaer 45cmen». Ornit crpéiixa ropir nad cménoio. 3. Mit 6ti0H Wa 3andze, B uexe, rae BOT emaap. Exercise 43. Decline the nouns peb, secrb and emésocTs. Exercise 44, To which declensions do the words écew», ama, secu’, néro and the names of the months belong? Exercise 45. Write out the sentences and account for the ending -w or -¢ of the italic. ised nouns. 1. Mar Gen na Kpacnoii nadwadu. 2. Ha naowdoxe népen 26MoM urpatoT ZéTH. 3. AA saniicemaio nexuuM B OOuleli mempddu, a HOBIE CHOBA—B MaNeHbKOA mempddKe. Exercise 46, Decline the nouns How, HOwKa; KpoBaTS, KpoRaTKa; AduagE, AoMazKa; crynéub, cTynénpka. The Declension of Nouns in the Plural Nouns of all three declensions take the same endings in three cases in the plural, viz.: -am (-am) in the dative, -amu (-aMnu) in the instrumen- tal (with the exception of arozpmn ‘by people’, zneppmai ‘with doors’, souajibmit ‘by horses’) and -ax (-#x) in the prepositional. In the genitive the endings are different. First Declension Ending Nom. orn repon noak adn ‘lights’ ‘heroes? ‘fields’ ‘buildings’ Gen. ornéli —repées. ea’ noméii att Dat. ornim —repéat eam ost sundae | -ami(-not) Ace. orm = repées. nea nowt adn Instr. rep6amu = gaesaMa noasmn 3aaHHamH | -amn(-amn) | Prep. [0 sanoaax 06 oruitx 0 repoax o Aeséx 0 nowt 0 stdunsx| -ax(-ax) Second Declension it inginy fetta Nom. | 3ésam axéaumst = Apa erénn ‘lands’ ‘women’ ‘armies’ ‘steppes’ Gen. | semém axéeAN punt erenéit Dat. 3éManM wenumHam = ApMaa crenim am (-aMt) Acc. | 3énum eeu 4pman erent Instr. | 3émasinn seénuumann pause crenin -amn (amu) Prep. | 0 sémaax o xémumax 06 dpwuiax | 0 crenix ~ax (ax) 1. If a noun denotes an animate being, its accusative plural and its genitive are identical (repées, »émmmn); if a noun denotes an inanimate object its accusative plural and its nominative are identical (sanéqp1, orHn, We1a, nod, 3€M.1H, crénH). 2. Masculine and neuter nouns ending in -ba in the nominative plural (6pates ‘brothers’, yepéppa ‘trees’) keep the b in all the cases; the 46 genitive: Gpatbes, AepéBres; the dative: 6paTbam, Aepésiam; the instru- mental: 6parbamu, aepésbamu; the prepositional: 0 6paTbax, o ne- peBbsix. Exercise 47. Write out the sentences, putting the italicised nouns in the plural. 1, Mpenonandres jan emydéumy saniuue. 2. A xory norosopitre 06 Stom c npe- nodasdme.est. 3. [penoaapatembnaua pasropapupder co cmydéummoii. 4, BO BpeMA K iiky.1 MBI OELTH B medmpe HB my3ée. 5. YueHHKH pacckaxian yuimemo 0 KaniTKysIaX. 6. Msi ronopiiin 0 xnice Wo Giiasme. 7. B Bockpeckiibe # nogay B rocTH K Opyey. 8. A it mucast TiIceMé moedpuyy. 9. B mazastine 64110 MuOTO HapoAy. 10. B 2épode HB depésne crpoatea HOBbIe %KHiATRIE AoMa. 11. Mute uyrkuo locate cecmpé texerpamMy. 12. Ona OWL Ha KaTOK ¢ Hodpyeoil. THE GENITIVE PLURAL NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSIO! A. Masculine nouns take the ending -os, -er, -ép or -eii in the geni- tive plural; a number of nouns take no ending in the genitive. (1) -os is added to nouns ending in a hard consonant: 3anég ‘fac- tory’, ‘plant’ — 3an6q81, 3an6/10B; yyenitK ‘pupil’ —yaeHnKn, yaennkd: alec ‘wood’ —aecé, aecés. However, nouns whose nominative plural ends in -ba (6pat ‘broth- er’ — 6pares, aucr ‘leaf’ —aicrba, erya ‘chair’ —cryapa, Kés0c ‘ear [part of a plant] —ko.écpa) take -ber in the genitive (kuiru 6paTbes ‘the brothers’ books’, user sierbes ‘the colour of the leaves’, okpacka eryaes ‘the colour of the chairs’, aaumd Koaécbes ‘the length of the ears’), but aApy3pa nds’-— apy3éii, cbiHoBLa = ‘sons’ — cprnoséii. Nouns with the stem ending in u (60én ‘fighting man’, komcomézen ‘Young Communist Leaguer’) take -on when the ending is stressed (Goiin6B) and -es, when the ending is unstressed (Kkomcomé.1bueB). (2) -és or -ep is added to nouns ending in -ii (Goit ‘battle’, repdit ‘hero’, my3éii ‘museum’); -és is added when the ending is stressed (60éB) and -en when the ending is unstressed (repées). (3) -eit is added to nouns ending in a soft consonant or sibilant (Boxkib ‘leader’ —Boxgéi, oronb ‘fire’ —ornéii, ToRApunt ‘comrade’, ‘friend’ —Topsapumel, spay ‘physician’—spayéii, now ‘knife’ — Hoxéii, Kapanjau ‘pencil’ —Kapannaméii). (4) Nouns ending in -anwu, -auvn take no ending: rpaxaanin ‘citi- zen’ —rpaéakjan, Kpecrbannn ‘peasant’ — KpecTBaH. Note.— Some masculine nouns take no ending either: n#Tb coanar ‘five sol- diers’, géewTb maptw3an ‘ten guerrillas’, wects 4eaoRéx ‘six people’, mapa candor ‘a pair of high boots’, aéckoabko pas ‘several times’. B. 1. Neuter nouns ending in -o (oxné ‘window’, mucbMé ‘letter’), -He (co6panne ‘mecting’) or -e with u or a sibilant at the end of the stem (y4fimue ‘school’, nosorénue ‘towel’), do not take any ending in the enitive plural (créka 6Kon ‘the window panes’, 2ocTapKa micem ‘mail delivery’, npoToKovb1 co6pannii ‘the minutes of the meetings’, mperto- Aapatenm yananuy ‘college teachers’, y3op nonoréner ‘the patterns on the towels’). In all the words printed in bold-face type there is no end- 47ing: -nii in the genitive plural of the nouns co6pannii, 340i, BEIcTyn- aénnii belongs to the stem.* The genitive plural of the nouns ymése ‘gorge’ and mruonénbe (mrnonéune) ‘instant’ is formed in the same manner (yuiésmii, MrHoné- wnii). There is an unstable vowel in the genitive plural of the noun pyabé “gun’ (pyxeil). 2. The genitive plural of the noun 66.ako ‘cloud’ is o6.1aKéB. Neuter nouns ending in -o, whose nominative plural ends in (mep6 ‘pen’—népps, Kpbiid ‘wing’— xKpéuibs, aépeno ‘tree’ Aepéspa), take -bes in the genitive plural (ckpun néppes ‘the squeak- ing of pens’, p3Max Kpbiiber ‘the flapping of wings’, amerea pepéspen ‘the foliage of trees’), 3. The nouns mépe ‘sea’ and néue ‘field’ take the ending -eii in the genitive plural (rayOuna mopéii ‘the depth of the seas’, mpocrop nonéit ‘the spaciousness of the fields’). The noun répe ‘grief’ has no plural. Exercise 48, Write out the sentences, filling in the blanks with the nouns from the right-hand column in the genitive plural. Nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant take a hard final consonant in the genitive plural (erpan, #xémmun). Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant take a soft final consonant (gepenénp, 3emé/Ib), except a number of nouns, such as nécua ‘song’, Biuna ‘cher- ries’, which take a hard final consonant in the genitive plural: nécen, Bi- en. : a Nouns whose stem ends in it (craw [crdita] ‘flock’, cempa [cemita] ‘family’, A4pmus [Apmuiia] ‘army’) have ii (i.e. the final stem consonant) in the genitive plural: craii, ceméii, Apmuit (there is an unstable e in the noun cempsi ‘family’ — ceméi NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION Feminine nouns of the third declension take the ending -eii in the genitive plural. 1, Ha §mmuax Mocxnt: Gonsurde maixé- | asro6yc, —tposixéiiGyo, _ aTomoGi, Hie... . TpaMnait 2. B Mocksé muéro ... . Teatp, My: 3. A nomyuiin HécKO:IbKO ... nuceMé, ToRapmn 4. B roxy averaauats mécat 5. B cenra6pé tpiauaTs nent Nominative Singular Nominative Genitive Plural Plural crens ‘steppe’ crénn crenéit nonp ‘night noun noweit Mbit ‘mouse’ MeOH seen Terpaab “copy-book’ Terps rerpaaeli Exercise 49. Write out the sentences, putting the italicised nouns in the plural. 1. Ws koaxdsa 8 répos éayt Maint ¢ mucwineli. 2. Manaror xéaTsIe micTEs ¢ dépesa. 3. Tlocae doncd wcé sazenenéno. 4, 3-30 dOzaka Buirnany0 comme. 5. Tyakit menaoxdda wapyumnn Tunney nO4M. Exercise 50. Give the genitive plural of these nouns. __ BPAY, Mpestcendren,pyKowomitTenb, AMpEKTOP, YepTex, ypoxall, repdii, dsepo, Mépe, rHe310, NACTOMINe, YuiLIMUIe, KOADUO, AiO, 3NnHE, AUPTMMANHH, KPeCTEAtLM NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION Feminine nouns ending in -a (-a) do not take any endings in the genitive plural. Nominative Genitive Plural Plural Nominative Singular axéammma ‘woman’ xem erpau ‘country’ crpan semuni ‘land’, ‘earth’ senda nepesus “village” aepénnn arepeném ras ‘flock’ cra erait cempit ‘family’ cémbat ceméii pwns ‘army’ Apmun Apmuit * The letter e in words of the co6pinne type denotes two sounds [tio]: [cobpanniia]. 48 Exercise 51. Write out the sentences, filling in the blanks with the nouns from the right-hand column in the genitive plural, Apépu_... G&LIH OTKPEITEL. B cany Muéro ... . B wdiiem stcey Mut6ro .. B cay camino KyACKAHHE ... B recy caso néune ... . Ha coopanmn mor oGcyxctdmn nai... . KOMHATA, AYHTOpHR oKeKy pens rpyuia Gepésa, cocud, em nena nina Exercise 52. Write out the phrases, replacing the genitive singular by the genitive plural. ouéprus pexii, crpoftrenseTBo omeKTpocTHMNH, peMOHT MaLILiNISI, CHAINKe 3Be32K1, TemHoTa HOM, G1lecK MOstHHM, TpocTOp cTémm, TOMA nepéBHH, aii coO4KM, pxATHE 16- WaqH, Mbl¥aHHe KOpOBBI. Nouns Which Have No Singular Nouns which have no singular take the following form in the geni- tive plural: (1) the ending -on: Becar ‘scales’ — Becos Ayxn ‘perfume’ Ayx6n koucépsst ‘tinned — koncé- food’ pBOB ouKi ‘spectacles’ — ouKés Upésozpr ‘seeing-off — npéro- OB 4—384 kypantsr ‘chiming =— Kypan- clock’ TOB ‘rpycei ‘shorts’ -- Tpycés bunaucer ‘finances’ = — qwnan- cop yacbi ‘watch’, ‘clock’ — 4acéB mn ‘tongs’ — munndp 49(2) the ending -eit: 6yann ‘weekdays’ — 6yaneii — cAnn ‘sledge’ — canéit Apoakn “yeast” —— Apox- ua ‘cabbage soup’ -— mei : KH sican ‘créche’ — aenéii so; ‘people’ — mo nei (3) no ending: Ropéta ‘gates’ — sopér nepiiza ‘railings’ — nepia aAéuprn ‘money’ — jAéner “hand-rail’ Aposa ‘firewood’ — pos noxopouni ‘funeral’, — noxo- Kanikymbi ‘holiday’ —- Kani- ‘obsequies’ pon . ae Ky. cymepku ‘dusk’ —— cyme- nOakKHMMBI ‘scissors’ = — HéaHMIy per HOCcHIKH “stretcher? =— noci- eytku ‘24 hours’ — eyror 410K xa6notbt ‘trouble’ = — xaondt yepiiiia ‘ink’ — 4epHit Irregular Declension of Some Nouns Neuter nouns ending in -mm (fms ‘name’, 3n4ma ‘banner’, etc.), the masculine noun nytb ‘way’, the feminine nouns matp ‘mother’ and it ‘daughter’ and the neuter noun gwra ‘child’ are declined as fol- lows. Neuter Masculine Feminine Singular Nom. | tims auant Mare ous | ‘name “banner” ‘mother’ ‘daughter’ Gen. | iment aitastennt marepa —x64epn Dat. | iimewn atten matepa —36uepm Acc. | fim anime Mate town Instr. | fimenem —— aniamenem mareppio a64eppi0 Prep. | 06 amenu 0 3uamenn © mirep 0 ad4epn Plorat Nom. amend SHaména matepn aduepH Gen. | amen auamén Marepéli jxo4epéii Dat. | meni = aHaménam Matepim —ao4epiim Ace. mena auaméua Marepéii —_o4epéii Instr. | mvewimn — anaméuamn | uyrasu Marepimm oepbsti Prep. | 06 wmewax 0 suaméuax | 0 nyrax © marepix 0 aoNepix eB 1. All neuter nouns ending in -ma follow the declension pattern of fst ‘name (spéma time’, 3ams ‘banner’, miami ‘flame’, etc.), except 3namsi ‘banner’, which is stressed in all the cases in the plural on the suf- 50 fix -én, céms ‘seed’, the genitive plural of which is cemsin, and crpéma ‘stirrup’, the genitive plural of which is crpeman. 2. The masculine noun nytb ‘way’ is declined as a feminine noun with the stem ending in a soft consonant (akm3ub ‘life’) in all the cases singular and plural, except the instrumental singular, which is nyrém. 3. The stem of the feminine nouns Mate ‘mother’ and 704» ‘daugh- ter’ ends in -ep in all the cases in the singular (except the accusative) and plural (matepn, ad4epu, Marepéil, ao4epéil). 4, The neuter noun gra ‘child’ is generally used in the singular only in the nominative and the accusative. In all the other cases the word pe6énox ‘child’ is preferred: pedéuka, pebdénxy, pedéuKom, o pe- 6énxe. In the plural, the word néru ‘children’ (geréii, 1éTaM, neTéil, Te- TbMi, O WéTHX) is generally used. Exercise 53, Write sentences, using (a) the word ata, sams or Bpémta; (b) the word nyts:; (c) the word mars or gous. Mark the stress throughout. USE OF THE CASES WITH AND WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS Use of the Genitive The genitive is used in Russian either without any preposition (kira ToBapuma ‘the friend’s book’, padora eryaéuta ‘the student’s work’) or with a preposition (kHiira y Topapmma ‘the book is at the friend’s’, padora 6e3 ouriGoK ‘work without mistakes’). THE GENITIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION The genitive without any preposition is used with nouns (orBér ery- Teénta ‘the student’s answer’), adjectives (ndOuHbIit pagocra ‘full of joy’), numerals (maTb erysénTos ‘five students’) and verbs (qo6uTBCa yené- xoB ‘to achieve success’). USE OF THE GENITIVE WITH NOUNS The genitive with a noun is used: (1) to denote the possessor of an object (the noun in the genitive an- swers the question 4eii?, 429?, 46? or ubn? ‘whose?’): Sto kuira Tosapuuta. ‘This is the friend’s book.’ Yoa dro Kura? — Topapuma. *““Whose book is it?” “The friend’s.”’ ‘This is the sister’s album.” “Whose album is it?” “The sis- ter’s.””” 310 amGom ceerptt. Yet Sto anb60m? — Ceerpel. (2) to denote the person or object performing an action (after a noun indicating an action): Mbr cagnuasu nénne apticra. “We heard the artiste’s singing.” CryaénTht oTBe4aM Ha Bonpocht ‘The students answered the teach- npenojaparte.a. er’s questions.’ SL(3) to denote the object of the action expressed by a noun: Msysénne rpammatmcu eo6xo- ‘It is necessary to learn grammar.’ amo. 3axonuniace yOopKa ypooas. ‘Harvesting is over.’ (4) to denote a quality or property of an object: B xny6e Oui Béyep Tannes. ‘There was a dance at the club.’ Kaxot séxep?— Béuep Tannen. ““What sort of event?” “A dance.””” Hac untepecyror sompocsi coppe- ‘We are interested in problems of MéHHOcTH. our day.’ Kaxtie Bonpécp!?—Bonpédctr ‘What kind of problems?” coppeménnocTH. “Problems of our day.”” (5) to denote a quality or property of an object, a noun in the geni- tive preceded by an adjective is frequently used: Bomén yenopéx BEIcéKoro poeta. ‘A tall man came in.’ Mbt npoesxasm mecta yympi- ‘We drove past places of amazing TeIbHOH KpacoTEt. beauty.” (6) to denote the person or object to whom/which the quality or property is ascribed: Benn cuéra. Temnota 164M. Bons 4enopéKa. ‘The whiteness of snow.” ‘The darkness of the night.’ “Man’s will.” (7) to denote the whole to which a part belongs or from which a part is taken: Berka népepa. ‘A branch of a tree.” Kycox xé6a. ‘A piece of bread.’ Pyaka jpeépu. ‘The handle of the door.’ Yron KOémnaTsl. ‘The corner of the room.’ Exercise 54. Read through the sentences. Find the nouns in the genitive. What questions do they answer? Model: Knira cectpti nexut Ha croné.— Yoa xutira next Ha cron? 1. Cecrpa npnecaa xwiry. Kuiira cectptt aexitr na croné. 2. Topapunt mpesio- xi MHe yueOHHK. A 3a yaeOuHK ToRapuma. 3. Mpodéccop wuTan néKuMo. JIeKuA mpodéccopa Gai1a unrepécua. 4. Tlucétenb 3aK6iin7 HOBBI pomart. Hosetit pomaa na catena pénuen u3 nesdra. 5, TIfunnn — pemienit pyccknit no5r. Met jan cruxoraopé- nas Tyukuna. Exercise 55. Fill in the blanks with the italicised words in the genitive. (a) 1. Ha xonnépre sticryndn xop. Boictynténne ... seem nonpanutocn, 2. Yuewtiac omnéran ynépenno. Orsér ... 6611 mpasuanusm. 3. Hactynder secnd. Hac paayer wacry- nuénne .... 4. Bo azopé urpasta dému. Met HaGmiOna.1M 3a uTpOit .... 5. [Ipenodasdmeab oGbacHiin mpdauso. OOvacuénne ... TOHATHO yuenMKAM. 6. Tosdpury nompociit Mens Ky- nitT emg xumry. A némosuuna upder6y ... (b) 1. Ha ndmeli Yume crpowres Honbtit dom. Crpoitreaserso ... aépes mécau 69- fet 3axouseno. 2. Mit oprannsyem mreparypabtl aéuep. Tosdpunus nopyuitsia Mie Op- Tanwsduimo .... 3. 3anda BeiromMMT naan. JImpéxtop coobuuien o Beinouueaun 52 4, Acmmpan samuriiot duccepmaywo, 3auvitra ... cocTossac Buepa. 5. Buepa rpynna erydenTos MoceTita myséi. Topapaur pacckasa1 MHe 0 nocemiéHHH .... Exercise 56, Read through the sentences. Write out the phrases consisting of a noun jn the nominative qualified by an attribute in the genitive. Model: nucbMé HenpasrHoro conepxanaa 1. O616mos Haxanjre nonysi Hs nepésHM nHceMO HeNpHATHOTO comepKAHMs (Pow. 2. Ha crené Tiixouos yaiinen yea noprpéra npexpacnoii paGores. (Iaycm.) 3, Apxisnit ornanyvics w yaiue.a xéuuuny BbICOKOTO pocra B YépuoM ntdrBe... (Type.) 4, Dro Gsin senonex ner Tpuayath asyx-rpéx Or poay, cpésniero pocra, mpHsTHO! Ha- yanoctn. (Ton.) 5. Bee coGsrrus nocnémuux awe Kaxanch eMy HeneposribiMt. (ayem.) Exercise 57. Answer the questions, using the words in brackets. Model: Kawite Mecté mit npoesxdsn? (yausitrensuas xpacota) Mut mpoesxdna Mecré yausitrensHoit xpacorsi. 1. Kaxdit sen0éx nomen B xomuaty? (pticoxuit poct) 2. Kaxite Bonpocs! untepe- cjtor sac? (Mexiynapoanoe npaso) 3. Kaxoit venonex Stor nucdtems? (Gomudit ym w Tanant) 4. Kaxoe naatbe Obuto Ha népyunke? (cininit user) Exercise 58. Read through the sentences and state the meaning of the genitive in the italicised words. 1. A pkmosuua npéce6y mosdpuya. 2. Ha croné nexinn veprexit Opdma. 3. Crpoitremerso sasdda unér SuteTpuiMi TeMmiaMM. 4. 3an6u1 BoinycKaeT NPOAYKUAHO ebi- céxozo Kavecmea. 5. TyTemécrscHHAKos nopasrisia KpacoTé mépa. 6. Mauiixsi o6.ter- udioT Tpya veaoséxa. 7. Tpenonanatenb ucnpapan omen cmydénma. 8. Pykonosit- Tesi MpoRepust perysuBTaTh okenepuMenma. Exercise 59. Make up sentences containing these phrases. noKnia cTygéHTa, puicTynéiMe nenerdra, usyxénHe SmbITa, Bonpéc GomMdit abxtocTa, rand aMecepranmiHt USE OF THE GENITIVE IN ADJECTIVAL PHRASES 1. The genitive is used with the comparative degree of an adjec- tive. ‘The brother is older than the sis- ter.” ‘The Volga is longer than the Dnieper.” Note.—In a comparison, the genitive may be replaced by the conjunction em followed by the nominative. Bpat crapuse cectpst. Boura aimunée Jnenpa. ‘The brother is older than the sister.” “The Volga is longer than the Dnie- per.’ Exercise 60. Write out the sentences, replacing the nouns in the nominative prece- ded by em with the genitive of the nouns. Model: Mocxwa Gésswe, sem Kites. Mocks’ 6davue Kileea. 1. Bonra mipe, vem Oxé. 2. Knimar Kpkima tense, 4em kaimar Honésxs. 3. Apyx6a aopoxe, 1m 36070. 4, Coit crait nose, eM OTE. Bpar crapiue, vem cecrpé. Boara asunnée, wem Hen. 2. The genitive is used with the adjectives né.meui ‘full’ and gocréi- Met ‘worthy’: 53Ha croué croam kyBIUMH, ndaneii “There was a jug full of milk on MosI0Ka. the table.” On npdxun %xu3Hb, né.anyr0 Gops- ‘He lived a life full of struggle,’ Out. Dror Bonpdc docmoun BHAM: ui. ‘This question is worthy of atten- tion.” Exercise 61. Read through the sentence. Write out the phrases consisting of adjec- tives and nouns in the genitive. Topapuum, 2xu3Kb naét KaxKAOMY YenOBEKY OrpOMubifi, HeoUCHiMeti aap— MOx1070CTS, MOANYIO CHL, FOHOCTS, NOMHYIO Yast, KOTANHi, CTpeMAeHnit K SHaHAEM, K GopE6é, nOmyro Hanek” MW ynoRannit... (H.O.) USE OF THE GENITIVE WITH WORDS DENOTING A QUANTITY 1. The genitive is used with the cardinal numerals pa ‘two’, Tpa ‘three’, 4ereipe ‘four’, nate ‘five’, etc., if these numerals are in the nomi- native or accusative: “There are four windows in the lecture-room.’ A kynin dee kwirn. ‘I bought two books.’ B wae kpaprape name KémMuatT. ‘There are five rooms in our flat.’ B ayanropun vemeipe oKna. After the numerals apa, aBe ‘two’, 66a, 66e ‘both’, rpu ‘three’ and ueteipe ‘four’ and after numerals whose last component is Ba, Tp# or uerEtpe (184quaTb Ba ‘twenty-two’, unTBLecsr Tpu fifty-three’) the genitive singular is used: dea Kapanjama ‘two pencils’, dee pyaKn ‘two pens’, 66a yaenua ‘both schoolboys’, d6e yuentupt ‘both schoolgirls’, mpu MasbuuKa ‘three boys’, yemvipe nényumkn ‘four girls’, deddyame 06a yuenuKa ‘twenty-two schoolboys’. After the numerals np ‘five’, mecrb ‘six’, cemp ‘seven’, etc. the genitive plural is used: nam» kapanjameéii ‘five pencils’, wecme pyyek iX pel cemb yueHHKOs ‘seven pupils’. 2. The genitive plural is used with words denoting an indefinite quantity: (a) Muéro ‘many’, ‘much’, mao ‘few’, ‘little’, cxéaLKo ‘how many’, ‘how much’, eré.bKo ‘so many’, ‘so much’, HécKoaBKo ‘some’, ‘several’ (amézo etyaéuros ‘many students’, nécKoavko munyr ‘several min- utes’); (b) GombumncTeé ‘majority’, MeubumcTBO ‘minority’, MHéxecTRO ‘a lot’ (Goavimuncmed eryzéutos “the majority of the students’, .meno- uuncmed Aeaeratos ‘the minority of the delegates’). Note.— Nouns which have no plural are used in the singular with simore and Maso (muGro aMépran ‘much energy’, Mato Bpemenu “little time’). 3. The genitive is used with nouns denoting a measure: knajorpamm caxapy ‘a kilogramme of sugar’, autp Mostoxa ‘a litre of milk’, MeTp cy- kuna ‘a metre of cloth’. Exercise 62, Reud through the sentences. Account for the use of the genitive in each sentence. : 54 1, Tlépen Oxuamn pactyr tpw aepeva. 2. B paiione nécxomnko GuOaHoTex. 3. Cryaéierbl sata néKTOpy MHOrO BoNPOcoB. 4. Hypxuio xyrtitr® HoskHTO MaciLa HTD Goroxa. 5. ¥ Meni B STOM Mécae MHOro pasHbIX sen. 6. Bossinmcrad ToRApMULeH MOulepma1o Moé Mpentoxcune, 7. $1 KyMiT cecrpé Ha WiaTbe Tp MErpa mMEsIKy Exercise 63. Write answers to the questions, using the words given on the right. 1, Ckoubko cross 8 ayauTopun? + | aéexre 2, CxosawKo OxoH 8 ayanropHa? NeTEIpe 3. CkoapKo Kur on Kynitt) awe 4. Cxoabko nitcem BEL Honyyiian fis omy? nar 5, CkOstbKO Mécaues BbI MpOxILIK B Mockne? 1p 6. CKOUbKO IKIAMEHOB AOIVKHEL CHATb CTYAENTEE | ABA ecHoii? Cronpxo cryéntos p pduieli rpynme? swendanars Exercise 64. Write out the sentences, filling in the blanks with the nouns given on the right in the required case. 1. B 310M rony y Mens Gio MHbrO ... cobsirne 2, Alaa Oramixa ocraéres Mast... BEM 3) Ha widuiaan crosiio néckonbKo ... anromoGiute 4 To Yamuast cwiraioce mndxecT HO... anna 5, B Ounasuuin Madro ésepo 6. Ck6.anKo ... cronr ndesy : Muniyra 7. B oxcKYpCHM yHdcrBOBaLTO GosbuNMHCTRO .. crynént 8. B Stom roag B uiecy Mito ... rpn6 9. [ler npaiecais w3 néca MHOro ... arona USE OF THE GENITIVE WITH VERBS I. The genitive is used after transitive verbs if their action passes over not to the whole object but to part of the object or not to all the objects but to some (an indefinite number of) objects. ie Compare the use of the genitive and the accusative after transitive verbs. Accusative Genitive B Gytvinke emé ccrb MonoKd. PeGénoK xouer ecrb. Maiite emy Jlaitre Sto MoaoK6 pedénky. MouioKa. ‘There is still some milk in the ‘The child is hungry. Give it some bottle. Give that milk to the milk’. child’. There are Russian verbs which always denote an action passing over to part of an object or to an indefinite number of objects. These verbs always require the genitive. They are formed from certain transi- tive verbs by means of the prefix ma-, e. g.: Imperfective Perfective HapyOnrb aApor (gen.) ‘to chop some wood’ Hané4b nupordés (gen.) ‘to bake some pies’ HapBaTb uBeros (gen.) ‘to pick some flowers’ pyOntL apowa (acc.) ‘to chop wood’ heap muporit (acc.) ‘to bake pies’ pparb uperes (acc.) ‘to pick flowers’ 55Verbs with the prefix na- and the particle -ea indicate complete satisfaction resulting from the action: nanitpca Boabi ‘to drink one’s fill of water’, HaécTea frog ‘to eat one’s fill of berries’ Exercise 65. Account for the use of the genitive and the accusative in the sentences. 1. Hipxio xyniirs Terpaneii a kapansaméli. A a6Kin oma Terpiuun 4 kapanauni, 2. Bonsu6ii nonpocit nous. OH BEINN BCIO RAY, KOTOpas Ouuld B rpadiue. 3. Mare HAMM ine vito, JT aginua wait a ncran 3-32 crow. 4. Oren c 6pAToM lout B sec CO- Gupirs rpu6ss. Oni npanecti rpuOda, «Mat» cBapitia BKycHbui cyn. Exercise 66. Make up sentences containing these verbs. After each verb supply an object in the genitive. npanesth, mpanecrit, xymiTs, yoctaTb, AAT, HamiTe, npH 1b, HackinaTS Exercise 67. Account for the use of the genitive in the sentences. 1, Bnpasquux mars Hanexna naporée, a Met no3Bas1H roctéi. 2. Jényuma nappand upetos H crite BeHOx. 3. SI NOéxart Ha PEIHOK H Haxyniut ppyKTos. 4. Mux ocraHopi- AMC ¥ py4bs HamiuInce Bot. 5. B recy Mbl Hage cia sKol 3eMasHHKH. __ IL The genitive is used after transitive verbs preceded by the nega- tive particle. A ne néuna ponpoca. ‘I did not understand the ques- tion.’ MoI xe noayutiau TROerd uMcbMa. “We have not received your let- ter,” On euré xe 640e.2 HOBOrO batbMa. ‘He has not seen the new film yet.’ (Without the negative particle: A dna Bonpéc. MbI nomy4nd TBOé MHCEMO. Ox Bigen HOBbIit buaEM. ‘I understood the question.” “We have received your letter.’ ‘He has seen the new film.’) Note— After transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle the accusative is also occasionally used, especially in colloquial speech: 4 xe wuméa Sty wniry. I haven't read this book.’ Mut we noayuiiau TBO’ miceMé. ‘We haven't received your letter.’ However, it is not always possible to use the accusative after transitive verbs. If the verb is used figuratively and the noun does not denote a concrete ob- ject, the accusative cannot be used: Fré mpeatoxeune ne ecmpémuo nose paKA. “His proposal did not get support.’ B paOéte ox ne saa yeraaocru, ‘He knew no fatigue in work.’ However, the accusative is possible in sentences where the noun denotes a concrete object or a person: Ow ne daa mue Kwiry. ‘He did not give me the book.’ Ou ne sxaa Sty cryaéurgy. ‘He did not know that student.” Exercise 68. Compare the sentences in the right-hand and left-hand columns, State the case of the italicised words and account for the use of the genitive and the accusative. JL yxé surda ceeddununow easémy. Yeiewhx nous eonpéc. Bpat nonywiin nucomé Crynéar sémonnua saddnue, Oni nepemeutin pewénue. Crynéursr oScyandsan doxad0. Ukémunx peusnst sadduy. Tloutanbon yxxé mpuriée néumy. A emié He wna cezddnaunet 2a3émoi. Yaenix ue néuan sonpdca. Bpar ne nonywits mucosa. Crynéur ne asimonnwn sadénus. Ou He mepementitn pewénua. Crynéutst ne o6cyx nan doxadda. MxémbHHK we pemin sadéue Tlowtanon euté He npunéc néwns. Sree Snay sep If. With ner ‘have (has) no’, ‘there is (are) no’, né Gbuto ‘had no’, 56 ‘there was (Were) no’, ue 6faer ‘shall (will) have no’, ‘there will be no” only the genitive is used. y meni Her Gunera. (present) ‘IT have no ticket.” y mena Hé ObLIo Gustéra. (past) ‘I had no ticket.’ Y mena He OYner Gunéra. (future) “I shall have no ticket.’ Sentences with net, Hé Obi.10, He Of 1eT ‘are impersonal (they have no subject). They denote the absence of an object. Note—The following verbs preceded by the particle we can be used instead of ner, né Gau0, we GYner: He cymiecTByer “there is (are) no’, "do(es) not exist’, we octasoce ‘had no ... left’, ‘there was (were) no ... left’, ne okasiinocs ‘there was (were) no ..., ‘there turned out to be no ...”, He aeTpeaocs ‘no ... was (were) en- countered’, etc, When these verbs are used with we and denote the absence of an object the genitive may also be used. ‘Qrux rpfawocred Tenéps ne cyiye- ‘These difficulties do not exist now.’ emeyem (nem). 7 2Kypudina na croné ne oxasdaoce (nem, “The magazine was not on the table. ne Ooiso) s XaeGa ne ocméaoce (uem.) ‘There is no bread left” Huxaxix sarpyanémmii 8 pa6ore ne ‘There will be no difficulties whatso- acmpémumen (ne 6fdem). ever in the work.” Exercise 69. Make these affirmative sentences negative. 1. Ha néGe 194m. 2. Ceroaua aoxap. 3. bpat 26Ma. 4. Tonapumt saeck. 5. OKos10 noma cas, 6. ¥ Meni ceroaus ect cpobontioe ppéma. 7. Y Hac cerouHA eK To ACTO- pun CCCP. 8. B noxexésmonnx y Mest axaamen. 9. ¥ Stor Topapuuia ecTs OmbT pabd- To. Exercise 70. Give negative answers to these questions. 1. Bers am y wac HOstuit xyprda? 2. Joma sun orént? 3. Eorp sm cerdana nexus 10 aim? 4, Bynet su saprpa cemunap? 5. bet sH Buepa 3necb 0%K7b? 6, Berk sm y Béuue- ro Opdra cocoOHocrH x MY3bixe? 7. bier su cerdaua B KIYGe KonNEpT? 8. Y Bac ecrb sacél? 9. BEL am 8 sate cBo6daHbe MecTa? 10, Baer au y Bac 34Brpa caoGOaHoe pens? Exercise 71. Write out the sentences. Underline the nouns in the genitive. Account for the use of the genitive. 1. Mammnsicr sOspema ocratopiin nde3i, H KpyMéHAR He MpowsoULI6. 2. Ha Hd- ie nytit ue BerpéTHA0cs HH OMHOM AepepAH. 3, B Kacce Tedtpa He OcTAnoch OueTOR na cerogua. 4. B Marasime He oKaxA10cb HYAHOTO YuEOKUKA 110 PisHKe. IV. The following verbs denoting a desire, expectation, request, de- mand, ete. require the genitive: Perfective — nobirbea (ycnéxos) “to achieve (success)’ — jocrib (ycéxos) ‘to attain (success)’ : — moctirnyTe (BepluiiHE! ropsl) ‘to reach (the top of the moun- tain)’ xoTéeTh — Imperfective yoGHBATLCH AocruraTh 37wxkenaTb — BoweraTE : (mipa, cudctps) to wish (somebody) (peace, hap- i piness)’ *aTh, o«naatT, (dMoUTH) — AOKUTATECA — ox 7aTEeA (oTBETA) # iH “to get (an answer)’ neKaTR (moOmmepxKKU) _— (Komy-s1160) mpociTh — nonpocitrs (copéta) ‘to ask : (advice)” TpéSosaTe HoTpéOoBaTh — (BbINOJINCHHa) “to demand (the fulfilment of ...)° Nouns in the genitive used after these verbs denote the object of the desire, expectation, request, etc. Mb xomiim mitpa. Mo Oo6uedemcn xopomeii yene- BaemocTH. On uckéa 8 Kuirax orpéta Ha 3roT Bonpéc. ‘We want peace.” “We try to achieve a high showing in studies.’ ‘He looked for an answer to this question in books.’ _ The verbs ao6unateca ‘to achieve’, ‘to strive’ and gocturate ‘to at- tain’, ‘to reach’ are used only with the genitive. The verbs xorérs ‘to want’, ‘to wish’, aT ‘to wail’, ‘to expect’, ueKare ‘to look for’, npocitrs ‘to ask’, TpéGoBats ‘to demand’ are used not only with the genitive, but also with the accusative. The accusative after these verbs is generally used when the noun de- notes a concrete object or person, e. g.: Accusative Accusative «ro? ‘what?’ On nonpocia TeTpaab. ‘He asked for an exercise-book.’ On npécum Konérty. ‘He is asking for a sweet.’ Ona nompébosaaa raséty «sse- cTHa. ‘She demanded the newspaper Jz- vestiya.” Genitive yer6? ‘what?’ On nonpocia 6ymarn. *He asked for some paper.’ Ou npdcum wonder. ‘He-is asking for some sweets.’ Oud nompé6oeaaa ra3ér. ‘She demanded some newspa- pers.” Exercise 72. Wrile answers to the questions, using the words in brackets. Bere Uerd zoGunatorea cryaéuTer? (xopousaa yoneBdemoct) Yerd mos udm sEPKUNKH? (NOGEAA B COCTARAHMAX) erd nocriram cryménret? (XopoUme peayBTaTel B WBy4eHHH PYccKor st3bIKA) Yerd aocrieram nyTemécTbeWMKH? (Bepunina Tops) Exercise 73. Write out the sentences. Underline the verbs requiring the genitive. 1. Mit xoréau npexpacholl, cwactiimoi xitauu, H MBI LAH pittOM Co cpofMH OTIS Mit 3an0épbinaTb CBOE C' pebyer #2 crue (H.O.) 2. Bonen xa of enopeKa (//as.) 3. PaGora Sina cxoxHaR, KPONOTAABAA, TPEOOBATA FO HaNpaRcHHA H pemiKoH crpscTH pombix METOMOB H ObUKA cBasana ¢ BHIancHeHnaMM, (Mayem.) 4. Tlpo3a, Kora ond 20- cruract conepuiéricTba, sBIAeTCA, No cylecTBY, NOjTUMHOH TIoS3Hel. (IZaycm.) Exercise 74, Write out the sentences, filling in the blanks with the words given on the right in the required case. Ona sta SL way ... ua cBo’ MMcbMO, Yawresb péGowast oT yHeHMKOR .. Tonapun Tonpocha y Meni... Jivona na meppowe 2a Hapoaut ncex erpan xovsir . aTO6b pwécre narit p TeéTp. noapyra omner Bride yueOun noes map koré? ‘whom?, 410? ‘what?’ A wy Kuary. ‘I am looking for a book.’ Ona oicdém nogpyry. ‘She is waiting for her friend.” Ou nonpocia y Meus TeTpay. He asked me for an exercise- book.’ Note.— After the néesa ‘train’, 1pamp: Genitive wero? ‘what?’ A nmny noaaépann. ‘T am looking for support.” Mbt ocdém orpéta Ha Haut Bon- poc. “We expect an answer to our ques- tion.” On npocta conéra. ‘He asked advice.’ erb wars “to wait (for)’ some nouns (c. g. mltcbMé ‘letter’, tram’) may take the genitive though they denote concrete objects: way niche ‘I expect a letter’, skay méesa, Tpavmiia “Tam waiting for a train, tram’ if the noun used with the verbs upocits ‘to ask’, TpéGoparTs ‘to de- mand’ denotes part of a whole or a quantity of objects, it takes the genitive; if the noun denotes a definite object, it takes the accusa- tive. 58 Exercise 75. Write (wo sentences with each of these verbs. Use a noun in the ace tive in one sentence and in the genitive in the other. Model, A npowy xuiry, $1 npoury wspunéHns. XOTETb, KMATb, MpOcht, TPeE6oBaTs V. The following verbs require the genitive. (a) Imperfective Perfective u36eraTb (BcTpeyn) — w36éKaTb ‘to avoid (a meeting) aumaten (loepxKn) — aAMuniTeea ‘to lose (support)’ nyratea (yma) — wenyrateca ‘to be frightened (of a noise)’ Goatben (xOm0na) _— —_ ‘to be afraid (of the cold)’ onacaTRes (OCHOXKHEHHS) = — —_— ‘to fear (a complication)’ ocreperatpea (npocTymbt) cae ‘to be careful (not to catch cold)’ cTEyTBeH (OWIMOKH) — _— ‘to be ashamed (of the mistake)’ cropowitteesd (s110 2614) _— _ ‘to avoid, to shun (peopley 59uy aTECH (tOneii) — Sd ‘to keep away (from people)’ Nouns in the genitive used with this kind of verb generally denote an object which one is afraid of, which he tries to avoid, which he wants to away from. L[petsi 604mcsa xénona. Pe6éuoKk ucnyedaca cobaKn. On cmeidiimca Stok weynaan. Ona mlouemy-TO u3be2dem BeTpé4H c HAMH. ‘Flowers fear the cold.’ ‘The child was frightened by the dog.” “He is ashamed of his failure.’ ‘For some reason she avoids meeting us.” (b) The following verbs also require the genitive: kacates (imp.) ‘to concern’, ‘to touch’—kocnytaca (p.), cayuateca (imp.), ‘to obey’ —nocaymatecs (p.), AepxaTben (imp.) ‘to adhere’, ‘to hold’. Dror Bonpde xacdemca vameii padorni. Bérka jépepa KocHyacb Moerd naexa. Pe6éHoK caywaemca Marepn. pyr nocaywaaca Moeré conéra. On dépacumca Tord xe MHéHHS. ‘This question concerns our work.’ ‘The branch of the tree touched my shoulder.’ ‘The child obeys his mother.’ ‘My friend followed my advice.’ ‘He is of the same opinion.’ (c) The verb créuts also requires the genitive if it means ‘to deserve’ (and not ‘to cost’): Kuara crout py6ab.(acc.) Stor poupéc cTOvT BHMMAHKS. (gen.) ‘The book costs a rouble.’ ‘This question deserves attention.’ d) The impersonal verb xsaTatb (imp.) ‘to have enough’ —xpariTp (p.) also requires the genitive. The past tense is xsaTa10— xpath. Y Meua xeamdem ppemenn Ha OT- ABIX. Emy xedmum 3rux néner. Exe Ona w96erdsa . BOAO THIMATCR |. Bpa onacdnca ... . . Bpasit o6cy Kids nonpécsi, KorOpate Kacdiores ... . . BoabHolt nocaymastcs ... apad. Aye ‘I have enough time for rest.’ ‘That money will be enough for him.’ 76. Fill in the blanks with the nouns given on the right in the genitive. pasroséppt Ha Sty Témy con ocnoxnéane nOBHIE METOMEI eNésHa coset Exercise 77. Make up sentences containing these verbs and write them down. HOGuBATECA, AOCTHTATH, H36erATh, GosTEcA, MIUATECS, HyrdTECA, KacaTECA, CITy- WaTbCa, CTOUTD, XBATATD 60 THE GENITIVE WITH A PREPOSITION The genitive is used with a preposition to denote: 1. Place (the question: rae? ‘where?’): 6.n3 nepépnu ‘near the village’, n63.1e 1éca ‘near the forest’, 6Ko10 oma ‘near the house’, y oxna ‘by the window’, Boxpyr i6ma ‘round the house’, B01 Zoporn ‘along the road’, Bayrpa oma ‘inside the house’, ue 16Ma ‘outside the house’, mimo Bopor ‘past the gates’, nocpeai m.16- mau ‘in the middle of the square’, méany aepésber ‘between (among) the trees’, mpOTHB oKna ‘opposite the window’, cpeaii 7epépbes ‘among the trees’. 2. Direction of movement (the question: orkyja? ‘from where”): 43 KOMuatsI ‘out of the room’, ¢ Kpbumm ‘from the roof, or 6épera ‘from the shore’, w3-3a Tyau ‘from behind the cloud’, #3-nog Kyera ‘from under the bush’. 3. Time of action (the question: korga? ‘when?’ nakauyue npa3qnma ‘on the eve of the holiday’, nécae paGéts1 ‘af- ter work’, cpenit n6un ‘in the middle of the night’, 40 Boitnet ‘before the war’. 4. Cause or reason (the question: nowemy? ‘why?’): M3 npimmuna ‘on principle’, 13-3a nz0xdH norés~bI ‘owind to bad weather’, or x60 ‘with cold’, ¢ répa ‘with grief’. 5. Other relations: 6e3 untepéca ‘without interest’, BMécro orua ‘instead of the father’, ‘as father’, 11 nopropénna ‘for revision’, Kpome Mex ‘except me’, no- Mimo 6pata ‘besides the brother’. Note.— Some prepositions used with the genitive may also be used with other s; thus the preposition ¢ is also used with the instrumental (a GecénoBa ¢ To- jpumsem ‘I talked with a friend’) and with the accusative (npouim ¢ KHAomMéTp ‘we walked about a kilometre’). PREPOSITIONS DENOTING PLACE The prepositions y ‘by’, ‘at’, 6ko.10 ‘near’, Bé3ue ‘near’, 6.143 ‘not far from’, B6m3M ‘near’, BoKpyr ‘round’, Byj0.1b ‘along’, Mimo ‘past’, cpea ‘among’, nocpeau ‘in the middle of, npotue ‘opposite’, Méaxay ‘between’, ‘among’ denote the place where an object is or where an ac- tion takes place. These prepositions, with the exception of méxkyy, are used only with the genitive. Te croitt cron? “Where is the table?” Foe cunar réocrn? ‘Where are the guests sitting?” Cron crouT y oxna. ‘The table is by the window.’ Tocru cuaat poxpyr cron. ‘The guests are sitting round the table.’ Alepésha pacryT By01b Yoporn. ‘The trees grow along the road.” Mainnva mpoéxasta MaMo 63epa. ‘The car drove past a lake.” Tlamatavk = crout —mocpent nduraan. Te pacryt nepépps? “Where do the trees grow?” Toe npoéxana Mamitna? “Where did the car pass?” Toe cromr namataux? 61“Where does the stand?” Toe ocranositiiace Mawiina? monument ‘The monument stands in the middle of the square.’ Maumua ocTaHopiiach npéTue BxéJa. ‘The car stopped opposite the en- trance.’ “Where did the car stop?” The meaning of the prepositions y, 6xo.10, 6.203, B6.1W34 and Bose are nearly the same. The prepositions cpeam and nocpeaa have the same meaning when they denote place. Exereise 78, Write out the preposition + noun phrases which answer the question rae? __}. Y noaeésza octanomiviace Mattrina. 2. Boxpyr éaKn npstrana aéra. 3. Hocpenit Ssepa Guin octpoBoK. 4. Buon Gépera mabiid aoAKa. 5. Oxono mKada croin aman, Exercise79. Make up sentences of your own containing the phrases you have for Exer- cise 78, Write down your sentences. PREPOSITIONS DENOTING DIRECTION AND ANSWERING THE QUESTION OTKYJA? The prepositions 43 (w30) ‘from’, ¢ (co) ‘from’, ‘off, ot (oro) ‘from’, 43-3a ‘from behind’ and w3-nog ‘from under’ are used with the genitive to denote direction. Nouns preceded by these prepositions an- swer the question otkyja? ‘where from?” Cryaént mpwéxan (omxyda?) 43 ‘The student came from __ St. Exercise 80. Fill in the blanks in each second sentence with the italicised words from the first sentence in the required case and with the correct preposition (they answer the question ork¥a?). Model: ede? Kuira sexasa wa néaKe. ‘omeida? Al ne audio, KTO 8397 KHiITY © HOUR. ThichMé 6eu10 6 Konsépme. On BéIHyN MMM ... . 2. B cmaxdne woaa. Betneli 3. Ha cmoaé metab... Cotpit numb ....4. Jlérn rynana 6 aec. Oa npanecait Mudro arog, 5. A aay @ uucmumym. A noliny ... we AOMOl, a Ha KaTOx. 6. Kapréna ancéna na cmené. Maabunx cass kapriny ....7, Tlérom aMoxéper orabnaumn @ adzepe. Onli npuéxaaun ... saropésuie 4 oxpémune. 8. Mate Ohurd na peuixe uw mazagtine, ... OH npunecsd méico 1 OBoUMH, a... C6 H CAxap. 9. Kym na noume KOHAEpTot MAPKHL, .. . 10, Ceronts # Goin ¢ Gudauoméxe. A upunée ... xwirH. 11 BO, sosspalidiicw npsiMo 0M Moit Tonapuit eros Goin xa Kasxdse. ... oH npucmaa Mue Ba Micha. 12. Ow HT «# Cubiipu. ... oF mpxexam 2 Mockpy ysiiruca. 13. Besepom # O¥ay na coopdnu, ... 8 upH- ay nosaHo. 14. Bpar celtic ua 2aedde. Ox ckopo nepuérest... . 15. Pe6&uox Onis ¢ dém- cxom cady. Mate npHpesta pe6éiiKa AMO .... 16, Cropremén crotr na atiuexe. To cur- wasy oH MpEtrner ... B boay. 17. Ha ddbpuxe kowanca paGownit aeab. Pabowne uLIH noMOit.... 18. Mbt 3anuMasinch @ aydumdpuu. [Ipenoaapatens pbiuer .... 19. Midrie Trius Mpowdsat 3aMy na voce. Bechoit oni onaTe NpHTeTaAT K HAM ... Exercise 81. Answer the questions, using the italicised words from the left-hand col- umn, Put the words in the required case and supply correct prepositions. Orgjaa on zoctaa mcemé? 1. Tiucem6 stexisto nod kniizoit 4 r 5 Orxyta pitcKowna sda? 2. ann cuaéa 3a Kycmém. 3. Tpapa nod cxézom Goina 3encHaa. 4. Connue aéaro mparanoce 3a myueit. 5. 3mes ynonsna nod Kawent. Orxyaa noxasdmce népane noscHéx- anu? Orkjxa nossinoce césmue? Orkyaa atinoasia Mea? Caunxr-Iletep6¥pra. A p3an Kuury (omxyda?) co croaa. J1onka mEIBéT (omKpda?) oT 6e- pera k Temoxony. Connue mossinock (omxyda?) H3-3a TY4H, 3aau BEICKOUH (omKydu?) 43-NOD kycra. Nouns with the prepositions B, Ha, y, 3a, nod answer the question rae? ‘where?’ B répoge (prepos.) ‘in the town’ Ha cTo.é (prepos.) ‘on the table’ y 6épera (gen.) ‘at the shore’ 3a Ty4eH (instr.) “behind the cloud’ nog KycTém (instr.) ‘under the bush’ 62 Petersburg.’ ‘I took the book off the table.” ‘The boat is sailing from the shore towards ship.” ‘The sun appeared from behind the cloud.’ ‘The hare rushed from under the bush.” Nouns with the prepositions 3, ¢, OT, #3-3a, H3-No answer the ques- tion orkyna? ‘where from?’ 43 répona ‘from the town’ co croma ‘from (off) the table’ or Gépera ‘from the shore’ gen. 43-34 TY4H ‘from behind the cloud’ w3-No KycTa ‘from under the bush’ PREPOSITIONS DENOTING TIME USED WITH THE GENITIVE The prepositions go ‘before’, nécae ‘after’, wakanyue ‘on the eve of and cpeaa ‘in the middle of are used with the genitive to denote time. Nouns preceded by these prepositions answer the question Kora? ‘when?’ Taxend bud xu3Hb Soro Hapéqa 20 pesomrounn. ‘The life of this people before the revolution was hard.” “After the Revolution the workers began building a new life.” ‘The friends will gather together on New Year’s Eve.” ‘The child awoke in the middle of the night.’ Tlécae pesosronma tpynsumeca Ha4aJIM CTPOMTb HOBYIO %KH3Hb. Apy3ba coOepytca BMécTe Haka- uyne Hosoro réaa. PeOénox mpocnysica cpenm HOun. Exercise 82. Make up sentences, using the prepositions o, nécae, wakanyne, cpen expressing temporal relations.USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS OT, QO, C, 3, Y, BE3, JIA, KPOME, BMECTO IN VARIOUS MEANINGS USE OF THE PREPOSITION OT (OTO) The preposition or ‘from’ is used only with the genitive. Its princi- pal meanings are as follows: 1. A noun with ot denotes the starting point of a movement. Or é3epa nyTemécTBeHHMKH WWIH Telkom. Jlonka orn oT Gépera. ‘The travellers walked from the lake. ‘The boat pulled out from the shore.” In such cases the verb of motion frequently has the prefix or- (oTo-). Tloe3q oTowén oT cranynn. ‘The train pulled out from the platform,” 2. or is frequently used with the preposition 40 to denote dis- tance. Or Terep6¥pra 40 Mocxest 649 KMWIOMETpoB. Paccroanne of s1éca 40 craHiHH MBI TIpOLwJIM WeLIKOM. ‘It is 649 kilometres between Moscow and St. Petersburg.’ ‘We walked all the way from the wood to the station.” 3. A noun with or may denote the person or object which is the source of something. A nonyuita nvchM6 or Gpara. Or xépena noxntea mtinHas TeHb. ‘I received a brother.” ‘The tree casts a long shadow.’ letter from my 4. or is used to express the date of a letter or document. Tlucbm6 oT népsoro jekabpa. PesomOuHa OT népporo Mapra. ‘A letter of December the first.” ‘The resolution of March the first.” 5. A noun with or often denotes the object one wishes to get rid of or to protect oneself from. Jlexapctso ot rpimna. 3auuira oT Bérpa. ‘A medicine for flu.’ ‘Protection from the wind.’ In this meaning the preposition npétHs ‘against’ is sometimes used (uexapcrBo mporus rpinna ‘a medicine for flu’). 6. or is used after the adverbs aanexé ‘far’, nenaneK6 ‘not far’, enpasa ‘on the right’ and cxépa ‘on the left’. Hedaaexo oF mepésun npoTeKasia pexa. ‘There was a river not far from the village.” 7. The following verbs require the preposition or: 64 Imperfective Perfective ocaodoxtatE(ca) — ocpoGoairn(ca) ‘to free (oneself)’ 430aB.19TH(CH) - u30aBuTE(cn) ‘to get rid (of) jaunMaTE(cH) — 3amuritn(ca) ‘to defend (oneselfy cnacdtb(cH) — enacti(ch) ‘to save (oneself)’ cKpbiBaTE(ca) — ekprrrn(ca) ‘to hide (oneself npataTE(ca) — cupfratp(ca) ‘to hide (oneself) oTKA3biBaTB(ca) — orkasatE(cn) ‘to deny (oneself) 3aBiiceTb am a ‘to depend’ orcrapaTb — orerath ‘to lag’ OTAMAATHCA a — ‘to differ’ Ou yxxé oceo6od%aca or Sroii pa- ‘He is already through with that Goret. work.” ‘For a long time I could not get away from the thought of my failure.’ Mor cnpAémaaucb or goxaa To. ‘We took refuge from the rain crapbim Yom. under an old oak.” 8. A noun with or may denote the cause of or reason for an action or quality and answer the question nowemy? ‘why?’ (1) cmestrpes oT pagoctu ‘to laugh for joy’, miakaTs oT réps, or o6iaui ‘to cry with grief, with resentment’, apoxkaTs oT x60ia, OT crpaxa ‘to tremble with cold, with fear’, cronath, kpu4arp or 66m ‘to moan, to cry out with pain’, ymepér or pant ‘to die from a wound’, noriGuyTb or 66mGzI, oT nY.H ‘to be killed by a bomb, by a bullet’, B3ApOrHyTb OT Heo*RMaHHOCTH ‘to start from surprise’. PeGénox 3acmeasica or pagocru. ‘The child laughed for joy.” PeGénox 3antaKan oT OOMIbI. ‘The child cried with resentment.’ On apoxas oT xéa0fa. ‘He was trembling with cold.” A nOnro ne Mor u3s6deumsca OT Mbicwelt © cBoéi HeyTa4e. (2) Gésntii oT cnéra ‘white with snow’, MOKpstii oT Aow TA ‘wet with rain’, cépbiii oT bum ‘grey with dust’, ropsanii oT céanua ‘hot from the sun’. Tpaza 6p174 MOKpoli or JoaxNH. “The grass was wet with rain.’ Exercise 83. Read through the sentences. Explain the meanings of the preposition or. A. 1. Jloaka napind or 6épera x renoxday. 2. Cryaéut nonysiit mcbMé OT posi- . 3. Mie Hy ke raséra oT apdauare népsoro espana. 4. Homa cram 6é6IMH oT . Moxdstyiicra, Kym Mie sleKapcrao or Kanna. 6. Cnet ot YansHoro poHapa Rajan B OKHO. 7. OH AGAVO He Mor HMNErO cKAsATE OT BOsHéHA. 8. HI MOsMHO BYEpA Tpumiéa of Toapaua. B. 1. Jlerké na cépane or nécun aecénoi. (J1e6.-K.) 2. Koraa comme rromnumaerca TAMH, A HeBOAbHO yMbIGAIOC OF paocTH... (M.I-.) 3. Bcé 6bi10 MOKpo oF pockt. (Hayem.) 4. OT Moeré xWTMA 10 KpyTOro OGpbIBa Haw OsepoM Bcerd ARANATh Wa- Ton, ([Ipuu.) 5. TyT 2ke, Ha BOK3A7e, OT 3HAKOMOTO HayaTbHAKa créuusin nelkreHaHT y3- nas, uro ore erd Ymep Mécatt Haran, (ayem.) 6. Jawa orKasasach oT o6Esa, Basaind 3 kapmalt XHC6a H KPHPKOBHMKY H yuLTa B sec. (4. T.) wag Exercise 84. Write out the verbs used with the preposition or. Make up sentences of Your own, using these verbs. S~384 71. Popst sanumiism samin or nérpa. 2. Jléru yxpéumce or sox HoH AepeBor, 3. Onitt MateuMK otra oT ToRApamel m 3a6ayaiiica B necy. 4. Yairrene Hanucdy Tperiowérne H OTOMEN OT OCKit Exercise 85. Make up sentences, using the verbs sapiicers, orkasarica, oramtateca, enacrit, mpitratnen followed by the preposition or. Exercise 86. Make up sentences with the adjectives Gé.nmiii, 4épantit, MoKpbit, rops auii, ycraii using the preposition or with the meaning of cause. Exercise 87. Make up sentences, using the preposition or and the adverbs zauexé, Béan3h, cnpana, cnéna. USE OF THE PREPOSITION JO The preposition Ao ‘(up) to’, ‘till’ is used only with the genitive. 1. A noun with 0 ‘(up) to’ denotes the spatial limit of an action or movement: 40 Kakére Mécta? ‘(up) to what place?” (00 xaxé20 mécma?) [lo cranuuu ‘We walked to the station.’ MBI MIM TleniKOM, A younran KHviry go cepeatm. — ‘I read half the book (lit. up to the middle).’ In such cases the verb frequently has the prefix yo-: ‘I read to the end.’ ‘I reached home (the house).” 2. A noun with zo ‘till’ denotes the time limit of an action (the final point of time). A dowumaa No Komna. Al doéxaa 0 Oma. Hox més (do Kaxézo0 epémenu?) ‘It rained till morning.” ao yrpa. Mb! padorasm ao Béyepa. “We worked till evening.’ Alen xi Ha Zaye yo cenrsGps. ‘The children stayed in the coun- try till September.” 3. A noun with go ‘before’ may denote the time of action and an- swer the question Korya? ‘when?’ Ceronna oH mpawén gomMoit ‘Today he came home before din- (kozd4?) no o6@ya. ner-time.” Cryzéntbt Boum B ayautopmro ‘The students had entered the lec- (ko204?) 20 3B0HKA, ture-hall before the bell.’ The opposite meaning is rendered by the preposition nécae ‘after’. Exercise 88. What questions do the nouns with the preposition ao answer? (10 Ka kro Mécta?, Ho KaK6ro BPeMeNH?, 0 KAKiX Nop?, Kora?) 1. Op dutch 20 dcenn. 2, Korad mei aoGpasich 20 vepurinies ropét, can ue yxe camfsocs. 3. Jléxnun Ofayt 0 TpEx sacon. 4. {lo pesosorumt B Poccitt GELIO Mato inkos M GoabHH, 5. Monoaékb ryzéma B 1apKe 20 NOsAHero BeHepa. 6. Ceromti Mbt A0éxana 10 MNCTHTYTA 3a TpiuUAT’ MunVT. 7. Bypa mponosKdnack no yrpa. 8. A npnény AoMOit 20 0667. 9. Mut peuniin OTLORiTe PASTY AIO BOIBPAMMEHIAs PYKOBO- airrens. Exercise 89, Read through the sentences and account for the use of or and jo. 66 1. Or Mocksit 20 Apocadana MOxKHO WOéxaTb 3a MATE vacds. 2. Or AepéaHH go ropona MAI ULI neUIK6m. 3. 3a oniH HEH» On npoMHTén KHMATy OT népao!t no nocréaHeTt erpasfaist. 4. OT Bosrorpdna no répona Hiixnero Hésropoaa Mbt nabian wa Tennoxdne no Bonre, or Hinkucro Hosropona 70 Mocksét éxanu néeszom. 5. Hamid Bosra nowt pasid paccTosnuto or Mocknéi 20 CésepHoro mémoca. USE OF THE PREPOSITION C (CO) The preposition c ‘since’, ‘from’, ‘with’ is not used with the genitive only, but with the instrumental and the accusative as well. The princi- pal meanings of ¢ followed. by the genitive are as follows: 1. A noun with ¢ ‘since’ denotes the beginning of an action (in time). 3aHatTusa B BY3aXx M wIKOnax Ha4yH- ‘The classes in higher educational HatoTca (c KaKéz0 epémenu?) establishments and schools be- ¢ népgoro cexTa6pa. gin on September the first.” Ou roTosHica K 9k3aMeHy cmone- ‘He had been preparing for his aés1bHHKa. examination since Monday.” Jet c ytpaé urpator B cay. ‘The children have been playing in the garden since morning.’ The preposition c ‘from’ is frequently used with a0, which denotes the time limit of an action. Ha nonax c yrpé no Béyepa kunt ‘Work is in full swing in the fields pa6éra. from morning till evening.’ Bpay upHaumaet c gecata ao ‘The doctor receives patients from ‘Tpéx 4acés. ten till three.’ 2. C ‘from,’ ‘off denotes the direction of movement. In such cases, the noun with ¢ answers the question oTkyja? ‘from where?’ Crynénr B39 KHary (omxjda?) ‘The student took the book off ¢ n6sKH. the shelf.” On npmiés ¢ youn. ‘He came from the street.’ 3. A noun with ¢ ‘from’, ‘with’, ‘out of may denote the cause of ac- tion in certain phrases, e. g.: 3ammakaTb ¢ ropa ‘to cry with grief’, caé- JlaTb ¥TO-1H60 ¢ oT4aauHA ‘to do something out of despair’, ckasaTe co aaocru ‘to say something out of malice’, yOexaT co erpaxy ‘to run away for fear’, 3aKpw4aTb ¢ menyry ‘to cry out with fright’, ycraTp € HenpHBEraKH ‘to get tired for lack of habit’. Exercise 90, What questions do the words with the preposition ¢ answer? Explain the meanings of ¢. 1. Co ncex Kounén crpanit ceéxannes yudcrumxn Ha 1-i Bcepoccitiickni cues épmepon. 2. 3anstus s wysax w 6 wIKONAax HayHHAioTcA cC ceNTAOps. 3. Budanoréxa padéraer c pesart ytpd 20 onfmuaquatn wéuepa. 4. Cimmuntit noxnp unér c ytpd. 5. C nepéaves néqaror nocaégnne xéaTHIe aiicTEs. 6. On ¢ RércTBA yBneKdsica MysbIKOM, Exercise 91. Describe your actions during a day, using the prepositions c... a0 in their temporal meaning. st 67USE OF THE PREPOSITION 43 (M30) The preposition n3 ‘from’, ‘out of is used only with the genitive, 1. The preposition n3 ‘from’ denotes the direction of action or movement. A noun with 3 denoting direction answers the question orkyma? ‘where from?” Ox mpuéxan crona (omxyda?) uz ‘He came here from the village.’ epésnu. Ona semysa maToK (omxyda?) ‘She took the handkerchief from H3 KapMana. her pocket.” Tosapuny no3BoHin MHe (om- ‘My friend phoned me from the xjda?) 43 HHCTHTYTA, institute.’ _ 2. A noun with u3 ‘from’ may denote the source of information, the origin of something or someone. Oru cow (omxyda?) w3 cruxo- ‘These words are from a poem by Teopéwna IlyurKuHa. Pushkin.” ror Tosapum w3 paddueii cemb. ‘This comrade comes from a worker’s family.” ‘I learnt that from the newspa- pers.” A y3ua 06 Stom w3 ra3ér. 3. A noun with u3 ‘from’, ‘of’ may denote the material of which an object is made: naar6x m3 urea ‘a silk kerchief’, n14Tbe n3 méperH ‘a woollen dress’, kppuua 43 %&es1é3a ‘an iron roof’. A noun with u3 ‘from’, ‘out of may denote cause in certain phrases, e. g. cryuraTs #3 BéxKaMBOCTH ‘to listen out of politeness’, oT- ka3aTbCs W3 POpsocTH, W3 NpimMMa, H3 ynpamcTea ‘to decline out of pride, on principle, out of stubbornness’. 5. A noun with us ‘of’ may denote the whole from which a part is singled out. Héxomopoie 3 pa6ouwx Bémon- ‘Some of the workers fulfilled HWM 3aaHHe ZOCcpO4HO. Muoéeve w3 crygéntos Hamel Tpynmbl yydcTBoBan B AEDK- HbIX COpeBHOBAHHAX. their tasks ahead of time.’ ‘Many of the students of our group took part in the skiing competitions.’ Ha coOpanmn Brictynus odin w3 ‘One of the post-graduates spoke acnupautos. at the meeting.’ Exercise 92. Read through the sentences. Account for the use of the preposition ns. 1. Muro néasuros cosepunittn a1onH H3 mOOBA K poze, 2. Mui suTénM OTpxI- Box 43 pomana Axdepa «lanexd oT Mockpiin, 3, Muorne 43 paGoumx nauiero uéxa nepestinosnitor Hopmnt. 4. B MeTp6 npexpacubie KoOHHBI a3 Mpamopa. 5. B oi #3 SiCHLIX 3iMHHX AHeH APySba OTHPABAAHCS Ha sWbiHy!O Mporyay. 6. YPOKH KOHSATCE, AGTH ULI ¥3 WKOTE. 7. 3anficka 66nd Hamicana Ha micTKe 43 OnoKHOTa. 8. Betsii H KepociH nony4ator H3 népTH. 9. Hs ocropéxnoctH on He NOMEN HesHAKOMOI NeCHOH Hoporoi. : Exercise 93. Write out the following, filling in the blanks with the preposition a3 and the suitable words in, the genitive, chosen out of those given at the end of the exercise. 68 écros pas 0a ‘ oGiinp. 3. Tenéy nendu- | Ha croné croana xpacitpas pasa ... . 2. ... BBIeXas1 aBTOM 1 : i "4, Emig O8u10 cKyuHo, HO OW cA/uKaN ... . 5. T16e3,1... MPUXOANT B BOceMB 0 é it i Moexsé. 7. Bo mxorux 22x eee Mul yan... o wenene Hustdicxux diutbsop » Mockné. 7. sacon. Mate ernest s'S. Hird. -» we Mor peutine Sroft sand, 9." COOp- nix cOcTOsLL (sopéra, Mocksd, pasubte crpauel, YHeHUKIL, CTeKO, BexmHROCTS, raxéTbl, Orepa, cruxoTBOpeHMs PYCCKHX m05TOB) USE OF THE PREPOSITION ¥ The preposition y ‘by’, ‘at’ is used only with the genitive. Its principal meanings are as follows: 7 1. A noun with y denotes the owner or possessor of an object and answers the question y Koré? ‘who (has)?” Y Gpara ects unTepécuas Kura. ‘The one has an interesting book.’ é Y cryaéntos ect nporpémMut no ‘The students have syllabuses in BCeM Tipe/IMeTaM. all the subjects.’ | eee yY ero ‘ceerpet Kpacipiii rooc. ‘His sister has a beautiful voice. Y kniru nHTepécHoe Ha4aso. ‘The book has an_ interesting beginning.’ 2. A noun with y ‘by’, ‘at’ denotes the object or person near which/whom some other object or person is to be found or some action occurs. Crom ctont (2de?) y oxna. Mbi 2xit1H éTOM (20e?) y Mops. ‘The table is by the window.” ‘In summer we lived at the sea- side.” ‘The children were playing by the river.’ So ko26?) y Bpaya ‘I was at the doctor’s.’ 7 GEER ae ou ean y pom- ‘He stayed at his parents’ in the Teneii. summer. Téru urpasm (2de?) y pews. 3. Y ‘from’ is used after these verbs: Imperfective __Perfective Gpate — B3iTb ‘to take’, ‘to borrow’ OTHHMATh «= — OTHATR = ‘to take away’ npocirp — nompocittp ‘to ask’, ‘to beg’ : chpauupath — cnpociTb ‘to ask (questions) nokynath = — kynith ‘to buy’ kpacTb — ykpacts ‘to steal” The noun with y used after the above verbs denotes the person from whom something is taken. A e3aa y topapuma yucOuux. ‘I borrowed a textbook from my friend.” Mate omuaad y peOénka HOxHH- ‘The mother took the scissors bl. away from the child.” 69OH nonpocia y ceerper KHMTY. ‘He asked his sister for a book.’ Exercise 94. Read through the sentences. What questions do the words with the pre- position y answer? 1, Oxotumxn cunénu y xoctpa. 2. Béxepom y Gpara coGpasitcn eré iKd.tbHbIe To- sapuuun. 3. Y nénowkn aria. 4. Slétom yuenmut orabixiau B sarepe y MOpa. 5. Y Store rospauta Goabinor Smut pabdre1. 6. Ha croae y cexperapa crs Tenehon, 7. Brndesme moi cen y oKna. 8. JTérom s xu y poaitrenel. 9. On bial y spaua. 10. Baan Sry KATY y ToBApMULA NO MHCTUTYTY. I]. Ox yaruIc néHMIO y HaBeCTHOFO NeRIKA 12. Matwitta octatopintace y cémoro 0M. Exercise 95. Make up sentences containing y in various meanings. USE OF THE PREPOSITION BE3 (BE30) The principal meanings are as follows: 1. The preposition 6e3 ‘without’ denotes the absence of an object or a person, On npuurén cerdansa (63 4e2d?) 6e3 noprpésa. AL ipto Yai (6e3 4eed?) 6e3 caxa- pa. Bes raoéii némomm (6e3 yeed?) a He cnpaBstoch c pabdroi. AlétH rysann (6¢3 Ko26?) Ges Ma- Tepu. The antonym of the preposition by a noun in the instrumental). On npnuén Ges noprpéns. On npamésn ¢ noprdénem. AL nipto aii Ge3 cAxapa. Al ibto Yai ¢ cAxapom. ‘Today he came without his brief- case.” ‘I drink tea without sugar.’ ‘I shall not cope with the work without your help.” ‘The children were taking a walk without their mother.’ 6e3 in this meaning is ¢ (followed “He came without his brief-case.’ ‘He came with his brief-case.” ‘I drink tea without sugar.’ ‘I drink tea with sugar.’ 2. A noun with 6e3 ‘without’ may denote the manner in which an action occurs. In such cases the noun with 6e3 YuenuK pew 3anayy (Kak?) Ges Tpy 7a. Ou ropopit no-pyccxn 6e3 omit Gok. The antonym of the preposition by a noun in the instrumental). On peunin sanduy 6e3 rpyna. On pemmin 3aqa4y ¢ Tpyaxom. Ox ropopir no-pycckn 6e3 oum- Gox, 70 answers the question kak? ‘how?’ ‘The pupil solved the problem without difficulty.” ‘He speaks Russian without mis- takes.’ 6e3 in this meaning is ¢ (followed ‘He solved the prolbem without difficulty.” ‘He solved the problem with diffi- culty.” ‘He speaks Russian without mis- takes.” ‘He speak Russian with mis- roBOphiT 110-pyccKH ¢ oMmGKa- ° si takes, MH. 3, bes is used to denote time. Ceittac 6e3 nati MunyT jécaTb. It is five minutes to ten. Exercise 96. Read through and write out the sentences. Underline the nouns with the preposition 6e3. What is the meaning of the proverbs? |, Bes Tpynd He BBiHeUb H pEIOKY 43 Mpyztd. 2, Jybima Ge3 orna He OpmacT. ‘ 3, Genonéx Ges possi —contonéii Ges nécHm. Exercise 97. What questions do the nouns with the preposition 6e3 answer? 1. Crynéur yoxé mower smrath raséry 603 enosapa. 2 Out nduvken Guin mputiri cozerpail, wo npc Ge ceerpit. 3. 1 mpinka ga sant c KOHEHEKTOM, a OM aes Ges koncnéxa. 4. Cryaént nanuciit countnenine 6e3 ouni6ox. 5. Yuewitx Sea Tpynd wii- ronnita rpainarisecwoe sana, a cownnténe ranuci ¢ tpyaom. 6. On pucceiaana CHoxdiiNo, Ges BonKeNNA. 7. On Bonomi ITY pabSTy Ge3 yaseveuns, a A paGOras c yanenénnem. 8. Cerdaia Tend, MoxHO XOmiTS 6e3 TassT6. Ene pyepa woe xo LAK p naTsTo. Exercise 98. Fill in the blanks with the nouns given on the right in the required case. 1. On oGemin npuiiris c TosapuntamM, Ho upuuén Ges | rowapamu (pl.) 2. Vuennxit nannedna ameranr Ge... « owi6xn (ph) 3, Oren ne Méxxer sutTaTs Ges ... . onxh (pl) 4. On pacckéspna cmOKdHHO, 63 ... . nosméume 5. B nono adme Oxia OxtmH ene Ges ... créxata (pl.) 6. On Bimoanmn nopyséune Ges ... Tpya USE OF THE PREPOSITION JUJ1A The principal meanings are as follows: ct L. The preposition ja ‘for’ shows that the action is done for the benefit of some person or object. A noun with this preposition answers the question jum Kor6? ‘for whom?’ or Aaa 4er6? ‘for what? Sl xynisn xetry (049 Ko26?) aaa ‘I bought a book for a friend.” ‘Topapama. : Crygénr unran aurepatypy (014 4e26?) AAA YoKAa_a Ha CeMH- Hape. 2. [Iam is used to denote the purpose of an action. A noun with aa answers the question 3a4ém? ‘what for?’, aia 4er6? ‘for what?’ or ¢ Ka- kOii uéabi0? ‘for what purpose?’, ‘why?’ octanopi- ‘The travellers stopped to rest.’ “The student read material for his report at a seminar.” Nytemécrsennnxu such aia 6TABIXa. 3. Jaa may show the purpose which the object serves. Ha croné nexir Terpéjtb Aan co- ‘There is a composition book on unnénnii. the table. | He 3a69ab nocyay a1” MostioKé. ‘Do not forget a container for the milk.” 74. Ans is used with certain nouns, adjectives and adverbs: (1) with nouns: 3na¥émme 41a ‘importance for’, ocHésa jW18 ‘a basis for’, yenésua 118 ‘a condition for’, BosMéxuocTE Aaa ‘a possibility for’ epéacrso ja ‘a means of’, nésog nia ‘a pretext for’. B 5roii crpané co3fanbi pce ycad- ‘AH conditions for the develop- 6UusA AAA pasBHTHA HayKH. ment of science have been creat- ed in this country.’ (2) with adjectives: mjoxwerii ‘needed’, neo6xoaiimerii ‘necessary’, o6a34tembHbii ‘obligatory’, Baaxneii ‘important’, tpyamai ‘diffi- cult’, 1érkuii ‘easy’, unrepécuiii ‘interesting’, u3BécTHBIi ‘well-known’, 3uakémbiit ‘familiar’, nonsrupiii ‘clear’, ‘understandable’ (in complete or short form), etc. TIpucyrcrave Ha co6panuu o6a- ‘All the students are required to sameabHo DA Beex cryéH- be present at the meeting.” TOB, 3and4a Grind mpydnot ana yue- ‘The sum was difficult for the pu- HHKa. pil.” (3) with adverbs: wjaxuno ‘(it is) necessary’, ‘one must, needed’, HeoOxosimo ‘(it is) necessary’, o6a34TeabHo ‘(it is) obligatory’, ‘one must’, BaxHo ‘(it is) important’, noaé3Ho ‘(it is) useful’, etc. Alaa ycnéumoro opsayénua pyc- ‘To master Russian well, you CKHM S3BIKOM BaM Heobxodumo must study regularly.’ CHCTeMaTH4eCKH 3aHHMATCA. Exercise 99. Read through the sentences. What questions do the nouns with the preposition aaa answer? 1. Ha sor # npwéxan aia paGérer Ham kniroil. (MTayom.) 2. Mut xyniona ans pes6- Holi 6824 HaayBHYio pesionyio noaKy. (aycm.) 3. A cxdctamp, 470 a Mory paGi Tare atx MOEA mOOKMOl PéaMuB u ane cHdcTEA acer YenoneuecTBa. (MJae.). 4, Manécr- wei nucérenb Apkiuait Tanaép mucin xwirn ana aevélt. Eré kwirk wrrepécnet we Tompxo iH neTeH, HO M Asia Bapdcmetx, 5. C KéKAbIM TOM MPOMEMLIeHHOCTE BEMy- cxder acé Gime MaumuH 01a CeabcKorO xosilicTBa. Exercise 100, Make up sentences, using the following words with the preposition aaa. MHTepécHbili, NORATHI, HOTésHbI, BpéAHEI, OdcHEI, HY>KHEI Exereise 101. Make up sentences, using the following phrases and the preposition aaa. MMETD sHaYéHHe, HMETH BOSMOKHOCTS, Co3mATe YondBHs, NpUHiTS Mepbt USE OF THE PREPOSITION KPOME. The preposition Kpéme is used exclusively with the genitive and has the following meaning: 1. With the exception of somebody or something: Ha mpfcranm HuKor6 Hé 6bi0, “There was nobody on the pier ex- Kpdme cropoxa c donapém. cept the guard with a lantern.’ (aycm.) 72 2. In addition to something, or besides somebody: Kpome pycckoro ssprKa, on sader “He knows English besides Rus- emé anrsamiicKnit. sian, Exercise 102, Read through the sentences in the left-hand and right-hand columns. Make up sentences of your own, using these sentences as models. ; 1, Boe mpmuint Bospema, Téanxo of Bee, KpoMe oaHord Topipawia, mpuut.tit roBaplat om034éu. BOBpeMa. : ; 2. Peers ne saa noporn. Jlopéry stax HMKTO, Kpome pykoponirrens 9xcmeai- Tor1bko pyxovoairresn, axenexit “MMH, He 3H LOPOTH. i 3, JIétoM # OT pcex Tonyaia miceMa. Jlérom a nosysiin miichMa oT Beex, KPOMe Toabko oT 6péta a we nosty¥in 6para. THChMa. ; a z 4, loa Gpind He TO1bKO Mat, Ho [éMa, KpOme maTepH, 6bux OTE. w oren. etic ‘ ; 5, Mul Kyrie He TOmLKO yaéOuuKH, HO Kpome yxeGnuxos, Mbt Kyi caoBaph w CHOBAPb. USE OF THE PREPOSITION BMECTO The preposition smécro is used exclusively with the genitive and de- notes the replacement of somebody or something with somebody or something else. Bmécro ypoxa p¥cckoro s3biKi ‘Today there will be a maths le: cerognsa 6¥neT ypOK MaTema- son instead of a Russian clas: THKH. Exercise 103. Translate into English. 1. BxajGe cerdaus ue Gixer konuépta. Baécro Konntépra 6Yzer OustbM. 2. Tori- pam Geka HaCaT wHe TuchéO. Béécto MMchMa # TlOsIysiLT OT Hero TeslerpaMmy. 3. Tyrac unm aepenuio uépes atec. Korma ont aernini H3 éca, TO BMécTO slepéaHH yofinenn nése H pexy, ‘Use of the Dative In Russian, the dative is used either without a preposition (e.g. Aa pire ceerpé ‘to give [a present] to the sister’, nomoraTb ToBapumty “to help a friend’), or with a preposition (e.g. 41TH K Topapumty to go to a friend’s’, éxaTp 110 ysamue ‘to drive along the street’). THE DATIVE USED WITHOUT A PREPOSITION USE OF THE DATIVE WITH VERBS 1. When used with verbs, the dative denotes the person or object for (the benefit of) whom/which the action is performed. A wanucan nicemé (xomj?) orny. ‘I wrote a letter to my father, Al gan xuury (xomy?) ToRapmuy. “I lent the book to a friend. Imperfective Perfective AanaTe — arb ‘to give’, ‘to lend’ ' Aapirre — nogapit ‘to give (as a present)’ 73nHokynath =— KyniTh ‘to buy’ npHHochTh — mpHHecTit ‘to bring’ nocbuiath §=— nocrath ‘to send’ NOKA3bIBaTh— NoKa3ATb ‘to show’ odemats — noobematr ‘to promise’ nomor4th = — noméu, ‘to help’ The dative is also used with some of the nouns obtained from the same roots as the above verbs: Rapit, wéTam nogapKu éTIM nomoraTs ToBapunly némonp ToBapuny ‘to give presents to children’ ‘presents for children’ ‘to help a friend’ ‘help to a friend’ 2. The dative is used to denote the person spoken to: ‘to tell the listeners’ ‘to tell a friend’ ‘to reply to the teacher’ ‘to explain to a pupil’ 2o6optime caymatenam pacckasvieame spyry omecudme yuirremo obosncHAMb YHeHHKY Imperfective Perfective roBopith — eka3aTp ‘to say’ paccka3biBaTS — pacckasaTh ‘to tell’ coobmaTh — coodmirn ‘to tell’, ‘to communicate’ OOLSR ITE — o6psanit, ‘to announce’ oTBedaTh — o7TséTHTb “to answer’, ‘to reply’ OOLACHSTE — o6pacuirh ‘to explain’ mucaTR — HanHcaTL “to write’ 3BOHHTB (110 Tenepony) — no3BoHHTE ‘to telephone’ The dative is also used with nouns obtained from the same roots as some of the above verbs: mca oTLy mucbM6 OTLY oTBedaTb yuTeO orpéT yuritemo ‘to write to the father’ ‘a letter to the father’ ‘to reply to the teacher’ ‘a reply to the teacher’ 3. The dative is used after a number of verbs which denote actions harmful to a person or object: meudme 6pary Mewdmb padéte epedume roam epedime 30poBEIo usmensme Weay Mcmumb Bpary ‘to disturb the brother’ ‘to interfere with the work’ ‘to harm people’ “to damage the health’ “to betray one’s cause’ ‘to take vengeance on the enemy’ Imperfective Perfective MewMaTB — Tomematp “to interfere’ npensreTBoOBaTb — BocupensiterBopaTb ‘to be in the way’ 74 ppeaiiTh _— noBpeaATh ‘to harm’ | w3MeHaATE — H3MeHATE ‘to betray’ nporupojtélicrnonaTh — _— ‘to oppose ‘ McTHTb: — oTomeriT, ‘to take vengeance’ conpoTuBaATECH _ fae ‘to resist” The dative is also used with nouns obtained from the same roots as some of the above verbs: yoMenitte Aés1y wsména Jé1y McTHTb Bpary mecTb Bpary 4. The following verbs require the dative to express the subject taught or studied: ‘to betray one’s cause’ ‘betrayal of one’s cause’ “to take vengeance on the enemy’ ‘vengeance on the enemy’ Imperfective Perfective o6y4aTb — o6y4iTE Tpenonanatenb obyuaa cTyqeH- ‘to teach” TOB pycCKOMy #3bIKY. ‘The teacher taught the students Russian.’ Tipenoganatem o6yutia cryaén- TOB pyCCKOMy A3bIKY. ‘The teacher has succeeded in teaching the students Russian.’ yuire. — way4ire Tpenonaparen yatta cTyqéHTOB ‘to teach’ NpaBHJILHOMy NpowsHoMIcHHMO. ‘The teacher taught the students the correct pronunciation.’ Tipenogapatene vayuia crynen- TOB MpaBHAbHOMy Mpon3zHoulé- HHIIO. ‘The teacher has succeeded in teaching the students the cor- rect pronunciation.” yurrecs — waysnteea =MbI juumca pyccKomy s3EIKy. ‘to study’ ‘to learn’ ‘We are studying Russian.” MbI Hayutiauch pycCCKOMy s3bIKY. “We have learnt Russian.’ (The perfective verb is rarely used with the dative; it is more frequently used with an infini- tive: MbI vayuiiuc’ roBOpATh mo-pyccku. ‘We have learnt to speak Russian.’) Note.—The verb yairrs in the sense of ‘to learn by heart” has a perfective counterpart with the prefix abi-: I was learning a poem.’ A yaa craxotpopénne. ‘T have learnt a poem.” A Berysmn crirxoTBOperHe. 155. The following verbs require the dative: Imperfective Perfective pagosateca = — o6pagonateca ‘to be glad’, ‘to rejoice’ YAMBIATECH =— YJMBATECH “to be surprised’, ‘to wonder’ 3aBK0BaTL — n03aBH,OBAaTE ‘to envy’ COufBCTBOBAaTE — noco¥yBcTBOBaTb ‘to sympathise’ Such verbs express various feelings and emotions. The noun in the dative used with these verbs denotes the person or object which causes the emotion: padoeameca Becné youesameca eménocrn ‘to rejoice at the spring’ ‘to be surprised at (somebody’s) courage’ ‘to envy a friend’ “to envy one’s success” ‘to sympathise with a friend’ 3aeu0osamb ToBApHuly 3aeudosame yeneéxy couyecmeosame apyry THE DATIVE IN SOME PHRASES. The dative is frequently used in these phrases: Mipy — Mup. ‘Peace to the world.’ Boiinaé — poiiné. ‘War against war,’ Cnasa reps. ‘Glory to the heroes.’ Mpupér apysbam. ‘Greet- ings to the friends.’ Béunaw amare repos. ‘Eternal glory to the he- roes.’ amaruak Iym«uny. ‘A monument to Pushkin.” Exercise 104, Fill in the blanks with the words given on the right. (a) 1. Oréy nogapiix ... nenocunéa. cenit 2. Mastensxoit ... om kymita KYKay, 0% 3. Mars noér ... kombi6ésbHyi0 néci0. peGéiox 4, Ba6yuma paccxdseipaet ... ckdoky. BuYK 5. SL wanncint muceMé ... . mompyra 6. Ox mocnaut ... tenerpimmy. pouittenn 7. Yueniix san ... Bompéc. yuirren 8. Yuirrens oGpacHim ... HenonaTHOe cxORO. yyenhk 9. Jléxtop moxasenpaer ... cxémai a quarpammer. — | cayuiateam 10. Crymént cnaét oK34Men ... . npopéccop IL. Crynénr oraéran ... Ha Bce Bompécni. aksamendtop 12. BuOamoréxape nan ... ROBylo KHArY. wuratet (b) 1. Hows nomorder ... rorésuTs o6éa, MaTb 2. lym memsder ... 3annmarecs. nérn 3. A obeman ... npunecté xuitry. Tosipmut 4. Bpast sanperiin ... kypicrs. GompHoit 5. Mpenonasarens nopyynt ... cagnare poxada. | cryaéur 6. Pyxopomirens noconérowan ... npownrars Sry | acrupdst ciarbio. 7, Mare paspeusiuia ... marit Ha KaTOK. com Exercise 105. Write answers to the questions, using the words given on the right. 1. Komy mars cunitza nésoe mate? ceetpa 2. Komy crynéut cnaér 9x3dmen? ripopéceop 3. Komy anzomipytor spire? apriiet 4. Komy tor ora samicky? npencenatem 5. Komy sntatemb cnan Kiirn? GuOnHoTeKape 6. Komy ond snoniura no texes>ouy? nompyra 7. Komy nomoraer manbaux? Marth Exercise 106. Write out the sentences and underline the verbs which require the an Beninnii pycckwit xpitux Beaitticknii nocas ti cBord xusHb Gops6E 3a nepeno- poe ucKjoorno, xordpoe cajpauT wapoay. 2. Mexycctao, auteparypa nomoraror 4e10- pevecTay Berd AIBWXxEHH OT NpoMLAOrO x Gyayutemy. (Kop.) 3. On (Popoxwii) 3Hait 310611 CBO! POAMKY, HITOMY HBCTBY MBI OUDKUBI Y Hero youkTECA. (Tayem.) 4. Ont jaonasiach cB0G0re, Gsind B BOCTOpre, WT Mornd OAHA xoAitTS NO FOpony, panoBa- Fach BCeMY, TO Biktena p Jicamrpaze. (Iayem.) Exercise 107. Make up sentenc s, using these verbs with nouns in the dative. BpeaitTh, MOAMKHATECR, BoSpAKiTs, RePITS, RoBcpATD, cayRITS, noApaxite, couyscraonaTb Exercise 108. Make up sentences, using these phrases: yaeniir paUMaHHe (Kom? veay?); Tputiocity ndmbay (Koss? vemy?): HABATb BOIMOXHOCTH (KOM? “eaty?). THE DATIVE IN IMPERSONAL SENTENCES OR CLAUSES The dative is used in impersonal sentences or clauses to denote the person who performs an action or experiences some state. In impersonal sentences or clauses the dative is used: (1) with the words: nago ‘must’, ‘(it is) necessary’, HyaHO ‘must’, “Git is) necessary’, neoOxoaimo ‘must’, ‘(it is) necessary’, MéxHo ‘may’, Heb34 ‘must not’ followed by an ‘infinitive. Bpary xeo6xodumo Beiexatb ‘The brother must leave today.’ ceréaus. Cryaéutam nono roréputpca ‘The students must prepare for K 9k3dMeny, the examination.’ A nesnopos, méocno mue yiiri ‘I am not well, may I leave the c 3anaTHit? classroom?’ Boubnémy 1e2034 Kypit. ‘The patient must not smoke.’ (2) with the words: pécezo ‘(it is) fun’, xopomé ‘(it is) good’, TpycTHo “(it is) sad’, cyano ‘(it is) dull’, ‘(it is) boring’, etc., occasion- ally followed by an infinitive. Mérsm eéceao. ‘The children are enjoying them- selves.’ ‘The sister is bored.’ ‘The students find it interesting to listen to the lecture.’ Ceerpé cxyuno. Crynéuram unmepécno cayiatp JeKUHIO, (3) with impersonal verbs: Marepu ne cniimca. Bpary nesdopdsumca. eraM xduemca eyasmo, ‘The mother can’t sleep.’ ‘The brother is not well.’ ‘The children want to go for a walk.” (See ‘Impersonal Sentences’ p. 498) Exercise 109. Read through the sentences and explain the use of the dative. Make Up sentences of your own, using these sentences as models. 171, Heaeréram wiaHo saperucrpiiponarses no navdsa Kondepeuun. 2. CON te. aaa BXOAITS MOCTOpOHHMM. 3. CryseHTaM HaMeH TpJnNbi 3axoTéoce OTHPABUTEC, Ha mepxHy!O Mporguky. 4. B npKe KyABTYpBI MonONeKU BécenO u MHTepeHO. 5. Ce TOMHA HeT Noxna, AETIM MOKHO WITH rysAT. 6. JLicrouKaM x6s10gH0 3HMOit B Hat, xpaiix, onit ysteTétor Ha tor. THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES ___1. The dative is used with a number of (complete or short form) ad. jectives: non66usiii ‘like’, ‘similar’, caditerBennpmi ‘peculiar’, ‘character. istic’, Bépuprii ‘true’, Bpax1G6neri ‘hostile’, 6rarogApuetii ‘grateful’, On Gin 62azoddpen apyry 3a ‘He was grateful to his friend for TOMOUlb. the help.’ On urpan co cedticmeennim pe- ‘He played with the enthusiasm of Géuky yaeuéHuem. a child.’ ST ne serpesdn mo gel, nodd6ne1x Sromy 4enoRéKy. ‘I've never met people like him.’ 2. The dative is used with the adjective pay ‘glad’. A pad eerpeye c Bau. ‘Tam glad to meet you.” (The adjective pag occurs only in the short form.) 3. The dative is used with the adjectives: nyxunrii ‘needed’, neo6xo- Alibi ‘necessary’, matepécubtii ‘interes ’, Moné3uptit ‘useful’, n3- BécTHBtii ‘known’, 3Hak6meii ‘familiar’, nonsTubti ‘easy to understand’, ‘clear’, etc. ‘The brother needs this book.’ ‘The listeners found the report Ora KHura nyocnd Opary. Hoxnag Obut unmepécen eayuia- ‘TessM. interesting.’ O6bacuénue nonAmno yaennkam. ‘The explanation is clear to the pupils.” Note.—The above adjectives may also require the genitive with the preposi- tion gan ‘for’, ‘to’. Tloxain Go1t unmepécen ana eagmare- “The listeners found the report interest- seit. ing.” Exercise 110. Write out the sentences and underline the adjectives which require a noun in the dative. 1. Hoxndquux npunosin npumépsi, nowarusie H MHTepécHbIe BceM caymiaTenaM. 2. Caymatenn tum Gaaromapayt AOKNdA4HKy 3a WATepécHoe BbICTyMéHHe. 3. [o3- gua Tyurknia yMBienbHo BepHa pyccKoit nevicrsiTembHocTH. (Bea) 4. WM sspocsbie W nérH past pecné. 5, Tarbsne crpamen sinanuii myts. (17) Exercise 111. Make up sentences, using the adjectives you have underlined in the pre- ceding exercise. THE DATIVE USED TO DENOTE AGE The dative is used to denote age: Mue tora Geiio mpidyams dea ‘I was thirty-two then, Marusya roma, Mapyce deddyamo was twenty-nine and our 78 daughter Svetlana was six and é , a Wovepu Hamel Ceet- i anid it a half years old. mane wecmb C¢ nososunol. (aiid.) : y moero 6para cerOqua WeHb poxwneHHa. Bpary ucnossn- jloch BocemHdOyamb em. ‘Today is my brother’s birthday. He is eighteen.” Exercise 112. Write answers to the questions. i Cxnpxo ster BAmelt ceorpé? gaKo Bam eT? 6 a é ors Cxézpxo ster Bamemy orn? CxoabKo s1eT pamemy Gpaty? Exereise 113. Make up some sentences, using the dative in expressions of age. THE DATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS, The dative is used after the prepositions: x ‘to(wards)’ fl way K ToBapunty. JlonKa nee K Gépery. ‘I am going to my friend’s.” ‘The boat is sailing towards the shore.” no ‘along’ Mb ry. no Yamnue. ‘We were strolling along the street’. 6aarogaps ‘thanks to’, ‘owing to” Baarogapa TBoéi nomMouMM pa- 66ra mia yonewHo. ‘Thanks to your help, the work was carried on successfully.” cormacno ‘in accordance with’, ‘according to’, ‘under’ Cornacuo peuténuro coGpanua. ‘In accordance with the decision of the meeting.” ‘In accordance with the director’s order.” . “Under an article of the Constitu- tion.’ Coraacno npukasy 2HpeKTopa. Coraacuo cratbé Koncruryuan. wagctpéuy ‘towards’, ‘to meet” napctpéuy ‘The host came out to meet the guests.” XosiuH = BBIMEN roctam. Bonpexii ‘in defiance of’, ‘against the will of ‘He got out of bed against the On Beran c mocrémH BonpeKH co- : of be doctor’s advice. Béry Bpaya. Note.—The preposition wo may also be used with the accusative or the pre positional ; The other prepositions always require the dative. USE OF THE PREPOSITION K The principal meaning of x is to denote approaching somebody or Something in space or time. 19