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2008
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-21:
2001 - 2008.
2008
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2 173
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3 173
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.
1
: 10=244.7510 10=35.26710 .
. (2 , 2) 8 4
(16 , 16) 2
1 .
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:
. 10=244.7510
(244) (0.75) .
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244
0
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122
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0.75 2 = 1.5 = 1 + 0.5
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0.0 2 = 0.0 = 0 + 0


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4 173
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0.11002. 10
2=11110100.11002
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11110100.1100
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16= 4.16
35.26710, 2=00100011.01002.
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0010
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2
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. 16=23.416
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1 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 21 + 1 22 + 0 23
0 .
, 16 :
16 161 + 416 160 + 16 161 = 15 161 + 4 160 + 12 161 = 244.7510 .
10, .

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2 16,
0 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 21 + 1 22 + 0 2
510

216 161 + 316 160 + 416 161 = 2 161 + 3 160 + 4 161 = 35.2510 .
35.267 35.25 = 0.017

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2
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=37510, =56810, =35010, =10610, =45.510 =48.7510.
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5 173
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= 
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27,...,2
375
256
256
1
119
119
128
119
64
55
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16:
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119
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256
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2
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37510 = 1011101112 = 000101110111
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: 37510 = ( 1 7 7 )16


 
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375
101110111
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1000111000
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375
. 375 :
6 173
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0101110111 1010001000
+1
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2
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0177 (15 0)(15 1)(15 7)(15 7) = (15)(14)88 = FE 88
+1
FE 89 16

375
1010001001
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568
10111001000
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7 173
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247
128
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10
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. 247 :
000011110111 111100001000
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9 173
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07 (15 0)(15 15)(15 7) = (15) ( 0 )( 8 ) = F 08
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F 09 16

247
1111 0000 1001
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932
1100 0101 1100
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2 247 1111000010012
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84.
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1
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10 173
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247
128
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10
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11 173
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12 173
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247
1111 0000 1001
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1
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07
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257
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13 173
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5
8516, 45316, 16, 1016, 10016. ,
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85 16 = 23 ( 24 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) 24 + 23 + 2
3
2
= 23 212 + 22 28 + 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 + 2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 2
= 215 + 210 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 2
= 10000101111110102.
453 16 = 22 ( 24 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + 28 + 21
3
2
= 22 212 + ( 22 + 20 ) 28 + ( 21 + 20 ) 24 + 23 + 21
= 214 + 210 + 28 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 21
= 1000101001110102.
16 = ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22
+ 21 + 20 ) 24 + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )
3
2
= 23 212 + 22 212 + 21212 + 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 2128 + 20 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 +
2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
+ 20
= 11111111111111112.
1016 = 1 24 + 0 = 100002.
10016 = 1 ( 24 ) = 1 28 = 1000000002.
2
) . :
85 16 = 215 + 210 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 2
= 235 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 3 2 + 21+ 32 + 20 + 3 2 + 22 + 31 + 21+ 31 + 20 + 31 + 21
= ( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 21
5
3
2
1
= 85 + 2 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 2
= 1027728.
453 16 = 214 + 210 + 28 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 21
= 22 + 3 4 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 23 + 22 + 3 + 21+ 3 + 20 + 3 + 21
= 22 ( 23 ) + 2 ( 23 ) + 22 ( 23 ) + 22 23 + 2123 + 20 23 + 21
4
3
2
= 4 84 + 2 83 + 4 82 + 7 8 + 2
= 424728.
16 = 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 +
22 + 21 + 20
= 235 + 22+34 + 21+34 + 20+34 + 22+33 + 21+ 33 + 233 +  + 22 + 21 + 20
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 2
3 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21 + 20
5
4
3
= 85 + 7 84 + 7 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 7
= 1777778
1016 = 1 24 + 0 = 2 23 = 2 8 = 208.
10016 = 1 ( 24 ) = 1 28 = 22 + 23 = 22 ( 23 ) = 4 82 = 4008.
2
2
14 173
2
1
-21: -
) .
85 16 = 8 163 + 5 162 +  16 + 
= 32768 + 1280 + 240 + 10
= 34298.
453 16 = 4 163 + 5 162 + 3 16 + 
= 16384 + 1280 + 48 + 10 = 17722.
16 =  163 +  162 +  16 + 
= 61440 + 3840 + 240 + 15 = 65535.
1016 = 1 16 + 0 = 16.
10016 = 1 162 + 0 16 + 0 = 256.

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1000 0101 1111 1010
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8 D 4 16 = 23 ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 22 ) 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
3
2
= 23 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 20 28 + 22 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
= 215 + 211 + 210 + 28 + 26 + 23 + 22 + 21
= 10001101010011102.
34 216 = ( 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 22 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 21 ) ( 24 ) + 21
3
2
= 21212 + 20 212 + 22 28 + 23 24 + 2124 + 21
= 213 + 212 + 210 + 27 + 25 + 21
= 00110100101000102.
16 = ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 ) ( 24 ) + ( 23 + 22
+ 21 + 20 ) 24 + ( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )
3
2
= 23 212 + 22 212 + 21212 + 212 + 23 28 + 22 28 + 2128 + 20 28 + 23 24 + 22 24 +
2124 + 20 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
= 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
+ 20
= 11111111111111112.
2016 = 2 24 + 0 = 1000002.
20016 = 2 ( 24 ) = 2 28 = 29 = 10000000002.
2
) . :
15 173
-21: -
8D 4 16 = 215 + 211 + 210 + 28 + 26 + 23 + 22 + 21
= 235 + 22 + 33 + 21+ 33 + 22 + 32 + 20 + 32 + 20+ 31 + 22 + 2
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 ) ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 20 ) ( 23 ) + ( 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21
5
3
2
1
= 85 + 6 83 + 5 82 + 1 8 + 6
= 1065168.
34 216 = 213 + 212 + 210 + 27 + 25 + 21
= 21+ 3 4 + 20 + 3 4 + 21+ 33 + 21+ 3 2 + 22 + 31 + 21
= ( 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + 21 ( 23 ) + 22 23 + 21
4
3
2
= 3 84 + 2 83 + 2 82 + 4 8 + 2
= 322428.
16 = 215 + 214 + 213 + 212 + 211 + 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 +
22 + 21 + 20
= 235 + 22+34 + 21+34 + 20+34 + 22+33 + 21+ 33 + 233 +  + 22 + 21 + 20
= ( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 2
3 ) + ( 22 + 21 + 20 )( 23 ) + 22 + 21 + 20
5
4
3
2
1
= 85 + 7 84 + 7 83 + 7 82 + 7 8 + 7
= 1777778
2016 = 21 24 + 0 = 22 23 = 4 8 = 408.
20016 = 2 ( 24 ) = 2 28 = 233 = ( 23 ) = 1 83 = 10008.
2
3
) .
8D 4 16 = 8 163 + D 162 + 4 16 + 
= 32768 + 3328 + 64 + 14
= 36174.
34 216 = 3 163 + 4 162 +  16 + 2
= 12288 + 1024 + 160 + 2
= 13474.
16 =  163 +  162 +  16 + 
= 61440 + 3840 + 240 + 15 = 65535.
2016 = 2 16 + 0 = 32.
20016 = 2 162 + 0 16 + 0 = 512.

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16 173
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0.625 2 = 1.25 = 1 + 0.25
0.25 2 = 0.50 = 0 + 0.5
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0.0 2 = 0.0 = 0 + 0

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.
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,
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0.10102. 10
2=00011000.10102
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8

16= 18.16
17 173
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135.27310, 2=10000111.01002.
:
10000111.0100
{{ { ,
8
4
7
. 16=87.416
. 2
:
0 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 2 +
= 24.62510 .
, 16 :
116 161 + 816 160 + 16 161 = 1 161 + 8 160 + 10 161 = 24.62510 .
10, .

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, .
2 16,
1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 2 +
= 135.2510

816 161 + 716 160 + 416 161 = 8 161 + 7 160 + 4 161 = 135.2510 .
135.273 135.25=0.023
10.
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255, 8 ,
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8
=14710, =327610 =30710.
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= 
2 147 + 1 = 8 . 2 1 = 2 7 = 128
147
128
19
64
19
32
19
16
3
8
3
4
3
2
128
1
0
0
0
0
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1
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14710 = 0000100100112 ,
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12 .
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18 173
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1
2 16:
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= 
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147
16
144
9
3
, 147 14710 = 9316 = 09316 .
2

.
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147 = 0000100100112 = 000010010011
{{{ = 09316 .
10
0
9
3
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147
0000 1001 0011
093

3276
1100 1100 1100


307
0001 0011 0011
133
: .
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. 147 :
000010010011 111101101100
+1
111101101101 2
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093 (15 0)(15 9)(15 3) = (15) ( 6 )(12 ) = F 6C
+1
F 6 D 16

147
1111 0110 1101
6D

3276
-*
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307
1110 1100 1101
D
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12
12 2 -211=-2048 211-1=2047.
12 (.. 16
=3276=0000 1100 1100 1100=0 1111 0011 0011 0100=334.
2 ,
2  , :
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000010010011. 2
147 212 147 = 3949 . 3949 ,
19 173
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2 147 1111011011012
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1
()
000010010011
+ 110011001100
110101011111
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2.
1
11111
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1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ()
-160. -160
2 111101100000.
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1 1
1
093
0 93
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(2) 8 4
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:
0 211 + 1 210 + 0 29 + 0 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21
120410 .
20 173
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,
. :
010010110100
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4  4
16= 4416.

:
0 {
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016 162 + 16 161 + D16 160 = 12 161 + 13 160 = 20510
.

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1204
0100 1011 0100
44

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0000 1100 1101
0D
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111111
()
010010110100
+ 000011001101
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 ()
11
()
44
+ 0D
5 8 116 ()
:
0 211 + 1 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 0 2 4 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 0
= 140910

516 162 + 816 161 + 116 160 = 140910


:
1204 + 205 = 140910

. 205 :
0000 1100 1101 111100110010
+1
111100110011
2
, :
0D (15 0)(15 12)(15 13) = (15) ( 3)( 2 ) = F 32
+1
F 33 16

(2 16).
1
11
()
21 173
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010010110100
+111100110011
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ( -)
44
+ 33
1 3  7 ( -)
:
0 211 + 0 210 + 1 29 + 1 28 + 1 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 +
910

316 16 2 + 16 161 + 716 160 = 3 16 2 +14 161 + 7 160 = 99910


:
1204 - 205 = 99910
. 10=124.6510
(124) (0.65) .
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124
2
0
62 2
0 31
1
2
15 2
1 7 2
1
3 2
1 1 2
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. , . 0.65
, :
0.65 2 = 1.30 = 1 + 0.30
0.30 2 = 0.60 = 0 + 0.60
0.60 2 = 1.20 = 1 + 0.20
0.20 2 = 0.40 = 0 + 0.40


, . 2,
.
.
.
,
.
22 173
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0.10102. 10
2=0111 1100.10102
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01111100.1010
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7 

16= 7.16

(16)
(16).
2 16
:
0 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 + 1 21 + 0 22 + 1 23
10

716 161 + 16 160 + 16 161 = 7 161 + 12 160 + 10 161 = 124.62510
124.65 124.625=0.025
10.
, , .

, 124 255,
8 , .
10
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0 (
0). . ;
. = 216 .
.
0.
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6 ( 8421),
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( 8421)

.  = 1011 01002
, :
1 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 = 18010
23 173
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: 0101 10102
:
0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 = 9010

2.
. , 1,
.
.
:
216 161 + 16 160 = 2 161 + 15 160 = 4710

:
2 {

{
00101111
= 0010 11112 , , :
0 27 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 = 4710
: 0101 11102
:
0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 = 9410

2.

.
. 6 :
26-1=63 0.
5 : 251
6 : -26-1 = -32 -26-1-1=31.
000000 100000,
1 .
:

( ) ( 2)
( 8421)

63 (111111)
+31 (011111)
+31 (011111)

0 (000000)
-31 (111111)
-32 (100000)

64
63
64
11
. = 0000 1001 01012, 12 =0D416
3 .
.
: , .

(12 )
)

0000 1001 0101

0D4
24 173
(3
-21: -
. + .
( ) 2 16
. .
.
0.
. ; .
( )

.  =0000 1001 01012


:
0 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 0 28 + 1 27 + 0 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0
= 14910 .
,
. :
000010010101
{{{
0
9 5
16= 09516.

:
0 {
D {
4
{
000011010100

:
016 162 + D16 161 + 416 160 = 13 161 + 4 160 = 21210
.
: , .

(12 )
)

149
0000 1001 0101
095

212
0000 1101 0100
0D4
(3
. (+) :
1
1 1
()
000010010101
+ 000011010100
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 12 ()
1
0 95
+ 0D4
1 6 916
()
()
:
0 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 0 27 + 1 26 + 1 25 + 0 2 4 + 1 23 + 0 2 2 + 0
= 36110

116 162 + 616 161 + 916 160 = 36110


25 173
-21: -
:
149 + 212 = 36110

.
:
0000 1101 0100 111100101011
+1
111100101100 2
, 16 :
0D4 (15 0)(15 13)(15 4) = (15) ( 2 )(11) = F 2 B
+1
F 2C
16
2 16
.
1111
()
000010010101
+111100101100
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( -)
09 5
+ 2
  1 ( -)
1 ( ),
. (
 ) 1
0000 0011 1111 (03) = 6310. 6310,
: 149 212 = 6310.
. 4 : 1001 0101
00002 ( ) :
1 211 + 0 210 + 0 29 + 1 28 + 0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 0 2
= 238410 (= 149 16)
4
24=16.
,
. :
100101010000
{{{
9 5
0
16= 95016.
4
.

. ,
12 ,
16 ( ).
26 173
-21: -
.
12
. D 61, 25, 308 479
.
. D 61 25
mm
.
:
. D ,
,
. , , :

0011 0000 1000


0110 0001
0010 0101
0100 0111 1001 D
6110 01100001. 01100001 1,
. , 1.
.
:
6
1
2
3
5

61
25
308
479

D
0110
0010
0011
0100
0001
0101
0000 1000
0111 1001
0
8
4
7
9

1
1
1
0
. . 61
m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 011000012 . m , 0  7 ,

m0
0
m1
1
m2
1
m3
0
m4
0
m5
0
m6
0
m7
1
:
3 = 1:

3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 3 0001 3 = 0
2 = 1:

2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 2 1101 2 = 0
1 = 1:

1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 1 01000 1 = 0
0 = 1:

0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 0 01000 0 = 0.
,
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
0 1 0 2 110 3 0001 = 000011000001.
25,
m0
0
m1
0
m2
1
m3
0
m4
0
m5
1
m6
0
m7
1
:
27 173
-21: -
3 = 1:

3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 3 0101 3 = 1
2 = 1:

2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 2 0101 2 = 1
1 = 1:

1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 1 01010 1 = 1
0 = 1:

0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 0 00000 0 = 1.
mm
:
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
0 1 0 2 010 3 0101 = 110101010101.
13
.  mm
, ;
. 100101112. mm
.
. 1011001101112 mm

; , ;
:
()
mm

.
()

m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 100101112 .
:
3 = 1:

3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 3 0111 3 = 1
2 = 1:
2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 2 0011 2 = 0
1 = 1:

1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 110111 1 = 0
0 = 1:

0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 0 10101 0 = 1
,
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
0 11 2 001 3 0111 =
101000110111
()
, 12,
. . ,
,
:
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 101100110111
3 :
3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 10111 3 = 0,

2 :
2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 10011 2 = 1,

1 :
1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 010111 1 = 0

0 :
0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 110101 0 = 0
28 173
-21: -
, 0100 4. ,
2 . 10010111.
14
. 110101112. mm

.
. 1110101001102 mm

; , ;
:
()

m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 110101112 .
:
3 = 1:

3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 3 0111 3 = 0
2 = 1:

2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 2 1011 2 = 0
1 = 1:

1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 110111 1 = 1
0 = 1:

0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 0 11101 0 = 1
,
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 =
0 11 2 101 3 0111 = 111010100111
()
, 12,
8 . . ,

:
0 1m0 2 m1m2 m3 3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 111010100110
3 :
3 m4 m5 m6 m7 = 00110 3 = 1,
2 :

2 m1m2 m3 m7 = 01010 2 = 1,
1 :

1m0 m2 m3 m5 m6 = 110111 1 = 0,
0 :

0 m0 m1m3 m4 m6 = 111101 0 = 0,
, 32 10 = 11002 = 1210
, m7 , 1
0. m0 m1m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
m7 11010111.
29 173
-21: -
15
.
1011112, 10102, 10101012.
.
.
.
.
:
()
101111 1, . ,
1 0. , 1010,
0 1, (2)
1010101 1 1, 0
()
:


1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
2

.


0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
.
()
, , .
,
.






16
. 11012. mm

.
. 10000012 mm

,
.
:
. .
m0 m1 m2 m3 = 11012 . m , 0  7 ,

m0
1
m1
1
m2
0
:
30 173
m3
1
-21: -
2 = 1:

2 m1 m2 m3 = 2 101 2 = 0
1 = 1:

1 m0 m2 m3 = 1101 1 = 0
0 = 1:

0 m0 m1 m3 = 0 111 0 = 1.
,
0 1 m0 2 m1 m2 m3 =
0 11 2 101 = 1010101.
.


0 1 m0 2 m1 m2 m3 = 1000001 , 0 = 1 , 1 = 0 2 = 0 .
m0
0
m1
0
m2
0

m3
1

, :
2 m1 m2 m3 = 0001 , 2 = 1
1 m0 m2 m3 = 0001 , 1 = 1
0 m0 m1 m3 = 1001 , 0 = 0
,
1. ,
2 10 = 1102 , . , m2 . m2
. m2
, m2 = 1 . 1000011
.
m0 , m1 m2
. m3 .
. ,

.
31 173
-21: -
17
mm
0 1 m0 2 m1 m2 m3 , 
m .  0 m0 , m1 , m3
m0 , m2 , m3  2 m1 , m2 , m3 .
:
) ,
) m0, .
.

m .
m0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
m1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
m3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
m1m3
m0

 0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
00
01
1
1
11
10
1
1

 0 = m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3 + m0 m1m3


= m0 ( m1 m3 ) + m0 ( m1 m3 )
= m0 m1 m3
1  2 .
  .  0 0 .
0 = 0  0 , .
. ,
 =  1 +  2 + 3

0
_0
1


_1
2
_2
m0 0 1 , m0
0 1 2 . m0
0 = 0 12 = 1 , m0 :

0 = 0 m0 .  0=0
0=1,  m0 , .
32 173
-21: -
.

18
 ;
 ;
:


. , ,
,
,
.
 .
19
.  ,  +  +  ,  +  ,  +  ,
=0.

.   = 1  +  +  = 0 ,
, , .
:
()
:

 = (1 1) 0 = (1 0) 0 = 0 0 = 0
a + b + c = 1 + 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
a + bc = 1 + 1 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
ab + c = 1 1 + 0 = 1 0 + 0 = 0
()
 (,,)=(1,1,1)
(,,)=(1,0,1). , (,,),
D =0. (,,)
0. (1,0,1) .
 +  +  , (, ,) = (0
(, , )=(0,1,0). , 1 (, ,),
, 1.
20
. ;
33 173
-21: -
.  ,  +  +  ,  +  ,  +  , =1,
=0.
.   = 1  +  +  = 0 ,
, , .
.
 = 1
 = 0 ,  ,  <  ,


.
:
()

.
.
( )
.
1,
0. ,
:
:

( 1) .
+  1  
1.
D
, . (
)  1   1.

,
.  1 = 0 .
()
:

 = (1 1) 0 = 1 0 = 0
a + b + c = 1+1+ 0 = 1+ 0 = 1
a + bc = 1 + 1 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
ab + c = 1 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
()
 (,,)=(1,1,1).
, , 
34 173
-21: -
=0. 0 . (1,1,1)
.
 +  +  , (0,0,0).
1, , 1.
()
D, 0, - ( 1 , 2 ,...,  ) ,
. , ( 1 , 2 ,...,  ) = (1,1,....,1)
, ( 1 , 2 ,...,  ) = ( 0, 0,..., 0 ) .
 1,
.
21
;
D, , . ;
:
.
,
. ,
.
D (  ) .
 (  +  ) .
   =  +   .

.
22
. : !+ !+! !+!+!.
. .
. ,
.
:
()
 ! +  ! + ! =  ! + (  + 1) ! =  ! + ! = (  +  ) !
,  +  =  +  ,
(  +  ) ! = ! + ! .
:
35 173
-21: -

 ! +  ! + ! =  ! (1 + 1) + !
=  ! + !
=  (  ! + ! )
= (  !)
()
D 
 ,
" = ( ! + ! ) = (  + ! )(  + ! )
=   +  ! + !  + ! !
=   +  ! + (  + 1) ! =   +  ! + !
=   + (  + 1) !
=   + !
: "=(+!)(+!)=!+ ( )
:
" = (  (  ! ) ) =  + (  ! )
()
D

:
" = (  ! +  ! + ! )
= (  +  + ! )(  +  + ! )(  + ! )
= (   +  ! +  + ! + ! )(  + ! )
= (   +  + ! [  +  + 1]) (  + ! )
= (   +  + ! )(  + ! )
=   + !  + !   + !  + !
= ! (  +   + 1) +  
= ! +  
D

:
" = (  ! +  ! + ! )
= (  +  + ! )(  +  + ! )(  +  + ! )
= (  +   +  ! +  +  + ! + !  + ! + ! )(  +  + ! )
= (  [1 +  + ! ] +  + ! [1 +  ]) (  +  + ! )
= (  +  + ! )(  +  + ! )
=  +   +  ! +  + ! + !  + ! 
=  [1 +  + ! + ! ] + ! + ! 
=  + ! +  !
=  + (  ! ) =  (  ! )
()
36 173
-21: -
( (   + ! ) ) = ( (   ) ! ) = ( (  +  ) ! )
,  D.
D .
23
. : " =  ! + ! +  !
=  ! + ! + ! .
. "
,
.
. "
.
. " " = 0

= 0 ,
" ,
, "
.
. ,
.
:

" :
" =   ! +  ! +  ! = (  + 1)  ! +  !
=  ! +  ! = (  +   ) ! = (  +  ) !
,  +   =  +  ,
" (  +  ) ! =  ! +  ! .
, : " = (+)!+! = 1!+! = !+! =
(+)!

:

=  ! + ! + ! = (  + 1) ! + !
= ! + !
=  ( ! + ! )
=  ( ! +  ) = ! + 

D 

,
" = (  ! + ! ) = (  + ! )( ! +  )
= ! +  + ! ! + ! 
= ! +  + ! + !  = ! (  + 1 + ) + 
= ! + 
, : "=(!+!)=(+!)(!+)=!+

:

= [(!+)] = +(!+) = +!


37 173
-21: -


,
" =  ! +  ! = (  +  )  ! +  (  +  ) !
=  ! +   ! +  ! +   !
=  ! +   ! +  !

= !+ = !(+)+(!+!) =
= !+!+!+! =
= !+!+!=(5,6,7)


" " = ( ! +  )(  ! +  ! ) = !  ! + !  ! +  ! +  !
=0+0+0+0=0
.

= (+!)(!+) = !++!!+! = 0+0+0+0 = 0



() " = !+, , D, 
. D 
 " " = (!())
D .

()
=+!. D 


=+(!+)=((!+)) , D 
.
24
"(,,!)=+!+!. .
. :
["(0,0,0)+"(0,1,0)] "(1,1,0).
:
(: D ()
. ..   .)

,
, :
"(,,!) = +!+!
38 173
-21: -
= (!+!)+!(+)+!
= !+!+!+ !+!
= !+!+!+!
= !+!+!+!
=(0,
4,
6, 7)
:

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

!
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

!
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

 !
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
!
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

!
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
"(,,!)=!+  ! +  ! +   !
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
:
1
:
"(0,0,0) = 0 0+0 0+0 0 0 = 0 0+1 1+0 1 1 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
: "(0,1,0)=0 "(1,1,0)=1.
:
["(0,0,0)+"(0,1,0)] "(1,1,0) = [1+0] 1 = 1 1 = 1
2

, .
"(0,0,0) m0
1. "(0,1,0) m2
0 "(1,1,0)
1.
:
["(0,0,0)+"(0,1,0)] "(1,1,0) = [1+0] 1 = 1 1 = 1
25
. " ( ,  ) =  +  .
,  ,
;
. " ( , , ! ) = ! +  ! + ! +  ! .
;
:
()
:
  
0 0 1
0 1 1

1
0


0
0

 
1
0
39 173

+  
1
0
-21: -
1 0 0
1
0
0
1 1 0
0
1
0
 .


0
1

"(,)

()
:
  !
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

!  !  !   ! !+
  !
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

 ! +
 ! +

! +  ! +  ! +   ! =  ( ! +  ! ) +  ( ! +  ! )
=  (  ! ) +  (  ! )
=  (  ! ).
(  ! ) = ( ! +  ! ) , .
 . 1
.


"(,,!)


!
26
. " ( ,  ) =  +  .
. ,  ,
;
. " ( ,  , ! ) = ! + ! + ! + ! .
. ;
:
()
:
  

0 0 1
0 1 1
1
0

    +
 
0
0
0
0
1
1
40 173
-21: -
1 0 0
1 1 0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
 .
()
:
  ! !  !
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

 !

  !
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

!+
  !
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1

 ! +

 ! +
! +  ! +  ! +   ! =  ( ! +  ! ) +  ( ! +  ! )
=  (  ! ) +  (  ! )
=  (  ! ).
(  ! ) = ( ! +  ! ) , .
 . 1
.
27
 (, D, ) D.
(:
 y
D).
:
( )
:
( : = , = )

D:
D :

( - )

( ) ( )
( : = , = )
41 173
-21: -
D:
 :
+ ( - )
+ ( D 
 + )
( : = , = = )

D:
28
(,,!) #(,,!)
. ;
:
,
1, 2 .
1 = ( + !) 
2 = ( !)  = ( !+ !) 
 = 1+2 = [(+!) ] + [( !+ !) ]
#.
#1 = ( + !) 
#2 = ( ) !
# = #1 + #2 = [(+!) ] + [( ) !]
(,,!) #(,,!)
. :

= [(+!) ] + [( !+ !) ]
= [( !) ] + [  !+  !]
=   ! +   ! +   !
=   ! +   ! = (2,7)
#
= [(+!) ] + [( ) !]
= [( !) ] +   !
42 173
-21: -
=   ! +   ! = (2,7)
.
29

. (:
1, 2, 3 ).
:
D :
1 = , 2 = 1 , 3 = 1 = 2 3
, :
=
= )
+
( + )
( )
( + ) ( + )
+ + +
+
(

D




( )
( D 
 )
( )
( : = 0 : + 0 = , )
,
D .
30
1 2 .
43 173
-21: -
:
$1 $1 = 
 = ( )=+. =0,
1=, =1, 1=. .
2 =  + , 0,   ,
1. :





$1




$2
$1
$2
31
,
1 2.
D.
:
= 1 + 2.
 1 D, D
. ,
1
=
()(+)
=
( +  + ) [D 
 ]
=
((+1) + ) [, , ! + 1 = 1]
=
( 1 + )
=
( + )
=
 [D M
a ]
2:
2
=
(()(+))
=
(( +  + ))
[D 
 ]
=
 +  + 
[(!) = !]
=
 +  + 
[]
,

=
1 + 2 =  + ( +  + ) =  +  +  + 
=
(+1)  +  + 
=
 +  + 
.

=
 +  + 
44 173
-21: -
=
(( +  + )) [(!) = !]
=
()
[D 
 ]
D:
( ) = .
32
(%,,,!) #(%,,,!)
. ;

,
1, 2 .
1 = (+!) %
2 = ( !)  = ( !+ !) 
 = 1+2 = [(+!) %] + [( !+ !) ]
#.
#1 = ( + !) (% + )
#2 = ( ) !
# = #1 + #2 = [(+!) (% + )] + [( ) !]
(%,,,!) #(%,,,!)
.
:
= [(+!) %] + [( !+ !) ]
= [( !) %] + [  !+  !]
= (%  !) + (  !) +(  !)
= [(%  !) ( + )] + [(  !) (% + %)] + [(  !) (% + %)]
=(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)
=( 10, 8, 15, 7, 10, 2)=( 2, 7, 8, 10 ,15)

#= [(+!) (% + )] + [( ) !]


= [( !) (% + )] + (  !)
= [(%  !) + (  !)] + [  !]
= [(%  !) ( + ) + (  !) (% + %)] + [(  !) (% + %)]
=(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)
=( 10, 8, 10, 2,15,7)
=( 2,7,8,10 ,15)
.
45 173
-21: -

 &
 .
33
() .

1, 2, 3 .
1 = (())
2 = (())
3 = (1 2) = ( (()) (()) )
= 3 + = ( (()) (()) ) +
:
= ( (()) (()) ) +
= ( () + () ) +
D 

= ( () (+) ) +
= ( (+) (+) ) +
D 

= ( +++) +
= ( +) +
=0 & +0=
= + ( + )
=0 & +0=
=  + 
+=
=+
+=+
() .
34
. (:

, , ).
1
3

1 = ()
2 = (+)
3 = (12)=1+2= ++ = +
46 173
-21: -

= (+ 3) = (++) = (+)






35
,, 1,2 .
D, D,  ,
1 2 .
:
$1 , 1. ,,1
1.
1 1
, 1, 1 0
,. , D, D,
 , 1 D.
$2 1,  2.
1,,2 2.
2 1
$1, 0, 2 0
1,. , D,
D,  , 2 .
36
- , , ,  $
.  1 0.
47 173
-21: -




$
. .
.  .
.
 .
(: 
).

. :


$
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

:

$ =  +  +  + 


. 



0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
 = 0 . =1,
. 
:
$

$
. :
48 173
-21: -

$ =  (  +  ) +  (  +  )
=  (   ) +  (   )
:
(   ) =  +  .
' =  ,

  =  + 

$ = ' (   ) + ' (   ) , $ = ' (   ) .


, ' ,
:


$



37
=0 +=1 :
(+)(+)(+) = 

1 :

:
(+) (+) (+) =
(=0, =0)
= ( +  +  + ) (+) =
(=, + = )
=  +  +  +  =
=  +  +  =
(+1=1, +=1)
=  ( + 1) +  =
=  ( + ) +  =
=  +  +  =
(=0)
( +1=1)
= ( +1)  =
= 
2 :
, :

+
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
=0 +=1 2 3
=. (=)
:
49 173
-21: -
(+) (+) (+) =
= (+) (+) (+) =
= ( +  +  + ) =
= ( +  + ) =
= ( ( + ) + ) =
= ( 1 + ) =
= 
(+=)
(=0, =, +0= )
(+=1)
(1=, +=)
38
(%,,,!) #(%,,,!)
, .
;

,
1, 2 .
1 = ( !) %= ( !+ !) %
2 = ( + !) 
 = 1+2 = [( !+ !) %] + [(+!) ]
#.
#1 = ( + !) (% + )
#2 = ( %) !
# = #1 + #2 = [(+!) (% + )] + [( %) !]
(%,,,!) #(%,,,!)
.
:
= [(+!) ] + [( !+ !) %]
= [( !) ] + [% !+ % !]
= (  !) + (% !) +(% !)
= [(  !) (% + %)] + [( % !) ( + )] + [( % !) ( + )]
=(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)
=( 10 , 2, 15, 13, 10, 8)
=( 2,8,10,13 ,15)

#= [(+!) (% + )] + [( %) !]


= [( !) (% + )] + (% !)
= [(%  !) + (  !)] + [% !]
= [(%  !) ( + ) + (  !) (% + %)] + [(% !) ( + )]
=(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)+(%   !)
=( 10, 8,10, 2,15, 13)
=( 2,8,10,13,15)
50 173
-21: -
.

 &
 .
,  :
=%( ! +!)+(!+)
=% ! +%!+( ! )
=  ! (%+) + %!
=(+!) (%+) + %!
=#
.
39
- , , ,  $1, $2
.  1 0.

.  1 2.
. 1 2

. :


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1


0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

$1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
:

$ 1 =  +  +  + 


2 2, :

$ 2 =  +  =  $ 2 =  + 
51 173
-21: -
. 1 : $ 1 =  +  = (  ) , :



40
( ()
(( ). ,
(,,!), (2,4,5,6)=(0,1,3,7).

(2,4,5,6)= ((0,1,3,7))=
=(!+!+!+!)
=((++!)+(++!)+(++!)+(++!))
=(++!)(++!)(++!)(++!)
=(++!)(++!)(++!)(++!)
= 0 1 3 7
=(0,1,3,7)
:
,
.
:
(2,4,5,6)= ! + ! + !+! =! (+ )+ (!+! )=! +
,
(0,1,3,7)=(++!)(++! )(+ +! )( + +! )=
=(++! +++! +!+!+!! )( + +! +  +  + ! +!  +!  +! ! )
=(++! ++!++! +!+!! )( + +  + + ! +!  +! +!  +! )
=(+)( +! )
= +! + +!
= +! +!
= + ! +! +!
= +!
:
(+=)   , , =0.
41
(%,,,!) #(%,,,!)
. ;
(: 1,2 #1,#2.)
52 173
-21: -

%
1


2



!


 = (1 + 2 + )
 .
1 = %( + !) [ D  ]
2 =  (%+!) [ D  ]
 = (1 + 2 + ) = 1 2  [' 
 ]
[' 
 ]
= (%( + !)) ((%+!)) 
= (% + ( + !)) ( + (%+!))  [' 
 ]
= (% + !)( + %!)
[' 
 ]
= (% + % %! + ! + ! %!)  []
= (% + !%) 
[   = 0 ,   = ]
= %  + %  !
 
 = %  (!+!)+ %  ! = %  ! + %  ! + %  !+ = (4,8,9).
#
# = #1 #2

#1 = ( (%,) + ) = (%,)  [' 


 ]
= (% + %)  [ ]
= % + %
#2 = % + ( !) = % +  + !

# = (% + %) (% +  + !)
= 0 + 0 + %  ! + % % + %  + % !
= %  ! + % + % + % ! [   = 0,   = ]
= %  ! + % + % !
= %  ! + % (1 + !)
[ %]
= %  ! + %
[ 1 +  = 1]
# :
# = %  ! + %(!+!) = %  ! + %! + %! = (4, 9, 8).
 # ,
.
: ,  #
, .
53 173
-21: -

.

42
, ( )
( ) .
:
(D) - () - ().
.
.
1 0
1 0
.
. ,
.
.  &
 .
:
.
(D,,) ( , ).
:
D
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1


0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
. 2  &
 , .

00
01
11
D
1
0
D 1

10
1
1
00
01
11
0
1
1
D 1

= + D + D


= D
.
54 173
10
-21: -
43
:  (%,,,!) = (2,4,6,7,8,10,14,15)
.  &
.
. .
:
.  &
,
, .

%

!

00
01
11
1
00

%
10
01 1
1
1
11
1
1
10 1


1
!
(%,,,!) =   +  ! + % !+ %  !
.  &
 D-.

, :
(%,,,!)
=  + ! + %! + %!
= ( + !)  + (% + %) !
= ( + !)  + (% ) !
55 173
-21: -
44
(=3210)
() =-9. .. =1210=11002,
=-9=12-9=310=112.
.
.
.  &
.
. D.

.
=1510 : =-9=15-9=610=1102.
. 4 (=3210),
3 (=210) .
, ,
() .
:

3 2
1
0

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6










0
0
0
0
1
1
1










0
0
1
1
0
0
1










0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
56 173
-21: -
.  &
,
.
,
(%,,,!) (3210).

%

%
!


00
01
11
10
00

01

11
1
1
1


10
!
2(%,,,!) =   +  !

%
%

!

00
01
11
10
00

01

11 1
1
10
1


!
$1(%,,,!) = ! +  !

%
%

!

00
01
11
10
00

01

11 1
1
10
1


!
$0(%,,,!) = !
. D
:
2 = +! = [() (!)]
$1 = !+! = [(!) (!)]
$0 = ! = (!!)
:
57 173
-21: -
45
. , ,
, D 0,
50 1, .

:

, :
 D .
,, D.
,D , ,
.

.

 &
.
.
58 173
-21: -
:
, , , D 1
. , =1 =0 .
, . =.
, :

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1



D

00
11
10
00 1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1



1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1

00
01
11
10
01 1

1
11
D
00


1
11 1
1
1


10 1
D
D
= +D++D++D =
= (+) + D + (+)(+D) =
= (+) + D + ()(+D)



D
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
01
10

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
= D+D++D =
= (+)(D) + ()(+D) =
= (+)(+D) + ()(D)




D
59 173

-21: -
46
D -7- (D  7-)
m 
')).  &
 7 : 
, , ', , ",
.
10 D ') :
[0] = {,,,',,"}

[1] = {,}
[2] = {,,',,
}
"

[3] = {,,,',
}
[4] = {,,",
}

[5] = {,,',",
}


[6] = {,,',,",
}
[7] = {,,}
'
[8] = {,,,',,",
}
[9] = {,,,',",
}
( 10 15 .)
:
D %, , , ! ( % ),
7 , , , ', , ",
:
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0

1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

!
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
,,,
,D


1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1



1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1



1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


'
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1



1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0


"
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1

0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1


,  &
,
7 , D-
( , D  D):

%
!


00
01
00 1

%
11
10
1
1
01
1
1
1
11


10 1
1


%

!
00
00 1
01
11
10
1
1
1
01 1


%
1
11



10 1
1

!
!
 = % +  + ! + !

 =  + ! + !
60 173

-21: -
01
11  10
1
1
01 1
1
1
1
11


10 1
1


% ! 00
00 1

%
%

%
%
01
11
10
00 1
1
01
1
11
11
10
1
1
01
1
1
11


10 1
1



' = % + ! +  + ! + !


00
01

!
 =  +  + !

%
00
00 1

!


!

10 1


%


!
00
01
11
00 1

%
01 1
1
11


10 1
1


!
1

 = !+ !
" = % +  + ! + !

%
!

00
01
00

%
10
11
10
1
1
1
01 1
1
11



10 1
1

= % +  +  + !
61 173



-21: -

%


!
! !

!



!

!
!

!



'

"

47
7- (7-)
m  '').
 &
 7 , , , ', , ",




D

7-
(0-) ') :




'

"


"




'
[0]={,,,',,"}
[1]={,}
[2]={,,',,
}
[3]={,,,',
}
[4]={,,",
}
[5]={,,',",
}
[6]={,,',,",
}
[7]={,,}
[8]={,,,',,",
}
[9]={,,,',",
}
[]={,,,,",
}
[]={,',,",
}
[]={',,
}
[D]={,,',,
}
[]={,',,",
}
[]={,,",
}

"
. 4 , , , D (
). ' , , , ', , ",
, ')
1.
62 173
-21: -
:
, , , D, ( 
), 7 , , , ', , ",
:

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9



D




1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1


1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0

1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0

'
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0


1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

"
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

,
 &
, 7
, :


D

00
01
00 1
1
01

11
10 1
11
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


D


00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
1
01
1
10
1


1
11

1

1
1
1
D
D

 = ++D+D+
 = +D+D+D+D



D

00
01
11
00 1
1
1
01 1
1
1
11
1
10 1
1
1
10


D

00
01
00 1
1
1



D
 = +D+++D

11
10
1
1
01
1
1
11 1
1
1
10 1
1


1
D
' = +D+D+D+D

63 173
-21: -




D


00
01
11
10
00 1
1
01
1
11 1
1
10 1
1
1
1
1


D

00
01
11
10
00 1
01 1


1
1
11


10 1
1
1
1
1
1


D
D
 = ++D+D
" = ++D++D


D

00
01
00


11
10
1
1
01 1
1
1
11 1
1
1
1
10 1
1
1
1


D

= ++D+
, "
(-D-) ( ,
, D  D):

" = ++D++D

= ++D+
48
. ,
(3210, 3 ) 2 (2) mm ),
.
. ,
4 ) (3210, 3 )
2 (2) mm ) ()
'
m
&').
64 173
-21: -
:
. 4 ) 16 ,
. 2,  
()
). ( )
2 : = -323 + 222 + 121 + 020.

2
3
2

1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1

2
3
2

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1

3
2

1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

. , 4=3, 3=3210= 3(0+1+2) 0=0.


65 173
-21: -
,  &
,
2 1, -D-
( , , D  D):
1
10
00
32

01
11
10
3

1
1
1
11 1
1
10
1
00
11
10
00
1
1
01
1
1
32

00
01 1
1
10
2
3
1
01
11
1
1
10
1
1
2

0
0
2=23+012+023+12

1 = 01+13+013

,
, :
2 = 23+012+023+123 = 2(3+01) + 23(0+1) =
= 2[3(0+1)] + 2[(0+1)3] = 2 [3(0+1)].
1 = 01+13+013 = 1(0+3) + 103 = 1(03) + 1(03) = 1 (03).
3

2
1

0
4
3

2
1
0

49

(1,2,3) . ,
, () 1
.
1 0

(1,2,
() 1 .
:
66 173
-21: -
1 2 3

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1  &
 .
23
00
1
0
1
1 1
2
01
11
1
10
1
1
3

= 23 + 12 + 13

. , D 
 ,
, .
: = (2+3) + (1+2) + (1+3)
.  3- ,
, ,
, .
50
(=3210)
() =-10. .. =1210=11002,
=-10=12-10=210.
.
.
.  &
.
. D.
.
.

.
=1510 : =-10=15-10=510=1012.
67 173
-21: -
. 4 (=3210),
3 (=210) .
, ,
() .
:


3 2
1
0

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
.  &
,
.
 &
 4 ,
(%,,,!) (3210).

%
!


00
01
11
10
00

01

1
1
11

%
10

!
2(%,,,!) =  
68 173

-21: -

%

%
!


00
01
11
10
00

01

11
1
1
10


!
$1(%,,,!) = 
%

!

00
01
11
10
00

01

1
1

1
11

%
10

!
$0(%,,,!) = !
. D
:
2 =  = [()] = [() ()]
$1 =  = ()
$0 = !
:
.  &

:
2 = %
$1 = %
$0 = %! + %!
69 173
-21: -
51

D.





D


:
:
 = D + D + D + D +  + D
 &
 :

D
00
00
01
11
10
0
0
1
0
01
0
0
1
0
11
1
0
0
0
10
1
1
1
1
:
 =  +  + D
D 

D:
 = ( +  + D) = (() () (D))
:
70 173
-21: -
52

(%,,,!) 1
1 0.
. .
.  &
.
.
1 0,
D.

. (%,,,!) .
16 :
%




!


0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
.  &
 .
.
.
71 173
-21: -

!


00

%
01
11
10
00
1
01
1
11

%
1
1


1
10

!
 = % + ! + %! + %!
. 1
0 .  &
.
.
.

%
!


00
01
11

00
01
11

%
10
10

1
1
1


!
 = % + !

D
:
= % + ! = [(% + !)] = [(%)(!)]
:
53

(v,%,,,!) 1
1 0.
. .
72 173
-21: -
.  &
.

. (v,%,,,!) .
32 :
v

%



!

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.  &

, v=0 v=1,
.
( v=0 v=1)
. .

v=0
!
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1
11
1
10
1
1
1

%

%
!
73 173


-21: -
v=1

%
!


00
01
00
1
1
01
1
11
10
1

11

%
10
1
!
% + %! + % !+ !
( 1) ( v=1),
( v=0) .

.
. ,
,
.
.
.
.

v=0
!
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1
11
1
10
1
1
1

%

%


!
v% + v! + v% ! + v + v% + v!
, :
= %+%!+%!+!+v%+v!+v%!+v+v%+v!
54
(%,,,!)
1 0
2.
. .
.  &
.
.
7  .
74 173
-21: -
.
1 0,
D.

. (%,,,!) .
16 :
%



!

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
.  &
 .
.
.

!
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
0
1
11
1
0
0
0
10
1
1
0
1

%
%


!
 = % + % + %! +  + ! + !
.
:
= % + % + %! +  + ! + !
= % + % ( + !) +  ( + !) + !
= % + (% + ) ( + !) + !
= (%+) + (% ) ( !) + ( +!)
:
75 173
-21: -
. 1
0 .  &

.
.
.

!
00

%
01
11

00
01
11

%
10
10

1
1
1

!
 = % + !
D
:
= () = (% + !) = (%)(!) = [(%)(!)] = [ [(%)(!)] [(%)(!)]]
D :
D
D.
55
5  .

2, ,  :
=1 <, =0 .
76 173
-21: -

=10 =10. ,

10
-2
11
-1
00
0
01
1

1
0
1
0


0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
 &
 .
.
.
1


1
1
0
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
11
1
1
0
0
10
1
1
1
0

10

0
0
 = 11 + 100 + 010

7
2 . :
 = 11 + 100 + 010 =
= 11 + 00 (1+ 1)
5 2 .
:
77 173
-21: -
56
'2'1'0
'2'2'1'1'0'0 ' ', 
'2'1'0. , , 110
1010010.
, ( ) .

 ( ' ,
' ).
. ,
.   = ( ' ' )
:
:
'
'

0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
 = ' ' + ' ' = ( ' ' ) .










,
, .
' , ' .
:

'0
'1

(
'2
 :
78 173
-21: -
 (
D , .  , 
). ( ,
'. (
. (
,  .

:
'0_
'1_

(
'2_

:
 . 
, '_ & '_,
, '_:
'
' 
' _ 

0
0
0
0
 &


0
0
1
1
'  00 01 11 10
' _  = '  + '  ,
0
1
0
0
'
:
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
'

'_
'_

'
57

1.
79 173
-21: -
) # 1

0 .
) # . .
) #
. .

)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

D
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

#
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
) # =   +  D +   D 


# =   +  ( D +  )
=   +  ( D )
= (  +  ) + (  + D )
= ( (  +  )(  + D ) )
, :
80 173
-21: -
58
) 
(,,,D) =(1,3,5,7,9,11,12,14).
)  .

)
D 
0
0000
0
)  &

1
0001
1
2
0010
0
D
3
0011
1
00 01 11 10

4
0100
0
00
1
1
5
0101
1
01
1
1
6
0110
0
11
1
1
7
0111
1
10
1
1
8
1000
0
9
1001
1
 =  D +  D + D
10 1010
0
= (  +  ) D + D
11 1011
1
( D 
 )
12 1100
1
= (  ) D + (  ) D
13 1101
0
= (  ) D
14 1110
1
15 1111
0
 :



D
59

1 9, 8421.
 1 3,
. 4 2 .

1 9,
.
. 0 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
, . :
81 173
-21: -

!%
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111


0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1






 &

!%

00
00
01
11
10



01
11
10
1

1



1


  = % + !% + !% = % +
!(%+%) =  % + ! (  %). :


%


!

60
,,!,%
1 , 0.
:
. (: 0 1 )
.
.  &

. 2 .

82 173
-21: -
.
  ! % 
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 1
0
0 0 1 0
1
0 0 1 1
1
0 1 0 0
0
0 1 0 1
1
0 1 1 0
0
0 1 1 1
1
1 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 1
0
1 0 1 0
0
1 0 1 1
1
1 1 0 0
0
1 1 0 1
1
1 1 1 0
0
1 1 1 1
0
)  &

D

00
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

# =   +  D +  
.

!%

00 01 11
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
10
1
1
1

=! %+  !+ !%+ !%


. 2 ,
. :
=! %+  !+ !%+ !%=%(  !)+ !( +%)
.
83 173
-21: -

*
$
W



61
, 2
10 10 , 2 .

(1, 0, 1, 0) = 1, | |=2
0, ,
1 2.
D,  .

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
| |
0
1
2
1
1
0
3
2
2
3
0
1
1
2
1
0

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

10
00
01
11
10
10

00
01
11
1
1
1
1

$ = 10 10 + 1010


+ 1010 + 10 10
= 11 ( 0  0 ) + 11 ( 0  0 )
= ( 11 + 11 )( 0  0 )
= ( 1  1 )( 0   0 )
84 173
10
-21: -
62

(3) D 2 .
:
:
:
 = D + D + D + D + D
 &
 :
D

00
00
01
11
10
0
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
11
1
1
0
1
10
1
1
0
1
:
 =  + D
:
 = ( + D) =  ( + D) =  ( D) = ( ( D))
3 D 2 :
85 173
-21: -
:
:

 = D + D + D + D + D


 &

:
D

00
00
01
11
10
0
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
0
11
1
1
0
1
10
1
1
0
1
,
:
 =  + D
 D 
 ,
D:
 = ( + D) =  ( D) = ( ( D))
, 3 D 2
.
63
(%,,,!)
1 0
2 0 .
. .
.  &
.
.
4 (
).
.
0 2,
( ).

86 173
-21: -
. (%,,,!) .
16 :
%



!

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
.  &
 .
.
.

%

%
!


00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
1
01
1
0
0
0
11
1
0
0
0
10
1
1
0
0

!
 = % +  + !
.
:
= % +  + !
=  (% + ) + ( + !)
=  (% ) + ( + !)
= ( + (% )) + ( + !)
:
87 173
-21: -
. 0
2, .  &

.

.

%
%

!

00
01
11
10
00
1
1

01

0
0
0
11

0
0
0
10
1

0
0

!
 = 


:
=  = (+)
 :
88 173
-21: -

. -
64
 ;
.
2--4
''

20
D0


21
D1
(,,,D)

D2


 
D
D3
:
D0 D2 0 2 , .
:
:
D0 = [(D)] =[ D]
D2 = [(D)] =[ D]
:  = D0 D2 = [D] [D] = [D+ D] =
[D(+)]=[D1] = [D] = ++D
65
 .
.
2--4
D'



 20
21
D
 
0
1
2
3

(,,,D)
:
0 3 0 3 , .
: 0 = D[() ] = D[(+) ] = D + D
:
3 = D[() ] = D.
:
 = 0 + 3 = D + D + D

89 173
-21: -
 &

.

D
00
01
11
10



00
1
01
1
1
1
11


10
D
66
#(,,) ,
2--1.
.
2--1
2--1
&
&
* 0
0
1 1
#( ,$,*)
$ 1
$

:
($,*) . :  = $1 + $* = $(1+*) +
$* = + + = + (+) = $+* (: =$1+$* =$+$* =($+$)($+*)
=1($+*) =$+*).
, : # = $ +  = $ +
($+*) = $ + $ + * = ( + )$+ * = $ + *
, # = ($+ ) ($+*).
 &
 #
 &
,
, .

00
01
11
10
!
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
# # = (+) (+!).
90 173
-21: -
67
#(,W,,,) ,
3 2--1.
.
2--1
&
0
1 1
$

#0
2--1
&

0
1
2--1
&

0
*
0
1
W

#(,W, ,$,*)

#1
:
2--1 0, 1,  ()) , :
 = 0 + 1
:
1 ( ): #0 = $+1$ = $+$ = +
2 ( ): #1 = 0W+*W = W*
3 ():
# = #0+#1 = ( +$) + (W*) =  +$+W*
# ,
#(,W, ,$,*), (.. #  &
 0):

00
W
W

$
01
11
10
00 0
0
1
1
01 1
1
1
1
11 1
1
1
1
10 0
0
1
1

00
W

*
$
01
11
10
00 0
0
0
0
01 0
0
0
0
11 0
1
1
0
10 0
1
1
0

*
: # = W + * +  $.
D 
 , :
# = ( W + * +  $ ) = (W)(*)( $) = (+W)(+*)(+ +$).
91 173


-21: -
68

(%,,) = % +   + %
4--1. : 0=,
1=% %,, .
:

(%,,), (. )
, 0- 3, .

%
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1


0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

(%,,)
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1

4--1

3


1
0



0=
1=
2=

%

3=
1
0


:
 = 1 0 0 + 1 0 1 + 1 0 2 + 1 0 3
= %  0 + %  1 + % 2 + % 3
:
 = 0 , % = 0  = 0 , . %  = 1 , 0 =
( 0, 0,  )
 = 1 , % = 0  = 1 , . %  = 1 , 1 =
( 0,1,  )
 = 2 , % = 1  = 0 , . % = 1 , 2 =
(1, 0,  )

 = 3 , % = 1  = 1 , . % = 1 , 3 =
(1,1,  ) .
,
0 =
( 0, 0,  ) = 0 y + 1 y + 0 y = y
I1 =
( 0,1, y ) = 0 y + 0 y + 1 1 y = y
I 2 =
(1, 0, y ) = 1 y + 1 y + 0 0 y = y
I 3 =
(1,1, y ) = 1 y + 0 y + 0 1 y = y
92 173

(%,,)
-21: -
69
8--1
(%,,,!) =  (  (%,),  (,!)) ((%,,,!)=(%)(!)) .
:
, (%,,,!):
%



!

%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


(%,)
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

 (,!)
(%,,,!)
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1

0 = !
1 = !
2 = !
3 = !
4 = !
5 = !
6 = !
7 = !
() %, ,  (%=)
. , ! ,
0 7, ! (.
).
:
!



%
)0 0
)1
)2

1
2
3
4
5
(%,,,!)

93 173
6
7
-21: -
70
 ,
1 .
3 1 (
:

.
,
- .
, :
5
4
3
2 1
0




  
  



  

2







1
0

-

71
D 4 .
4 D.
:
4  0000+0000+(0)=0000
1111+1111+(1)=(1)1111 ( ). D,
1001+1001+(1)=(1)1001.
(0)0000 (0)1001, D .
D 4 , ,  , 0 , 9,
4 00000
10011=(9+9+1). D
:
94 173
-21: -

(1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
D
(

(D
)
D )
(2)
(3)
()%!
(0)0000
(0)0000
(0)0001
(0)0001
(0)0010
(0)0010
(0)0011
(0)0011
(0)0100
(0)0100
(0)0101
(0)0101
(0)0110
(0)0110
(0)0111
(0)0111
(0)1000
(0)1000
(0)1001
(0)1001
(0)1010
(1)0000
(0)1011
(1)0001
(0)1100
(1)0010
(0)1101
(1)0011
(0)1110
(1)0100
(0)1111
(1)0101
(1)0000
(1)0110
(1)0001
(1)0111
(1)0010
(1)1000
(1)0011
(1)1001

D
(4) (1)

(4)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
9,
. '
9. ,  &

, =0 =1.
19 31
.

!


%

%
00
01
11

!
10

%
%
00
01
11
10
00
1
00 1



1
01
1
01


1
11
1


10


11
1
1
10
1
1

!


!

=1

=0
' = %+%+. D 
 ' = % +
% +  = ((%)(%))=((%)(%)())
.
95 173
-21: -


&
'

D &
0

%!




0


72
7483 4 ).
(+ '
m) .

/ 8 ). 2.

(18)10.
(33)1016 1
3
4
7
8 11 10

 4 4 3 3 2  2 1 1
14
 &


7483
13
4 3 2 1
15 2
6
 = 5
#D= 12
9
. 3.1: 4- 7483. 1 4 1
, 1 4
. 
1, 1 & 4, 4.
.
4  4

3  3
2  2

1  1  






 

 
  

  






 &

 &
&

&
& 4

3
2
1
. 3.2: 4 ).
96 173
-21: -
:
73
(,,,D) #(,,,D),

()&m " m m)). (  ).
2--4
D'



1
0
D3
D2
D1
D0


2--4
D'

D
1
0
D3
D2
D1
D0

#
:
(v %) :
'': D0 = (), D1 = (), D2 = (), D3 = ().
'': D0 = (D), D1 = (D), D2 = (D), D3 = (D).
,  # () :
97 173
-21: -
 = (() () (D)) = () + () + (D) =
 +  + D = (+) + D = 1 + D =  + D.
# = (() + (D)) = () (D) = D.
 m m) {m4, m5, m6, m7, m12, m13, m14, m15} (=m 1 ). D
m m) {m3, m7, m11, m15} (=m 11).
D m m m0 (=m0000).
,  #
()&m " m m)) :
 = {3,4,5,6,7,11,12,13,14,15}
# = {0}.
74
(,,,D) #(,,,D),

()&m " m m)). (  ). : 2
(0).
:
98 173
-21: -
(v %)
2 0 (
D3, D2, D1, D0 , ), :
3--8 '': D0 = (), D1 = (), D2 = (), D3 = ().
2--4 '': D0 = (D), D1 = (D), D2 = (D), D3 = (D).
,  # () :
 = (() + (D)) = () (D) = D
# = (() (D) (D)) = () + (D) + (D) =
=  + D + D =  + 
D m m m14 (=m1110).
 m m) {m0, m1, m4, m5, m8, m9, m12, m13} (=m 0 ).
 m m) {m0, m1, m2, m3} (=m00 ).
,  #
()&m " m m)) :
(,,,D) = {14}

#(,,,D) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,8,9,12,13}.
75
" :
"( ) = & ( )
(= )
. 4  (0000[2]-1111[2]),
2  (00[2]-11[2]).
) " .
) "0, "1, ",
 &
.
) " (. "0, "1 ) D.
) "0 8--1.
:
)

%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
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0
1
1
0
0
1
1

!
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

"( )= & ( )
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
99 173

"1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
"0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-21: -

%

!

00
00
01
11
10
1
1
1

%
%
1
1
1
10
1
1
1


00
01
11
10
01 1
1
1
1
11 1
1
1
1
10 1
1
1
1
00
01
11 1

!

%
!
)


!
"0 = % +  + ! = % + (+!)
"1 = % + 

) :
"1 = % + 
"0 = % + (+!)
(6 )
"1 = % + 
"0 = % +  + !
D (7 )
) "0 8--1, 3
( )) 0-7 0,
!, !, "0 !, 2 .
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

!
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
"0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0=!
1
1
1
!
0
0
1
!
1=1
2=0
3=0
4=!

%


5=1
6=1
7=1
100 173

8--1
7
6
5
4
3
2

1
0
2
1
0
"0 (%,,,!)
-21: -
76
3--8,
6.13 .
4--16 3--8.
:
101 173
-21: -
77
4--1 ( 1 ),
:
) 16--1, ) 12--1, ) 4--1, 4 , ) 64--1.
:
) 16 4 (4 ,
4 ),
. , 5 4 .
) 12 3 (4 ,
3 ),
. , 4 4 .
) 4
.
) () (), 64 ,
1 . 2 . ,
21 6 .
78
8 1 (74151)
,
16 1. .
102 173
-21: -
:
79
(, , , ') = (4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15)
2--4 ( );
:
2--4 2 .
(. ), 2
. 4
2 ,
. .  &

:
103 173
-21: -
'
00

01
11
10
00
0
0
0
0
01
1
0
1
1
11
1
0
1
1
10
1
0
1
1
 = ++'+' = (+)+(+)' = (+)(+')
D 

=()(')=12, 1=  2= '.
1, 2 2 ,
, ,
. 1 0, D0
(1,0)=(,) 2
1, D1
(1,0)=(,'). , 1, 2 ,
12 0, D0
(1,0)=(1,2) :



1
D0

0
D1
1


'

1
D0

0
D1
1
2
2

1
D0

0
D1
D2
D2
D2
D3
D3
D3

 2--4,
:



1
D0

0
D1
1

D2
D3

'

1
D0

0
D1

1
D0

0
D1


D2
2

D3
D2
D3
80
=+3+2
=3210 4-), =10 2 .
, 2 1 (
). .
(: =3+2,
=+).
104 173
-21: -
:
=3+2.
, .
 , 0, 1, 2 3 (
 2, 5, 8, 11 ( ). 
, (0010, 0101, 1000,
1011 ). 
 ( ).
10
00
01
10
11
3210
0010
0101
1000
1011

. (
) . 3=1, 0=0. 2, 1
, 2 1.
.
10
00
01
10
11

2
0
1
0
0
10
00
01
10
11
D0=0
D1=0
1
1
0
0
1
D0=0
D1=0
2 1
1, D0, D1 .
 :
0 0
1
D 0 D1

1
3

0 0

1
D0 D1
2
0
1
0

, .
/, .
3

4

3


2


2


1


1


0


0


&m
&m

&m
&m

3
2

1
0

0, 0
 . 
5 .
. 5 (4)
. :
105 173
-21: -

0 0
3

4

1


D0 D1

2


0 0

1


1


D0 D 1


&m
&m

&m
3

2
1

1
0

0


&m
0

81
(,,)=++ 2 1 (
).
(:    ).
:
2 1 D0, D1, #
#=)D0+)D1. 
   . :
(,,) =  F(0,b,c) + aF(1,b,c) (0,,) =  (1,,) = +.
  D0= (0,,
D1= (1,,). (0,,) (1,,)
  :
(0,,) =  F(0,0,c) + b F(0,1,c) (0,0,)=0 (0,1,)=
(  D0=0 D1=).
(1,,)=  F(1,0,c)+ b F(1,1,c) (1,0,)= (1,1,)=1
(  D0= D1=1).
:
0
D0


D1

D0
1
D0
D1
D1



82

 , =10 =10, .
3 8
1, . (: 00=1).

5 ), 33=27,
5 ) . :
106 173
-21: -

1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1

0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
4, 3, 2, 1, 0 ,
. 5 3 8.
07, 815.
:
4=(15), 3=(11,14,15), 2=(10), 1=(9,13,15), 0=(0,4,5,6,7,8,12,13,14,15)
0 0=((1,2,3,9,10,11)),
. :

1
0
1
0

  0
1
22
2
21
3
4
20
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
  0
1
22
2
21
3
0
4
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0
1
2
3
4
83

, 4 2
107 173
-21: -
. 4
, 2 4  2
(: 4
).

2
1
0
0
+
1 0
0
++1
1 0
1
-
1 1
0
-
1 1
1
---1

2 -
+ $ +1 ( $ 1 ).
:
-=+  +1, -=  ++1, ---1=  +1+  +1-1=  +  +1

2
1
0
0
1 0
0
1 0
1
1 1
0
1 1
1

+
++1
+  +1
 ++1
 +  +1
4
.
*3
4
*2
$3

)3

3

*1

$2


)2
2


)1

*0
$1
1

$0
0 
0

)0

(
2
1
0) 3...0 3..0
3...0 3...0 3..0 3...0 :

2
1
0 = 110, 111

2
1
0 = 101, 111

:
108 173
-21: -

1
21 .

0
20 2 4

0

'0
1

'1
2
3
'2
'3

2
'1, '2, '3 1

2
1
0 101, 110, 111 . ,
:
',=1 '3=1
'1=1 '3=1
'1, '2, '3 1
, :
1. '2=1 '3=1 , '2'3=01 '2'3=10,
' 2 ' 3 + ' 2 ' 3 = 1 , '2'3=1.
2. '1=1 '3=1 , '1'3=01 '1'3=10,
' 1 ' 3 + ' 1 ' 3 = 1 , '1'3=1.
1
. 
:

,  ,
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
=1 ,= , =0 ,=,.
,=1 ,=  ,=0 ,=. 
,
.
3...0 3..0 3...0 3...0 3..0 3.
=('2'3) =('1'3)
(03).
2
1
0 0 100
'1, '2, '3 0 ,
.

2
1
0 =
100, 101, 110, 111 .
0 .

2=1 0=
2. .
109 173
-21: -

1
21

0
20
0
'0
.
2 4
1
'1


3
2
'2
'3

3

3
2

2
1

1
0

0

*3
4

$3

*2
3


)3
$2


*1
2
)2

*0
$1


)1
1

$0
0 

0

2
)0
84
8 1 2 1.
 (   ).

2 1 D0, D1, #
#(),D0,D1)= ) D0+)D1.
  :
#(),D0,D1)= ) D0+)D1= ) #(0,D0,D1)+) #(1,D0,D1)
#(0,D0,D1)=D0 #(1,D0,D1)=D1.
.
D0
0
D1
1

#(0,D0,D1)

#(),D0,D1)
#(1,D0,D1)
)
0

#(),D0,D1)
1
)
8 1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

()2, )1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)=
= ) 2 ) 1 ) 0 0 + ) 2 ) 1 ) 0 1 + ) 2 )1 ) 0 2 + ) 2 )1 ) 0 3 + ) 2 )1 ) 0 4
+ ) 2 )1 ) 0 5 + ) 2 )1 ) 0 6 + ) 2 )1 ) 0 7 .
   )2:
()2,)1,)0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)= ) 2 (0,)1,)0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)+)2(
1,)1,)0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
(0,)1,)0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)= ) 1 ) 0 0 + ) 1 ) 0 1 + ) 1 ) 0 2 + )
1 )0 3 =0()1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3,)
(1, )1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)= )1 )0 4 + )1 )0 5 + )1 )0 6
+ )1 )0 7 = 1()1, )0, 4, 5, 6, 7,).
2 1 .
0()1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3)

0
()2, )1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

1()1, )0, 4, 5, 6, 7) 1
)2
110 173
-21: -
  0 1 )1:
0(0, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3,)= ) 0 0 + )0 1 = 00()0, 0, 1)
0(1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3,)= )0 2 + )0 3 = 01()0, 2, 3)
1(0, )0, 4, 5, 6, 7,)= )0 4 + )0 5 = 10()0, 4, 5)
1(1, )0, 4, 5, 6, 7,)= )0 6 + )0 7 = 11()0, 6, 7)

00()0, 0, 1)
0
01()0, 2, 3)
1
0
0
()2, )1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
1
10()0, 4, 5)

0
11()0, 6, 7)

1
1

)1
)2

00, 01, 10 11 2 1


. :
0
0
1
1
2
0
3
1
00

01
0
0
1

()2, )1, )0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)


0
4
0
5
1
10
0
11
6
7
1
0
1

1
1

)0
)1

)2
 
)1 ( )0) ,
( ) 7 2 1
111 173
-21: -
85

 , ( =210 =10),
(=. (D),
.

:
1
1
10
01
10+01

2

+
3

21
21+2
3

20
11
20+11+1
2

0
0
00
00
1

1, 2, 3
10+01, 20+11+1, 21+2 . j
.
6 ,
10+01 21+2,
20+11+1. .
1 0

2 

)

3  
)
3

21+2
20+11+1
2  1  0
1 

)
10+01

00
86
() ;
112 173
-21: -



1
2
20


D'
0
2  4
1
2
3

=(+)+=+(+1)= +=+, .


87
('') 4 16  .

2, , #
: # = 1 >, # = 0 .

=10 =10. ,
2
10
11
00
01
-2
-1
0
1
:
1010
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

#(>)
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
,
, :
113 173
-21: -

1
0
1
0
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000
3
2
1
0

#
88
.
.
: 0
( ), 3 ( ).

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
&
0

(3)
0
(2)
1
(1)
0
(0)
1


1
0
1
0
1
1
0
114 173
-21: -
:

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
&
0
0
0
0

(3)
0
0
0
1
(2)
1
1
1
0

(1)
0
1
1
1
(0)
1
0
1
1


1
1
0
0
89
3 .
:
D = +++
 =  + 
 =  +  + 
# = 

2 (  ) 2 ( )
). : ) =  
.
 D.
:
D
=  +  +  + 
= ( + ) + ( + )
115 173
-21: -
= (   ) + (   )
=()=()
= 1 , 1=  
=  + 
= ( + )
= ( )  = 1 

=  +  + 
=  + ( + )
= () + ()
= ()  = 2 , 2=
#
= 
= ()  = 2 
:

()     ,
()    D ,
()    #,
:

1



)
D




)



)

2


90

3 (=210)
+2,
# (#=0 =, #=1 =+2).
:
() .
() 2--4  2 .
() 2--1 .

/ (, , ).

() 0 (000) 7 (111),
0 (0000) 9 (1001).
( 3 2 1 0). #=1,
010 #=0,
000.
0#0.
:
116 173
-21: -
2
2
+ 0
3 2
1
1
#
1

0
0
0
0

3
3 (0,0,0), (#,1,1) (0,2,2).
:  0+0+0.
0=0 1=0
#+1+1 = #+1 ( 1=0)
# 1.
0+2+2 = 2+2
2 2.
2
:
() 2--4 
2 , . ,

() 2--4.
.
:

0
0
1
1


0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1

0
1
1
0
, ( 2 )
2--4 4 (D0, D1, D2, D3)
2  2 ). 
D3
.
2 2--4 2
 2 :
117 173
-21: -
()  2-1--1
-1 -
. 2--1,
 2 .
2--1 0 1 !
$ = ! 0+! 1. )   
:
) =   =  +  ( 0 = , 1 = , ! = )
 =  = 0 +  ( 0 = 0, 1 = , ! = ).
, 21--1
:
2--1
() .
:

(,
, , .)
.
118 173
-21: -
91
(,,!,%) = (1,2,5,7,10) 4
1 .

(,,!,%)=(1,2,5,7,10)= !% + !% + !% + !% + !% .

   
(,,!,%)=  F(0,y,z,w)+xF(1,y,z,w)
(0,,!,%) = !% + !% + !% + !% , (1,,!,%) = !% .
  (0,,!,%) (1,,!,%) 
(0,,!,%)=  F(0,0,z,w)+yF(0,1,z,w) F(1,y,z,%)= y F(1,0,z,w)+yF(1,1,z,w)
(0,0,!,%) = !% + !% =!% (0,1,!,%) = %
(1,0,!,%) = !% (1,1,!,%) = 0

(,,!,%)=  F(0,0,z,w)+ xy F(0,1,z,w)+ xy F(1,0,z,w)+ xy F(1,1,z,w)
4 1 D0, D1, D2, D3,
)1)0 #,
#()1,)0, D0, D1, D2, D3) = )1 ) 0 D0+ )1) 0 D1+ )1 ) 0 D2+ )1) 0 D3
)1=, )0=
#(, , D0, D1, D2, D3) =  D0+  D1+  D2+  D3

 D0, D1, D2, D3 (0,0,!,%),
(0,1,!,%), (1,0,!,%), (1,1,!,%)
D0= !%
D1=%
D2= !%
D3=0

!
%
D0
D1
(, , !, %)

D2
0
D3

) 1) 0


:
, , !, % - .

119 173
-21: -
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

!%
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111


1
1
1

! %
 ,

, .
:

%
1
1

!%
0
92
) 4--16
2--4 .
) ,
2 / 3 , (%,,,!)=+!+% 

) 4 16 ,
)3)2)1)0 D0D15 :

0
1
)3)2

00
01
10

)1)0

00
01
10
11
00
01
10
11
00
01
10
11
D0D1D2D3
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
D4D5D6D7
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
120 173
D8D9D10D11
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
D12D13D14D15
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
-21: -
11
00
01
10
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

2 4 )1)0. 
2 4
)3)2. D0D3
)3)2=00, D4D7
)3)2=01, D8D11
)3)2=10, D12D15
)3)2=11. 
2 4 )3)2,
0, 1, 2, 3 
. :
 '
0
)1

21
'1

)0
20
'2


 '
0
D4
21
'1

)0
20

'2
'1

)2
20

'2
D2
D3
)1

21
D1
'3
 '
0
)3
D0
D5
D6
'3

D7
 '
0
D8
'3
)1

21
'1

)0
20
'2
'3
 '

0
)1

21
'1

)0
20

'2
'3

D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15

) 4 16
4 1.
%, , , ! )3, )2, )1, )0
 :
(%,,,!)=+!+%  =

%  ! + % !+% ! +%!+ %  !+ % !+%  !+%!+%  ! + %  !=


(3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
3 

.
121 173
-21: -
 '
0

21
'1

!
20
'2

1
 '
0
D4
21

'1

!
20
'2

'1


20
'2

D2
D3


21
D1
'3

 '
0
%
D0
D5
D6
'3
D7

 '
0
D8
'3


21
'1

!
20
'2
'3

D9
D10
D11
(%, , , !)
 '


21
'1

!
20
'2
'3
D12
D13
D14
D15
93
2 4
(3210). | | ( ).
, 2--1 .
:
2
[-2 -1, +2 -1-1] ( =4
[-8, +7]). (3)
(0 = +, 1 = ).
, | | :

=
X
X 0
X <0
4
[0, 8] 4
( =3210 ).
()
(=3210) , 3 = 1
2 .
2 1
122 173
-21: -
( 1).
* = 1 2 1 0 + 1 = 2 1 0 + 3 .
(=3210) , 3 = 0
, * = 0 2 1 0 .
* = 2 1 0 + 0 = 2 1 0 + 3 .

( $2 $1 $0 ) 3 .
= 2 1 0 3 =0 = 2 1 0 3 =1 . , $
2--1 3 .
3 2--1 3
:
:
+
3
2 1
2 1 0
3
2 1 0
:
$0
$1

$2
3



)
)

*0

*1
*2
123 173
1







*3
()








2
-21: -
( 2--1
()) :
,

. : () (
, 3 .
 () : (=3210)
. 2 .
2 1
( 1):
3 2 1

3 2 1 0
+
1
3 2 1 0
4 4 . ,
3
1, 3 3 ( 3 = 3)
3 3 .  ()
:
0
1

2
1




)
)

$0

$1
$2

$3
124 173
1






2






3
-21: -
()
3. 2--1 4
. 4 2--1 3.
, 
* (=03) :
94
= 6 5 4 3 2 1 0  = 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 .
7 # = (, ), =0,,6.
() # =
# .
[: = 0001111 = 0010111. 5 (0, 0) (1, 1)
2 (0, 1) (1,0)].
2--4,  2 .
.
() ,
(); , ;
:
() ( (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1) ) # :
() ,  ,
. ( ) 1
  # (=). ( )
  # ().
()  ( ) 1.
().  1 =
( # = (0,0) # = (1,1) ) 0  ( # = (0,1) # = (1,0) )

 =  b + a b ( ), 0 3
.  1  (
# = (0,1) # = (1,0) ) 0 = ( # = (0,0) # = (1,1) )
 =  b + a b ( ), 1 2
.  =   =  .
,
2--4 .
2--4

 2 .
125 173
-21: -
() 2--4  .
3  
2  .
7 , #,  ,
=0,...,6.
 ( ) 1 ( ())
. ,
 2- +,+.
, 6 ( 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) 2
2- 6+5+4 3+2+1
1
0.
2-
. , (), ,
:
, 
. ,
7 (=1112).
( 2 1 0), 7 =111- 2 1 0,

.  .
126 173
-21: -
 2--4. 0
 1 1, D2
D2 = 1 I 0 = 1  =  . () 
3 2--4 
() . , , 
.
() 3

.
127 173
-21: -

 .

95
- .
-=0. ;
:

-+1 = D = #- + #-. ., -+1 - ( ) #


-. , #=1, D= -, 

 -, #=
D=- "-" .
96
() 3 D " ") -, -, -. "
") D=-, D=-, D=(-+-)-,
.
; ;
:
D "-") : D=-, D=-, D=(-+-)-.
, :
128 173
-21: -

- - -
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

-=D
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

-=D
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
-=D
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
, ---=000,
: 000 100 110 111 011 001 000 ... .
: 101 010 100 ....
:


-
-
-
J ) ,

.
97
"-") J
0, 4, 6, 3, 1, 0, 4, 6, ...
0.
.
:
:

-
-
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

-
0
1
0
1
0

 (-(
-
1
0
0
0
1
J
1
0
0
0

-
0
0
0
0
1

-
0
0
0
1
0
129 173



0
J
0
0



1
1

J
0



-21: -
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0

1
1
1
0

0
1

1
J, , J, , J, ,  &
:
- -

- -
-

0
1
00
1

01
11
10

00
01
1
11


10


10

1
-

0
1
00


01


11
1
1
10
1
01
1
1
11
10

 = - + -
J = -- = (- + -)

- -
- -
-
11

1
- -

- -
0
1
01

1

 = - + -
J = -- (- + -)
-
0
1
00

00
0
1
J = --
01


11


10
1

-
0
1
00


1

 = - + -
, J, , J, , J, ,
.
:

-
-
-
130 173
-21: -
98
"-") D
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,0,1,2,...
:
:

-
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

-
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
-
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

-
-
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
-
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0

D
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
D
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
, D, D, D,  &
:
- -
- -
-

0
1
00
01
1
1
11
1
10

-
1
00
0
1
D =  (-, -)
D = --- + -(-+-) =
= -(--)+ -(--) =
=  (-, --)
- -
-

0
1
01
1
1
00
1
1
01
11
D = -
:
131 173
10
1
1
11
10
1
1
D
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
-21: -




99
) D "-" "-"
/ D "-".
) J "-" D "-"
2--1 ( ).
.
:
) 1 : "-"
: -(+1) =  -() + - (). D "
"-" D "-" : D = 
+ - () =  -(),  - D "-"
.
2 :
. ,
D "-" ,
:
132 173
-21: -

-
0
0
1
1

-
0
1
1
0


0
1
0
1

D-
D
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
D =  -.

-



D

-


-

) J "-"
J
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1


0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
-()
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
-(+1)
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
: -(+1) = J-() + -().
D "-" : -(+1) = D.
D "-" J "-"
"-" : D = J-() + -(), 2-
0 1 J 
- D "-" .
J

0
D
.

1
)

-




-
100
) () )
J , .
133 173
-21: -
1
J3
-3

J2
-2

J1
-1

J0
-0

3
-3

2
-2

1
-1

0
-0


) ;
:
) ).
J0 = 1
J1 = (-2 -3) + -0
J2 = -0 -1
J3 = -2
1 = -0 -1
2 = (-0 -1) + -3
3 = (-0 -1) -2
0 = 1
. 4 )
24 = 16
16 .

-3
-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
J33
00
00
00
00
10
10
10
11
00
00
00
00
10
10
10
11
)
J22
J11
01
00
01
10
01
00
11
11
01
10
01
10
01
10
11
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
11

-3
-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
J00
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
.
0000
0101
0111
0110
0001
0010
1000
1010
1001
0011
0100
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
-3-2-1-0 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12,
15 ( 10 2421).
)
(5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), (
134 173
-21: -
) .
.
101
) () 3 ) D
, 001, 010, 100, 001 ... 100, 010, 001, 10
0 1 .
) () (
, ,
,
; ).
.
:
)
.
3,
100,
3 ) D.
0, 3, 5, 6 7, .
.
, )

. .
0
1
7
0
1
2
6
1
0
3
5
0
4
1
135 173

-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

-2

0
1

0




1
0

0



-1

1
0

0




0
0

1



-0

0
0

1




0
1

0



)
D2

0
1

0




1
0

0



D1

1
0

0




0
0

1



D0

0
0

1




0
1

0



)
 &
, .

-2
-1-0
00
00
01


-1-0
-2
11
10


1
00
00
01
11


1






01



01
11




11
1
1


10


10


10

-1-0
-2
00
00


01
1


11


10
01
11
10











1


D2 = -1 + -0
D1 = -0 + -2
D0 = -2 + -1
,
, .

D2
-2
-2

D1
-1

-1
D0
-0
-0


)
. ).
D2 = -1 + -0
D1 = -0 + -2
D0 = -2 + -1
.
3 ) 1 24 = 16
16 .
-21: -

-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
)
D2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
D1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

D0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
-2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

-1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
-0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
:
1
0
0
0
7
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
6
0
1
0
3
4
1 0
1
0
5
1

(0, 3, 5, 6, 7)
( ).

() , :
- 0 1 (
),
- 7 1 (
),
- 6 ( 3 5) 1
( ),

:
137 173
-21: -
0
7
1
0
6
1
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
2
5
1
0
0
4
1
:

-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

-2
0
0
1

0

0
0
0
1
0

0

0
0
-1
0
1
0

0

0
0
0
0
0

1

0
0
-0
1
0
0

1

1
1
1
0
1

0

1
1
)
D2
0
0
1

0

0
0
0
1
0

0

0
0
D1
0
1
0

0

0
0
0
0
0

1

0
0
D0
1
0
0

1

1
1
1
0
1

0

1
1
, , ,
)  &
,
.

-2
-1-0
00
01
00
11
10


1
-1-0
-2
01
11
00
1


01


01
11


11
10
1


D2 = -2 -1 + -2 -0
10
00
1
10
-1-0
-2
00
00
1


01
1


11

D1 = -2 -0 + -2 -1
138 173
10
1
01
11
10



1
1


1
1


1
D0 = -2+ -1 + -2 -1-0
-21: -
() ,
.

D2
-2
D1
-2
-1

-1
D0
-0
-0



.
102
) ) J ,
() 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 0, ... ( m'-6). .
) ()
; .

) 6.
3 ) J 8
(0-7).

. 6
7 .
:
139 173
-21: -
000
001
110
111
010
011
100
101
,
) 
. .

-2
-1
-0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

-2
-1
-0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0






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140 173
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149 173
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150 173
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151 173
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153 173
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154 173
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155 173
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156 173
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157 173
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J0=#+D1+D1= #+(D1)
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158 173
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159 173
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0
1
0
1




1-4
:
D D "-" .
4 D "-") (
)1 ( )0) )1
( )0). :
- ()1,)0) = 00, .
D
"-" - "-".
- "-" 0 "-"
()1,)0) = 00
0.
- ()1,)0) = 01, .

D "-" - "-".
- "-" 1 ""
1.
- ()1,)0) = 10,
.
D "-" 0.
0 2
()1,)0) = 10 2.
- ()1,)0) = 11,
1-4.
D "-" 
(=1,4).  (=1,4) 3
()1,)0) = 11
3.

.
165 173
-21: -
-


-


D
D



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1
-
-




-
2
D
D



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3
-
4
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3

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41
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1
114
4
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' . 4
D "-") 4 4--1.
)"

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0

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:
D D "-" .
4 D "-") 
)1 ( )0) )"
( '). :
- ()",') = 00, .

D "-" - "-".
- "-" 0
"-" ()",') = 00
0.
- ()",') = 01,
1-4.
D "-"
 (=1,4).  (=1,4) 1
()",') = 01
1.
- ()",') = 10 11,
. - "-"
166 173
-21: -
2 3
2 3
. ()",') = 10 11
2 3 .

.

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D



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).
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.
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. (
4 )
, D  
.
D 
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1
167 173
-21: -
3   ) 1 D  ,
, 6 4--1, 1 2--1, 1 D 
.
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0 0 0
( )    4  1
, D D   2  1 .
4  ) (3   1  D)
. )1 ( )0) 4 
1 1 ( 0) )0 2  1
1 0.
:
- (1,0) = 00,
210, ) ( 
).
210 3
. ( ) 
   0.  0
   ( )
( )     1.
( )    
2,     1 ( ),
    0 ( ).
1 = 0 = 0 4  1 0,
,
( )   
,   
   ( )   
   ( ).
, 
   ( )
,  (
) . 
   1, =1, =0
   -
1, .
168 173
3
.
41
2
1 0
1
0
-21: -
-
(1,0) = 01,
210, ) 2, 1
0. 1 = 0, 0 = 1 4  1
1,
, ( )  
 2,   
1   
0.
-
(1,0) = 10, .
1 = 1, 0 = 0 4  1
2, ,
   ) 0,
   .
-
(1,0) = 11, .

. 1 = 0 = 1 4  1
3,
, ( )  
    ( ),
     
( )    0 ( =0,
=1).
3,
7 (
3 ))
4  .  (
) D  , 1 = 0 = 1
2  1 1
  .

- )  
- -. 
.
, 4  1
   .
    .
   D   (
1, =1, =0
   - 1.
0, =0, =1   
- 0 ---  
D   D = ).
0, 1 3
. 2
(1,0 = 10 ). 2 4  1
169 173
-21: -
-2

-2
-1

-1
-0

-0
2

2
1

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0

0
D
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.
41

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3

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116
.
; 10
00, 01,10, 11; ( 5
- ).

-
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0


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10
00
01
10
11

1
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J
)0
&
4 1

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&
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4 1
+
1
0
)1
)0 &
4 1
)1
)0 &
4 1
3 2 1 0
)1
)0 &
4 1
)1
&
)0
4 1
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
0
0
)1
)0
)1
)0

&
4 1
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&
4 1
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
0
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0
0
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$
$

0
3
3
2
2

170 173
1
1
0
0
-21: -
4 ) ,
.
 J " " :
J
0
0
1
1


0
1
0
1

-+1
-
0
1
-
( "
" J=( =( ( (=0, 1
). :
) 10 = 00 : J,  " " j (j[0,
3]) j j .
) 10 = 01 : J,  " " j (j[0, 2])
-, - "
" j+1 J,  " " 3
.
) 10 = 10 : J,  " " j (j[1,
3]) -, - "
" j-1 J,  " " 0
.
) 10 = 11 : J,  " " j (j[0,
3]) 0.
10
00
01
10
11





117
3 2,
1 0 :
2
1
0

0
0
0
2 1 0 )
.
1
0
0
1 2 1
0 ) .


0
1

.
171 173
-21: -
3 J  ), , 3
4--1, 3   .
:

:
),
,
( ) .
J  
4--1 , 
( J  
D   J 1, J=1, =0
J  
- 1. J 0, J=0, =1
J   - 0 ---
  D   D = J).
1 0 (
2). , 1 = 0 = 0
, 1 = 0 0 = 1
1 = 1 ( 0 )
. 1
0 ()1 )0 ) 4--1
.

, ,
2. 2 = 0
2 1 0 2 = 1 1 2 1
0. 2
, 2, 1 0.
) 2, 1 0.
2=0,  2, 1 0 2=1
2, 1 0.
-
-

-
-

-
-


J


J


.
 

1
0
1
0
3

)1
.
41
2
1

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0
3
.
41
2
1
0

0
2
)0

1
3
)1
.
41

2
)1
)0
2

172 173
-21: -
4--1
:
(1,0) = 00,
2 1 0 ( 2 = 0) 1 2 1 0 ( 2 =1).
1 = 0, 0 = 0 4--1
0, 0 ( )
  2,
0 
 1, 0
  0.
(1,0) = 01, .
1 = 0, 0 = 1 4--1
1, 1 ( ) J
  , 1 
 1 
.
(1,0) = 1, .
1 = 1, 0 = 0 4--1
2 1 = 1, 0 = 1
4--1 3, 2 3

, 1,0
(10 11)  -.
173 173

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