4
  . I

:e  -* $) K - $!)  -* $*a %

aA aq +bB aq
cCaq + dDaq 
c d
C D
Qr = a b :   p. +    G $*a*!    
A B

:   
!" $%& %  $!)*   +,*  -*. $%& $0 1*%  Qr  

.$!)*   +,*  2 4 60 
.8 8+ 8 Qr % B. mol l-1 8$ + 9:  ;


. Qr  B*K L; %  N:(* 6G,* $ ,  *)8   

:!1
    

CH CO- NH+ CH3CO2H( aq) +NH3( aq)
CH3CO2-( aq) +NH+

4 ( aq )
3 2 4
Qr =
[CH3CO2H] [NH3 ]

H O+ CH CO- CH3CO2H( aq) +H2O( aq)
H3O+( aq) + CH3CO-2( aq)

3 3 2
Qr =
[CH3CO2H]
2
[I2 ] SO2-
4

Qr = 2I-( aq) + S2O2-
I2( aq) +2SO2-
- 2
I 8 ( aq) 4 ( aq)
S2O2-
8

Zn2+
Qr = Zn( s ) + Cu2+( aq)
Zn2+( aq) + Cu( s )
Cu2+

:$*a*  %$.* -G; )  b  dG -*.  *  

2 : (g) 6! : (s) -0 : (l) e* : (aq)

. 8h+ i!G  -*.  $*a* *;     G

1
  4 $ * $*a*-
+r . II $
 +r tG $
 *u 4   $ * e*u B $*a  Qr -8 b *u b! hp
i

$!+ 8: Qr +r *   $*a $ .

q

+r $ *h*+ %   *p - *h  , + 


K = Qr     8: $ !* $*a :-*.
q

G )$ !. K >1.104 : 

! +r i $ *+ K   -
 

! +r i $ 8+ K{ ) !! ! -
 ! +r i $  + K 6  $*a*! -8 .-*. -

  $ $*a*! 1 )$   $*a*! 1 -8+

Q Qr 1
rq1 i

  $ $*a*! 2 )$   $*a*! 2 -8+

Q Q
rq2 ri2

  $ +:B. B! B   -8+ +:B! B

Qr 1 = Qr 2 Qr1 Qr 2
q q i i

) +r 8G8 $ h+ *$!

,:
$ B G! {; $!) B  - u + %$G  :
S
G = .
L

h ! p: + *$! ) p 1* S

! L * B+ p ") B $!)*! p: +
*.e!$ 1
B.*G + L,  b! u .d   = k.G :
L
= ;* +r k !.
S
$!) !$  - $:+ i! %$G&%$G +;  6p  u  :

2
-* $*a* $   4

= i Xi

.$!)*   $* L; Xi $G& %$G&  $* ! $*  1* i

G (S) :8$ 
(S.m-1 )
X i (mol.m-3 )
i (S.m2 .mol-1 )
:hG 8
 8h r %$G& ; 8G8) B B.*G $   8: $!)* ! $ u
B.*G   + .$   8:  & -*. $%& u+ ; N:p% e:
.$   8:   8G8)
:1
:e ,  * G$%1G  * %
CH3CO2H+H2O
H3O+ + CH3CO2-
: , 8h 8{ d:%
CH 3 COOH + H 2 O
CH3 COO - + H 3 O +   

c.V  0 0 t = 0-8 * *  ) 

c.V - x  x x $) * * 
c.V xq  x q x q $   8: * *

H3O+ CH3CO2-
q q
Qrq = :$   8:   
[ CH3CO2H]q
= (H3O+ ) H3O+ + (CH3COO- ) CH3 COO- :$!)* ! $ 
q q

x
H3O+ = CH3CO2- = q :$ 8a  +
q q V
x q
CH COOH = c
3 q V

H O+ = CH COO- =
3 q 3 q (H3O+ )+(CH3COO- ) :N:p%

CH COOH = c
3 q

(H3O )+ (CH3COO- )
+

X
q
:   ; + $ 8:  $* ; !; G 
X :; * 0 G $aG
f
.$     $*a*! -9: & ) 

3
  4 $ * $*a*-

. III $ *r ! p% b 8h  -9:*-

x q
= B! +  :B ! p% i 8h -9:
x max  


+r $ *$* h  

 6  $*a*! -8 .-*.

*BG
@@ @ 1 @na
-2 -1
c = 2,8.10 mol.l  V = 100 mle*a a:  : u b $!) pH  HA *) -;L
.pH = 2,8
-18h *u 6p   8: $.
-2 6p ; *%$.*  $ * r $*a +r *u N:0 $.
+r *u  -3 $ $!)* p: + ; c =1,0.10-2 mol.l-1 L

@2 @na
* B 0,1 mol G *+ B 0,1 mol  HCOOH G$%1$%+ "$$G 1*G.$G $%+
8h * *) h . C2H5 COOH G$%+
-1 6  .
-2  6   +r $.
+r B  -3 $  8+ 8h .! -9:
*! -4 p% 8h p ! -9: 76 % +r 6p $.

@@ @ 3 @na
-3 -1
u b $! {; $!) B  *) - ;: C6H5 COOH G; c = 5,00.10 mol.l L a:
 
h ! +r .G = 1,60.10-4 S *$! p .k = 150 m-1
-1 6   * ;:  G *.
-2 6p; &$%  -*. *)!$.
-3 +r 6p $ *h*+ %  , .
2 -1 2 -1
+ = 35,0 mS.m .mol - = 3,24 mS.m .mol :
H3O C6H5COO

@@ @ 4 @na
*)!$  *) - !$8G HF G; %.pH = 2,5 : c = 2,0.10-2mol.l-1 L )B V = 500 ml a
, *)!$.
-1 6   * !$8G  G *.
-2 d% 8a 8h $ .
-3
8 -3  6 *  $ * $*a  -*. !)  $.G 8h 9  .x = 1,0.10 mol $
8 -4    % !).
-5 +r 6p $.
-3
-6 *$    $*a $.G 8: x = 1,0.10 mol ! {$.+

$.