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TCVN 8868 2011 Thi Nghiem 3 Truc PDF
TCVN 8868 2011 Thi Nghiem 3 Truc PDF
TCVN 8868:2011
Xut bn ln 1
Test method for Unconsolidated Undrained and Consolidated Drained for cohesive
soils on triaxial compression equipment
H NI 2011
TCVN 8868:2011
Mc lc
1 Phm vi p dng ...................................................................................................................................... 5
3
TCVN 8868:2011
Li ni u
4
TIU CHUN QUC GIA TCVN 8868:2011
1 Phm vi p dng
TIu chun th nghim ny nm trong h thng ca tiu chun th nghim a cht cng trnh phc v
tnh ton thit k nn mng cng trnh xy dng.
2 Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng cc tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn
ghi nm cng b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th p
dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i (nu c).
TCVN 4195 - t xy dng - Phng php xc nh khi lng ring trong phng th nghim;
TCVN 4202 - t xy dng - Cc phng php xc nh khi lng th tch trong phng th nghim.
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
lch ng sut () l chnh lch gia ng sut chnh ln nht () v nh nht ().
3.2 Bin dng dc trc tng i ( cumulative strain):
Bin dng dc trc tng i () l s thay i kch thc c th hin bng t l hoc phn trm so
vi kch thc ban u.
3.3 p lc bung (cell pressure):
p lc bung () l p lc ca dung dch cha trong bung to nn mt ng sut u ln mu.
Trong th nghim nn hng trc l ng sut chnh nh nht ton phn.
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(a) Gi tr ln nht ca ng sut lch, l s khc nhau ca cc ng sut chnh, k hiu ('1- '3)f ;
(c) Khi ct lin tc vi p lc nc l rng khng thay i (khng thot nc) hoc khng c s thay
i v th tch (c thot nc), trong c hai trng hp vi ng sut ct khng thay i.
3.10 Vng trn Mohr ng sut hiu qu ( mohr circle of effective stress failure):
Vng trn Mohr ng sut hiu qu (c hiu) ti thi im ph hoi: Vng trn Mohr th hin trng thi
ca ng sut hiu qu ti thi im ph hoi, ng knh xc nh bi cc im c trng cho ng
sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh nht ti thi im ph hu.
3.11 Gc ma st trong theo ng sut hiu qu (angle of shear resistance in terms of effective
stress):
3.12 Lc dnh kt theo ng sut hiu qu (cohesion intercept in terms of effective stress):
Lc dnh kt theo ng sut hiu qu (c') l phn b chn ca ng bao ng sut hiu qu Mohr -
Coulomb.
6
TCVN 8868:2011
u B A
3 1 3
(1)
trong :
u l bin i p lc nc l rng;
A v B l cc h s p lc nc l rng.
3.15 Thi gian ti ph hoi theo tnh ton (calculated time to failure):
Thi gian ti ph hoi theo tnh ton (tf) l khong thi gian bt u nn mu ti khi mu b ph hoi.
Thng s ng ng sut (s', t') l cc thng s ng ng sut (theo ng sut hiu qu) c xc
lp t cng thc sau:
'1 '3
1
s' (2)
2
1 3
1
t' (3)
2
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3.18 Th nghim nn ba trc mu c kt khng thot nc c kt hp o p lc nc l rng
(consolidated-undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore pressure):
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
c) p lc hng.
CH THCH:
2) Trong : v - Tng ng sut thng ng ti hin trng, p lc s dng nn bao trm khong ng sut thng ng c kh
nng xy ra i vi t ti hin trng.
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3) i vi t st qu c kt, p lc hng thp nht thng khng c nh hn tng ng sut thng ng ti hin trng.
Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b, dng c th nghim phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph
lc C.
Th nghim c tin hnh trn my nn 3 trc vi mu hnh tr thng c chiu cao xp x bng hai ln
ng knh. ng knh mu dao ng t 38 mm n 100 mm.
CH THCH:
1) ng knh mu cn c la chn da trn c tnh ca t v kch thc ht ln nht c mt trong mu. Nhng mu
vi ng knh mu 38 mm thng ch ph hp i vi loi t dnh ht mn, ng nht. Ni chung nn s dng kch thc
mu ln nht c th c. Th nghim ny khng p dng cho nhng mu ng knh nh hn 35mm
2) Trong th nghim, mu c bc trong mt mng cao su khng thm nc gia hai np khng thm nc t trong bung
ba trc, trong c th to p lc bung (3) bng nc. Lc nn dc trc c tng ln vi tc bin dng khng i cho
n khi mu ph hy. thng trong khong thi gian t 5 pht n 15 pht.
4.3.2 Bung ba trc: Kch thc ph hp vi kch thc ca mu th nghim, thch hp cho s dng
nc to p lc lm vic khng nh hn 1.700 kPa thc hin th nghim.
Khe h gia pittng v ng lt hoc vng m ca n phi kn sao cho lng nc r r t bung ra
l nh nht;
CH THCH 2: Thn bung nn c ch to t vt liu trong sut hoc c nhng l quan st c mu trong qu trnh
thi nghim.
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+ T bung ni n van x y (cn ghi ch khi s dng bung khng c van x y).
4.3.3 Thit b dng to v duy tr p lc nc lin tc trong sut qu trnh th nghim trong bung
km theo thit b o p lc.
CH THCH:
4.3.7 Tm nn trn phi cng bng vt liu khng g hoc bng nha, nh, c ng knh bng
ng knh mu th nghim. Phi c mt b phn t nh v nm gia tm nn trn v pittng gia ti.
CH THCH: Thng s dng mng cao su bng cao su t nhin. i vi ng knh mu n 50 mm th chiu dy ph hp
ca mng cao su l 0,2 mm, i vi mu ln hn cn c mng cao su dy hn. C th lng hai mng cao su ring bit vo
nhau, gia c lp m silicon hoc mt lp cao su khi c nguy him lm thng mng do cc ht sc nhn.
Trc khi s dng cn kim tra mng cao su c b khuyt tt g khng v loi b nhng mng khuyt
tt.
4.3.10 Hai giong cao su hnh trn gi cht hai u ca mng cao su vi tm nn trn v tm
di. Giong cao su c ng knh khi cha ko gin trong khong t 80% n 90% ca ng knh
mu. Khi ko gin, cc giong cao su khng c c cc khuyt tt v tht c chai.
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4.4 Chun b mu th nghim
4.4.1 Mu th nghim: Mu hnh tr phi c chiu cao khong bng hai ln ng knh vi hai u
bng phng vung gc vi trc. Kch thc ht ln nht ca t khng ln hn mt phn nm ca
ng knh mu. Thng thng mt tp hp mu l 3 mu.
CH THCH: Nu sau th nghim nhn thy mu cha nhiu ht c kch thc ln th kch thc v khi lng ca nhng
ht ny cn c ghi r.
4.4.2 Chun b mu
CH THCH: Nu nhng khuyt tt nh trn xy ra mt cch t nhin cn phi s dng mu th nghim ln hn i din
hn cho t ni chung.
c) Mu c to ra t dng c dao ly mu dng hnh tr thnh mng t khi mu: S dng dao ly
mu c t s din tch A nh hn 20 % (xem ch thch). Chiu di dao ln hn 1,5 ln chiu di yu
cu ca mu th. Mu t c t ln gi gi mu, dng dao n t t trn mu n chiu di cn
th nghim. Ly mu ra khi dao thc hin nh im a ca 4.4.2.3.
CH THCH: T s din tch A l t s gia th tch t b ng mu chim ch v th tch mu, theo cng thc sau :
D 02 D12
A 100 (4)
D12
trong :
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4.4.2.4 Khi yu cu mt tp hp mu th nghim vi nhng p lc hng khc nhau, cn phi la
chn mu sao cho chng tng t nhau. Ghi li v tr v nh hng ca tng mu mt trong mu khi.
4.4.2.5 o chiu di Lo (mm), ng knh Do (mm) v cn khi lng m (g) cho tng mu chun b
vi s chnh xc cn thit tnh ton khi lng th tch t nhin, chnh xc ti 1 %.
4.4.2.6 t mu cn th nghim gia 2 tm m trong mng cao su (nh m t trong 4.5.1) nhanh n
mc c th c trnh mt mt m. Bo qun nhng mu cha th nghim trnh thay i
m.
CH THCH: S mt m t mu cha s dng ngay cn phi phng bng cch gi mu trong nhng tm vi nha
mng.
4.5.1 Lp t
4.5.1.4 Lng mng cao su vo mu, tho ng ko cng mng cao su.
4.5.1.5 Nt cht mng cao su vi u tm di v tm nn trn bng giong cao su, khng
khng kh b gi li trong mng.
4.5.1.7 Lp thn bung nn vi pittng truyn ti khng chm vo tm nn trn ca mu. Kim tra
thng tm bng cch cho Pittng trt chm xung cho ti khi n tip xc vi b mt chu lc ca tm
nn trn, sau ko pittng ln. Nu cn thit, tho b thn bung nn v chnh li mu cho ng tm.
Vn cht cc bu lng lin kt thn bung v bung nn.
4.5.1.8 Cho nc vo y bung nn, bo m sao cho tt c khng kh trong bung b y ra qua l
thot kh (Hnh B.1- Ph lc B). ng l thot kh sau khi y nc.
4.5.2 To p lc bung
4.5.2.1 To p lc bung nn 3 trc v tin hnh nhng iu chnh cui cng nh m t trong mc
4.5.2.2 n 4.5.2.5.
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TCVN 8868:2011
vi mm. Ghi s c ca thit b o lc trong thi gian chuyn ng u ca pittng nh l s c ban
u.
4.5.3 Th nghim nn
4.5.3.2 Ghi nhn s c ca thit b o lc v thit b o bin dng tng khong u n ca thit b
o bin dng, sao cho ti thiu ghi nhn c 15 s c n thi im ph hy mu.
CH THCH 1: i vi t c tnh nn ln trung bnh nn c s tng khong bin dng 0,25 % cho n khi t 1,0 % v
sau theo tng khong bin dng 0,5 %. i vi t rt cng thng t nhin ph hy bin dng nh nn tin hnh c
s theo cc khong lc thay cho cc khong bin dng.
CH THCH 2: V th biu th ng sut dc trc ng vi bin dng nn trong qu trnh th nghim, thy r im xy ra
ph hy (Tham kho biu mu UU-03 - Ph lc A).
4.5.4 D ti
CH THCH: thao tc theo 4.5.4.3 v 4.5.4.4 cn phi hon thnh ngay trnh mt m ca mu.
4.6.1.1 T mi tp hp s c, tnh lc dc trc P(N) tc dng ln mu bng cch nhn hiu s gia
s c v s c ban u (xem 4.5.2.3) ca thit b trn thit b o lc (vch chia hoc s hin) vi
h s hiu chun ca n (N/vch chia hoc N/trn s hin)
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4.6.1.2 Tnh ton din tch tit din ngang ca mu, vi gi thit rng bin dng ca n theo hnh tr
thng, t cng thc:
Ao
A (5)
1
trong :
Ao l din tch tit din ngang ban u ca mu, A l din tch tit din ngang ca mu, tnh bng
milimet vung.
L
(6)
L0
trong :
P
1 - 3 1000 (7)
A
CH THCH: i vi mt vi trng hp c th p dng th quan h gia ng sut lch (kPa) ng vi bin dng dc trc
(%).
4.6.1.4 Hiu chnh lch ng sut ln nht c tnh ton i vi hiu ng ca mng cao su. Vic
iu chnh c tin hnh trc tip (hnh B.5 - Ph lc B), ti bin dng tng ng vi ph hy, i
vi cc mu ng knh 38 mm lp trong mt mng cao su t nhin dy 0,2 mm khi xy ra kiu bin
dng ch yu l hnh trng. i vi mu c ng knh khc bt k, D (mm) v mng bc cao su vi
chiu dy bt k khc t (mm) (c th lm bng hai mng cao su tr ln), nhn h s iu chnh thu
c t (hnh B.5 - Ph lc B) vi mt h s bng
38 t
(8)
D 0,2
1 3 f
Cu (9)
2
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CH THCH: i vi mt vi ng dng c th cn mt th ng sut lch (kPa) ng vi bin dng dc trc (%)
4.6.1.6 Tnh ton khi lng th tch t nhin ca mu theo cng thc sau:
1000 m o
p (10)
Ao Lo
trong :
4.6.2 Bo co th nghim
e) c im v chiu su ca mu th nghim;
- p lc bung 3 (kPa);
- Kiu ph hy;
1 3 f
- Gi tr ca Cu (kPa) ti s nguyn gn nht.
2
i) Khi th nghim t 2 hoc nhiu mu tng t thnh mt tp hp mu, nhng s liu trn cho tng
mu phi c lp thnh bng trong tp hp mu.
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5 Th nghim sc khng ct c ktkhng thot ncs CU
Mu trc ht c c kt trong iu kin ng sut ng hng khng i, thot nc hon ton (giai
on c kt); sau giai on c kt tng ti trng dc trc v khng cho thot nc (giai on nn).
Trong giai on nn o s thay i ca p lc nc l rng.
Bc 1- Lm bo ho mu (xem 5.5.2);
Bc 2- C kt mu (xem 5.5.3);
Bc 3- Nn mu (xem 5.5.4).
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
CH THCH: i vi loi t cht, p lc c kt hiu qu phi c xem xt lm sao tng ng vi ng sut hiu qu cc
i tnh ton c thc t (v) v cc tch ca n vi 1/2; 1 v 2 thng l thch hp.
d) p lc ngc.
Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b, dng c th nghim phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph
lc C.
Bung ba trc phi c kch thc ph hp vi kch thc ca mu th nghim, cho php s dng nc
kh kh vi p lc lm vic khng nh hn 1.700 kPa (xem ch thch 1). Khng c dng kh
to p lc trong bung.
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Cc chi tit chnh ca bung c m t trong hnh B.2 - ph lc B v c qui nh nh sau:
- T bung ni vi thit b x y (cn ghi ch khi s dng bung khng c van x y).
CH THCH 2: Bung c hai van y l loi bung tt nht c dng trong th nghim ng sut hiu qu ba trc. Cng c
th dng bung c mt van y, nhng khi li phi b sung thm mt s thao tc trong qu trnh th nghim (Nu dng loi
bung ny lm th nghim th phi ghi vo s ghi chp).
e) Tm nn trn ( trn) c lm bng vt liu nh khng g, khng thm nc, cng khng b
bin dng khi b nn mu t. trn c l thot nc v c ni vi ng vo ca p lc
ngc qua bung bng mt ng mm c ng knh trong khng ln qu 2,5 mm, ng mm phi
khng thm nc, c h s gin n tu thuc vo p lc bn trong v khng qu 0,001 ml/m cho mi
tng p lc l 1 kPa. Mt trn ca tm phi phng nhn khng b xc, phi c b phn t nh
v nm gia tm nn trn v pittng gia ti.
o
CH THCH 3: Mt hc nh hnh cn gia c gc na l 60 t mt vin bi thp hoc na u hnh cu ca pittng l
p ng c vic ny.
5.3.3 Mng hnh ng lm bng nha cao su c mt cao hoc vt liu khng thm bc ngoi mu
th nghim. ng knh khi cha cng khng c ln hn ng knh mu th nghim v khng nh
hn 90 % ng knh mu th nghim. Chiu di, di hn mu l 50 mm. dy ca mng khng qu
1 % ng knh mu (xem ch thch 4).
CH THCH 4: Mng thng c lm bng nha cao su t nhin. C th dng hai hay vi ci mng bc nu c nguy c
b rch hoc th nghim qu lu i vi mu c ng knh ln.
5.3.8 Giy thm dng thot nc bn (khi cn), b mt bao ph khng qu 50% b mt cong ca
mu (xem ch thch 6). Giy thm khng c tan trong nc v phi c h s thm khng nh hn
1x10-5 cm/s vi p lc 550 kPa.
CH THCH 6: Ch dng bin php thot nc bn i vi cc mu c tnh thm rt yu lm gim chiu di ng thot
nc cc i xung bng bn knh ca mu.
d) Buret thu tinh l buret thng vi kh quyn chia n 0,1 ml, c mt mng mng bng du ho
tri trn mt nc ngn s bc hi.
CH THCH 3: Dng c ny ch dng cho t bo ho nc khng yu cu p lc ngc v c th thay th cho b phn ghi
s thay i th tch hiu chun.
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p lc bn trong v khng c vt qu 0,001 ml/m i vi tng mc gia tng p lc l 1 kPa.
CH THCH 4: Cch b tr thch hp ca h thng thit b hon chnh c m t bng s trong hnh B.3 - Ph lc B.
b) Thit b o bin dng dc trc ca mu c hiu chun, chia vch ti 0,01mm; chiu di bng
chia khng ngn hn mt phn ba chiu di mu. Dng c c th l ng h micromet hoc chuyn
v k.
CH THCH 1: Dng c o lc c th l vng lc hoc thit b chuyn i ti trng lp trong bung ba trc
Trc khi tin hnh th nghim cc thit b phi c kim tra nh quy nh ti ph lc C.
5.4.1 Mu th nghim: Mu hnh tr phi c chiu cao khong bng hai ln ng knh vi 2 u
phng vung gc vi trc. Kch thc ht ln nht ca t khng ln hn 1/5 ca ng knh mu.
Mt tp hp mu thng thng chun b 3 mu.
CH THCH: Nu sau th nghim nhn thy mu cha nhiu ht c kch thc ln th kch thc v khi lng ca nhng
ht ny cn c ghi r.
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5.5 Cch tin hnh
5.5.1 Lp t
5.5.1.4 Nu c s dng bin php thot nc bn th cho php nc tha chy qua giy thm bo
ho nc v t n vo mt cong ca mu th nghim (xem ch thch). G nh cho thot ht bt kh
ra ngoi. Phi m bo cho phn thot nc ph chm ln thm.
CH THCH: Sc ht nc l rng trong t thng gi giy thm ti ch. tin li hn, thng t giy thm vo trc
khi t mu ln tm di.
5.5.1.5 S dng vng cng mng ng. Cun mng cao su xung quanh mu th nghim sau khi loi
ht nc tha ra. Dng hai vng cao su vt mng cht vo tm di (xem ch thch). G nh
ngc ln bt kh gia mu th nghim v mng thot ra ht. Khng khng kh v nc no
len thm vo gia mu v mng.
CH THCH: Bi mt lp du cao su mng ln mt cong ca b y v tm nn trn tng kh nng chng thm ca vng
m. Khng c cho du lan vo thm hoc giy thm.
5.5.1.7 M van p lc ngc (xem hnh B.2 Ph lc B), thm t s qua thm trn ri y thm
li, khng cho khng kh lt vo. Tht cht mng vo m ca tm nn trn bng hai vng cao su,
dng vng cng ch i tht cht vng cao su (xem ch thch 5.5.1.5).
5.5.1.9 Lp thn bung c pittng truyn ti tht khp vi tm nn trn t trn u mu th nghim.
Kim tra s thng hng ca mu bng cch cho pittng di ng chm cho ti lc chm vo b mt tm
nn trn, sau ko li pittng li. Nu cn thit th tho bung ra chnh cho ht lch tm.
5.5.1.11 Vn van thng kh (xem hnh B.2 ph lc B) m cho ti khi bung chun b xong v sn
sng chu p lc, nhm gi p lc trong bung bng p lc ca khng kh.
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qui trnh lm bo ho (xem 5.5.2.3 v 5.5.2.4).
5.5.2 Lm bo ho mu
5.5.2.2 Cc yu cu c bn
CH THCH 1: Cc cp tng p lc l 50 kPa c p dng cho ti khi gi tr B t c khong 0,8 v cp tng 100 kPa
tip sau l thch hp vi nhiu loi t, min l p lc c kt hiu qu ln hn 100 kPa.
CH THCH 2. chnh lch p lc 10kPa l thch hp cho nhiu loi t m trng n ca n l khng ng k cp
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ng sut hu hiu ny.
CH THCH 3: Khi pht hin thy c s thay i p lc nc l rng hoc th tch th cn v th s o theo thi gian
bit c khi no th n nh.
Trong phng php ny, vic tng p lc bung v p lc ngc c thc hin lun phin nhau.
Giai on tng p lc bung th khng nc thot ra hoc thm vo mu, nh vy s c th xc
nh c h s p lc nc l rng B ti mi cp ng sut ton phn. p lc ngc tc ng ln
mu qua u trn hoc c hai u ca mu th nghim. Khi tc ng ln c hai u, c hai van p lc
ngc v van thot nc y c ni vi h thng p lc ngc.
5.5.2.3.2 Trnh t thao tc
u
B (11)
50
Nu B bng hoc ln hn 0,95 th mu c coi l bo ho v lc c th tin hnh bc c kt
mu (xem 5.6.2). Nu khng th thc hin nh hng dn trong cc im t d n j di y.
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(e) M van p lc ngc (v van thot nc y nu nn c hai u) p lc ngc tc ng ln
mu.
u
B (12)
3
CH THCH 1: Cn v biu biu din s lin quan gia gi tr B vi p lc bung vo cui mi cp tng p lc hoc vi p
lc nc l rng khi thay i p lc bung.
Biu mu ghi chp v tnh ton qu trnh lm bo ha tham kho biu mu CU-02 ca Ph lc A.
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Mu bo ho xong c em i th nghim c kt ngay vi cc ng sut hu hiu mong mun nh
hng dn trong 5.5.3.
5.5.3 C kt mu
Giai on c kt k tip ngay sau khi giai on bo ho (xem 5.5.2) v s dng chnh nhng thit b
dng lm bo ho. S c kt ca mu trong th nghim ny l ng hng. Mc tiu ca giai on
c kt l a mu t n trng thi ca ng sut hiu qu cn thit. Cc s liu nhn c trong qu
trnh c kt c s dng c lng tc bin dng thch hp s dng trong qu trnh nn ln,
xc nh khi no th mu c kt xong v tnh ton kch thc ca mu khi bt u giai on nn.
Sau khi kt thc giai on bo ho, trong khi van p lc ngc (xem hnh B.2 - ph lc B) vn ng,
phi ghi li s o p lc nc l rng v s o bin i th tch cui cng.
Trnh t c kt nh sau:
'3 = 3 - ub (13)
CH THCH 1: thun tin, c th ghi v biu din cc s c p lc nc l rng theo thi gian. xc nh c thi
im t cn bng.
CH THCH 3: Cc khong thi gian thch hp thun tin cho vic biu din cc s o theo cn bc hai thi gian l 0;
1;
4
1 1 1
; 1; 2 ; 4; 9; 12 ; 16; 25; 36; 64 pht v 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 gi. Nhng khong thi gian ny cho ta mt khong cch u
2 4 4
nhau v th, nhng cn c cc s o nhiu ln hn na i vi loi t b nn ln rt nhanh. C th ly cc s c vo
nhng khong thi gian di hn v ng cong nn theo cn bc hai ca thi gian chun xc.
ui u
U 100% (14)
ui u b
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trong :
U l mc c kt (%);
f) Khi qu trnh c kt kt thc, ghi s o thay i th tch v tnh ton s thay i ton b ca th tch
(Vc) trong giai on c kt. Ghi s o p lc nc l rng uc (kPa).
5.5.3.3.1 Tnh ton kch thc ca mu sau khi c kt t cc cng thc sau:
a) Th tch:
VC V0 VC (15)
b) Din tch:
2 VC
AC A0 1 (16)
3 V
0
c) Chiu di:
1 VC
L C L 0 1 (17)
3 V0
trong :
CH THCH: Nu s thay i th tch trong qu trnh bo ho l ng k, th y cng phi tnh n, chng hn t s liu
o c trong bung v s thay i di ca mu cng vi Vc.
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5.5.3.3.2 V th s thay i th tch o c ng vi cn bc hai thi gian.
CH THCH: Nu o c v nu thch hp, c th biu din s tiu tn p lc nc l rng (tnh theo %) theo logarit thi
gian.
gi tr cn bc hai thi gian, k hiu l t100 , v tnh ton thi gian ti im giao nhau ny, t100 (bng
min).
1,65 D 2
c Vi (18)
t100
trong :
CH THCH: Gi tr ca cvi thu c bng cch ny khng c dng trong tnh ton ln cng trnh, v n cho sai s ln khi
c s dng thot nc bn.
5.5.3.3.5 Tnh ton h s nn th tch (nu yu cu) i vi c kt ng hng mvi (m2/MN) theo cng
thc sau:
VC
V0
m Vi 1000 (19)
ui uC
trong :
5.5.3.3.6 Tnh ton thi gian th nghim c ngha tf (bng pht) trong th nghim nn theo cng thc
sau:
tf = F x t100 (20)
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Trong :
tf: Thi gian tnh ton n ph hoi (min), l khong thi gian bt u nn mu ti khi mu b ph hoi,
tf yu cu khng c nh hn 120 pht;
CH THCH 1: Tha s F tnh c trn c s tiu tn 95% p lc nc l rng d to nn khi ct v c chp nhn cho
hu ht cc mc ch thc tin.
CH THCH 2: t c tnh thm tng i cao c th cho thi gian ph hoi tnh ton ngn mt cch khng thc t. Thi gian
ph hoi khng th t hn 2 gi.
Cc gi tr Cc gi tr F (i vi r = 2)
iu kin thot nc
Th nghim Th nghim khng
trong qu trnh c kt L/D =2 L/D = r
thot nc thot nc
5.5.3.3.7 c lng khong bin dng dc trc tng i ti thi im ph hoi ca mu th nghim,
f, nh sau
a) Nu ch cn iu kin lc ph hoi (theo ch tiu xc nh trong 3.8) th c lng bin dng ti thi
im mu bt u b ph hoi.
5.5.3.3.8 Tnh ton tc bin dng dc (dr, mm/min) dng cho mu th nghim theo cng thc sau:
f LC
dr (21)
tf
trong :
27
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Lc l chiu di mu c kt, (mm);
CH THCH: Tc dch chuyn ca my l tc c to ra do nh sn xut qui nh cho tng h s bnh rng khi my
chy khng ti. Tc thc t khi c ti c th nh hn tc ny. "Tc khe ng" cn nh hn tc my do s bin
dng ca thit b o ti trng v ca khung truyn ti. Tc thc ca chuyn v dc trc ca mu l "tc khe ng" v cn
phi c chnh lch cho php gia tc ny vi tc dch chuyn qui nh ca my khi cn chnh xc cao hn.
5.5.4 Nn mu
5.5.4.1 Lp bung ba trc ln trn my nn, nu nh phi tho n ra thc hin bo ho hoc c
kt mu.
5.5.4.2 iu chnh tip xc bng my hoc bng tay hoc bng ng c cho ti khi pittng chu ti ca
bung c chnh n gn u trn ca tm nn trn. Ghi s c trn thit b o lc v coi y l s
c u tin.
CH THCH: Thao tc ny lm tng hiu qu tng hp ca p lc bung ln pittng v lc khng ma st vng m pittng.
Nu c cu o lc cho php iu chnh a s o u tin ca n v 0.
5.5.4.3 iu chnh my nn sao cho mc thay i tc chuyn v cng gn gii hn tnh ton cng
tt, nhng khng c qu gii hn tnh ton trong 5.5.3.3.6.
5.5.4.4 iu chnh tip a pittng truyn ti tip xc va vn vi tm tm nn trn. Kim tra xem
mu phi c t ng v tr, thng ng v sao cho ti trng dc trc tc ng ln mu cng nh
cng tt.
5.5.4.5 iu chnh thit b o bin dng dc trc, sao cho c th o bin dng thng ng chnh
xc t nht ti 25 % ca chiu di mu. c, ghi li s c u tin hoc a thit b o bin dng v
s 0.
- Ngy, gi;
- S c thit b o lc;
- p lc nc nc l rng;
- p lc bung.
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5.5.4.8 Bt u nn mu v ng thi bm gi.
5.5.4.9 Trong khi th nghim, sau tng khong thi gian phi ghi li ng b cc s c trn thit b o
bin dng, trn thit b o lc v p lc nc l rng. t nht cng phi ghi c 20 b s c (gi tr)
xc nh c r rng ng cong ng sut - bin dng ln cn thi im ph hoi. (xem ch
thch 1 n ch thch 3).
CH THCH 2: p lc bung nn phi c kim tra lun trong qu trnh th nghim bo m rng n c duy tr khng
i.
CH THCH 3: Cc s c thi gian tri qua phi c ghi li u n kim tra tc bin dng dng.
5.5.4.10 Tnh ton ng sut lch () (kPa) v t s ng sut chnh hiu qu ('1/'3) nh hng
dn trong 5.5.6.1 v th hin chng trn th l tung v ng vi bin dng dc trc tng i (%)
l honh , trong khi th nghim vn ang tip tc thc hin.
CH THCH: Cng lc , p lc nc l rng cng c biu din theo bin dng v ng ng sut, t' theo s' (xem im
(j) ca 5.5.6.1).
5.5.5 D ti
Khi kt thc giai on nn, phi ly mu t ra khi bung ba trc tht nhanh gi cho nc b
hp th vo trong thm mc ti thiu.
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c) Gim p lc bung n 0 v tho nc khi bung;
e) Tho tm nn trn, mng cao su, thm v dng c thot nc bn (nu s dng);
L
(22)
LC
trong :
CH THCH 1: Bin dng c tnh bng bin dng cng dn, ngha l s bin i v kch thc so vi kch thc ban u.
b) Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu thng gc vi trc. Cho rng mu bin dng theo hnh tr thng.
Din tch As (mm2) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
AC
AS (23)
1
trong :
CH THCH 2: Phng trnh ny c lp trn c s cho rng trong th nghim khng thot nc i vi mu bo ho hon
ton, th bin dng th tch l bng 0.
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P = (R - Ro) Cr (24)
trong :
d) ng sut dc trc tc dng, tc l s chnh lch ng sut chnh, hoc ng sut lch o c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
P
(1 3 ) m 1000 (25)
AS
e) Hiu chnh mng, hn ch nh hng ca mng. ng cong trong hnh 5 cho s hiu chnh mb
i vi mu c ng knh ban u l 38 mm bc trong mng dy 0,2 mm. i vi cc iu kin khc
th s hiu chnh tnh c trn hnh 5 phi nhn vi:
38 t m
(26)
D 0.2
trong :
f) Hiu chnh thot nc. Khi lp dng c thot nc bn thng ng, th phi dng s hiu chnh dr
Cho bin dng vt qu 0,02 (2%). Gi tr dr ly theo bng 2.
CH THCH 3: Tc dng phi hp ca cc mng v thot nc bn trong qu trnh nn dc trc l phc tp v khng c
kin thng nht v cc s hiu chnh chnh xc cn phi s dng. Cc s hiu chnh cho trong bng 2 c lp ra trn c s
n gin ho cc gi thit v cc gi tr i din c tha nhn.
38 10
50 7
70 5
100 3,5
150 2,5
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Ch thch: S hiu chnh cho cc mu c ng knh nm trong khong gia cc kch thc nu trn
c th nhn c bng ni suy sau.
mbdr (27)
(28)
trong :
l p lc bung hn ch n hng.
u (29)
u (30)
trong :
k) H s p lc nc l rng A.
u u0
A (31)
1 3
trong :
1 ,
s, (1 ,3 ) (32)
2
1 ,
t, ( 1 3, ) (33)
2
5.6.2 V th
a ln th cc s liu sau:
a) th ng sut - bin dng c trc honh l bin dng dc trc tng i (thng bng phn trm)
v trc tung l ng sut lch.
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b) th bin i p lc nc l rng c trc honh nh nu im a, gi tr p lc nc l rng c
th hin trn trc tung. Phi nh du tht r p lc nc l rng ban u trong giai on nn.
c) T s ng sut chnh hiu qu, '1/'3 c v trn trc tung cn trc honh biu din bin dng dc
trc tng i.
f) ng ng sut, nu yu cu, i vi ng sut hiu qu, vi cc gi tr s' biu din trn trc honh
v t' trn trc tung l mt ng n nht c t l ng v ngang nh nhau.
5.6.3 Bo co kt qu
5.6.3.2 Mu n.
c) m ban u, khi lng th tch t nhin (xem TCVN 4196 v TCVN 4202);
h) p lc nc l rng v lng tiu tn p lc nc l rng tnh theo phn trm (%) ti thi im kt
thc c kt.
i) th bin i th tch hoc bin dng th tch ng vi cn bc hai thi gian i vi giai on c kt,
nh m t trong 5.6.3;
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j) Tc chuyn v dc trc p dng cho mu (mm/pht) hoc bin dng o bng phn trm trn
gi (%/h);
m) Bin dng dc trc, ng sut lch, p lc nc l rng, ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht v nh
nht ti thi im ph hu;
r) Cc th nh m t trong 5.6.2.
CH THCH 1: C th v tng th nh m t chi tit trong 5.6.2 cho tng mu th nghim ring hoc gp chung ti trn
cng mt th.
CH THCH 2: Cc thng s sc khng ct biu th theo ng sut hiu qu, tc l cng lc dnh c' (kPa) v gc ma st
trong (') () c th tnh c nh sau (Xem ch thch 3):
t '0
c
,
(35)
cos
CH THCH 3: Cc mu th nghim n ly t mt khi mu t chung tuy b ngoi ging nhau, nhng thng khc nhau v
c im ng sut - bin dng v cc tnh cht khc. S bin i nh vy ca cc mu th s gy kh khn cho vic xc nh
cc thng s khng ct i din cho ton b mu.
CH THCH 4: Theo cch khc, cc thng s khng ct c th xc nh c bng cch v ng bao quanh cc vng trn
Mohr ca s ph hu (theo tiu chun ph hu la chn), sau o on to bi im giao nhau vi trc ng v gc ta
(c') v gc nghing vi trc nm ngang (').
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6 Th nghim sc khng ct c kt - thot nc, c o s thay i th tch s CD
Bc 1 - Lm bo ho xem 5.5 ;
Bc 2- C kt xem 5.6 ;
Bc 3- Nn xem 6.2.
b) S lng mu c th nghim;
CH THCH: i vi loi t cht, p lc c kt hiu qu phi c xem xt lm sao tng ng vi ng sut hiu qu cc
i tnh ton c thc t (v) v cc tch ca n vi 1/2; 1 v 2 thng l thch hp.
d) p lc ngc.
6.5.1 Lp t
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.1.
6.5.2 Lm bo ha mu
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.2.
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6.5.3 C kt mu
Lp t mu th nghim 5.5.3.
6.5.4 Nn mu
6.5.4.2 iu chnh tip xc bng my hoc bng tay hoc bng ng c cho ti khi pittng chu ti ca
bung c chnh n gn u trn ca tm nn trn. Ghi s c trn thit b o lc v coi y l s
c u tin.
6.5.4.5 iu chnh thit b o bin dng dc trc, sao cho c th o bin dng thng ng chnh
xc t nht ti 25 % ca chiu di mu. c, ghi li s c u tin hoc a thit b o bin dng v
s 0.
6.5.4.7 Ghi cc s c sau y v coi chng l cc s c ban u ca giai on nn: (tham kho biu
mu CD-04 ca Ph lc A)
a) Ngy, gi;
c) S c ca thit b o lc;
e) p lc nc l rng;
f) p lc bung.
6.5.4.9 Ghi li cc b s c ca thit b o bin dng, thit b o lc, thit b o bin i th tch trong
tng khong thi gian th nghim. Ghi li t nht 20 b s c (gi tr) c th xc nh mt cch r
rng ng cong ng sut - bin dng ln cn im ph hoi. (xem cc ch thch t 1 n 4).
CH THCH 1: i vi loi t trng thi cng c th b ph hu ngay lp tc di tr bin dng nh th phi ghi li cc s o
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lc thng xuyn hn l bin dng c c s lng cc s c yu cu
CH THCH 2: Khng cn thit phi ghi li thng xuyn cc s o ca p lc nc l rng cng vi mi lot s c nu trn
chng no chng thay i nhng khng vt qu cc gii hn quy nh (xem 6.5.4.11).
CH THCH 3: p lc bung v p lc ngc phi c kim tra nh k trong qu trnh th nghim m bo chng lun
khng i. Nu cn, phi iu chnh li.
CH THCH 4: Cc s c thi gian thi nghim c ghi li theo nh k, nhm kim tra tc bin dng dng.
6.5.4.10 Ngay trong qu trnh th nghim, tnh ton cc gi tr ng sut lch (1-3) (kPa), nh nu
trong mc 6.9.1 v v th vi tung l chng v honh l bin dng dc trc tng i (%).
CH THCH: Trong cng mt lc bin dng th tch hoc s thay i th tch ca mu th cng c th c v
ng thi ln th theo bin dng.
6.5.4.12 Tip tc th nghim cho ti lc t c mt hai iu kin sau, tu theo cch xc nh tiu
chun ph hoi nh trong 3.8:
6.5.5 D ti
Khi kt thc giai on nn, phi ly mu t ra khi bung ba trc tht nhanh gi cho nc b
hp th vo trong thm mc ti thiu.
e) Tho tm nn trn, mng cao su, thm v dng c thot nc bn (nu c s dng);
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f) Phc ho v m t vn tt kiu ph hu ca mu.
6.5.5.2.1 Cn ton b mu, dng th tch cui cng tnh ton (V c - v) tnh khi lng th tch cui
cng, trong Vc l th tch ti thi im kt thc giai on c kt v V l th tch b gim trong giai
on nn.
L
(36)
LC
trong :
CH THCH 1: Bin dng c tnh bng bin dng cng dn, ngha l s bin i v kch thc so vi kch thc ban u.
V
V (37)
VC
trong :
CH THCH 2: Theo qui c v du th ng sut nn l dng v v vy, s gim th tch (nn hoc c kt) cng l dng
v tng th tch (n hoc trng n) l m;
c) Din tch tit din ngang ca mu thng gc vi trc ca n (gi s rng n b bin dng theo hnh
tr u n). Din tch (tnh theo mm 2) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
1 V
AS AC (38)
1
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trong :
d) Lc dc trc, P (theo N), tc ng thm vi p lc bung c tnh theo cng thc sau:
P = (R - Ro) x Cr (39)
trong :
e) ng sut dc trc tc dng hay l hiu ng sut chnh o c, hay lch ng sut theo cng
thc sau:
P
(1 3 ) m 1000 (40)
AS
f) S hiu chnh mng s dng xt ti hiu ng km gi ca mng cao su. ng cong trong hnh 4
cho s hiu chnh i vi mu th nghim c ng knh ban u l 38 mm c bc trong mng dy
0,2mm. Vi cc iu kin khc th s hiu chnh c xc nh t hnh 4 ri em nhn vi
38 t m
(41)
D 0,2
c c gi tr mb cn thit,
trong :
g) S hiu chnh thot nc. Khi lp b phn thot nc bn, phi s dng s hiu chnh b sung dr,
cho bin dng vt qu 0,02 (2 %).
Gi tr ca dr c ly t bng 2.
CH THCH 3: Tc dng kt hp ca cc mng v vt liu thot nc bn trong qu trnh nn dc trc l rt phc tp, v vy
khng c kin thng nht v vic s dng s hiu chnh no l chun xc. Nhng s hiu chnh ghi trong bng 2 c lp ra
trn c s n gin ho cc gi thit v ch nu cc gi tr c cng nhn;
mbdr (42)
(43)
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trong :
'1 = 1 u (44)
'3 = 3 u (45)
trong :
u l p lc nc l rng;
k) Nu cn, tnh cc thng s thuc ng ng sut tuyn tnh s' v t', kPa thng qua ng sut hiu
qu :
1
s , (1, ,3 ) (46)
2
1 ,
t, (1 ,3 ) (47)
2
6.6.2 V th
a) ng cong ng sut - bin dng, vi bin dng dc trc (thng bng phn trm) trn trc honh
v ng sut lch trn trc tung. Khi s ph hoi xy ra do ng sut lch ln nht, th tm gi tr ln nht
nm trn ng cong trn v qua cc im quan trc. (Xem ch thch). c t ng cong tr tng
ng ca bin dng dc trc.
c) Vng trn Mohr ca ng sut hiu qu, th hin iu kin ti thi im ph hoi.
6.6.3 Bo co kt qu
- Tn d n;
- H khoan, o;
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- Mu s (k hiu mu);
- su;
6.6.3.2 Mu n l.
c) m ban u, khi lng th tch t nhin (xem TCVN 4196 v TCVN 4202);
i) th biu din s thay i th tch hoc bin dng th tch theo cn bc hai thi gian cho giai on
c kt, nh m t trong 5.6.3;
j) Tc chuyn v dc trc ln mu (mm/min) hoc phn trm bin dng trn gi (%/h);
m) Bin dng dc trc tng i, lch ng sut, bin dng th tch, p lc nc l rng v ng sut
chnh ln nht v nh nht ti thi im ph hoi;
q) th nh m t trong 6.6.2.
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t mt khi mu t cho th nghim di cc p lc hiu qu khc nhau xc nh cc thng s
khng ct. cc s liu lit k trong 6.6.3.2 c gp li v bo co chung cho t hp mu.
CH THCH 1: C th v cc th nu trong 6.6.2 cho ring tng mu t hoc gp li trn nhng trc chung.
CH THCH 2: Cc thng s khng ct theo ng sut hiu qu nh l lc dnh c' (kPa) v gc ma st trong, ' () c th xc
nh nh sau (Xem ch thch 3).
V mt ng thng thch hp i qua cc im i din cho s' v t' ti thi im ph hoi theo iu
kin ph hoi la chn.
t ,0
c, (49)
cos ,
CH THCH 3: Cc mu th nghim n ly t mt khi mu t chung tuy b ngoi ging nhau, nhng thng khc nhau v
c im ng sut - bin dng v cc tnh cht khc. S bin i nh vy ca cc mu th s gy kh khn cho vic xc nh
cc thng s khng ct i din cho ton b mu.
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Ph lc A
(Tham kho)
Biu ghi v bo co kt qu th nghim nn ba trc
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44
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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56
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57
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58
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59
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60
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61
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62
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63
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64
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65
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Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
Cc hnh v
2
10
8
18
3
15 1
16
4
14
11
9
Mu
17 13
t
14
6 12
5 7
CH DN
3 ng lt hoc ng m pittng 12 Tm di
6 Van p lc bung 15 Nt x kh
8 Thit b o lc 17 Tm m
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2
10
8
18
3
15 1
16
14 4
11
9
Mu 13
17
t
14
6 12
19
20
21
5 7
CH DN:
1 Np bung 11 Tm nn trn
2 Pittng 12 Tm di
5 bung 15 Nt x kh
7 Van x y 17 thm
9 Nc p lc kh kh 19 Van p lc nc l rng
69
70
1
14 CH DN
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1 Khung t ti
2 Thit b o lc
2 3 Khi kh kh
13
4 H thng x
5 Thit b o p lc
nc l rng
6 my nn
12
11 7 Thit b o thay i
th tch
8 Bm p lc ngc
9 ng h o p lc
9
bung
10 ng h o p
10
lc ngc
Mu
11 Bm p lc
t
bung
8 13 Bung ba trc
14 ng h o bin
4 dng
15 Bnh cp nc
5 kh kh
7 6
Th
ng
im cu
i cng tr
n th
Kt thc c kt
1,5
Hiu chnh mng cao su
1,0
0,5
0 5 10 15 20
Bin dng dc trc, %
Cc thit b th nghim ba trc phi c kim tra v th nghim trc khi s dng. Cc bc kim tra
m t trong cc mc t C.2 n mc C.5, c thc hin cho h thng p lc bung, p lc ngc v
p lc nc nc l rng theo nh k. Kim tra cc h thng my theo hai cch, kim tra ton din v
kim tra thng ngy.
Kim tra ton din (xem cc mc C.2; mc C.3 v mc C.5) c tin hnh trong cc trng hp:
Kim tra thng ngy ngay trc khi bt u th nghim (xem cc mc C.2; mc C.3 v mc C.5).
CH THCH: Bm tay trc vt (xi lanh kim tra) c s dng h tr x nc v kim tra h thng p lc.
C.2 Kim tra h thng p lc bung (kim tra ton din). Kim tra p lc ca h thng p lc bung v
bung ba trc m bo c th duy tr c p lc trong gii hn (nu im a ca mc 5.2.2) v
p lc th nghim ln nht theo yu cu sut thi gian th nghim.
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chnh lch gia hai s c sau khi tr i gia tng ca th tch do gin n ca ng khng qu
0,1 ml).
6. Nu s chnh lch ln qu 0,1ml th phi kim tra v khc phc hin tng r r, khi lp li cc
bc 1 n bc 4 ca mc C.3 t c cc yu cu trong bc 5 ca mc C.3.
C.4 Kim tra h thng p lc ngc (kim tra nh k). Cn thc hin cc kim tra di y cng mt
lc vi vic kim tra nh k h thng p lc nc l rng nu trong mc C.6.
b) Tng p lc trong h thng p lc ngc ti 750 kPa v ghi li s thay i th tch sau 5 pht.
1. M van gia khi c lp thit b o p lc nc l rng (bin nng) v h thng x nc. Cho dng
nc sch kh kh i qua thit b o bin nng v bung nc kh kh chy y vo cc
chi tit ny.
5. Bm dung dch x phng long vo l van x kh. M van p lc nc l rng cho nc t trong
bung chy ra, sau m van h thng x nc kh kh t h thng cung cp chy vo.
6. M van x kh trn khi lp b bin nng trong khi nc vn ngp, nc chy y thm vo
bung, sau vt cht van x kh trn bung.
CH THCH: Lm nh vy nhm y ht sch phn khng kh hoc nc c ln khng kh ra khi khi lp b bin nng.
8. Nng p lc trong h thng ln 700 kPa v li mt ln na cho khong 500 ml nc i qua van x
nc y bung.
9. my trong tnh trng chu p lc trong khong thi gian ti thiu 12 gi.
10. Sau khong thi gian ny, kim tra xem c b r r hay khng, nu khng c th cho 500 ml nc
chy qua van thot nc y bung (Xem ch thch). Nu c nc r r th khc phc v lp li cc
thao tc trn.
CH THCH: Bin php pht hin r r tt hn nhn bng mt thng l ni h thng vi dng c o th tch nc.
73
TCVN 8868:2011
11. Sau khi kim tra v khng nh c l thit b khng r r nc, ng van x trn khi gn thit
b bin nng. X nc t bung qua van p lc bung, trong khi x, nt x kh bung phi m cho ti
lc p lc gim.
12. Tho bung ra, dng m nt kn ca o p lc nc l rng trn y bung, khng khng kh
lt vo.
14. ng van h thng x trn khi gn thit b bin nng v ghi li s c ca p lc nc l rng.
1. Kim tra thm xem nc thot ra c d dng khng. B nhng thm b t trm vo cc l.
Trc khi s dng, phi dng nc ct un si un trong vng 30 pht. Sau ngm n trong
nc kh kh ch s dng.
74
Vin Tiu chun Cht lng Vit Nam chu trch nhim xut All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
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