Apparel Testing

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 Textile Raw Materials

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 Textile Dyeing
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 Different Terms and Definitions of Wet Processing Technology

1. What is wet processing?

The process which is used for de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and
finishing is termed as wet processing.
2. What do you mean by hardness of water?
The property of the textile water for which it does not form foam easily without a lot of
soap is known hardness of water. It has two types named temporary hardness and
permanent hardness.
3. What is PPM?
The number of grains of calcium carbonate which is present in one millions grains of
water is termed as PPM.
4. What do you mean by degree of hardness?
The number of grains of calcium carbonates which is present in 70000 grains of water is
known as degree of hardness of water.
5. What is water softening?
To remove the impurities of hard water by some desirable process is known as water
softening.
6. What is soap?
Soap is a metallic salt of saturated or unsaturated higher fatty acid. There may be Pb, Mg,
Ca or other metallic salt.
7. What is detergent?
The compound which gets orient at the interface between water and air and reduces
interfacial tension or surface is known as detergent. It is mainly two types named ionic
and non-ionic.
8. What is enzyme?
It is one types of bio catalyst. It is based on protein. It is soluble in water but insoluble in
acid and alkali.
9. What is Chroma?
The dullness of vividness of color describing is known Chroma.
10. What is shade?
The meaning of shade is concentration. Usually, the depth of the tone of color is known
as shade. It is three types such as light shade, medium shade and deep shade.
11. What is pigment?
It is normally a substance in particulate form which is substantially insoluble in a medium
but which can be mechanically dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light.
12. What is stripping?
If the textile goods become uneven dyeing and insoluble for using then the color has to be
distorted. The process to destroying of removing dye or finish form fibres or fabrics is
known as stripping.
13. What is topping?
The application of further colorant not necessarily of the same hue or class to a dyed
substance in order to adjust the latter to the desired final color is known as topping.
14. What do you mean by after treatment?
The process which is used for proper and perfect dyeing action is known as after
treatment. In case of direct dye, after treatment is done for increasing light fastness and
wash fastness of dyed materials. Dye particle is done insoluble into the fiber after
treatment.
15. What is vatting?
The action which helps to insoluble vat dyes to be used by soluble is called vatting.
16. What is thickener?
It used in textile printing which is a main part of high molecular weight compound giving
viscose paste in water. Thickener imparts stickiness and plasticity to the printing paste so
that it can be applied to a fabric surface without color spreading.
17. What is viscosity?
It is the ratio of shear stress to the rate of shearing.
18. What is shear stress?
The ratio of the force to the area of shearing is known as shear stress.
19. What is shear rate?
The ratio of the velocity to the clearance is known as shear rate.
20. What is ageing?
It is consisting of exposing printing goods to more or less prolonged action of steam at
atmospheric pressure to assist in the diffusion and fixation of the dyes.
21. What is steaming?
This consists of submitting printed fabrics to the action of steam for varying period at
various pressure.
22. What is hue?
The attribute of color whereby it is recognized as being predominantly red, green, blue,
yellow, violet, brown etc. in simple words, a color of color is hue.
23. What do you mean by dyeing affinity?
The affinity of dye to the fibre is known as dyeing affinity.
24. What is substrate?
A material to which dyes and chemicals may be applied.
25. What is additive color?
It is a mixture of colored light. The three primary colors of red, green and blue when
mixed together is equal proportions then produce white light. Mixing the three additives
primaries in differing amounts can create any color in the rainbow. Color televisions use
the principle of additive color mixing.
26. What is blotch print?
Prints where both the background and motif color are printed into the fabric using a direct
printing process.
27. What is brand?
A trade name identifying a manufacturer or product.
28. What is color forecasting?
The selection of ranges of color that are deemed to be those that will be wanted for a
particular product or market at a particular time in the future.
29. What is color palette?
It is a range of selected color that will usually consist of groups of color, chosen with
regard to trends and predicated directions.
30. What is color recipe?
List of component chemicals and pigments or dyestuff with relative quantities required to
produce desired color.
31. What is consumer textile?
Textile not falling into the categories of apparel, furnishing, household and industrial,
tents and back packs may be referred to as consumer textile.
32. What is fashion color?
Color within a color range perceived as being fashionable.
33. What is flocking?
The application of short fibers to a base fabric by the direct printing of adhesive onto the
fabric in the desired areas and then sticking the fibers to these areas.
34. What is geo-textile?
A textile used in soil based applications such as road building, dams and erosion control.
35. What is grey cloth?
Un-dyed and unfinished fabrics straight from the loom are known grey cloth or grey
fabric.
36. What is industrial textile?
Textile product group that includes car tyres, medical textiles, geo-textile, conveyor or
bet, car safety belts and parachute cord.
37. What is voile?
Light weight, open plain weave is known as voile.
38. What is tie dye?
It is a method of patterning fabric by tyring areas of fabric and then dyeing.
39. What is stentering?
A controlled straightening and stretching process.
40. What is screen printing?
It is a method of printing whereby the color is applied by what is essentially a stenciling
process.
41. What is roller printing?
It is a method of printing fabric that uses engraved copper rollers.
42. What is over dyeing?
When dyeing take place on top of a previous coloring process.
43. What is furnishing?
Product group including curtains, upholstery fabrics, carpets and wall coverings.
44. What is crocking?
It is the method of transferring color by rubbing.
45. What is all over design?
Design with balanced motifs that recure regularly within the repeat unit. The motifs cover
the fabric with little ground showing.
46. What do you mean by balanced color way?
When the colors change but total relationships of the color within the deisgns stay the
same, giving the same overall visual effect.
47. What do you mean by dyeing assistance?
The assistance which are added in dyeing bath for which dyeing affinity is increased is
known as dyeing assistance.
48. What is chromophore?
The part of the molecular structure of an organic dye or pigment responsible for color is
known as chromophore.
49. What do you mean by C.M.S?
In textile dyeing industry, C.M.S stands at carboxyl methyl cellulose.
50. What is the abbreviation of T.R.O?
The abbreviation of T.R.O is Turkey red Oil.
 Garments Dyeing, Washing and Finishing
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 Interview Questions and Answers for Apparel Job

Some important interview questions have presented in the below with their
answers:
1. What is Garment?
A garment is the piece of clothing.
2. What is sample in garments?
The garment which is needed for bulk production or which is used through the process
sequence is called sample.
3. What is counter sample in garments?
The sample which is followed by the approved sample is called counter sample.
4. What is approved sample?
According to all the required specifications the sample which is approved by buyer is
called approved sample.
5. What is pattern?
It is a hard paper which is made by following all the specifications and individual
components.
6. What is production pattern?
It is a pattern of a particular style with net dimension and allowance.
7. What is working pattern?
It is a pattern of a particular style with the net dimension.
Production pattern = working pattern + allowance
8. What is marker?
Marker is a thin paper which contains all the components of all sizes of a particular style
of garments.
9. What is lining?
A generic term for fabrics which is used to cover inner surfaces of products, especially
the inner face employs different materials from the outer surface.
10. What is interlining?
It is one kind of accessories which is used between two layers of fabric in garments to
support, re-enforce and control areas of garments and to retain actual shape. It may be
applied on base fabric by sewing and bonding.
11. What is lay?
It is stack of fabric lengths made in preparation for cutting.
12. What is ligne number?
It is the measuring unit of the button. It indicated the diameter of button. If diameter
increases, ligne number also increases.
13. What is L/C?
L/C means letter of credit. It is commitment by an opening bank on behalf of the
importer in favor of the exporter that the bills drawn by them on the importer countries
covering the shipment of specified items and quality of goods within stated period. It
will be paid in exchange of documents under certain items and condition.
14. What is invoice?
After sending the garments goods to the importer country, the documents mentioning the
price is sent to the buyer for collecting is called invoice.
15. What is quota?
It is an agreement between governments of the importer country and the exporter country.
In details it is the quantities of garments of different categories upon
the manufacturing countries according to the business policy.
16. What is FOB?
FOB means free on board. If the price of the goods is mentioned in invoice without
transport cost then it is called FOB.

17. What is C&F?

C&F means cost and freight. If the price of the goods is mentioned in invoice including
transport cost then it is called C&F.
18. What is CIF?
CIF means cost, insurance and freight. If the price of the goods is mentioned in invoice
including transport cost and insurance cost then it is called CIF.
19. What is category?
Category is a number which indicated what type of fabric is used for making the
particular garment and it also indicated the type of this garment.
20. What is face of fabric?
The surface of the fabric that is intended to be seen because it presents s better
appearance than the other side due to its characteristics i.e. weaves, luster, finish etc. in
many fabrics, especially industrial fabrics, face and back are identical.
21. What is faced cloth?
A term sometimes applied to the fabrics that have a separate set of warp or filling yarns
on the back of the cloth i.e. pile fabric, flannel fabric.
22. What is fusing?
The term generally refers to partial melting. In bonding, fabric layers are joined together
by fusion of an adhesive under heat and pressure.
23. What is the abbreviation of G/D?
G/D stands for grams per denier.
24. What is gauge?
In knitted fabrics, it is a measure of fineness or number of wales per unit of width across
the fabric. Higher gauge numbers indicate finer texture.
25. What is grading?
When different sizes of patterns are made from the master pattern of the garment is
called grading.
 Important Abbreviations for Textile and Apparel Manufacturing
Technology
1. BGMEA: Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association
2. BKMEA: Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association
3. BTMC: Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
4. BTMA: Bangladesh Textile Mills Association
5. BGWUC: Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council
6. WTO: World Trade Organization
7. AQL: Acceptable Quality Level
8. CBL: Center Back Line
9. CFL: Center Front Line
10. FOB: Free On Board
11. GPT: Garments Performance Test
12. EPB: Exporter Promotion Bureau
13. C & F: Cost & Freight
14. CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight
15. CMO: Cost of Making Order
16. CMT: Cost of Making with Trimming
17. NSA: No Seam Allowance
18. BL: Bill of Loading
19. CO: Certificate of Origin
20. L/C: Letter of Credit
21. BB L/C: Back to Back L/C
22. UD: Utilization Declaration
23. AAQC: American Association of Quality Control
24. LCA: Letter of Credit Authorization
25. PSI: Pre-Shipment Inspection
26. M and W: Men and Women
27. W and G: Women and Girl
28. XL: Extra Large (Size)
29. L : Large (Size)
30. M: Medium (Size)
31. S: Small (Size)
32. CAD: Computer Aided Design
33. CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
34. PTS: Primary Textile Sector
35. GDP: Growth Domestic Product
36. ISO: International Organization for Standardization
37. GSP: Generalized System of Preferences
38. GATT: Generalized Agreement on Tariffs and Taxes
39. MFA: Multi Fiber Arrangement
40. EPB: Export Promotion Bureau
41. FY: Financial Year
42. PTI: Private Textile Industry
43. VAT : Value Added Tax
44. ETP: Effluent Treatment Plan
45. P/C: Polyester + Cotton
46. T/C: Tetron + Cotton
47. MOT: Ministry of Textile
48. MOC: Ministry of Commerce
49. CNF: Clearing & Forwarding
50. BWTG: Better Worker in Textile Garments
51. EPI: Ends per Inch
52. PPI: Picks per Inch
53. ILO: International Labor Organization
54. IMF: International Monetary Fund
55. IFTU: International Federation of Trade Union
56. PO: Production Officer
57. PM: Production Manager
58. AGM: Assistant General Manager
59. GM: General Manager
60. CEO: Chief Executive Officer
 Definition of Yarn Count

To express the different thickness of yarns it is convenient to use a number in the Textile
Industry which is known as Count of yarn or thread. It may be a single or folded yarns.

According to Textile Institute -

Count a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.

The various systems of numbering yarns may be broadly divided into two systems:-

Indirect system or Fixed weight system

Direct system or Fixed Length System
1. Indirect system or Fixed weight system:
In this system the count of yarn expresses the number of length units in one weight unit.
Higher the count finer is the yarn.
It is based on the fixed weight system.
This is the traditional system of yarn linear density measurement.
The system is generally used for Metric, cotton, worsted, woollen(American Cut,
American Run, Hawick, Dewsbury, Yorkshire skein), Spun rayon(staple fibre), French
cotton, Bump cotton, Asbestos(British & American). Fibre Glass, etc..
Name of System Defination
English Cotton Count No. of 840yards hank per pound(lbs.)
French Cotton Count No. of 1000 meters hanks per 500gm.
No. of 1000 meters hanks per
Metric Count 1kg(1000gm.)
Spun Silk Count No. of 840 yards hank per pound(lbs.)
Silk Count (Ounce) No. of 1000 yards hank per ounce(oz.)
Spun Rayon Staple Fibre
Count No. of 840 yards hank per pound(lbs.)
Worsted & Mohair Count No. of 560 yards hank per pound(lbs.)

Woolen Count-American Cut
Woolen Count-American Run
Woolen Count-Yorkshire
Skeins
Fibreglass Count
Asbestos Count-British
Asbestos Count-American
No. of 300 yards hank or cut per
pound(lbs.)
No. of 100 yards hank per Ounce(oz.)
No. of 256 yards hank(skeins) per
pound(lbs.),
or No. of yards per Dram
No. of 100 yards hank (Cut) per
pound(lbs.)
No. of 50 yards hank per pound(lbs.)
No. of 100 yards hank per pound(lbs.)

2. Direct System Or Fixed Length System:

In this system the count of yarn expresses the number of weight units in one length unit.
Higher the count coarser is the yarn.
It is fixed length system.

The system is used for Denier count, hemp & jute counts, Grex count. Tex count, Etc
Name of System Defination
Tex Count Weight in gms. Per 1000 mtr.
Grex Count Weight in gms. Per 10000mtr.
Denier Count Weight in gms. Per 9000 mtr.
Jute Count Weight in lbs. of 14400 yds. Spindle
Hemp Count Weight in lbs. of 14400 yds. Spindle
 Flax Count Weight in lbs. of 14400 yds. Spindle
Linen Count Weight in lbs. of 14400 yds. Spindle
Weight in Drams of 1000 yards
Silk Count (Dram System) hank.

Definitions & Formulas:

1. English Cotton system (Ne)
The count of a cotton yarn is the number of hanks, each of 840 yards in 1 lb. ( 1 lb.
weight is considered as a fixed weight).

Length of yarn in Yards

English Cotton count (Ne) = -----------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 840

2. French cotton count (Nf)

The French cotton count is the no. of hanks of 1000 meters which weight of 500 gms.

Length of yarn in Meters

French Cotton count (Nf) = ------------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in 1 km X 2000

3. Metric count System (Nm)

The metric count of yarn is the no. of hanks, each of 1 km. which 1 kg.

Length of yarn in Mtr

Metric Count (Nm) = ------------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in kg. X 1000

4. Spun silk count system

The count of spun silk system in the total no. of hanks, each of 840 yds weighing one
pound.
This system is used for the yarn made from pure silk waste.

Length of yarn in Yards

Spun Silk Count = --------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 840
5. Worsted & Mohair Count system
The count of yarn in worsted & mohair counts system the no. of hanks, each of 560 yards
weighing one pound.
Length of yarn in Yards
Worsted & Mohair Count = -------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 560

6. Woolen count system

i. Woolen count- Yorkshire Skeins System

The weight unit of 6 lbs. is fixed and length unit as a skein of 1536 yards is fixed.
Length of yarn in Yards
Yorkshire Skeins System = ------------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 256

ii. Woolen count- American Cut System

The count of woolen yarn in American Cyt system is the no. of Cuts each of 300 yards
weighing one pound.
Length of yarn in Yards
American Cut System = ---------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 300

7. Asbestos count-American System

The count of yarn in asbestos American system of hanks each of 100 yards weighing one
pound.
Length of yarn in Yards
Asbestos American System = -------------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 100

8. Fiberglass System
The count of yarn in fiberglass system is the no. of cuts or hanks each of 100 yards
weight in one pound.

Length of yarn in Yards

Fiberglass System = -------------------------------------------
Weight of yarn in lb. X 100

9. Tex count system (gK)

The Tex count of the yarn is the no. of gms. In 1000 mts.
It is a Direct System of Yarn numbering.

Weight of yarn in gms.

Tex count system (gK) = -------------------------------------------
Length of yarn in 1000 mts

10. Grex count system

In the grex count system the no. of gms that 10000 mts. Weight indicates the count.

Weight of yarn in gms. X 10000

Grex System = ---------------------------------------------------
Length of yarn in mts

11. Denier cout system (Td)

The denier count is weight in gms of 9000 mts of yarn.

Weight of yarn in gms.

Denier count (Td) = ---------------------------------------------
Length of yarn in 9000 mts

12. Jute/Hemp/Flex and Linen System (Dry Spun)

In these systems the length unit is a spindle of 14400 yards and weight unit is one pound.

Weight of yarn in pounds X 14400

Jute count System = ------------------------------------------------------
Length of yarn in yards

13. Silk Count (Dram System)

In silk count system the wt. unit as one dram and the length unit as 1000 yards.

Weight of yarn in Drams X 1000

Silk Count (Dram System) = ----------------------------------------------
Length of yarn in yards

Basic Conversation of Counts:

Linear system measurement:
1 Inch =25.4 mm
1 Inch = 2.54 cm
1 mm =0.03937 Inch
1 cm = 10 mm
10 cm =3.94 Inch = 1
Decimeter
1 cm = 0.3937 cm
1 yard =0.9144 meter
1000 meter = 1 km
Weighs:
1 kg. = 1000 gm
1 gm. = 1000 milligram
1 kg. = 2.205 pounds(lbs.)
1 lbs. = 0.4536 kg
1 lbs. =1.602 gm
1 grains =0.065 gms.
1 metric ton = 1000 kgs
1 feet = 12 Inch
1 Inch = 0.0833 feet
1 feet = 0.3048 meter
1 yard =36 Inch
1 meter=39.37 Inch
1 meter =1.0936 yard
1 yard =3 feet
1 km = 0.6214 mile
1 milligram = 0.015 grains
1 centigram = 10 mg.
1 lbs. = 453.6gms.
1 lbs. = 7000 grains.
1 ounce(oz) = 28.35 gms.
1 dram = 1.772 gms
1 metric ton = 0.984 ton
 Concept of IE
Industrial engineers (IEs) are responsible for designing integrated systems of
people, machines, material, energy, and information. Industrial engineers figure
out how to do things better. They engineer processes and systems that improve
quality and productivity. They work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials,
energy, and other resources. This is why more and more companies are hiring
industrial engineers and then promoting them into management positions. .
Industrial Engineering:
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which studies the design and
operation of production and service systems and the people who operate in these
systems. Industrial engineering helps to improve quality and productivity. It is said
that without industrial engineering operations is like meal without salt and if you
use operation management instead of production management it will be best.

We can see at a glance of IE,

Industrial Engineering (IE) = Production Cost Proper use of all elements

Efficiency Profit

Im giving some formula for Industrial engineering students or professionals. If

those help them then I will be thankful.
 Sum of average
1. Average time (in minute) = 60

2. Normal time = Average cycle time Rating.

3. SMV =Observe time Rating + Allowance.

O
4. Individual OP efficiency = .. 100

5. Efficiency % = 100

6. Performance = ............... X 100
( )

7. Efficiency Improvement = ........ x 100

8. Total labor cost saved per line = Extra minute produce cost per SAM.
 60
9. Worker potential production per hour =

60
10. Individual worker target per hour = .

60
11. Line target per hour = ( )

12. Defect of hundred unit (DHU) = x 100

13. Defective % = x 100

14. Productivity each person per hour =. x 100

15. Machine productivi=................................

16. Basic pitch time =

17. Upper control limit =
g
18. Lower control limit = (Basic pitch time 2)

-
19. Cut of ship loss % = ..... 100

n
20. Cut of ship ratio = . 100

21. Cut of ship ratio improvement % = ....100

22. Receive to ship ratio = ........................ 100
(.)

23. Total financial saving = Number of extra pieces shipped Average FOB

e
24. Cost Per Minute (CPM) = ..............
()

25. Cost of Manufacture (CM) = SMV CPM

26. CM earned per person per hour = ......

27. Monetary Loss due to cut ship loss in month = (Total number of produced
garments in month cut to ship loss percentage for a month Average FOB of the
style)
28. Monetary Loss due to cut ship loss in style wise = (Total number of produced
garments in the style cut to ship loss percentage for a month Average FOB of
the style)

29. Man & machine ratio =

30. Audit fail % = .100

31. Earned minute = Total production X SAM

32. Factory direct & indirect ratio = .

33. Labor cost per minute=.........

y
34. Estimated production per hour =.

35. Estimated machine productivity = ..

. - .
36. Productivity Gap %=................... 100


37. Standard Pitch Time (S.P.T) = Basic Pitch Time (B.P.T) + Allowances (%)

38. GSD
GSD = (Man power * Work hour) / Target

39. SMV
SMV = Basic time + (Basic time * Allowance)
40. Basic time
Basic time = Observed time * Rating

41. Observed time

Observed time = Total Cycle time / No of cycle

42. Rating
Rating = (Observed Rating * Standard rating) / Standard rating

43. Earn minute

Earn minute = No of Pcs (Production) * Garments SMV

44. Available minute

Available minute = Work hour * Manpower

45. Organization Efficiency

Organization Efficiency = (Basic pis time / Bottle neck time) * 100

46. Basic pis time (BPT)

Basic pis time = Total GMT SMV / Total Manpower

47. UCL
UCL = Basic pis time / Organization Efficiency

48. LCL
LCL = 2 * Basic pis time UCL

49. Capacity
Capacity = 60 / Capacity time in minute
50. Cycle Time
Cycle Time = 60 / Team target

51. Capacity Achievable

Capacity Achievable = Capacity * Balance

52. Daily output

Daily output = Work hour / SMV

53. Factory capacity

Factory capacity = (Work hour / SMV) * Total worker * Working day *
Efficiency

54. CPM
CPM = (Total over head cost of the month / No of SMV earners Work minutes)
*Efficiency

55. Required no of operator

Required no of operator = Target daily output / Daily output per operator

56. Efficiency
Efficiency = (Earn minute * Available minute) * 100

57.Line Labor Productivity:

58. Line Machine Productivity:

59. Line Efficiency:

60.Theoretical Manpower:
Garments Costing Terms
Garments Costing Terminology Used in Garment Export Import Business:
Different terms related to garments costing are mentioned in the following:
Yarn cost,
Process cost,
Buyer negotiation,
Quality,
Quantity,
CMT,
Over head cost,
Shortage in process,
Buyer specification about the definite product,
Process of shipment (Sea or Air),
Currency,
FOB,
CIF,
Commission (%) for the middle man,
Profit (%) for factory or buying house.
All the above points have discussed in the below:
1. Yarn cost:
Yarn cost is an important mater in garments costing. Accurate yarn cost helps to
earn maximum profit from a garment export order.
2. Process cost:
Process cost means the total amount of processing (cutting, sewing, finishing etc.)
cost needed to make a garment. Costing of garments varies depending on the
process needed to make garment.
3. Buyer negotiation:
Buyer negotiation or buyer handling is very important in readymade garments
sector. As a garment merchandiser you should explain your total discussion to the
buyer in all possible ways by keeping those matters in your way. Buyer will
automatically choose from your proposed options.
4. Quality:
Quality is the ultimate point of a garments product. Garments buyers are now
invested a lot of money to satisfy the customers by providing them
right quality products.
5. Quantity:
Garment costing varies depending on the quantity of garments.
6. CMT:
CMT means Cut make and trims. In this circumstance, garments manufacturer
quotes the buyer a proposed price which covers making cost, trimmings and
accessories cot of a garment. Here, all the other required materials sent by the
buyer to the manufacturer.
7. Over head cost:
Overhead cost means the cost of each operator required to make a garment. Over
head cost has a significance impact in garments costing.
8. Shortage in process:
If garments made by avoiding unnecessary processes then it will be very effective
for garments costing.
9. Buyer specification about the definite product:
Buyer specification about the definite garments means direction about garments
making, print, embroidery, wash etc. which is contained by garments specification
sheet.

10. Process of shipment (Sea or Air):

Shipment of products can be done by using sea freight or air freight which is
totally depends on the buyers. Shipping condition affects on garments costing.
11. Currency:
Currency is an important matter in garments manufacturing sector.
12. FOB:
FOB means free on board. In this case, exporter quotes the garment buyer a price
that includes all costs up to and including delivery of goods aboard an overseas
vessel. Here, exporter quote the price by adding fabric cost, accessories cost, CM
(cost of making), overhead cost, commission, C&F commission and transportation
cost from factory to port.
13. CIF:
CIF means Cost, insurance and freight. In this case exporter quotes the buyer a
price that covers FOB cost, insurance cost and freight cost. As a result, CIF cost is
higher than C&F cost.
14. Commission (%) for the middle man:
If garment factory collects the order from a garment buying house or buying agent
then he must have to pay them commission percentage for the order.
15. Profit (%) for factory or buying house:
During garments costing, garment merchandiser added profit (%) here for the
factory or buying house with all the others cost.

Thank you

Prepared by:
MD RIAZUR RAHMAN
ID: 133-23-3662
DEPT. OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNVERSITY
CONTACT NO: +880177074522