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Cch chn loa v ampli

1. L thuyt:

CNG SUT AMPLI: THC V O

PMPO (Peak Music Power Output): cng sut nhc nh u ra hay, thc t
cng sut PMPO thng ln gp 20 n 50 ln cng sut thc ca ampli .
Ngha l b dn mini qung co cng sut 2000W PMPO th cng sut thc t
ca n ch vo khong 40 100W.
RMS (Root Mean Squared): Cng sut ra thc s ca mt ampli tnh bng in
p ti nhn vi dng in qua ti loa , v d trn hai u ca mt chic loa 8
ohm c in p xoay chiu 8V v dng qua ti l 1A th cng sut tht s l
8W. Trong thc t, bit cng sut tht mt mc volume no , ta c th
lm nh sau: dng mt voltmetre xoay chiu o trc tip in p trn hai u
cc loa khi my ang chy v p dng cng thc

Cng sut tht = U2/R, Trong : U l in p, R l tr khng loa.

Cng nn nh rng bt c mt thit b tiu th in no cng c hiu sut nht nh.

i vi ampli cng vy, tu theo mch cng sut ca ampli hot ng theo ch
no: class A, B hay AB m hiu sut c th thay i nhng hiu sut bao gi cng
nh hn 100%. Ni cch khc, cng sut ca mt amopli lun lun nh hn cng
sut tiu th in ca n. Vy m cng c nng ampli qung co cng sut ra kiu
nh 150W x 2 knh trong khi cng sut tiu th ton my ch l 100W (cng sut ra
ln gp 3 ln cng sut tiu th), tht v cng phi l!

CNG SUT LN C PHI L HAY?

Cng sut ca mt ampli l lng, m thanh ca mt ampli nh th no li l cht,

hai khi nim khng th nh ng. Tuy nhin, khng th ph nhn mt iu rng
cc hng ch to ampli thng c nhiu dng sn phm p ng ti tin ca
nhiu i tng. Theo quan nim thit k ca nhiu hng, ampli cng sut cng ln,
cng t tin, th cng c ch trng vn nng cao cht lng trong thit k,
iu ny l hon ton ng i vi ampli bn dn. Ni cch khc, cng mt m
ra, ampli bn dn no c cng sut ln hn thng l m thanh hay hn.

Vi ampli n, vn khng hon ton nh th. Cht lng m thanh ca mt ampli

n ph thuc ch yu vo thit k mch, cht lng bng n, bin p v cc ph
kin. Mt ampli 300B cng sut ra 7W c th m thanh quyn r hn nhiu so vi
mt ampli khng l hng my trm ot. ng bao gi ngh ampli n cng sut ln
th ting lun hay hn cng sut nh. Khi chi ampli n, nu c loa nhy cao,
bn hy dnh tin u t vo mt ampli cng sut nh c m thanh hay th tt hn
l mua mt ampli cng sut ln khng cn thit.

BN C CN CNG SUT LN?

Cng sut ln n bao nhiu l va? C phi cng sut ampli cng ln th cng tt
hay khng?

Phi chng cng sut l thng s k thut quan trng nht ca mt chic ampli?
Nhng ngi nghe c kinh nghim cho bit: vi mt cp loa 8 ohm, c nhy trung
bnh, khong 90 dB v mt phng nghe rng chng 20 m2 th cng sut ampli cn
thit nghe mc d chu ch cn khong 20 25 W RMS l v ti a cng
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chng vt qu 40W (cng sut tht), tr khi bn mun chic gh x pha bn ngi
phi rung ln theo ting nhc th mi cn ln hn. Nh vy, thc cht chng ta vn
thng u t vo nhng chic ampli c cng sut qu d so vi yu cu s dng
thng thng. Vi phng nghe c kch thc 25 30 m2, loa 90 dB v mc nghe to
va phi, bn sm mt chic ampli bn dn cng sut tht 60 70 W l t yu cu.

NHN T QUYT NH VIC LA CHN CNG SUT AMPLI

nhy v tr khng ca loa: Loa c nhy cng cao th ch cn ampli c

cng sut nh.Ngc li nhng loi loa c coi l cng u, tr khng thp
khong 4 Ohm, nhy di 90 dB cn ampli c cng sut ln, dng ra ln
(thng l loi nhiu s cng sut lp song song).

Kch c v cch b tr ca phng nghe: Mt cn phng ln hoc cha nhiu

c thng i hi cng sut ampli ln hn cn phng nh v t c. Bi m
thanh chng ta nghe c l tng hp ca cc m thanh i trc tip t loa v
cc m phn x tng, trn, sn nh Phng nghe cng rng, c cng
nhiu cng gy suy hao m thanh phn x, to ra cm gic nghe b hn
phng nh.

Khong cch t loa n tai ngi nghe: Nhn t ny khng ph thuc vo kch
thc ca phng nghe. nu bn ngi xa loa, thm tr trong mt cn phng nh
bn vn phi cn cng sut ampli ln hn.

Cng m thanh bn thng nghe: Bn thch loi nhc nh nhng tnh cm

hay bn thch nghe nhac heavy rock? Nu nhc nh bn cn cng sut nh
hn, cn i vi nhc rock, m thanh phi ln mi lm cho cc fan ca dng
nhc ny ph c.

HIU SUT CA AMPLI:

Ampli class A: C hiu sut vo khong 15% - 20%, tc l tiu th 100W in

ch a ra cng sut ra loa ti a l 20W, 80% nng lng cn li b tiu tn
di dng nhit nn khi chy rt nng. B li class A c mo cc nh v m
thanh t nhin nht.

Ampli class B: C hiu sut vo khong 70 80%, tc l tiu th 100W in s

a ra cng sut ra loa ti a 80W, 20% nng lng cn li b tiu tn di
dng nhit nn khi chy rt mt. Nhng class B c mo ln v m thanh
khng hay nn t c dng trong cc mch audio cao cp.

Ampli class AB: C hiu sut vo khong 45 60%, tc l tiu th 100W in

s a ra cng sut ra loa ti a c 60W. Class AB l ch trung gian gia
class A v class B, cng sut ra ln hn class A v mo nh hn class B.
Class AB hin c dng trong hu ht cc ampli bn trn th trng.

V vy, khi mua ampli, mun c cng sut ln hn, bn nn chn ampli no to,
nng, c cng sut tiu th in ln th mi l c s c cng sut ra loa
thc s.

Cng sut:
Cng sut l tng ca amplifier l ln gp 2 ln cng sut RMS ca loa. RMS vit tt
ca Root Mean Square ngha l gi tr trung bnh. Mt loa c cng sut RMS l 100W
th thng thng s c cng sut PEAK l 400W. Do hy chn amplifier c cng
sut 200W l l tng.
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Nu bn khng th chn c amplifier c cng sut gp 2 cng sut RMS ca loa

(do t tin qu chng hn) th bn cng c gng 2 gi tr bng nhau. Khng
nn chn loi amplifier c cng sut nh hn cng sut RMS ca loa.

Nu amplifier cng sut nh hn cng sut RMS ca loa s gy mo ting. Nu s

chnh lch ny qu ln (amplifier nh qu) th thm ch cn gy chy loa! Nghe
kh tin nhng l s tht. Khi amplifier qu yu th tn hiu s thng xuyn trng
thi clip. Nu vic clip duy tr lu th amplifier s ch c th gi dng in mt chiu
(DC) vo loa lm cho mng loa khng th co gin bnh thng. Chnh xc l c gin
mi ra m khng co li. Mng loa khng co gin s khng lm mt cn loa, cn loa
nng ln n mt mc nht nh th s chy!

Ngoi vic n cng sut th yu t th 2 sau y cng rt quan trng.

2. Tr khng:
Cho d bn cng tng cng sut cc loa m bn u ni vi nhau nh hn cng
sut ca amplifier nhng tng tr ca loa li nh hn tr khng ca amplifier th
amplifier s b qu ti v chy.

m bo c 2 yu t trn th bn cn phi c rt k thng s k thut, sch

hng dn s dng
Ngoi ra nu bn chn amplifier chi cho loa siu trm th thng s v p tuyn
tn s (frequency response) ca amplifier v thng s damping factor l rt cn ch
. Amplifier chi cho loa siu trm phi p ng c tn s t 20Hz tr ln. Cn
damping factor tm hiu l nhn t kim sot m trm hay nhn t chng rung,
chng xc Thng s ny thng phi t 400 tr ln. Thng s ny cng cao th m
trm cng mnh, m, khng b ct (xem thm bi vit v Damping Factor).
ng nhin vic chn cc thng s l cn thit nhng cn ty vo cc hng. Nhng
hng c tn tui, c uy tn lu nm th thng thng s ca h l chnh xc. Cn my
ci cng ty chuyn i copy mu m, cng ngh ca hng khc th khng th tin
c.

Xc nh cng sut ampli ph hp !

Mnh m topic ny mc ch trao i kinh nghim khi mun lp rp hay la chn
ampli, loa ph hp nhu cu v mt cng sut ( khng bn n hay, d ) cho yu cu
nghe nhc ca mnh.
Chn amplifier :
Thng tiu ch cho amplifier trc tin l cng sut, tr khng chu ti. Ty th loi
nhc nghe v ni b tr chng ta xc nh cng sut ti thiu ca amplifier v chn
loa c cc c im thch hp.
ng nh gi cht lng Ampli/ Receiver cn c trn thng s u ra cng sut!
Cng sut: bn c th d dng thy nhng qung co nh th trong cc tp ch v
h thng m thanh gia nh, th hin nh u ra cng sut cho mi knh m thanh
cc ln....nh mt thit b khuch i c u ra cng sut 50W/ Knh, hoc 70W/
Knh hoc thm ch 1000W/knh.... Vy phi chng u ra cng sut (Power Output)
cng nhiu th cng tt, cng hay ? KHNG CN THIT !
a s u cho rng u ra cng nhiu cng sut (Watts) th m lng cng ln. Phi
chng mt Ampli c u ra cng sut 100W/knh s pht ra m thanh gp i mt
Ampli c u ra cng sut 50W/knh ? KHNG CHNH XC !
m lng c o bng n v Decibels (dB):
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Thc cht, tai ngi ch c th nhn bit c nhng khc bit m thanh theo dng
tuyn tnh. Tai ca chng ta s t nhy cm hn khi cng m thanh tng dn v
nhy km i vi tn s qu thp v qu cao. V mt k thut, decibels l thc
o theo t l logaric mi tng quan cao m thanh. Mt s thay i tng ng
1 Decibel (dB) l m lng c th nhn bit c, cn mc thay i 3 dB l trung
bnh, v mc thay i 10 dB s cho m thanh tng ng gp i. gip cc bn
thy iu ny lin quan nh th no n trng thi thc ca m thanh, cc bn hy
xem cc v d sau :
m thanh mc :
0 dB : Ngng bt u ca m thanh m tai ngi bnh thng cm nhn c.
15 n 25 dB : m x xo (Whisper).
35 dB : Tp m.
40 - 60 dB : m thanh thng thng nh hoc vn phng.
65 - 70 dB : m thanh ging ni bnh thng.
105 dB: Cc im m thanh ca mt dn ha m.
120 dB : m thanh nhc sng Rock (lm cho ngi cht cng phi sng li).
130 db : Ngng m bt u gy hi cho tai ngi nghe.
140 - 180 dB : m thanh ng c phn lc.
Cng mt nhy loa, mt Ampli/Receiver to ra m thanh gp i (tnh bng
Decibels) th u ra cng sut cn tng t nht gp 10 ln. Mt Ampli c u ra cng
sut 100 Watts/ Knh c kh nng to ra mc m thanh gp i so vi mt Ampli c
u ra cng sut 10 Watts/ Knh, hay ni cch khc l mt Ampli c u ra cng
sut 100 Watt/ Knh phi cn n 1000Watts/ Knh tng gp i lng m thanh.
Nh vy, mi quan h gia m lng v u ra cng sut l mi quan h logaric
(logarithmic) hn l quan h tuyn tnh (linear).

m p, du dng, giu nhc tnh Tuy nhin, mt cp loa tt l iu kin rt cn

thit ampli n pht huy c ti a u th ca mnh. Vy b quyt chn v
ghp loa vi ampli n nh th no?
Cch chn loa cho ampli n
So vi ampli bn dn, ampli n thng c cng sut nh hn. Cng sut in hnh
ca ampli y ko thng l t 10 100W, ca ampli single-end thng l t 2
20W.
i vi ampli y ko, ty cng sut ra, bn c th chn nhng cp loa c nhy
tng xng. Kinh nghim thc t cho thy nh sau:
Loi n y ko Cng sut ra nhy loa
6V6, EL-84 10-15W 90 dB
6L6, 6P3C-E 20-25W 89 dB
EL-34, 807 30-40W 88 dB
KT-88, 6550 40-60W 87 dB

i vi ampli single-end, cn loa c nhy cao hn do cng sut ra nh hn ampli

y ko. Kinh nghim thc t nh sau:

Loi n single-end Cng sut ra nhy loa

2A3, 6B4G, VT-62 2 3W 95 dB
6V6, EL-84, 6L6 3 5W 93 dB
300B, KT-88, 6550 7 12W 91 dB

nhy theo kinh nghim thc t trong cc bng trn phn ln c th trong
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phng nghe kch thc t 14 - 21 mt vung v mc nghe va phi. Nu bn nghe

trong nhng cn phng ln hn, vi m lng cao hn th nhy thc t ca loa
cn chn cao hn.
Theo kinh nghim thc t ca chng ti, nu bn l ngi a dng nhc c in,
jazz, ha tu, vocal th trong mt phng nghe c 20 mt vung, ch cn cp loa
nhy 91 dB vi 1 ampli n 10W/ mt knh l .
Sam Tellig, Ron Welborne (M) v nhiu dn chi khc trn th gii cng cho bit h
th ampli 2A3 single-end (3W) vi loa c nhy 90 dB, m kt qu vn chp
nhn c. Tt c ph thuc vo cch nghe. Ngi nghe to khng chc l ngi
nghe tinh, ampli mnh khng chc l ampli hay!

Nhng dng loa cho ampli n

Vi anh bn ampli n kh tnh, vic chn loa l c mt ngh thut v l c mt s
cng phu, i hi kh nhiu th gi, cng sc v ti chnh ca bn th mi c c kt
qu m mn. Chng ti xin gii thiu mt s hng lm loa v thng loa c sc trn
th gii m sn phm ca h l nhng i tc truyn thng ca ampli n.
Avantgarde Acoustic: hng loa kn ni ting v cht lng m thanh ca c, sn
phm t tin, nhy cc cao (97-107dB) chuyn dng vi ampli SE
BD-Design: hng loa kn ca H-Lan vi sn phm Oris horn, dng driver ca hng
Lowther, chuyn dng vi ampli SE
Edgahorn: hng loa ca M, ch to loa dng kn, nhy cao chuyn dng vi
ampli SE.
JBL: hng loa M, sn phm rt a dng, ni ting vi dng loa studio monitor, c th
dng vi ampli PP v SE.
Klipshorn: hng loa M, sn phm dng vi ampli PP v SE.
Lowther: hng loa Anh quc vi cc sn phm loa ton di rt ni ting v nhy
cao (96 - 99 dB), chuyn dng vi ampli SE.
TAD (Technical Audio Devices): hng loa Nht, ni ting nhy cao, hay dng trong
studio. Sn phm dng vi ampli PP v SE.
Tannoy: dng loa ng trc Anh Quc ni ting v trung thc v nhy cao, gi
cao. Sn phm dng vi ampli PP v SE.
Westlake Audio: hng loa ca M, ni ting vi cc loa nhy cao v t tin.
Zingali: hng loa ca Italia. nhy cao (95 100dB), loa treble dng kn g. Dng
cho ampli SE.

T cu to ca tng cng sut

Ampli n c tng cng sut c thit k theo 2 mch in c bn nh sau:
Mch y ko (push - pull): l loi mch in thng gp nht trong cc ampli hng
hiu ca cc hng. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch yu cu tng cng sut phi c ti
thiu 2 n. Mi n ph trch khuch i mt na chu k tn hiu m thanh, trong
khi n ny lm vic th n kia tm ngh v ngc li, hiu sut mch in y
ko kh cao, cng sut ra v th m cng ln hn single-end. Ty theo yu cu, mch
y ko c th chy class A hoc AB. Mch y ko c th dng bin th xut m
hoc khng dng bin th xut m (OTL-Output Transfomer Less).
Cc thng hiu ampli n thng gp trn th trng Vit Nam nh Audio Research,
VTL, Luxman, Luxkit, Sansui v.v. u rp theo mch y ko.
Mch ra n (single-end): l loi mch in t gp hn y ko, nht l trn th
trng Vit Nam. Cng sut ra ca mch single-end nh hn so vi y ko. Mch
single-end ch cn ti thiu 1 n cng sut, n ny khuch i c 2 na chu k ca
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tn hiu. u im vt tri ca mch single-end l m thanh rt t nhin, giu nhc

tnh. Mch single-end ch c th chy theo class A m thi.
Trn th trng Vit Nam cc ampli single-end rt him, ch gp mt s sn phm ca
Audio Note, Cary Audio v mt s ampli do dn chi t rp.

n nhy v tr khng ca cp loa

Chn loa cho ampli n, quan trng nht l nhy v tr khng ca loa.

V nhy
Theo l thuyt, yu cu ti thiu v nhy ca loa so vi cng sut ca ampli nh
sau:

Cng sut ra ca ampli nhy cn thit ca loa

3W 94dB
8W 90dB
15W 88dB
25W 86dB

l nhng hng dn chung, trn thc t c th cho php thay i trn di 2 dB

ph thuc vo tr khng loa, loi nhc m bn nghe, kch thc phng nghe v mc
m lng bn thng nghe.
nhy ca loa v cng sut ca ampli c mi quan h rt cht ch, ampli c cng
sut ra cng nh cng cn loa c nhy cao. Trn mt s thng loa hoc ti liu
hng dn c ghi r nhy ca loa. Tuy nhin nhy l c o trong iu
kin tiu chun, tc l o trong phng cm (anechoic), vi cng sut a vo loa l
1W/8 Ohm, mt micro o th t cch loa ng 1m. Trong thc t phng nghe ca
bn, do cu trc khc phng cm v v tr ngi nghe thng xa hn 1m nn nhy
thc t c th khc bit so vi l thuyt.
Theo kinh nghim, loa cho ampli n cn phi c nhy tng i cao th mi pht
huy hiu qu.
Mt im cn lu , trn cng mt i loa, cm gic nghe thy m thanh t loa
pht ra to gp i, cng sut ampli phi ln gp 4 ln trc ch khng phi l ch
cn ln gp i. y cng l im bn cn ch khi chn mua loa v ampli.

V tr khng
n in t c tr khng ra rt ln, li nh vo loa c tr khng nh nn cn phi
c bin p xut m phi hp 2 mc tr khng chnh lch ny cho ph hp. Trong
phn ln cc ampli n, u ra loa thit k c 3 mc tr khng ra l 4/ 8/ 16 Ohm
c th ph hp vi mi loi loa trn th trng. Tuy nhin kinh nghim ca nhng
ngi chi n lu nm cho bit, khng nn chi loa 4 Ohm vo ampli n, m
thanh s kh hay. Tr khng loa thch hp nht cho ampli n l 8 Ohm tr ln (thm
ch trong mt s loa i c, tr khng cn l 15 hoc 16 Ohm).
i vi ampli n chy theo mch khng bin p xut OTL, tr khng loa li cng
quan trng hn. Loi OTL ch chy tt vi cc loa 8 Ohm tr ln. Nu loa 4 Ohm, khi
vn to, m thanh thng b mo rt r rt.

Cch l chn ampli bnh dn: 09 Thng T 2013, mua c ampli gi bnh
dn m cht lng tt, bn cn ch nhng vn sau.

Xem hnh thc ampli

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Hnh thc bn ngoi ca ampli tng i d kim tra. Khng nn chn ampli b try
xc nhiu, mc d c th khng nh hng g n m thanh nhng khng c hp
dn v thm m. Thng thng cc i ampli bnh dn mt trng ang bn trn th
trng l i sn xut lu, cch nay chng 15-20 nm. Tuy nhin, theo kinh
nghim ca nhiu ngi, ampli mt trng, en hay vng... cng khng quan trng,
bi vi s tin "bnh dn", cc bn cn xc nh mnh i mua m thanh, ch khng
nn i mua hnh thc.

Tuy nhin, c mt s im bn ngoi bn cn ch khi kim tra, l cc nt vn c

c u tay, cht ch hay khng, cc u gic RCA tn hiu mn nhiu hay cha?
Bn cng nn lt y ampli ln xem. Nu tm tn ni y mu, khng cn bng
sng, khng cn "by sc cu vng" hoc lem nhem my vt "hoa tay" th chc chn
l chic ampli b tho lp nhiu ln.

M bn trong my, cc ampli cng sut ln, cht lng cao, thuc dng "hng k"
thng bao gi cng chc nng, c b bin th ngun ln, t lc ngun c in dung
cao, ch in mu nh vng trn thn t. Cc mch in cn phi sng bng, khng b
r hoc xn mu. Cc linh kin nh t tr, con s phi cn nguyn bn. B s cng
sut c tc ng kh nhiu n cht m v cng sut ca ampli nn bn cn kim
tra k. Cc vt hn "zin" chn s thng trn, c bng va phi, c th c mt t
nha hn lem ra xung quanh. Lng s ni tip xc vi cnh ta nhit bao gi cng c
mt lp m mu trng. Nu s cn nguyn bn, lp m ny chuyn qua mu hi
vng, nh v thng hi kh. Nu s thay, lp m thng t v trng trn.

Th sc mnh ca ampli

Theo kinh nghim, iu u tin bn cn phi xc nh khi nghe ampli l liu n c

khe nh c cp loa bn ang c hay khng. kim tra sc khe ca
ampli, bn hy lng nghe phn trnh din ting bass. Nu ting bass b lng, b chm
hay thiu sc cng, sc nng, th ampli ny c l khng th m nhim c cng
vic nh chic loa ca bn. Ting bass yu l bo hiu ca mt chic ampli c cng
sut khng vi loa.

Mt s du hiu khc nh: ng thiu, m thanh b ri nt khi nhc ln cao tro,

nhp iu khng linh hot... cng chng t ampli cung cp dng in tn hiu ra loa
khng y .

th sc mnh ca ampli, trc tin, bn hy nghe th mc m lng va phi.

Chn bn nhc c di ng rng, c th l mt bn nhc c in vi dn nhc ln
hoc nhc ha tu vi cc on cao tro c guitar bass i km vi ting trng ln
(kickdrum). Sau khi tai bn quen vi mc trung bnh, hy tng volume bit gii
hn m lng ca chic ampli ny. xem ting bass c v khng. Nghe nhng
ting trng ln nhng a nhc c phn trm cng mnh.

Yu cu t ra l ampli cng sut phi th hin c sc cng, s chnh xc, tc

v chiu su khi m lng tng ln. Khi ting bass tr nn chm chp, t t cng l
lc bn y ampli ln im hot ng gii hn ca n. Nghe mt lc, bn s cm
nhn c khi no ampli bt u xut hin vn . Trong nhng im cao tro ca
m thanh, liu ampli c b lng tng qu khng hay n vn trnh din mt cch bnh
tnh.
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Hy so snh m thanh ca ampli cc mc m lng cao v thp. Nghe ting ca

cc nhc c hi ca b ng (c bit ting kn trumpet), xem c b chi chang khi
volume ln cao hay khng, sn khu m thanh c b ri lc nhc ln cao tro hay
khng...

Mt chic ampli tt khi hot ng gn ht cng sut vn phi gi c nhng cm

gic v khng gian, v chiu su, v cc tm im m thanh, trong khi vn th hin
c mt cch hi ha, m i khng kh chung ca dn nhc. Hn na, cng sut
s gip ampli lm vic mt cch d dng, m nhc s tr nn th v, hp dn hn.

Tt c nhng vn v sc mnh ca ampli lin quan n cc yu t nh cng sut

ra theo thit k ca ampli, kh nng cp dng in vo cun dy loa, cng nh
nhy, tr khng loa, kch c phng v mc ln nh ca m thanh bn mun nghe.
Ngay c khi khng phi khai thc n mc cng sut ti a th nhng ampli khe vn
to ra cm gic v ng, v kh nng lm vic nh nhng, t tin hn nhng ampli
yu.

Nu chic ampli bn thch c sc "nh" loa th bn hy xem xt nhng c

tnh m thanh ca sn phm.

u tin, ta nghe ton b bc tranh m thanh do ampli to ra. Phi xem phong cch
trnh tu m nhc ca ampli l "hng ra pha trc" hay "lui li pha sau".

Cch chi "hng ra pha trc" thng to cho bn c cm gic nh ang ngi
nhng dy gh u tin trong rp ht, ngha l m thanh xut hin l l - y l c
im ca nhiu ampli bn dn. Cn ngc li, ampli trnh din kiu "li li pha sau"
s khin bn tng mnh ang ngi nhng dy gh cui cng - y l phong cch
ca nhiu ampli n.

Phong cch th nht gi n tng mnh v s trc din v tnh tc th, nhng n
nhanh chng gy cm gic mt mi. Ngc li, bc tranh m thanh m ampli th
hin qu th thi (tc l n b li v pha sau) th mn hnh din s khng c si
ng, cun ht nh mong i.

Tip theo, hy nh gi sng, sc, sn ca ting treble. Nu bn cm thy

d chu hoc th pho nh nhm khi gim m lng xung, c th tin chc rng
ting treble ca chic ampli ny c vn , n qu sng, qu chi v lm cho bn
b mt mi. Sau bn hy lng nghe trung m, c bit ting ht, ting v cm,
piano. Nhng m thanh ny cn mt m, du ngt. Nu c ting sn, sc, gc
cnh... l iu ti k. Nhiu ampli cng sut - c bit l loi bn dn t tin - thng
trnh din ting treble rt kh, rt kh chu nh th ang tn cng i tai bn. Nu
sau mt vi chc pht nghe th m bn thy xut hin du hiu ca nhng nhc
im ny, bn c th tin chc rng cng nghe, chic ampli cng khin bn "nhc
u" m thi. C nhiu model gi mm m khng h mc phi nhng nhc im
ny, bn nn kim tr tm kim .

Ting bass th sao? Ting bass ca b dn chu nh hng rt ln t ampli. N cn

phi su, chc v bin ha mau l. Ting trng ln (kickdrum) cn c chiu su, sc
mnh v cm gic ca s bt ng. Ting guitar bass v ting kickdrum cn c chiu
su, sc mnh v cm gic ca s bt ng. Ting guitar bass v ting kickdrum nn
ha quyn to ra mt nn nhc va chnh xc, va chc chn v mnh m.
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Kh nng to mt sn khu m thanh (tc trng m) mi ampli u rt khc bit.

Vi nhng a nhc c thu thanh mt cch t nhin, sn khu m thanh cn trong
tro, su lng v tp trung, to cm gic loa v phng nghe dng nh bin mt.
Nu m thanh b nng, m nht, khng bin ha th c ngha l bn cha tm thy
chic ampli thch hp.

Cch tt nht tm ra chic ampli ph hp vi mi ngi l tham kho kin ca

nhng tay chi c hiu bit, kinh nghim hoc c cc bi vit ph bnh sn phm
cc tp ch m thanh, sau lp ra danh sch ampli d kin mua.

Ngoi ra, bn ng qun th vi chic ampli trc khi i n quyt nh cui cng.

2.1. Cng sut th no cho tng thch gia loa v ampli? - nhy ca loa
th no? Chn nhy th no cho hp l?
- nhy ca loa th no? Chn nhy th no cho hp l?
- Tr khng l g? Chn tr khng th no cho ph hp?
- Khi cng sut ampli ghi l 155 Watt th ghp vi loa ghi l 20 160
Watt c c khng?

Trong khun kh gii hn ca mt bi t vn, chng ti xin ln lt gii p nh

sau:

1. V l thuyt, loa v ampli c gi l tng thch cng sut khi cng sut hiu
dng ti a ca ampli cao hn cng sut ti thiu ca loa (trong cng mt mc tr
khng). Chng hn, ampli c cng sut RMS = 50 Watt mc tr khng 8 Ohm c
th tng thch v mt cng sut vi loa c cng sut ti thiu thp hn 50 Watt
mc tr khng danh nh 8 Ohm.

Tuy nhin, tnh tng thch ca loa vi ampli cn ph thuc nhiu yu t khc, chng
hn nhy ca loa, cu trc ca loa.... V d, mt ampli c cng sut RMS l 100
Watt cha chc c th phi ghp tt vi mt loa nhy cao, c cng sut ti
thiu l 5 Watt.

2. nhy ca loa l i lng ch mc nn ca m thanh, vit tt l SPL (sound

pressure level). Mt loa c nhy 90 dB c ngha l vi 1 Watt cng sut ca ampli
(tng ng vi mc in p xoay chiu 2,83 V) th loa s t t l SPL = 90 dB ti
khong cch 1 mt mt mc tr khng nht nh. Thng s v nhy ca loa s
cho ta bit cng sut ti thiu ca tng m phi ghp vi loa. Thng thng
nhy cng cao th cng sut ca ampli cng thp. C gim SPL mt mc l 3 dB th
cn cng sut ampli gp i. Nu nh ch 1 Watt cng t mc m lng
tng i ln vi loa c nhy 95 dB th cn phi c ampli t cng sut ti thiu
l 8 Watt ko loa 86 dB. Da vo bn c th t tm ra cu tr li loa c
nhy th no l ph hp, khi bn bit cng sut hiu dng ca ampli.

3. Tr khng ngha l mc cn tr ca mt vt liu dn in i vi s di chuyn

ca cc in t. Trong lnh vc m thanh, vic phi hp tr khng c ngha ht sc
quan trng. Chng hn, tr khng u ra ca pre-ampli phi ph hp vi tr khng
u vo ca ampli. Tm li, bn cn ch rng tr khng ra ca mt thit b phi c
tnh tng thch vi tr khng vo ca thit b ng sau n.

4. Nh phn tch phn trn, ampli c cng sut ti a l 155 Watt c th phi
ghp tt vi loa yu cu cng sut ti thiu l 20 Watt v cng sut ti a l 160
Watt.
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