Bt phng trnh cha du

gi tr tuyt i
 BT PHNG TRNH
C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
Trn Vn Ton,
Trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh,
Bin Ho, ng Nai.

Ngy 7 thng 1 nm 2009

Tm tt ni dung
Bt phng trnh c cha du gi tr tuyt i c hc trong chng trnh Ton Trung
hc ph thng. Tuy nhin, trong chng trnh hin hnh, cng ch a ra mt vi bi ton
nh m phng php gii ch yu l dng nh ngha v gi tr tuyt i hoc xt du ca
biu thc bn trong du gi tr tuyt i sao cho bt phng trnh ang xt khng cn
cha du gi tr tuyt i na. Ly tng chnh t mt bi vit trong [1], ti vit ti
ny vi mc ch l a thm mt cch gii na, ch yu l trnh vic xt du biu thc
bn trong du gi tr tuyt i, m cng vic xt du ny i khi tht s khng n gin.

1 Cc bt phng trnh c bn
Sch Gio vin i s lp 10 ca Nh xut bn Gio dc, xut bn nm 2006, trang 107 c
chng minh rng nu a l mt s thc bt k th ta c

1. |f (x)| 6 a a 6 f (x) 6 a.
"
f (x) > a
2. |f (x)| > a
f (x) 6 a

1. Tht vy, xt bt phng trnh |f (x)| 6 a.

Nu a > 0, ta c |f (x)| 6 a a 6 f (x) 6 a.

Nu a < 0, cc bt phng trnh |f (x)| 6 a v a 6 f (x) 6 a u v nghim.
Trng hp bt phng trnh |f (x)| > a chng minh tng t.

2. By gi, ta xt cc bt phng trnh |f (x)| 6 g(x) v g(x) 6 f (x) 6 g(x).

Gi D l tp xc nh ca bt phng trnh |f (x)| 6 g(x) (Khi , D cng l tp xc nh
ca bt phng trnh g(x) 6 f (x) 6 g(x)).
Gi s c s x0 D tho bt phng trnh |f (x)| 6 g(x), tc l

|f (x0 )| 6 g(x0 ). (1.1)

1
 Ta ch xt trng hp g(x0 ) > 0.

Nu f (x0 ) > 0, th |f (x0 )| = f (x0 ) v bt phng trnh (1.1) tr thnh

f (x0 ) 6 g(x0 ). (1.2)

Mt khc, v f (x0 ) > 0 v g(x0 ) > 0, nn

f (x0 ) > g(x0 ). (1.3)

T (1.2) v (1.3) suy ra

g(x0 ) 6 f (x0 ) 6 g(x0 ).

Hay x0 cng tho

g(x) 6 f (x) 6 g(x).

Trng hp f (x0 ) < 0.

Khi , |f (x0 )| = f (x0 ) v (1.1) tr thnh f (x0 ) 6 g(x0 ). Do vy, ta c (1.3). Mt
khc, v f (x0 ) < 0 v g(x0 ) > 0, nn c (1.2). Do , ta cng c

g(x0 ) 6 f (x0 ) 6 g(x0 ).

(Cng c th nhn xt rng, nu |f (x0 )| 6 g(x0 ), g(x0 > 0, th g(x0 ) 6 f (x0 ) 6

g(x0 ).)
Tri li, nu c x0 tho g(x0 ) 6 f (x0 ) 6 g(x0 ), ta cng c |f (x0 )| < g(x0 ).

Vy ta c
|f (x)| 6 g(x) g(x) 6 f (x) 6 g(x).

Chng minh tng t, ta c cc kt qu nh sau:

"
f (x) < g(x),
1. |f (x)| < g(x)
f (x) < g(x);
"
f (x) > g(x),
2. |f (x)| > g(x)
f (x) 6 g(x);
"
f (x) > g(x)
3. |f (x)| > g(x)
f (x) > g(x)

Ta c th vit cc bt phng trnh dng trn di dng sau:

"
f < g, f > g,
1. |f | < g 3. |f | > g
f < g; f > g;

f 6 g, "
2. |f | 6 g f > g,
f 6 g; 4. |f | > g
f > g.

2
 Cng t cc kt qu trn, ta c
"
f (x) 6 g(x) 6 h(x)
f (x) 6 |g(x)| 6 h(x)
f (x) 6 g(x) 6 h(x)

V d 1.1. Gii bt phng trnh

|x 6| < x2 5x + 9. (1.4)

Ligii. Bt phuong trnh (1.4) tng

ng vi h
x 6 < x2 5x + 9, x2 6x + 15 > 0,
x (; 1) (3; +). o
(x 6) < x2 5x + 9 x2 4x + 3 > 0

V d 1.2. Gii bt phng trnh

|x2 2x 8| > 2x. (1.5)

Li gii. " " "

x2 2x 8 > 2x, x2 4x 8 > 0, x < 2 2,
(1.5) o
x2 2x 8 < 2x x2 8 < 0 x > 2 + 2 3.

V d 1.3. Gii bt phng trnh |x3 7x 3| < x3 + x2 + 3.

Li gii. Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x3 7x 3 < x3 + x2 + 3 x2 + 7x + 6 > 0 1 + 57
1 < x < 0 hoc x > .
(x3 7x 3) < x3 + x2 + 3 2x3 + x2 7x > 0 4

o
v d trn, vic xt du ca cc biu thc x3 7x 3 v x3 + x2 + 3 l rt kh.

V d 1.4. Gii bt phng trnh |x3 x2 + 4| + x3 x2 2x 2 6 0.

Li gii. a bt phng trnh cho v dng |x3 x2 + 4| 6 x3 + x2 + 2x + 2, ta c

3 6 x 6 1 v x = 1. o
3 2 3 2
Ch rng, vic xt du cc biu thc x x + 4 v x + x + 2x + 2 l khng n gin.

V d 1.5. Gii bt phng trnh ||x| 1| < 1 x.

Li gii. Ta c
x < 2 x


|x| 1 < 1 x |x| < 2 x
||x| 1| < 1 x x < 2 x x < 0. o
|x| + 1 < 1 x x < |x|

x < 0.

 
 |x|  1
V d 1.6. Gii bt phng trnh 1 > .
1 + |x|  2
Li gii. Ta c
|x| 1 |x| 1
1 > 6
  "

1 |x|  1
> 1 + |x| 2
1 + |x| 2 |x| 6 1
 1 + |x|  2 |x| 1 |x| 3 1 + |x| 6 0
1 + > >
1 + |x| 2 1 + |x| 2
1 6 x 6 1. o

3
V d 1.7. Tm tp gi tr ca biu thc x + a, bit rng

|2x + 4 2a| + |x 2 + a| 6 3. (1.6)

Li gii. t y = |x + a|, bt phng trnh (1.6) cho tr thnh

|y 2| + 2|y 2a + 2| 6 3. (1.7)

Bt phng trnh (1.7) tng ng vi

y 2 6 3 2|y 2a + 2|
y 2 > 3 + 2|y 2a + 2|

hay
1 + 2|y 2a + 2| 6 y 6 5 2|y 2a + 2|. (1.8)
T (1.8) suy ra y [1; 5].
1
y = 1 khi v ch khi 1 2a + 2 = 0 a = .
2
7
y = 5 khi v ch khi 5 2a + 2 = 0 a = .
2
Vy tp gi tr ca x + a l on [1; 5]. o

V d 1.8. Gii bt phng trnh

||x2 3x 7| + 2x 1| < x2 8x 5. (1.9)

Li gii.
|x2 3x 7| + 2x 1 < x2 8x 5 |x2 3x 7| < x2 10x 4
(1.9)
|x2 3x 7| + 2x 1 > x2 + 8x + 5 |x2 3x 7| > x2 + 6x + 6


x2 3x 7 < x2 10x 4
7x > 3




x2 + 3x + 7 < x2 10x 4
2x2 13x 11 > 0




x2 3x 7 > x2 + 6x + 6

2x2 9x 13 > 0



x2 + 3x + 7 > x2 + 6x + 6
3x 1 > 0


3



x >
7







13 257

x<
4





13 + 257




x> 13 257
4 x< .
9 85 4
x<


4



9 + 85




x>




4
x < 13

o

V d 1.9. Gii bt phng trnh |x2 |x2 3x 5| 5| < x + 1.

4

1+ 19 2+ 16
Gii tng tng t, nghim bt phng trnh trn l <x< .
2 2
V d 1.10. Tm m bt phng trnh x2 + |x + m| < 2 c t nht mt nghim m.

x 2 + x + m 2 < 0
2
Li gii. Ta c x + |x + m| < 2 x2 x 2 < m < x2 x + 2.
x 2 x m 2 < 0
9
Bng th, ta tm c < m < 2.
4
o

V d 1.11. Gii bt phng trnh

|x 1| + |x 2| > 3 x. (1.10)
"
x 1 > 3 x |x 2|,
Li gii. Ta c |x 1| + |x 2| > 3 x |x 1| > 3 x |x 2|
x + 1 > 3 x |x 2|


x 2 > 4, x > 6,
" x < 2, "
|x 2| > 4, x + 2 > 4, x > 6,
4

|x 2| > 2x + 2 x 2 > 2x + 2, x < 3
x < 0.
x + 2 > 2x + 2 x<0
o
|x2 4x| + 3
V d 1.12. Gii bt phng trnh log3 > 0.
x2 + |x 5|

Li gii. Ta c
|x2 4x| + 3 |x2 4x| + 3
log3 2 >0 2 > 1 |x2 4x| > x2 3 + |x 5|
" x + |x 5| x + |x 5|"
x2 4x > x2 3 + |x 5|, |x 5| 6 3 4x,

x2 + 4x > x2 3 + |x 5| |x 5| 6 2x2 + 4x + 3

x 5 6 3 4x,

2
x + 5 6 3 4x x6 ,

1
3 o
2
x 5 6 2x + 4x + 3,

6 x 6 2.
2
x + 5 6 2x2 + 4x + 3
Xin a ra mt s cc kt qu sau:



f1 (x) < 0,


f (x) < 0,
2
1. max{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} < 0.


. . . . . . . . .


fn (x) < 0

f1 (x) 6 0,




f (x) 6 0,
2
2. max{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} 6 0.


.........


fn (x) 6 0

5



f1 (x) > 0,


f (x) > 0,
2
3. min{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} > 0.


.........


fn (x) > 0

f1 (x) > 0,


f (x) > 0,
2
4. min{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} > 0.


.........


fn (x) > 0

f1 (x) < 0,
f (x) < 0,
2
5. min{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} < 0.
.........
fn (x) < 0

f1 (x) 6 0,
f (x) 6 0,
2
6. min{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} 6 0.
.........
fn (x) 6 0

f1 (x) > 0,
f (x) > 0,
2
7. max{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} > 0.
.........
fn (x) > 0

f1 (x) > 0,
f (x) > 0,
2
8. max{f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x)} > 0.
.........
fn (x) > 0

V d 1.13. Tm quan h gia f, g, h, bit

|f | + |g| < h. (1.11)

Li gii.

f < h |g|, |g| < h f,
(1.11) |f | < h |g|
f < h |g| |g| < h + f,



g < h f,

f + g < h,

g < h f,
f g < h,




g < h + f,

f + g < h,



g < h + f f g < h.