* Be able to solve simple unsteady-state mass and energy balances to obtain ¢ system parameters as a function of time Sa PROBLEMS 6.1 Dilution of sewage Ina sewage treatment plant, a large concrete tank initially contains 440,000 litres of liquid 10,000 kg of fine suspended solids. To flush this material out of the tank, water is pumped the vessel at a rate of 40,000 1h”. Liquid containing solids leaves at the same rate. Estimate the concentration of suspended solids in the tank at the end of 5 h. State your assumptions. 6.2 Production of fish protein concentrate Whole gutted fish are dried to make a protein paste. In a batch drier, the rate at which water is removed from the fish is roughly proportional to the moisture content. If a batch gutted fish loses half its initial moisture content in the first 20 min, how long will the drie take to remove 95% of the water? 63 Contamination of vegetable oil Vegetable oil is used in a food processing factory to prepare instant breadcrumbs. A stirn tank is used to hold the oil. During operation of the breadcrumb process, oil is pumped from the tank at a rate of 4.81 h”', At 8 pM during the night shift, the tank is mistakenly connected to a drum of cod liver oil, which is then pumped into the tank. The volume of vegetable oil in the tank at 8 PM is 601. (a) If the flow rate of cod liver oil into the tank is 7.51 h ' and the tank has a maximum capacity of 100 1, will the tank overflow before the factory manager arrives at 9 av? Assume that the density of both oils is the same. (b) If cod liver oil is pumped into the tank at a rate of 4.8 1h instead of 7.5 1h ', what i the composition of oil in the tank at midnight? 6.4 Drainage from mine tailings A shallow lagoon is fed with run-off from a mine tailings dump at a rate of 1.5 X 10°1 day”. There is no ground seepage from the lagoon. The rate of surface evaporation is suc that the volume of water in the lagoon remains roughly constant at 6 X 10" 1. One day, arsenic starts to leach from the mine tailings to give a concentration in the run-off stream | 100 ppm. What is the concentration of arsenic in the lagoon after 2 weeks of leaching? 6.5 Diafiltration Diafiltration is carried out to exchange the buffers used to suspend a globular protein Initially, the protein is contained in 3000 litres of solution containing 45 g 1” salt. The ait 2. MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCESPROBLEMS 12 4.4 Raspberry coulis manufacture A food company produces raspberry coulis as a topping for its best-selling line, double- strength chocolate mousse pie. Fresh raspberries comprising 5% seeds, 20% pulp solids, and 75% water are homogenised and placed in a stainless steel vat. Sugar is added to give a raspberry:sugar mass ratio of 3.5:1. The mixture is blended, strained to remove the seeds, then heated to reduce the water content to 35%. Half a tonne of coulis is produced every day. (a) What mass of raspberries is required per week? (b) How much sugar is required per week? (c) What is the sugar content of the coulis? 45 Polyethylene glycol—salt mixture Aqueous two-phase extraction is used to purify a recombinant HIV—3-galactosidase fusion peptide produced in Escherichia coli. For optimum separation, 450 kg of a ixture of 19.7% w/w polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 17.7% w/w potassium hhate salt in water is needed. Left over from previous pilot-plant trials is 100 kg a mixture of 20% w/w PEG in water, and 150 kg of a mixture of 20% w/w PEG and 25% w/w salt in water. Also on hand is 200 kg of an aqueous stock solution ‘50% w/w PEG, 200 kg of an aqueous stock solution of 40% w/w salt, and an supply of extra water. all of both leftover mixtures must be used, how much of each stock solution and water is required? e crystallisation produced in Streptomyces aureus fermentations is purified by crystallisation. ed kg of a supersaturated solution containing 7.7 wt% tetracycline is cooled in a I-bed crystalliser. Seed crystals of tetracycline are added ata concentration of promote crystal growth. At the end of the crystallisation process, the remaining contains 2.8% tetracycline. it is the mass of the residual tetracycline solution? oe tetracycline crystals is produced? = while you measure the concentration of NaCl downstream after the ‘mixed. If the downstream NaCI concentration is 9.5%, use mass balance the flow rate of the initial 5% NaC! solution. process. A third component, benzene, is added to alcohol. Under these conditions, the overhead product is a of 18.5% ethanol, 7.4% HO, and 74.1% benzene. The process ‘to calculate the volume of benzene that should be fed to the e ag litres of absolute ethanol: p (100% alcohol) = 0.785 g cm 3;Stely state * ob we ) so « sy] 129 ia roy A 20g 19.7% PEG 10% PEG ‘$04, 76 vein ie 61.6, — sh 5340 I b 20%, : vs ze yay, salt 199 32% 226 + adhered ino 407, Uo Swede =O PEG Balwee 0 Balance; soo 2) + 1909.20) + m (0) =(450*Y.197) mpl isong]ss) + 7166) 05 NG) 20 + 30 + my C5?) = bhbSieg = (P94) .ee ng = 77:34 stow soluhow a55 ‘m, = 1731 gd Ao : Salt Balevee = A 0K ( 25) + Mg (40) 2 15049/. 177) 2754 Amy = 79.65 | Mg = 105.4 Ko > Se oar 1} (thee A era é 1) oF +: I Sy 1) 07% |eenespie 281, SREY gir» 98 » ae ne eyo |_ sein 4.6) hoo repreN= WH,000 Nol shui? Const snug 10;090%4 sos Syston Sel\_ weed a rad Gez aes Kehwger wf time acemmal he yore Of ie aa es ae vs Ieee WOe™ Soha Walance « nay) 2 7 2 = sooo & Ce) 7 sao e te meee, : : he 40 i meee x tad - aot |= ° SAL FP IRS] = sare = Iv Vonage Iw ¥ — I (023) =-YSbes dooX 5 = 4.282 z z "eco | we pcowintren YY Sohd atten, S¥45 62) palk~ Ife phoblem > £2 oman "a i, Ty RK MO= Yh > namin) = BAR g = 100(%4) 32m =