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1 Properties PDF
FLUID MECHANICS
P.1-1
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
There is more than one way of selecting the unit of measure for each
primary dimension. However in the rest of the course, only the SI units
will be used. SI, which is the official abbreviation in all languages for the
System International dUnites, is an extension and refinement of the
traditional metric system.
All other units which compose of more than one primary unit are called
secondary (derived) units.
Some other units are also accepted for use with the SI.
P.1-2
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
1.2.2 Prefixes
When a unit with a prefix is raised to a power, the exponent applies to the
whole multiple and not just to the original unit.
1 mm2 (10-3 m)2 10-6 m2
not 1 m(m2) 10-3 m2
P.1-3
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
1.2.3 Mass
1.2.4 Weight
w = mg
1. 2. 5 Density
mass m
= =
Volume V
The value of density can vary widely between different fluids, but for
liquids, variations in pressure and temperature generally have only a small
effect on the values of . The typical value of for water at standard
pressure and temperature is 1000 kg/m3.
w
=
V
P.1-4
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
mg
=
V
m
= ( )g
V
= g
subs tan ce
S.G. =
H 2 O at 4 o C
For gases, the standard density is commonly referred to air rather than to
water.
P.1-5
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
Worked examples:
Answer
Weight of water, w = 123 kN
Volume of tank, V = 12 m3
Since = g
by taking g = 9.81 m/s2
2. Gear oil has a specific gravity of 0.93. Determine its specific weight
and density.
Answer
subs tan ce
S.G. =
H 2 O at 4 o C
= S.G. * water
= 0.93 * 9.81 kN/m3
= 9.12 kN/m3
P.1-6
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
1.2.8 Viscosity
The properties of density and specific weight are measures of the heaviness
of a fluid. The viscosity of a liquid is the measure of the thickness of a
fluid and it is related to the ability of a fluid to flow freely.
motor y corn
y
oil syrup
v v
For both cases a number of parallel velocity vectors have been drawn
between the plate and the large surface. In both cases the velocity of the
liquid adjacent to the large surface is zero, and the velocity of the liquid
adjacent to the moving plate is identical to that of the moving plate (i.e. no
slip condition). The reason is that fluid molecules tend to adhere to a solid.
The intermediate velocities are in direct proportion to their location
between the two flat surfaces.
The velocity V of the fluid varies with distance y measured from some
fixed reference plane, as shown in above figure and is termed the velocity
P.1-7
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
dV
profile. The velocity gradient, shows the rate of change of velocity in
dy
y direction. For many fluids, the shear stress between two adjoining layers
of fluid times the velocity gradient is a constant. This constant is called the
dynamic viscosity , i.e.
= / (y/v)
or in differential form,
= dV
dy
In SI unit, shear stress will be in Pa or N/m2, velocity in m/s and depth in m.
Thus dynamic viscosity has units of N.s/m2 or Pa.s. The typical value for
water is 1.14 x 10-3 Ns/m2.
=
Typical value for water is 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s.
If temperature and pressure are held constant, then the ratio of shear stress
to velocity gradient (called dynamic viscosity) will be constant. This is
true for a wide range of gases, water, water solutions and many petroleum
products. As a group, all those fluids for which the assumption holds true
are called Newtonian fluids. All other fluids are called non-Newtonian
fluids.
Shear stress,
Bingham
plastic
plastic
Newtonian
pseudo-
plastic
dilatant
P.1-8
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
Worked example:
The diagram above shows two plates y apart, the lower one fixed and the
upper one free to move under the action of a mass of 25 g. If the fluid
between the plates is castor oil (dynamic viscosity, = 650 x 10-3 Ns/m2)
and the area of contact of the upper plate with the oil is 0.75 m2, find the
velocity of the upper plate when the distance separating the plate is 1 cm.
Answer
dV
For Newtonian fluid, = and with a constant ,
dy
V
or = for constant velocity profile
y
shear force
Viscous shear stress, =
area
25 / 1000 * 9.81 N
=
0.75 m2
= 0.327 N/m2
Thus V = / * y
0.327 * 0.01
= m/s
650 x 10 -3
= 5.03 x 10-3 m/s
= 5.03 mm/s
P.1-9
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
All materials, whether solids, liquid or gases, are compressible, i.e. the
volume V of a given mass will be reduced when a force is exerted
uniformly all over its surface. The relation between change of pressure and
change of volume depends on the bulk modulus of elasticity (or simply
bulk modulus), K of the material.
dP
K = V
dV
Since a rise in pressure always causes a decrease in volume and the minus
sign is included in the equation to give a positive value of K. The SI unit
for K is N/m2. Typical value for water is 2.05 x 109 N/m2.
The concept of the bulk modulus is mainly applied to liquids, since for
gases the compressibility is so great that the value of K is not a constant.
For liquids, the bulk modulus is usually very large, i.e. liquids require very
large pressure to create a small change in volume. Hence we conclude that
liquids can be considered as incompressible for most practical engineering
applications.
V
Ma =
C
P.1-10
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
ram
Fixed cylinder
(920 N)
P.1-11
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Basic Fluid Properties
1.A reservoir of glycerine has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find the glycerines weight (W), mass density (), specific weight ()
and specific gravity (S.G.).
100N
0.05mm
o
25
END
P.1-12