Proceedings of Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 4314 LARGE SCALE MODEL TESTS AND ANALYSIS OF GRAVEL DRAINS Susumu IAL, Katsuhiko KOTZIML, Setsuo NODA, and Hajime TSUCIIDA Port and Harbour Research Institute Ministry of Transport, JAPAN smauRy Performance of gravel drains, installed as one of remedial measures against liquefaction, is studied with large ecale model tests, The tests are conducted vith a container, set on the shaking table, made of a stack of 64 eluminun rings the rings of 200 cm in diameter being stacked to the total height of 200 cm. The results of the shaking tests and the analysis indicate a simple design procedure for determining the spacing between the gravel drains. [INTRODUCTION Installing gravel draing, such as shown in Fig.l, is one of remedial measures against ‘Liquefaction; the gravel drains will increase the average permeability of the ground and thus reduce the potential damages associated with Liquefaction, The gravel drains can be installed without vibrations and noises and, therefore, have an advantage over compaction methods when the ground has to be improved near the existing structures. Performance of gravel drains was Firat studied by Seed and Booker (Ref, 1) by solving @ kind of consolidation equations. Several studies followed thea Gets, 2 through 4). However, there have never been a large scale aodel test under horizontal exciations to study the applicability of the equation used by Seed and Booker, Therefore, the present study is carried out. LARGE SCALE MODEL TESTS Nine series of shaking table tests M261 dels THT fooiiry F|| cross Section Fig.1 Schematic figure of gravel drainswere conducted by using a container which ras made of a stack of 64 aluminum rings designed to enforce, in the nodel ground, pure horizontal cyclic shearing as in the field, The diameter and the thickness of each ring were 200 cm end 2 cm and the total height of the stacked rings amounted to 200 cm Between the aluminum rings, roller-bearings were inserted to reduce the friction between the rings. ‘The model had the typical cross section shown in Fig.2. The shaking tests were conducted for the model ground with and/or without a gravel drain under ‘sinusoidal and/or earthquake actions. The sande and the grevels used for the tests had grain size accumulation curves shown in Fig.3. RESULTS OF THE MODEL TESTS The shaking teats vere conducted in various conditions but the typical Conditions are shown in Table 1; R-206, R302, and 2-303 are the tests without a gravel drain and 2-502 and B-503 are. the fests with a gravel drain, When these nodels were shaken by a sinusoidal input Botions of 2 Hz for the duration of 10 Seconds, excess pore weter pressures gradually rose, giving the naxiaun excess Pore vater pressures (the ratio of the Baximua excess pore water pressures over the initial vertical effective. stress) as Shown in Pag.dy ies, with the gravel drain, excess pore vater pressures vere smaller then those without the gravel dreia. A closer look in the effect of the gravel drain reveales, as shown in Fig.5, that the gravel drain decreases the rate of generation in pore vater pressures and increases the rate of dissipation. However, the maxinum value of the excess pore water pressures are sensitive to the level of the earthquake motions. Fig.2 Cross section of Model $107 3 revert | ba ey) | : Tf ry SET ia ne wo Grain Si6 (rm) Fig.3 Grain size accumilation curves of the sand and gravel Sala NeTow ‘yer. conk Pres, a Oletance (em) & Ema ai Osean (em) (@) Without a drain (b) With a drain Fig.4 Maximum excess pore water pressures Table 1 Conditions for the experinence aE Relative Density (2) 29 SL seecetttet ef (cat) 430k Shaking Table -262COMPARISON BETWEEN ‘MEASURED AND COMPUTED RESULTS In order to evaluate the performance of the gravel drain, Seed and Booker's approach (Rel. 1) vas adopted because of its simplicity. Their approach is based fon Terzaghi's consolidation equation vith fan additionsl tera for excess pore water pressure generation. In their study, this equation wae solved under simplifying assumptions, However, in the present study, this equation was solved directly by the finite element method with the constants obtained by the backfitting technique with the test data obtained without the gravel drain. Comparison between the measured and ‘the conputed results indicates, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, that the above- mentioned approach has acceptable applicability. However, the coefficient of compressibility obtained by the back- fitting technique vas, as shovn in Fig.8, not constant when the excess pore pressure ratio exceeded 0.5. PERFORMANCE OP GRAVEL DRAINS ‘UNDER STNUSOTDAL CYCLIC LOADING ‘The above-mentioned approach indicates that the pore water pressure ratio u/dyo' depends on the following Pressure (t/ om") Excess Pore Water Tima (s00) (a) Mine histories of excess pore water pressures No brain ree ove Pressure (at fom") Time (320) (a) During the first 15 seconds 3 with Gravel Dra Powe Pressure (af /. |S ET ce Seed"and Booker. One de Ty which vill $0 a later be shown @ more Appropriate #3 + seers parameter than Tq(= Tytq/ty) used by Seed and Booker. The other is R which was derived by Yoshikunt and Nakenodo (Ref. 5). The paraneter tq/ty will be shovn to have very minor influence upon the pore water pressure ratio for aost of the cases. As shovn in Fig. 9, when the 2 8B «TOO maxinun value of u/dy9’ is less than Time (see) about 0.5, u/oyo' reaches its steady state value before t = ty (m0.5tg). Figs? Comparison between the toe (om) Settlements pore water Pressure Therefore, the meximun value SE 0/099" 4s Seosured and\ the computed docerained only by Ty and. that’the ccttlenence. and excess maximun value does not depend on tq/ty if pore water pressure ratio tg/tz > 0. Similar conclusions ean be Slav forvarious values of a/b, Ty ant gg Bias shova in Fig.10, in which Woye! xa T Teaches 90.5 of the steady state value'St 2S «no Liguetaction the tine tog- top is elvaye less than 20; 2 | *m, (No Liquefaction) Lf (o/oyotSoax ¢ 0.5. Thus the parameter 27 tm, (Liquefaction) seca tas “ctaot tatintnce open EB 0.2 Gloye!nex fr aoet cf the coses. ee | Based on the above considerations, O° 9 the maximum excess pore water pressure °° Fatios averaged over the horizontal © Section of the ground ave given by the & Rondinensional peraneters a/b, Ty, and R > 0.05} : as shown in Fig.11. 6 ” | DESIGN OF SPACING BETWEEN 3 0.02 ‘i GRAVEL DRADNS AGAINST ExRTQuares © = Once the results shown in Fig.l are O in handy the spacing between the gravel 0.01}$————_L___], Grains can be deteruined by the procedure : Siluetrated in Fig.12. In deterstaing. the Pore Water Pressure Ratio spacing, the value of (/ve Dua? the U face certhguake ground motions, Shi the 74,8 coefficient of voiune Conseante of the soils have tobe givens, #8 Coefttete * -264‘The value of (u/dyo")max Seens to R=0.01 be, in the current practice, often determined as of 0.5. Hovever, the test results suggest that (u/oyo')nax 48 very sensitive to the level of the earthquake notions. Thus, it is necessary to allow a large safety factor upon the value of (a/yo'max: At present, it is difficult to specify the exact value of the safety factor. However, if the authors, who have conducted the large scale model tests, os were requested to use an engineering oh Judgenent, ‘the authors would suggest the 2) 0. Br 0s be Os Oe Din Pile Redue Revi a/> ‘deel e pecers ould eee Eg) tu/ti=2 ‘chet : u/o, v UT 02 0S 04 05 06 ho 2/b=0. aes oh 0.8 heat en | oy ; [ \ | ets Ue 100 | i ara 0.1 1 Te t/t Fig.9 Typteal excess pore water pressure change OT Ur OF ta OF OF Drain Pie Radius Ratio Bat i ta 08 05 4, Drain Pile Radius Ratio a/b Drain Pile Racor Ratio as Reto a his 100 59 | 20 jo me st ar ar 0s 4 05 08 Dain Pile Redue Ratio a/b Fig.10 Duration of sheking Fig-11 Relation between maxinun required to attain the pore pressure ratio, time steady state pore water factor Tj, well resistance R, pressures and radius ratio a/b 1-265Loe. suggesting 0.25 as @ standard value of (u/dyo')nax: The details in the procedure for determining the spacing between the gravel drains will be found in Ref. 6. CCONCLUSONS Following conclusions are derived from the present study: (2) Terzaghi's consolidation equation with additional tera for excess pore water pressure generation has accept~ able applicability for analysing the behaviour of the gravel drains, (2) The folloving nondimensional pars~ meters should be considered for the design of the gravel drains; a/b= a \Oco)m. Fatio of the fadius of the gravel O-22880 drain over that of the tributary a/b area, Ty = a factor characterizing the duration of earthquake shaking required to cause initial liquefac~ ig-12 Procedure for determining tion in relation to the consolidation the spacing between the properties of the ground, and R= gravel drains Fatio characterizing the resistance of the gravel drain in relation to the perseability of the ground. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Mr, Mineta, Hokkaido Kaihatsu Consultant, and Mr. Yamamoto, Penta Ocean Construction Co, contributed in the tests and’ the analysis during their stay in the Port and Harbour Research Institute. Mr. Kobayashi, Chief of Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Port and Harbour Research Institute, developed the finite element program used for this study. The sincere thanks are due to then. REFERENCES 1, Seed,H.B, and Booker,J.R., "Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains," Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 103, GI7, 757-168, (1977). Tokimatsu,k. and Yoshint,¥., "Effects of Vertical Drains on the Bearing Capacity of Saturated Sand’ during Earthquakes," International Conference on Engineering for Protection from Natural Disasters, Bangkok, 643-655, (1980). 3. Tanaka,¥., Kokusho,7., Bsashi,¥., and Matsui,I., "On Preventing Liquefaction of Level Ground Using Gravel Piles," Proceedings of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 352/IIT-2, 89-98, (1984), (in Japanese). Onoue,A., Mori,N., and Takano,J., "In-Situ Experiment and Analysis on Well Resistance of Gravel Drains," Soils and Foundations, 27, 2, 42-60, (1987). 5. Yoshikuni,F. and Nakanodo,H., "Consolidation of Soils by Vertical Drain Wells with Finite Permeability," Soils and Foundations, 14, 2, 35-46, 2 (1974). 6, Tai,S, “and Koizuni,k., "Estimation of Earthquake Induced Excesa Pore Water Pressure for Gravel Drains," Proc. of 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Syaposiva, 679-686, (1986). 1-266