2

(true)

[ ]
[ (?)]
(true)
( = )
? ?
? ?

(objective moral truth) (moral facts)




(cultural relativism)

(1) Herodotuss History

(2) Knud Rasmunssen

(3) Ruth Benedict

?
(1)

(2)



(3) [James Rachels, The Challenge of
Cultural Relativism]
(4) (blame & blameworthiness)


(routine)

(moral facts) (moral truth) (moral
knowledge) 3 (Internalism) (Relativism) (Empiricalism)

(moral absolutism)

(negative argument)

1
1
1
2
3
2

Modus Tollens (If p, then q; not q; therefore not p)

(fallacy of equivocation)





1
1
1
2
3
2

2
()

(positive argument against moral relativism)

1


1 (nihilism)

 2
2

James Rachels


?


?

James Rachels


?


?


















(moral
imagination)
(dogma)

-
. /
(natural properties)

-
-
.

- (intuitions)
- /

 (natural properties) (non-natural properties)

/
/
/
/

(functionalism)
(natural characteristics)
(descriptive characteristics)

[ ]
/

?
Moral elitism

"



"

(non-cognitivism)

. Emotivism


( )
( )
. Prescriptivism

/

. Non-Naturalism

(emotivism)
(approval) (disapproval)

[ ]

Emotivism + absolutism moral realism

Emotivism + relativism moral nihilism

:
(1)

(2)
(2.1)


(2.2) " "


(2.3) 13

1066


 (3)


(4)






?

( )








(universalizability)
""






?


""
.. [ ]


. . (W.T.Stace)

""

"" [ ]

""



""


""







""











""




















""


""










" " "
"

(
)



















"" " "

""
" "



 " "

"" "
"




Edward Westermarck

""







The Old
Testament








...

"
"




...








...















" "


1066

. . .

...


Mih-tsze

...



...











...

(
)





...



...



 ...






"



"






" " ""












"" ...




""




....