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Mere oo anc bsdnophebic and mebals ‘diem fou” the meted bibe Prekeck metal from Soll walen Hecke + olen applicakent » BoM commency al beadech . on, the mante ef. doy ehUzing Meanomaterfals | incdude shan aaradence te benthes and neinfiriced dennis rackeld + Combanres Like Kraft » dy cone heavily Fencing TNenematent aly bared Plato Packaging i eed cit g frath lengen hd s Packaging 15 13 fpename able 4 abinosphene . Coury Raeeing oma 2 develened meg Plahe been boHtes dak ¢. ase fenteds ch. dome! 4 oo Soe446 Engineering Chemistry 6. Itcan have surface area as high as 1500 m*/g"'. 7, Evaluation of the properties of the resulting composites compared to other carbon-based nano reinforcements show that the xGnP improves the modulus of better than other commercially available reinforcements at equivalent volume fractions. 8. The thickness of the xGnP can be controlled ina range from 1 to 25 nm. The diameter of the platelet can be controtled from the sub-micron level to ten’s of microns. Consequently. the surface area of xGnP can range from ~25 to over several hundred square meters per gram. Applications 1. Composite materials made with polymers, such as plasties, nylon, or rubber, can be made electrically or thermally conductive with the addition of small amounts of xGnP. >, These nanoparticles can change the fundamental properties of plastics, enabling them to perform more like metals with metallic properties. ol PREPARATION OF NANOMATERIALS (PRINCIPLES) ™ “There are two general approaches to the synthesis of nanomaterials and the fabrication off nanostructures: Top ¢ |. Bottom-up approach: These approaches include the miniaturization of material eos components (up to atomic level) with further self-assembly process leading to the formation EDD Power of nanostructures. During self-assembly, the physical forces operating at nanoscale saga are used to combine basic units into larger gag Nanoparticle stable structures. By this method, fabrication : ; 3 is much less expensive. Typical examples $2 ciners are quantum dot formation during epitaxial ose growth and formation of nanoparticles from colloidal dispersion. The methods in this approach are of four types, viz., gas phase Atoms method, liquid phase method, solid phase methods, and biological method. Fig. 13.8. Schematic presentation reflecting 2) Topedow chy Th principles used during the Top-down approach: These approaches use Tere larger (macroscopic) initial structures, which can be externally controlled in the processing of nanostructures. Typical examples are siching through the mask, ball milling, and application of severe plastic deformation. This nethod, by nature, is not cheap and quick to manufacture. Rather this method is stow and not suitable for large scale production. GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS (NANOTECHNOLOGY) = Nanotechnology is the cutting age technology to inspire in entering into new frontiers of wanorch interests. It has already proved its tremendous potentiality to cater the necessity of modem society with user friendly as well as eco-friendly approach. A few specimen examples are discussed below. am