Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Purpose
1. To indicate the instruments or control devices attached to the process.
2. To indicate the control system architecture associated with the process.

How it is done?
Standard symbols and notations representing instruments or control devices are placed to the
pipings and vessels. Standard symbols and notations are available from ISA-5.1(1984) standard.

Methodology?

Process piping and sub-piping

A thick straight line represent main process piping

A thin straight line represent process sub-piping either PG

to instruments or by-pass process line.

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 1

 Naming rule

1 2 3 4
Measurement Device Device / Condition Condition
P Pressure C Controller C Controller H High
T Temperature T Transmitter T Transmitter L Low
L Level R Recorder R Recorder
F Flow I Indicator H High
A Analysis A Alarm L Low
S Switch / Safety V Valve
G Gauge

Complete guide on P&ID symbols & notations are available from ISA 5.1 (R1984)

Examples



PC Pressure Controller PCC

PIC Pressure Indicating Controller PTC
LG Level Gauge PTR
No such
FR Flow Recorder PIR
devices yet.
TAL Temperature Alarm Low TRR
TALL Temperature Alarm Low Low TRA
TAHL Temperature Alarm High Low TAV

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 2

 Symbols
Instruments / control devices:

A circle representing locally A circle with horizontal line A circle with horizontal line
mounted instrument representing control room inside a square representing
panel mounted instrument. its function in DCS.

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 3

 Follow the standard published by the Instrument Society of America (ISA)

Instrument Line (Signal) Symbols

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 4

 Final control elements

Control
valves =

Manual
valve
= OR Not darkened
Always open

Manual
valve
= OR Darkened
Always closed
NC

NO
Normally open
Solenoid
valve
=
NC
Normally closed
NO NC

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 5

 Device names Devices (hardware) Notations Symbols

Current to pneumatic I/P I/P

transducer

Pressure relief valve / PSV PRV

Pressure safety valve

Thyristor TY TY

Inverter VY VY

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 6

 Examples

PG = Pressure Gauge

= Pressure Indicating Controller

PIC

FT = Flow Transmitter

TT = Temperature Transmitter

= Temperature Element (RTD/TC)

TE

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 7

 Can you read the following P&ID?

 Main process line

 Process instrument piping
 Temperature transmitter product

 Temperature controller Feed

 
 Flow controller TT TC

 Current to pnuematic transducer Fuel

 

Control valve
I/P FC TC SP

 
 Electrical signal 
 Pneumatic signal  
FT

12 11
 Temperature controller DCS function ASD

11 Automatic shut down PLC unit

12 Solenoid valve

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 8

 Final PV,
SP,
Controller Control Process
Set point Controlled
Element
Variable

PV,
Controlled Variable
Sensor

What is feedback control? Merit?

Outcome of an action is fed back to Simple design. Easy to tune (for linear, fast & short dead time
the controller for corrective action. processes: flow, level & pressure).

Demerits?
Slow recovery for slow process upon load disturbance or change in
set point (such as temperature control). A process with long dead
time may exhibit oscillatory process response and with longer
settling time.

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 9

 SP, Controller Controller
Final PV,
Control Process 2 Process 1 Controlled
Set point 1 2
Element Variable

PV,
Controlled Variable Sensor
2

PV,
Controlled Variable Sensor
1

What is cascade control? Merit?

The inner loop controller obtains its set point Faster recovery time as compared to SISO feedback
from the outer loop controller. control.

The purpose is to eliminate the effect of Demerits?

disturbances. Controllability will be worst than SISO if both
controllers were not properly tuned.

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 10

 D,
Disturbance

Feedforward Disturbance
Controller Sensor

SP, Feedback
Final PV,
Control Process Controlled
Set point Controller
Element Variable

PV,
Controlled Variable
Sensor

What is feed forward control? Demerit

A method of control based on process a) Fail to work if any of the sensor broke
model: mass and energy balances. down.
b) Poor process controllability due to
Purpose inaccurate process model.
To compensate disturbances (D) before they
affect the controlled variable (PV).

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 11

 TC I/P

TT
Steam in
Heated
product out

Product
in Steam out

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 12

 TC FC I/P

TT FT
Steam in
Heated
product out

Product
in Steam out

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 13

 TC X FC I/P

TT FT

L/L
Steam in
Heated
product out

TT FT
Product
in Steam out

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 14

 X FC I/P

FT
Steam in
Heated
product out

FT
Product
in Steam out

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2011) 15

Using correct P&ID symbols, draw the following
instruments to the reboiler as shown in figure
below.

(i) Steam pressure gauge

(ii) Reboiler vapor pressure gauge Reboiler vapor

(iii) Steam temperature gauge

(iv) Vessel over pressure relief valve

Steam
(v) Steam over pressure relief valve

(vi) Liquid level gauge at overflow

compartment

(vii) Liquid level gauge at liquid boiling

compartment Condensate
Bottom product
(viii) Temperature gauge at liquid boiling
compartment.
Tower bottoms
Install appropriate control systems for the
following tasks:

(i) Liquid level control at over flow

compartment

(ii) Reboiler vapor pressure control Reboiler vapor

(iii) Liquid temperature control

(iv) Reboiler vapor pressure alarm high

(v) Liquid temperature alarm high Steam

(vi) Low and high level liquid alarm at

liquid over flow compartment

(vii) Low liquid level alarm at boiling liquid

compartment Condensate

(viii) Steam flow cut upon low liquid level.

Bottom product

Tower bottoms