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PHD Kuenzel1
PHD Kuenzel1
Portland Cement
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Definition
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Manufacture
Raw Materials
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Notation
C CaO
S SiO2
A Al2O3
F Fe2O3
H H2 O
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Cement Minerals
C3S : 3CaOSiO2
C2S : 2CaOSiO2
C3A : 3CaOAl2O3
C4AF : 4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Chemical Reactions
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Hydrated Paste
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Solids in the Cement Paste
Notation: C-S-H
C/S Ratio: 1.5 to 2.0
Main Characteristics: High Surface (100 to 700
m2/ g) ----> High Van der Walls Force ----->
Strength.
Volume % : 50 a 60
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
C-S-H
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Solids in the Cement Paste
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Calcium Hydroxide
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Solids in the Cement Paste
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Ettringite
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Review Identify the crystal
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Review 2 -- Identify the crystal
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Review 3 -- Identify the crystal
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Water inside the pores
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Orders of magnitude
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
ASTM Portland Cements
Type I General Purpose
Type III High early strength (C3A < 15%) : emergency repairs,
precast, winter construction.
Type IV Low heat ( C3S < 35%, C3A < 7%, C2S > 40%)
:mass concrete
Main Components of PC
amount notes
C3S 50% very reactive compound, high heat of
hydration, high early strength
C2S 25% low heat of hydration, slow reaction
C3A 10% problems with sulfate attack, high heat of
hydration
C4AF 10%
gypsum 5% used to control the set of cement
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Typical Compound Composition of Various Types of
Portland Cement
Compound composition range (%)
ASTM type General description C3S C2S C3A C4AF
I General purpose 45-55 20-3O 8-12 6-1O
II General purpose with moderate 40-50 25-35 5-7 6-10
sulfate resistance and moderate
heat of hydration
III High early strength 50-65 15-25 8-14 6-10
V Sulfate resistant 40-50 25-35 0-4 10-20
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Cement Requirements
Requirement specified Type Type Type Type
by ASTM C 150 I II III V
Fineness: 280 280 None 280
minimum (m2Ikg)
Soundness: 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
maximum, autoclave expansion (%)
Time of setting
Initial set 45 45 45 45
minimum (min)
Final set 375 375 375 375
maximum (min)
Compressive strength:
minimum [MPa]
1 day in moist air None None 12.4 None
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Other hydraulic cements
a) Blended P.C
b) Modified P.C.
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Blended PC
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregates for Concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregates for Concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Significance:
Cost
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregate Type
Fine aggregate < 3/16 in. and > 150 (No. 200
sieve)
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregate Type -mineralogy
Excellent to poor
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregate Type -mineralogy
Igneous Rocks
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Industrial by-products used in concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Industrial by-products used in concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Industrial by-products used in concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Reduction of Voids
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Chemical Admixtures
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Admixtures
Reasons
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Admixtures
Classification
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Ice Formation in Concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Air Voids
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Air-Entraining Surfactants
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
ASTM Categories (C494) : Water Reducers
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Examples
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Mechanism
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Consequence
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Mode of Action of Superplasticizers
Courtesy from Carmel JOLICOEUR
"Physical" binding and dispersion
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Mineral Admixtures
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Pozzolanic Reaction
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Mechanisms of Action
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Thermal stresses
E
t = K r T
1+
where:
t: tensile stress
Kr: degree of restraint
E: elastic modulus
: coefficient of thermal expansion
T: temperature change
: creep coefficient
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Thermal stresses
E
t = K r T
1+
where:
t: tensile stress
Kr: degree of restraint
E: elastic modulus
: coefficient of thermal expansion
T: temperature change
: creep coefficient
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Temperature Evolution
T =
placement temperature of fresh concrete + adiabatic
temperature rise - ambient or service temperature - heat
losses.
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Sequence
Batching
Mixing
Transport to the job site/Placement in the
Formwork
Consolidation
Finishing
Curing
Formwork Removal
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Batching
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Ready Mixed Concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Transport Truck agitator
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Truck mixer
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Crane
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Aerial Cable
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Sodium sulfate attack:
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Magnesium sulfate attack
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
ACI Building Code 318
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Introduction
This deleterious reaction is known for a long time
Map cracks
California, 1936
Vertical cracks
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Examples of damage
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Corrosion damage
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Electrochemical process of steel
corrosion in concrete
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
Portland Cement
Volumetric change
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials