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May Quang Pho PDF
May Quang Pho PDF
May Quang Pho PDF
Ni dung:
1. Phng php phn tch quang ph
2. My quang ph.
3. Cc phng php phn tch quang ph
4. Cc vng ph
5. My quang ph pht x
6. My quang ph hp th
1. Phng php phn tch quang ph : l phng php phn tch quang hc da trn
vic nghin cu s tng tc ca bc x nh sng trn cht kho st hoc s hp th cc
bc x di mt tc ng
ha l no .
2. My quang ph: My quang ph l mt dng c dng thu, phn li v ghi li ph
ca mt vng ph quang hc nht nh. V ng ph ny l mt i ph ca vt mu nghin
cu t sng ngn n sng di. Ty theo b phn dng phn li nh sng trong my
da theo hin tng vt l no (khc x hay nhiu x) m ngi ta chia cc my quang
ph thnh hai loi.
a) My quang ph lng knh. l nhng my quang ph m h tn sc ca
chng c ch to t 1 hay 2 hoc 3 lng knh. S phn li nh sng y da theo
hin tng khc x ca nh sng qua hai mi tr ng c chit sut khc nhau (khng
kh v thy tinh hay khng kh v thch anh).
b) My quang ph cch t. L nhng my quang ph m h tn sc l mt cch
t phng hay lm phn x. Bn cht ca s tn sc nh sng y l s nhiu x ca
tia sng qua cc khe hp.
3. Cc phng php phn tch quang ph gm :
Ph nguyn t : Ph pht x, Ph hp th, Ph hunh quang
Ph phn t : Ph pht x, Ph hp th v ng UV-VIS, Ph hp th hng ngoi,
Ph tn x Raman
Ph tia X : Ph pht x, Ph tn x, Ph hunh quan g
Ph cng hng t in t v Ph cng hng t proton
4. Cc vng ph :
STT Tn vng ph di sng
5. My quang ph pht x
a) Nguyn l hot ng :
Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc in t chuyn ng tr n cc qu o ng vi mc
nng lng thp nht. Khi nguyn t trng thi bn vng, tr ng thi c bn, trng
thi ny nguyn t khng thu v cng khng pht nng lng. Nu cung cp nng l ng
cho nguyn t th trng thi khng tn ti na. Theo quan im ca thuyt l ng t,
khi trng thi kh, in t chuyn ng tp trung to thnh cc m my in t trong
nguyn t, c bit l cc in t ha tr, nu chng nhn c nng lng bn ngoi
(in nng, nhit nng, ha nng,...) th in t s chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn.
Khi nguyn t tn ti trng thi kch thch (trn g thi khng bn vng). Nguyn t
ch tn ti trng thi ny trong mt khong thi gian sng rt nh (nhiu nht l 10-8
giy). Sau n lun lun c xu hng tr v trng thi c bn ban u, trng thi bn
vng, v gii phng nng lngm chng hp th c trong qu trnh trn di dng
ca cc bc x quang hc. Bc x n y chnh l ph pht x ca nguyn t, tn s c
tnh theo cng thc:
E = (En E0 ) = h = h.c/
b) C ch thc hin:
1. Trc ht mu phn tch cn c chuyn thnh hi (kh) ca nguyn t hay ion t do
trong mi trng kch thch, y l qu trnh ha hi v nguyn t ha mu. Sau dng
ngun nng lng ph hp kch thch m hi chng pht x, y l qu trnh
kch thch ph ca mu.
2. Thu, phn 1i v ghi ton b ph pht x ca vt mu nh my quang ph. Ph c th
c ghi
ln knh nh hay phim nh, hoc ghi trc tip cc tn hiu c ng pht x ca mt vch
ph di dng cc lc trn bng giy, hoc ch ra cc sng c ng vch ph trn my
in (printer), ghi li vo a t ca my tnh.
3. nh gi ph ghi v mt nh tnh v nh lng theo nhng yu cu t ra.
c) Cu to c bn :
- My quang ph n knh : ch c 1 khe my li ra v cch t c quay tng thnh
phn n sc s lt qua khe ra ngoi v c thu nhn trn t bo quang in.
- My quang ph a knh : cch t ng yn v li ra khng dng khe sng m dng
CCD (hoc PDA) t mt phng tiu ca bung ti chuyn tn hiu quang phn
tch thnh tn hiu in.
Nhng ngun sng thng gp l : ngn la, plasma cao tn, h quang, tia in, laser ...
2. H chun trc gm mt h thng thu knh ghp vi nhau hay h gng hi t v mt
khe hp (khe vo ca chm sng v c th iu chnh c) t tiu c ca h thu
knh ny. H chun trc c nhim v nhn v to ra chm sng song song hng vo
h tn sc phn li thnh ph.
3. H tn sc l mt h thng lng knh hay cch t. H n y c nhim v phn li (tn sc)
chm sng a sc phc tp c nhiu bc sng khc nhau thnh mt di ph ca chng
theo tng sng ring bit lch i nhng gc khc nhau. Nu h tn sc c ch to bng
lng knh th tia sng ngn s b lch nhiu, sng di lch t, cn nu h tn sc c ch
to bng cch t th ngc li.
4. H bung nh l mt h thng thu knh hay mt h g ng hi t v mt mt phng
tiu ca cc chm sng. H ny c nhim v hi t cc tia sng c c ng bc sng sau
khi i qua h phn li li vi nhau to ra nh ca khe my trn mt phng tiu. chnh l
cc vch ph.
5. H thu ph c th l knh nh, phim nh, t bo quang in, cc mng diode PDA hoc
CCD. H ny c t mt phng tiu ca bung ti v c nhim v ghi li cc vch
ph.
6. My quang ph hp th :
a) Nguyn l hot ng :
Khi nguyn t trng thi hi t do, nu ta chiu mt ch m tia sng c nhng bc sng
xc nh vo m hi nguyn t , th cc nguyn t t do s hp th cc bc x c
bc sng nht nh ng ng vi nhng tia bc x m n c th pht ra c trong qu
trnh pht x ca n. Lc ny nguyn t nhn nng lng ca cc tia bc x chiu v o
n v chuyn ln trng thi kch thch c nng lng cao hn trng thi c bn. l tnh
cht c trng ca nguyn t trng thi hi, qu trnh c gi l qu trnh hp th
nng lng ca nguyn t t do trng thi hi v to ra ph hp th nguyn t ca
nguyn t . ng vi mi gi tr nng l ng E m nguyn t hp th ta s
c mt vch ph hp th vi d i sng i c trng cho qu trnh , ngha l ph hp
th ca nguyn t cng l ph vch. Nhng nguyn t khng hp th tt c cc bc x
m n c th pht ra c trong qu trnh pht x. Qu trnh hp th ch xy ra i vi