Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to compare forces generated by

impact of jet on vanes of various shapes and also to understand how
forces can affect the change of momentum flow in the jet. The
impact of jet experiment helps us to understand how does turbines
works under fluid pressure. The mechanical work produced by using
pressure of moving fluid at a high velocity jet of water from nozzle
produces force when it strikes on the plane of the surface of the
plate. The forces exerted on the surface plane will also depend on
the density of fluid at specific temperature. The force exerted on the
impact will generate the momentum change and also to determine
the mass flow rate. This experiment aims at assessing the different
forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical
surfaces.

Introduction:

Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on

the reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water impacts on
to the vane. The study of these reaction forces is an essential step
in the subject of mechanics of fluids which can be applied to
hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel and the impulse
turbine.

When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid

surface the water is deflected to flow along the surface. If friction is
neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that
there are no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water
velocity is unchanged. The pressure exerted by the water on the
solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the surface.
Consider a jet of water which impacts on to a target surface causing
the direction of the jet to be changed through an angle . In the
absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity across the surface
is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force exerted on the
target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts on the
water to impart the change in direction.

The momentum equation based on Newton's second law of motion

states that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to control
volume of fluid in any direction equal to the rate of change of the
momentum in that direction.

The external forces include the component of weight of the fluid and
the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the
control volume .

If a vertical water jet moving with a velocity 'V' made to strike a

target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will
be exerted on the target by the impact of the jet.
Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted by
the jet on the vane, Fz is given by :

F= Q(Vz out-Vz in)

Where:

:density

Q: flow rate

Vz out: velocity after impact

Vz in: velocity before impact

For any plate:

F= Q(V1-V2cos B).................. general case

B: the angle between the initial velocity of the jet V1 and the
velocity after striking the plate V2.

For flat plate (B=90 then cos90=0):

F= QV

For hemispherical plate (B=180 then cos180=-1):

Fz=Q(V1+V2)

V1=Q/A

Where Q=V/t

V22=V12-2gS
Apparatus:

1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.

2. 8mm diameter nozzle.
 3. 5mm diameter nozzle.
4. Impact object of flat shape having a 30mm diameter.
5. Impact object of hemispherical shape having a 30mm
diameter.
6. Impact object of conical shape having a 30mm diameter.
7. Nozzle distance impact object: 20 mm.
8. Set of stainless steel weights.

Procedure:

1. Remove the cover from the equipment by unscrewing the

fixing screws.
2. Screw the wished impact object to the support stem.
3. Connect the nozzle with the wished diameter to the bottom
pipe.
4. Set the cover and the screw the fixing screws.
5. Adjust the pins so that the equipment is perfectly levelled.
6. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red
level.
7. Shut off the flow control valve V1 of the hydraulic bench.
8. Open the exhaust valve V2 of the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench.
9. Switch the pump G1 and slowly open the valve V1 until you
reach the wished flow value.
10. Add weights until the plate goes back to the pointer
height and take readings.
11. Take three different readings for the same plate (Flat,
hemispherical or conical), each with different flow rates.
12. Place different diameter nozzle and repeat for each
plate.

Results and Calculations:

For 5mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.5 0.12 7.04 7.01 0.97 1.18 21.7
0.8 0.33 11.22 11.2 2.46 3.24 31.7
0.9 0.44 12.76 12.7 3.18 4.32 35.9

Hemispherical:

Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
 (m/s) (m/s)
0.5 0.21 7.04 7.01 1.94 2.06 6.2
0.8 0.56 11.22 11.2 4.92 5.49 11.6
0.9 0.72 12.76 12.7 6.36 7.06 11

Conical:

Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.5 0.04 7.04 7.01 0.28 0.39 39.3
0.8 0.09 11.22 11.2 0.72 0.88 22.2
0.9 0.1 12.76 12.7 0.93 0.98 5.4

For 8mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.9 0.16 4.97 4.93 0.97 1.56 21.7
1 0.17 5.37 5.33 2.46 1.67 31.7
1.5 0.32 8.35 8.32 3.18 3.13 35.9

Hemispherical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.9 0.3 4.97 4.93 1.94 2.94 6.2
1 0.34 5.37 5.33 4.92 3.34 11.6
1.5 0.64 8.35 8.32 6.36 6.27 11

Conical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.9 0.04 4.97 4.93 0.28 0.39 39.3
1 0.06 5.37 5.33 0.72 0.58 22.2
1.5 0.11 8.35 8.32 0.93 1.08 5.4
Discussion and Conclusion:

In this experiment we have calculated the impact force generated

from the water jet on the hemispherical and the flat plate vanes
experimentally by using the procedure mentioned above and then
we calculate these forces theoretically then by comparing these
values we have found the efficiency (the slope of the linear line that
relate the actual with the theoretical force) for each vane and we
found that :-

1-The efficiency of the hemispherical shape vane is less than 100 %

which is expected because the efficiency cannot be more than
100% because there are always losses in any system. This may be
resulted due to errors while performing the experiment or recording
the data.

2-It was expected that the efficiently of the cup is larger than it in
the plate because there is much losses with the plate because the
water return in all directions but with the cup it returns with on
direction only , but our result was wrong due to errors in the
experiment

Sources of errors :-

a) Inaccuracy in using the stop watch.

b) There was some approximation in taking the reading of the

jockeys displacement.

c) Determination the balance of the arm wasnt accurate so much