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    Solution Manual of Viscous Flow Fluid White Chapter 3 PDF

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    Karim Touqan

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    CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF THE NEWTONIAN VISCOUS FLOW EQUATIONS 3:1 Solve for constant-pressure Coucite flow between parallel plates, as shown at right, for a non-newtonian fluid, t = K(du/dy)", n # 1. Compare with the newtonian solution. Since the boundary conditions are independent of x, we assume that velocity varies only with y. The non-newtonian version of Eq. (3-4) is o= since the pressure is constant. Thus we integrate to i t = K(auay)” = constant, or Sp = constant, on ua + by Introducing no-slip boundary conditions at cach wall, u(-h) = 0, u(+h) = V, we obtain = Yard us yat+y (Ans) ‘This is exactly the same linear velocity distribution as Eq. (3-6), Fig. 3-2a, for newtonian flow. The result is independent of the particular behavior of the non-newtonian fluid, 3-2. Solve for u(t) in annular Couette flow, Fig. 3-3, when both cylinders are moving With u = uf) only and pressure constant, the analysis follows Section 3-2.2: du & u = Cylng) + C, IH ele * The no-slip boundary conditions are u(tg) = Ug and u(ry) = Uy, which enable us to find the two constants: PROPRIETARY MUATERIAL. © 2006-The MG Ml Comnpunis, Lite triton porns oryto teacher and eda Bar ‘att prepara: yor aros sedent wie ie Mana yo a lng without permion | U,-U, Tnteyr) ‘Substituting these constants into the solution above yields the desired velocity distribution: Gs + Gs UL Gynt) In¢r, In¢er, yee og oy, BED ° Ingyr) 1 ny) This is exactly the stem of the separate solutions for moving inner or outer cylinder, Eqs. (G-18) and (3-19). ‘This superposition is possible because the Navier-Stokes equations are linear for this particular flow. (Ans.) We are asked to plot uit) for (a) Uy = Up; (b) Uy = - Up; and (c) Uy = 2Ug. ‘The results are shown below for the particular geometry rj =2fp. Also shown, for comparison, is the case where the upper cylinder is nat moving. 3-3 For axial Coucite flow with only the inner cylinder moving, Eq. (3-18), find the tcmperature distribution T(r) if the cylinder walls areat T, and Ty, respectively. If T= T(r) only and there are no radial or circumferential velocities, the energy equation from Appendix B, Eq. (B-9), reduces to kd) a du nef 0 BOG) + egy whee a = U, Sees from Eq, (3-18) PROPICTARY MATEMIAL © 2005 Te Gear Compan te Lined datbation pemited nto teachers and cauexaeice = Sah = ‘ours ropatadan ys astasertong ths Man you se Sng ticthoa permbsen Introducing u(t), separating the variables, and integrating once, we obtain v 2. eS | whore C= constant kintyr) 7 . ‘Integrating again, noting that J In¢e)/r = In2(ry2, we obtain 2 oe MH ci +B IE eye) Evaluating C and D from the boundary conditions T(fg) = Tp and Tir) = Ty, we obtain the desired result, after rearranging and cleaning it up a bit: wU2 inl) UE Inne) Te T+ -T+ apie TE ae (Ans.) ‘When plotted, these look very similar to the “channel” temperature profiles in Fig. 3-2b. 3-4 A long thin rod of radius _R is pulled axially at speed U through fluid with constant (pu). Find the velocity distribution uz = utr). ‘The analysis is similar to that of Section 3-2.2: 1d du TEE — 0 om = Cn +c Application of the boundary conditions immediately leads t0 a paradox: ue) = U = CIR) + C5 ale) = 0 = Cine) +c, (2) It is impossible to find steady-flow constants if the rod moves through an infinite expanse of fluid. Physically, it would require the finite-diameter rod to deliver an infinite amount of Kinetic energy to the fluid with only a finite wall shear stress. 3-5 A.cylinder of radius R rovates at angular rate © in an infinite expanse of fluid, Find the velocity and pressure distributions and compare with an inviscid “potential” vortex. ‘The velocity follows from the @-momentum equation in Section 3-2.3: PROPRIETARY RYATERIAL, © 2008-The Mr Hl Companies, ns. ited ettion pormuttd oto teers and efveatos tar oi sent papers yet are sh denk wih Bis Matas yo 6 ing elbow parma, Introducing the boundary conditi c oR? wR = OR = CRE EG ule) = + Bor o= SE tans.) This is the solution given by Eq, (3-25). It does indeed correspond to a potential vortex. ‘The pressure is found from the r-momentum equation: 3 dM poe ORL ae WE Spee oP r 2r ‘The constant C= pg + pw2R2/2 is found from the single condition p = pg atr=R. The final expression for the pressure distribution is thus P=Rt Foor. Ry) (Ans.) This is exactly what one would find by using Bemnoulli’s equation for a potential vortex. 3-6 Find p(t) between rotating cylinders using the velocity distribution from Eq. (3-22). With velocity known, the pressure is found from the t-momentum equation (3-200); FE (Os) eRe |e 2 5 2M where uj=are® and a = a ar Introducing ug? and integrating, we find the pressure: i. otha? + 2ab nis) - ‘The constant C = pg - p [a2rp2/2 + 2ab In(rp) - b/2rg?]_ is found from the single ‘condition p=poatr=rg. The final result may be rearranged in the form ‘ROPROLTARY MATERIAL © 206 The McGraw Companies. Unite chrbutem pert Oy to tear and sacar tor” = 3B = ‘ours preparation you area stent ing te Manca you are ‘ting Wetbretpormsen 1 pan, + tplaie-r) + sabincn) + v% ‘This is not at all what one would obtain by using the (invalid) Bernoulli equation. 3-7 Using one-dimensional integral analysis, derive the differential equation for the oscillation amplitude X(t) of the U-tube given in the figure, For one-dimensional incompressible flow at ‘constant area, it follows from the continuity relation, PAV = constant, that the fluid velocity ax v= SS = fen(t) only ‘The fluid thus moves as.a single “slug” of mass L long, with forces applied due to gravity (the excess weight when the fluid is displaced) and wall fiction. Newton's law yields a EF = -pgniQX) - ter = peek z° it Pr, ‘The problem is closed if we relate wall shear 1o velocity through the friction factor: 2 & . 9%. Ax cot, um ae ° pCa) where the absolute value is needed to make the friction force reverse when the velocity reverses. Given an initial displacement X(0), we can solve for a damped oscillation X(1). For laminar flow, we could approximate Cy by the pipe-flow value 16/Rep, as in Eg. (3-40). ‘The differential equation then becomes ax ee By 0, wh f w LM, Bx sO, wher = = * L av PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, 2904 The MeGemw Hil Companies, ne LUmted distribution peneuted ony tvteachersandcaucatorstor «BT = cuit prepmaton, you ae der ning Is Manas ou are ‘ng 1 mthowt pects ‘The quantity t* is a.characteristic damping time of a laminar U-tube oscillation. If we displace the fluid to a fixed initial point Xg and release it, the solution of (1) above is x = xe" conan , where, = Og)” (Ans.) ‘The natural frequency is the same: as that of a (frictionless) pendulum of length (L/2), and the oscillation damps to 1/2 amplitude in atime t= 0.693 t*, For turbulent flow, the basic differential equation is nonlinear and a numerical solution is required. 3-8 Air at 20°C and 1 atm is driven between parallel plates 1 em apart by a pressure ‘gradient and by the upper plate’s moving at 20 crys. (@) Find the volume flow per unit width if the pressure gradient is - 0.3 Pa/m. ‘The velocity distribution. is given by Eq. (3-42): u = 2 y La avp * Sega The volume flow per unit depth is found by integrating this across the fluid between plate: * 3 Q= Joss = urs 2 . au op, 2 a We are given h = 1/2 cm, U = 20 crys, and dp/ix = - 30 Pa/m. For air at 20°C, p= 1.81E-5 Pa-s. Equation (1) above may thus be evaluated for this case: 20.005 m)"(0.3 Pa/m) SES Pasay 200100 + 0.00138 Q = (.2m/sX0.005 m) + = 0.00238 m2 = = 2380 em/sim — (Ans. a) (}) Find the pressure gradient for which the shear stress atthe lower plate is zero, “This is the ‘Separation criterion’ given by Eq. (3-43) [sec Fig. 3-8, dashed line} z = a « BUSES Peon ve = 5) 40.0724 Palm (Ans. b) (oh (0.01 m) Intakes a positive pressure gradient to cause flow separation. [PROPWETARY MATERAL ‘© 2006 The Microw Companies, ne Untad airiulon permite onl te teachers ana ccuestars tor = 3B = sourve preparation, area scent sing thos Mana you are 349 Derive the solution 1{), 2) for flow through an elliptical duct, Fig, 3-9, by solving, Eq. (3-30), Begin with an guessed quadratic solution, u = 4+ By? + Cz’, and work your way through to the exact solution. Solution; The guessed solution seems OK since V'u = constant, as required by Eq. (3-30) for fully-developed duct flow. Since w mustlbe zero on the ellipse walls of semi-axes @ and +, as seen in Fig. 3-9, the constants (4.8,(-) must be related to the ellipse formula, That is, 2 w= Ka-2 where K = constant ee Substitute this 1, which has no-slip (10) at the walls, into the momentum equation (3-30): au au Stee K ee ‘Thus, finally,foranellipse, w = nee a*b dea +b? 3-10 Airat 20°C and | atm flows at an average velocity of 1.7 m/s through a rectangular 1-em by 4-cm duct. Estimate the pressure drop in Pa/m by (a) an exact calculation; and by (5) the hydraulic diameter approximation Sohution: First establish the hydraulic diameter: Dy = 4A/P = 4[(0.01mX(0.04m)y[2(0.01m+0,04m)] = 0.016 m For air at 20°C and 1 atm, p= 1,205 kg/m’ and y= 1.81E-5 kg(m-s), Then calculate Reps ™ PVD) = (1.205)(1.7)(0.016)/(1 81E-5) = 1810 < 2000, thus the flow is laminar. (a) Exact analysis: Eq. (3-48) should apply to this rectangular section. Evaluate the flow: PROPRIEYARY MATERIAL © 2006 The tram Hill Companies, tod daireution pete wal to teachers apd educators lor =39- nurse preparation. f you are a student using this Manual, you are ‘Sang Wathen penne. “ = 4ba dp. 1924 tanh(inb/2a) Q 2 By Bs y ae, 3h rb 2» é ) 4(0.005)(0.02)°, dp, 192(0.02) 0.3737 0.8269 | 0.9614 2 Re Pars Je ie oer ar + = WN ‘STBIE-S) 70.005) = 0.001554 Cdp/dx) But Q/A = V, which is known, Dividing Q by the duct area gives the desired result: 0.0001554(-dpidx)_ dp QA = V = Lims = aaa 0.3885 5) dp or = 438 Pain (Ans. a) ‘This answer could also be obtained by using CyRe = 18.2 from Figure 3-13, (b) Approximate: Simply assume that Cp= 16/Re as if the duct were circular: cc. 6 1 2 1 Tee 7 00884, ort 5, = C.LpV? = (0,00884)(0.5)(1.205)1.7) = 0.0154 Pa ‘Then, for fully developed flow, the relation between wall shear and pressure drop is dp. Mog 4(0.0154 Pa) & ~ D, 0.016 m S45, Fei (Ane by For this case, the: hydraulic-diameter approximation predicts about 12% low. 3-11 Consider swirling motion superimposed upon axial flow and find the velocities. ‘We assume, for developed flow in a circular pipe, that 0 gla) v= 90 Substitute these into the complete incompressible equarions of motion in cylindrical coordinates, Appendix B, The continuity equation is satisfied identically, and the 2- momentum equation becomes PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2906 The Cram Companies, ne Lited elton perrtted ony te techs ord edeestrs or ‘uae paparaien youre sedentuing tes Manual yow are ‘ing it oeihout peerion. a ap tHE °F This is independent of the circumferential motion vg and thus may be solved directly, leading simply to Poiseuille flow in a duct, Section 3-3.1 ‘The momentum equation reduces to ay, a wy, = ¥ wot Fxg? This is uncoupled from axial motion ‘vz and may be solved. independently, subject to the swirl-flow boundary conditions. Finally, with vg known, the pressure may be found from the r-momentum equation, dp/dr = p vg2/c. Further discussion of superposition, ‘of swirl flows is given in the text by Langlois (1964). 3-12 If light oil viscosity (0.02 to 0.1 Pa-s) is measured by passing I m3/h of fluid through an annulus 30cm long, with inner and outer radii of 9 mm and 10 mm, find Ap. For an annulus, the hydraulic diameter is Dy = 2(a-b) = 2(0.010-0.009) = 0.002 m, The annular area is m(a?-b2) = 5.97E-5 m?. Then the average velocity is V=Q/A~ 4.65 m/s. Estimating the density of light oils to be about 900 ke/m3, the Reynolds numbers are Re fe = —! * # ‘Thus the flow is laininar, and Eq. (3-51) applies (900}(4.65)(0.002) 0.02 t0 0.10 80 10.400 Ap, sys (eeby? sk . ee Ree eT beh reel Inwoducing the given numerical values, we obtain the pressure-drop estimate: 2 22 1 a, eS rap a 4 {€0.01)- (0.009') 3600" * FOOT tw 0.Toyay OMY 0.009) ingo.01/0.005) or: Ap = 335,000 to 1,680,000 Pa = 310 17 atm (Ans.) For such a large pressure drop, a mechanical (c.g. Bourdon tube) gage might be recommended. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2006 The McCro- Companie, Ine. Limited dsiebation permited aly ta tach: ard educatrs lore ‘as peor youar ata nyt on, our 313 Lubricating oil at 20°C flows at 2 mys into a tube, D = 3 cm, L = 2m, with a wall temperature of 10°C. Estimate (a) the heat transfer rate at x = 10 cm; and (b) the exit temperanire of the oil. ‘The oil properties are p= 890kgim =0.8 Pas w O15 eo = 1800 Ge ‘The Reynolds number is Re = pVD/u = (890\2.0)(0.03)(0.8) = 67 , hence the flow is laminar, The Prandtl number is pcp/k = (0.8)(1800¥(0.15) = 9600 (oils). (@) Atx = LO.cm, the local Graetz number is x ol “= Deer ” Dapencam ~ ES At this very small value, we estimate the local Nusselt number from Eq. (3-83): “18 a2 Nu, = 1,076(5.208-6)"- 1.064 = 661 = [he ‘This is close to the entrance, so we assume that AT still equals 10°C, Then we calculate kaT (0.15)(10) 2 > 6.1 ea 3060 Wim' (Ans. a) 13) (b) At the exit, L* =L/(D Re Pr) = 2.0/1(0.03(6719600)] = 9.000104, This is too small to make the chart in Fig. 3-15. Therefore we use Eq. (3-93) as an estimate: O.075K0.000104) 1 Nu, = 3.66 + 442 = Inf TL) 1 1 +0.05/(0.00010)" ° a where the latter equality follows from Eq. (3-90). We-may solve for 10-T, TL) = 0.986 = TE SS EERE eh ‘The fluid has hardly cooled down at all over atwo-meter length! This poor convection rate is characteristic of oil flow under laminar conditions. PROPRIETARY RYATERIAL, © 2005-The MG Hi Comm panies, Lirvtedstotion perted oly to teachers and educator tor = AZ = ‘eure peeparaion I you area student ul is Maran, yo ae "ing without permis 3-14 For plane flow with circular sueamlines, solve the vorticity equation, Bas , ie Lamy a GP Te for the decay of a line vortex of strength To initially concentrated at the origin. The boundary conditions are symmetry at the origin and no motion at infinity: Pon = on = 0 ‘This is a classic problem in linear PDE theory and has an exact analogy in heat conduction (@ line heat pulse at the origin). The solution is given by Carslaw and Jaeger (1959): 2 r 1 t a og = — cxp- ) = serv) amt avi Fate where Dy = J Veds is the initial circulation about any closed curve enclosing the origin. ‘The vorticity may be integrated to yield the instantaneous circumferential velocity: 1 j qr Pr % rere Tar fh ew ‘These distributions were discussed earlier, without derivation, in Prob. 1-6, and both the velocity and vorticity distributions are plotted on page 3. 3-15 A wide liquid film of thickness h flows duc to gravity down the inclined plane shown at right. Find the (laminar) velocity distribution. Since the boundary conditions are independent of x, we may assume u = uy), v= w =O, dp/dx = 0, and the momentum equation reduces to 2 wh = -ppsing = constant, on u = PEM. aye B dy 2p One boundary condition is no-slip atthe wall: uO) = 0 = B HOPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McGraw Companies Inc Unated dicnbation permitad only to taehers and educators tor = 43 {ours proparaton. Wu ae ste! using ths Marta, you are ‘ing Woatnoce paerinn. ‘The second condition is hinted at in the problem statement: negligible shear at the free surface due to weak interaction with the constant-pressure, low density atmosphere: tort) = 0 = nls Pam + wa. or: A= pgh sin Jj. Substituting for A and B, we find the complete solution for laminar developed film flow: passe 2h This may be integrated to find the volume flow per unit width of film: & ; a+ fay - sham i 3h y @h-y) (Ans.) (Ans.) The flow rate varies as h3, so the rate of draining is highly dependent upon the film thickness, Note the similarity of this (parabolic) solution with pressure-driven Poiseuille flow between parallel plates (2h) apart, Eq, (3-44), 3-16 A laminar film drains at constant thickness down a vertical rod, as shown. Find formulas for the velocity distribution and the flow rate. Assume, due to the constant-pressure atmosphere outside the film, that dp/@z = 0, and, for a fully developed film, uz = u(t) only. The z-momentum equation, Appendix B, reduces to d, du = kL oe O= pp + Bos) ‘This second-order ordinary differential equation may readily be integrated rwice: 2 us PE, Ain + B an ‘The boundary conditions are no-slip at the wall and no shear stress (weak atmospheric Cate aston permits ony fo tscharsand odueter for ‘aur preparation, you ire tide sing tir Mans you sre ang twaoun pomstcin interaction - see the top of page 44 = 2 No-slip at wall: u(a) = 0 gives B= a = Aln(a) # dy : 2 No surface shea; = 0 gives B= psd? ‘With A and B known, the final expression for the film velocity profile is 2 pgb ty Sa OP j ia ra 2 - G+ GY ] (Ans.) Considerable integration skill (not shown) is needed to evaluate the film flow rate: »: 4 Q = fu anrcr = 82 (gate) + 40*- 1-364), 0-251 (ans. ‘ eh For thin films approximating a flat wall, 1.0 < b/a < 1.2, Q increases (approximately) as the cube of the film thickness (b-a) - see the solution w Prob, 3-15 above. For b/a > 1.2, Q increases even faster than the cube of the thickness, as film ares increases with radius. 3:17 By extension of Prob, 3-15, consider a double ros alia layer of immiscible fluids 1 and 2, flowing steadily eu A atmosphere exerts no shear stress on the surface and is ny down an inclined plane, as in Fig, P3-17. The at constant pressure. Find the laminar velocity distribution inthe too layers, Fig, P3-17 Ltied diteulion permittec any to teachers and educates for = 45 = ot you ae stent wing is Manso aw re ‘rie peep ‘ning without pees Solution, We solve for the velocity distribution in each layer and patch them together at y=h, Assuming m2 = fen(y) only, the layers satisfy similar momentum equations: x-momentum: 0 = p,gsin@ + wot y¥-momentum: 0 = a + PR C088 , 2 ‘The pressure gradient p/2x = 0 because the surface pressure is constant. Thus the pressure is hydrostatic in (4g cos®) and is uncoupled from velocity. Forget pressure, find velocity: is PH! 2 cya hh mye 288M ey, (las) ey By inspection, 2, = 0 to satisfy the no-slip condition at the bottom, y= 0. The ether three boundary conditions are negligible shear at the surface (weakly interacting atmosphere) and matching velocities and shears in each layer at the interface, y =. du: Surface shears, 0% 4p“? naan, = aa es P2880 ty) + py Cy “as sind Interface velocity: Bese + Ch = uy = AP + Cah + D2 2 Interface shears ry = 94 (— eee 4 yyCy = Fy = sag paint + aC Solve simultaneously for the three constants: sind Bea + Pa) "tah, #2 Substitute these constants into Eqs. (a,b) above. (it's toa much typing to repeat here. Au) PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McCrom-t Companies, Ine United ration permitted ony to teaehe and educaton for ‘rsa peepurtion. W pou arate using ter Marna, you sre ‘ning anthot paorion. To illustrate this flow, an example is shown below. The two layers are of equal thickness, ‘hy = ts = 0.5, and the densities are the same, Only the effect of upper-layer viscosity is shown. If 44 4,3 in the center curve, the velocity profile is a continuous parabola, as calculated earlier in Prob. 3-15. If a= 541, the lower curve, the outer velocity is less and ‘two parabolas meet with different slopes at the interface, y= 0.5. Similatly, if yo™ 0.2, ‘the upper layer goes faster, as shown, and again the slopes are different at y4 = o of 02 03 O04 OF 06 OF ‘Two-layer flow down inclined plane, for the special case p= py and ly = hy. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2505-The McGraw Hill Companies, nc Llytedsitdotian permed orto teachers ard plueator for -aT- ceane preperation fyoamca aden wing Wars You ae 3-18 The film surface in Prob. 3-15 is known to become unstable at a critical Reynolds number Re* = humay/V = 10), which depends on ®, g, p, }, and surface tension T Make a dimensional analysis of the correlation Re* = fen(@, g.p, pT) , noting the dimensions of each in the Mass-Length-Time system: [Ret] and [6] = (0); (8 = (L771; (9) = (ML); (h] = [MALT]; (T]= {MT} We expect two dimensionless groups ("Pi's"). One of them obviously is @ itself. The second one, assumed proportional to p, could be written as a power-group: T= petwT = Mr" , from which we find a=-1,b=-4,ande= +3. Dimensional analysis thus predicts that two Pi groups influence the Reynolds number: : Ret = fence, 22) tans.) BE ‘The last parameter, which depends only upon gravity and fluid parameters, is a form of the Weber number for capillary motions. In his review of plane film motion, Fulford (196-4) points out that Weber number has only a small effect on film instability, so that the simple correlation Re* = 12.csc(@) is a reasonable approximation fora draining plane film. 3:19 Derive Eq, (3-96) for start-up of flow in a circular pipe. This is a good exercise for the student. The first difficulty is that the basic differential equation (3-94) contains the inhomogeneity (-dp/dx), which must be removed before sepa- ration of variables can work. Todo this, define velocity V such that 2 om d Veu- Ypatl = . where ren, and a = 2 We thus work with the difference between u and the final Poiseuille-flow profile at t=, Substitution into Eq. (3-94) gives the following homogeneous PDE for V: PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2006 The McCrove Companies, Ine. Limited stebation permited aly ta tasbers art educators for = 4B = ‘as peor youar ata nyt on, our av wlin 2 aon vet +s where rar and = w/e) wo Be oF subjectto: V(It*) = 0 (no-slip) @ Vero = uy d-) @) ‘The solutions to (1) subject to condition (2) are all of the form V = Jogt*) exp(- Ag ?t*), Where Aq are the roots of the Bessel function Jo (see values in Table 3-3). The general solution of the linear PDE (1) is thus a Fourler-Besse! series of such terms: vie Scape ex a2 @ it Tocvaluate Cp, we use condition (3) and the Bessel function orthogonality condition: t Jx3a.293.0, xjdx = 43,0) if ixj ° ad = 0 if ia] We thus multiply Eq, (3) by [+* Jg(Qj1*)] and integrate the whole equation from 0 to: 1 ‘The orthogonality condition enables us to pick off the constant one by one, with the resule 8 Une RO) oF 0.02, With V thus known, we retum to the original variable u and the desired solution: <> 8S) Be eye? > OO expe aes) a.01 fal AIA) Some typical profiles of u(r*,t*)are shown in the text in Fig. 3-16. ‘The profiles for very early ¢* are shown at right (as requested in the problem) a and are seen to consist of a linearly accelerating 1 Te, 0 core with thin growing boundary layers, PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2006-The Mera: Hl Companies, Urutedsitotion permed ony to teachers and educators tor = AQ team panto Hues tentang mina yu 3.20, Consider air at 20°C and 1 atm initially at rest between fixed parallel plates h= 2m apart. If the lower plate moves at speed U.= 30 cvs at time t=0, evaluate u at the center. For air at 20°C and | atm, v = 1.50E-5 m2/s. The Reynolds number of the flow is Re = ‘Uph/v = (0.30)(0.02/(1.50E-5) = 400, hence the flow is laminar, The analysis of laminar start-up between suddenly moved plates is given in Section 3-5.2, with velocity profiles plotted in Fig. 3-20. If we insert the center point, y = bv2, into this formula, we obtain the velocity prediction an, vu J, fe S ra wU, = 05 - YF expe nts) sine =i" (@) Compute the midpoint velocity after 2 seconds. The corresponding dimensionless time is * = (1.50E-5)(2.0)(0.02)? = 0.075. The formula above predicts ale = 01966, ou, (b) At what time will the midpoint velocity be 14 cm/s? This corresponds to u/Ug = 14/30 = 0.4667. If we evaluate the formula above, scarching for this ratio, we will find that (0.299 .0.02)" _ * “CS0ES) megan = {0-1966X(30) = 5.9 em’s (Ans. a) FE = 0.4667 occurs att ~ 0.299, of 80 5 (Ans. b) Gne may check these results (approximately) by reading the midpoint values in Fig. 3-21 3-21 Derive simplified formulas for the volume flow mb Vvabo and pumping power of 2 Couette pump (see figure in. problem statement), Illustrate for SAE 30 oil. a For small clearance, (a-b) <0.75 (approximately) - the reader is invited to investigate this difficulty and explain it to the writer. The five tabulated solutions for velocity profile $(2*) are plotted below -all of them look approximately parabolic. 20 3-24 A porous cylinder of radius R exudes fluid radially at velocity U, into an unbounded fluid of constant (pst). Find the velocity and pressure distributions if p = pg atr = R. Let u, = u(t) only, with ug =u,=0, ‘The continuity equation is easily solved: ld _ yk Fah = 9, or ru=consian, w= US (Ans. a) ‘This is the desired velocity distribution. The pressure follows from the r-momenmum equation (Appendix Eq. B-6) if we neglect gravity: du dp dd poe tale Introducing u(r) from solution (a) above, we find that the viscous term vanishes identically (a consequence of u being proportional to I/r and therefore a “potential” type of distribution) and we obtain the result [PROPHIETARY MATERA ‘©2006 The MeCraur vel Company, ne. Untod ait aion permit any te teachers sna edaeatars tar = BA = 2. The final desired solution for vorticity is thus Urvted dutta pred ray to eachors ard eoecnors tor = BB = ssomeprepron yes eh ng war ae © = ©, eR (Ans,) With B known, the constant A follows from the condition Vg = fotay at r= tq. The final solution for velocity is in two parts, depending upon the wall Reynolds number: 2 Oe (1-Re + ayo) if Re>2 = aie if Res? 3-26 For laminar flow in a porous tube, similar to the channel example in Section 3-6.3, use the similarity variable = (r/fo)? and find the proper stream function and its differential equation and boundary conditions. For uniform wall normal velocity, the stream function must have the form = (a+bx) 8(6), and the constants are found by volume-flow balance between 0 and x: ¥ = [7880 - 4K x1 © (Ans. ‘The velocity components are obtained by differentiation: Loy Y* ¢e 7 If these velocities are substituted into the 1- and z-momenium relations, Appendix Eqns. (B-6) and (B-8), it is found that the pressure satisfies the relation ap a * exactly analogous to the porous channel in Section 3-6.3, Cross-differentiatioa to eliminate the pressure thus gives the following differential equation for the stream function: 20g" + 4g" + Re(e’g"-e") , where Re =v r/v [PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2008 The Metra Hl Campari Ine Limited distribution permitted cniy to teachers ndecucatorstor = BB ‘course prepara you area dee wg th Maa oa are ‘ing nthoat peas ‘The boundary conditions at r=0 are vp = @vy/dr = 0, which translates to g asC—0: = = 0 and gy = 0 MG The boundary conditions to the wall, =r, are ¥p= Vy and vz = 0, oF: abe 1 and gi = 0 ‘This problem was first developed by Yuan and Finkelstein (1956), and a complete array of numerical solutions - including vexing non-uniqueness and non-existence difficulties - is presented by White (1962). 3-27 Modify the Ekman spiral solution for turbulent flow by using an “eddy viscosity" correlation suggested by Clauser (1956): » Vay = 0:04 D (yp) From Section 3-7.2, use the Ekman solution for surface velocity and penetration depth: Aca —_ w D = nviviwsingy] (2) AQav sing) For our particular case, Vwing = 6 1VS, Pair = 1.205 kg/m, and latitude 41°N, and @ = 2nf(86400 s) = 7.27E-S sl. We have the surface-wind-shear estimate, Eq. (3-141): +, = 0.0029, VZ4 = (0.002)(1.205)06.0)" = 0.0868 Pa Dividing this by seawater density gives the so-called “friction velocity", v*; vt = Vitypy = (0.0868/1025)"* = 0.00920 mvs Substituting Clauser's v_ into Eg, (2) above gives the penetration depth directly pew st. Peo 76 m (Ans. a) inane sind ‘We may then compute the eddy viscosity as v = 0.028 m2/s from Clauser’s formula. “The surface seawater velocity may finally be computed from Eq. (1) above: PROPRETARY MATERIAL 6 2006 The MeCron-HIB Compan Ie United dtibution peritted any to teachers and educators for ~ ST = curse preparation you we a stodert i Das Mana ou ae tng wibout perms 2 = ——_ 0.0 ___ 9.952 mis (Ans.b) Vo a [(2)(7.27E-5)SIN(41°)(0.028)] ‘These are realistic results: surface velocity a few centimeters per second and penetration depth of the onder of 100 meters (varying with the wind velocity). 3-28 Repeat the Ekman-flow analysis of Section 3-7.2 for shallow water of depth h. ‘We are to solve the same differential equation with one changed boundary condition: vw" - Zi@sinbw = 0, weuriv, i= Vel) subjectto; weh)=0 , w= iK, K = tit ‘The (linear) differential equation has a hyperbolic-function general solution: w = Acosh(bz) + Bsinh(bz) , b= [2iesingry™ = (14) [osingr] From the boundary conditions, we find that A = Btanh(bh), B= iK/b, The desired solution for (general) velocity and surface velocity is thus we Keanncon) cosh(bz) + sinh(be)) . and w(O) = Kanneoty =u, tiv, ‘We use the identity tanh(x+iy) = (sinh(2x) +i sin(2y)[/[cosh(2x) + cos(2y)} to untangle real and imaginary parts of the surface velocity: = Gfsinnapin + sinh, @ x 2Blcosh2Ph + cos2Bh] where fi = x/D. The ratio of these two is the tangent of the desired surface flow angle: = grintanh ~ sin2Bh) , sinh(2xh/D) -_sin(2ah/D) ‘Sinh(@xk/D) + sin@2ch/D) (Ans) tan(8) = uv, A plotof 6 versus b/D is shown on the next page. The angle rises slowly from zero through an interesting overshoot of 47° at byD = 0.63 to level off at-45° in “deep” water. From the figure (or the formula) we may estimate that @= 20° ar b/D = 0.24 (Ans.). Limite dstronton pened ont teachers and wttators for = BB ‘course proportion Rou area set wing tn Marea os tre ‘ina nhl perme 3-29 Air at 20°C and | atm flows at U,, = | m/s across a cylinder of diameter 2 em with wall temperature of 40°C. Estimate (a) 5 ; (b) ty; and (€) qy at the stagnation point. Use the properties of air at an average temperature of 30°C. From Appendix A, the kinematic viscosity is approximately v = 1.60E-5 m/s. We can estimate B from inviscid theory, Eq. (1-3): atthe surface, U = 2U.osin(x/R), hence dUAdx at x=0 equals B=2U,JR = 2(1 m/s)(0.01 m) = 200 ¢"l, From the analysis of Section 3-8.1.1, (a) the shear layer thickness at the stagnation point is 2, a 1.60E- TRESS] = 0.00068 m = 0.68 mm (Ans. a) 200s (b} From Eq, (3-158), wall shear is proportional to x, hence at the stagnation point, x=0, 8 - 24) = 24[ tw = 0 ¢Ans.b) (©) for the heat transfer, estimate, at 30°C, from Appendix A, that k= 0.0263 WAm-K). ‘The Prandtl number is 0.71. From Section 3-8.1.4, the heat transfer rate is 4, = -K(T_; T, G(r) VBI) 200 wv 2 — = 920 W/a’ (Ans. ¢} = + (0.0263)(20-40)[0.570(0.71) "II [PROPHIETARY MATERA ©2006 The McCraw At Compan, ne Unie cartoon perme onl ta teachers and ecucatar far ‘courts proparaion, you are 8 Poentting tas Mapa yOu sr8 {ring tout permis 3-30 Solve Bédewadt’s "rotating disk” problem, with a fixed disk and a rotating stream. This problem is very similar to the Kérmn rotating-disk problem, with the same variables (F.G.H,P) as in Section 3-8.2 as functions of z*. There is one important modification (what some students might call a “trick"): in order for the radial momentum equation to balance at 2*=eo with a ratazing stream, there must be a positive nonzero radial pressure gradient, In dimensionless form, this radial equation becomes Fos -G4+P + FH +1 ‘This guarantees that, in the farfield, where G(e*) = 1, a rotating stream, the derivatives F and F" will vanish and the radial and axial motion will decay to zero. The other three differential equations are just the same as in Section 3-8.2: Ho=-2F ; G'=2FG+HG ; P = 2FH-2F The boundary conditions change on G only, to make the wall fixed and the stream rotating: FO) = PO) = HO) = GO) = 0; Fe) = 0; Ge) = 1 This problem was first solved by hand by U. T. Bodewadt (Z. angew. Math. Mech., vol 20, 1940, p. 241), Accurate numerical solutions were later given by Rogers and Lance: (1960), who also considered cases where both the disk and the freestream rotated (they ‘concluded that no-slip solutions were possible only if both rotated in the same direction). Similar to Section 3-8.2, one must find the proper initial conditions F(O) and G'O) which make the radial velocity F vanish and the tangential velocity G approach unity at infinity. After considerable searching, we find the correct conditions: F@) = -0.94197 Gi) = +0.77289 (Ans.) The velocity and pressure profiles arc shown ploited below - they oscillate slowly before decaying to their frecsiream values. [We used the Runge-Kutta routine in Appendix C.] 0 t's problem: Fixe PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2006 The McCraw Companies, ne Uinetedditbation prmitea only to washers ane educates ter = GQ ~ ‘curse preparation. H row ar tod using tis Mana, you are ‘ting orhout periion. 3-31 Evaluate Kirmin's problem for a numerical case: one side of a disk rotating at 1200 rpm in air at 20°C.and 1 atm, Estimate (a) flow rate; (b) torque; and (c) power. For air at 20°C and 1 atm, p = 1.205 kg/m}, t= 1.81E-5 kg/(m-s), and v = 1.S0E-5 m/s. ‘The angular velocity is @ = (1200)(2x/60) = 40n = 125.7 rad/s. (a) One way (the hard way) to evaluate flow rate is to integrate the radial velocity at the edge of the disk, r= R: Q = fufeRaRdr = mR hve) [rae a 0 However, the last integral, which equals 0.441, is not shown or tabulated in the text. More straightforward, the flow rate should also equal the fluid ‘pumped’ axially toward the disk: Q= AR? Iv foo) vwhere v,(c0}! = 0.883 evap, or: Q = (0.25 m)¥0.883) [(1.5E-5 mis)(125.7 81 = 0.0075 m'Js (Ansa) (b) The torque on one side of the disk is given by Eq. (3-190): M=ip R'G' viva} (Ans.b) (1.205)(0.25)'(0.61592){(1.50E-5)(125.7)))" = 0.025 Nem (€} the power required to drive one side of the disk is P= Mo = (0.025)(125.7) = 31 W (Ans) It should be pointed out that these numbers slightly exceed the expectations for laminar flow, that is, the Reynolds number Re = wR is about 524,000. 3:32. Solve Jeffery-Hamel wedge flow for creeping flow, Re = 0 but a+ 0, Equation (3-195) in Section 3-8.3 reduces for Re = O10: f"+da?f = 0. Thisisa third-order linear differential equation which has the general solution f= Aj,sin@an) + Ajcos2an) + Ay PROPRIETARY MUATERAL ‘2006 The Metre: HBCempanles, Lined ds eatin pared aly a teacor ed wat: for awe ‘ours preperation yeu area student ving tb Marah you ae tanga eaeut permacton. Using the boundary conditions, f(0) = 1 and fC+1) = 0, we find the constants: Aj= 0; A, = IMl-cos2a) ; Ay= I-A, ‘Thus the desired solution for creeping Jeffery-Hamel wedge flow is fo gostan + cota 1+ desc’a [sim -20n)- 1) (Ams) 1 - costo 2 2 Some representative velocity profiles are plotted below. The ease (ct = 0°) is the Poiseuille parabola for channel flaw, and the case (c: = 90°) is the separation point. For a > 90°, separation or backflow must occur in a diverging flow even at zero Reynolds number, 3-33 Consider the following exact incompressible Navier-Stokes stream function in spherical polar coordinates, Plot some streamlines and velocity profiles. avrsin’® ——— . as constant (1) 1+a-cosd vere) = PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2006 The tacGraw ll Companies, inc jehunowice = = B2= ‘The radial velocity is computed from the stream function: wide —_—-2V [2cos8(1 + 2 cos®) - ss sind r(1+a-cos8)" ‘This flow represents a laminar round jet issuing from the origin. ‘The streamlines (Eq. 1) and jet velocity profiles (Eq. 2 for constant r and unit centerline magnitude) are shown below fora =0.01. The jet becomes progressively thinner as a decreases [not shown}. T a 7 Jet Velocity ‘The jet widih & is defined as the point where uy = 0.01 Ugg, From Eq. 2 we compute that the maximum velocity (@ = 0°) equals 2vj(ra). Then the jet velocity ratio is A, AMdemtt+a-cos6)-s078) go yg = 8g) Sex 2(1 +a-cos8y ‘That is, the jet “thickness” is a constant value of 9, or 8 varies linearly with r. Some ‘computed values of the “19b-velocity” angle corresponding to jet thickness are as follows: a 0.001 0.008 0.006 0.010 OG) = 75% 128° 17.6° 218° ‘The jet mass flow is found by integration over the jet profile ata given value of 1: 8 85) m= Jow,an = (oe = cont [ron = (const) r & Thus the (laminar) mass flow increases linearly with r along the jet axis due to “entrainment” from the ambient fluid outside the jet. [See Eq. (4-204) for details. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2006 The McGraw til Companies ne. United dotrbusion pernited only toteathers andaduentarsior—~ G3 ~ cain praton gn ars met sgt Men youswe 3-3 A sphere of specific gravity 7.8 is dropped in oil of specific gravity 0.88 and viscosity = 0.15 Pa-s. Estimate its terminal velocity for D = (a) 0.1 mm, (b) 1.0 mm, and (c) 10.0 mm, Atterminal velocity, the sphere's net weight in oil equals its drag: rw 2m 2 Wer = Ogu PEED = Drag = C, BV? TD in 4D “i ov = [SPEC uP D) wtere Cy = fontRe), Re= — G5 For creeping (Stokes) motion, we have Cp = 24/Re or V = W/(3xDy) , which ‘could serve as a first estimate. At higher Reynolds numbers, we could use Eq. (3-225): 24 6 Coophee) = + ge + oF (a) D=0.1 mm: The smallest sphere is most likely to be Stokes flow. Then estimate W__ __ ((7.8-0.88)(998)1(9.81)(n/6 0. 901)? aD Fe(0,0001)(0.15) ‘This answer is accurate, as we may verify by checking the Reynolds number: PVD _ — {(0.88)(998)](0.00025}(0.0001) _ in O15 ~ (by D= 1.0mm: Use the Stokes-flow estimate V = W/(3xDu) to get a first guess of V=0.025 mvs. Check the Reynolds number, Re = pWD/j. ~ 0.15, which is << I: ve 0.00025 m/s (Ansa) Re = 0.00015 << 1 (Stokes flow) W = 0.025 mis (Ans.b) (©) D= 10 mm: Here the Stokes estimate is V = 2.51 m/s, with Re = 147, which is not small. Therefore re-compute Crp = 1.02 and re-estimate V from our formula above: on [ote 77 [s@onesnc.smss—1) 7! 1.00 avs 3c; TU. This is a big change, so we need to iterate the formulas until they converge to Re = 46, Cy = 170 , V = 078 mls (Ans.c) PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2006 The McCrove Companie, Ine. Limited nebation permitted aly ta tasters art edueators for pi cpr # youu ae ang the Mana Yours 3-38 Verify Eq. (3-230), for the Stokes drag of droplet, with a complete analysis. ‘We are 10 solve the Stokes stream function differential equation, 2 +55-3 25) v= 0 a a fag? 88 for w(r,8) subject to zero radial velocity, equal tangential velocity, aand equal shear stress at the droplet surface, r =a, By analogy with the sphere solution in Section 3-9.2, the stream function yields to separation of variables, y = U sin2 f(r), and substitution into Eq, (1) above gives a fourth-order linear “equidimensional” equation: See Se. Be eo, e # “ 4 with the general solution of = 24 Bre + Dr @ ab This result is valid for both inside and outside flows. Let subscripts "i" and "o" denote the inside and outside flows, respective. The eight constants (A,B,C.D)j9 are found by laborious systematic application of the boundary conditions. First, at large r, the outside flow must approach the uniform stream, Wo = (1/2)Ur2sin28, which requires that G= 2 B= 0 Bo = 6 Third, up = (@y/00)/(r2sin@) must equal zero at r = aon both sides. This requires Ouse: A, = Bg? ha: Inside: C= -Da? This leaves only two free constants, By and D;, which are found by (a) equating the tangential velocities, (-Oy/Ori/(r sind), at the interface: ui (=a) = ua) . or Finally, equate the shear stresses at the interface: [PROPRIETARY MATERIAL 2006 The craw tll Companies, ine. Linvted asarbusion pernied only tateachers andeduxatats tor = B= course preparation. you area tudentxsing tis Manual, you we ‘Ging I atu peomia au, au, 3 Haaete=a) - Hae). or BL = so (Ans.) tH) ‘This is the desired solution for the inner and outer stream functions. The problem is ‘completed by evaluating the drag from the integrals in Eq, (2-219), with the result 1420p, 1th ‘which was the liquid-droplet Stokes drag result to be proved. Fo= 8ey,UB, = éxay,U 3-36 Repeat Prob. 3-23, for radial outflow between parallel disks, for creeping flow. Referring back to Prob, 3-23, continuity requires that Tu, = fen(2) only, and, if inertia or convective acceleration is neglected (creeping flow), the r-momentum equation rédhuces to 2 i d constant S = a Seu = = dz ‘where the latter equality follows from separation of variables. ‘This may be integrated once with respect to r and twice with respect to z , giving the velocity as a function of pressure: 2 Lu us all ey 7) (Ans.) Qe inte) for any two points “1” and “2" between the disks. Thus, for creeping motion in this ‘slowly varying’ duct, by analogy with lubrication theory, the local velocity profile is, everywhere parabolic, and the velocity level varies inversely with r to satisfy continuity. ‘The above result may be rewritten to show the logarithmic variation of pressure: (Ans.) q t Pep FE ‘The pressure drops logarithmically in the radial direction, at a rate proportional to the “level” of flow (rumgy), ., the flow rate entering from the center of the disks. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The ACC Companies. ne. LUnatedisibation permitied only te tasbens and educators for = GB = ‘uri proportion W you ae ent using ther Manus, you sre ‘ng Rvethout pearson 3-37 Analyze creeping flow between parallel disks. The lower disk (2=0) is fixed, and the upper disk (z=L) rotates at angular rate w. Find the velocity and pressure distributions. This 48, in principle, a three-dimensional flow but with radial symmetry, ic. 2/48 = 0 ‘The boundary conditions on velocity are At z=0: u,= u, =O} atal: y= u,=0.u, = ro With inertia (acceleration) negligible in creeping flow, the @-momentum equation (Eq. B-7 of Appendix B) reduces, for dp/d9 =0 and zero gravity, 10 2 18 Pi OE % care 2 The hint ug =F f(x) is a good one and cracks the puzzle, reducing this equation ro f" = 0, or f(z) = A+Bz. The no-slip boundary conditions above yield A=0 and B= aL. ‘The desired solution for creeping circumferential flow berween the disks is thus yy = ros (Ans.) ‘The flow simply rotates in Tinear fashion, like Couente flow between plates, Since this Particular tangential velocity does not influence continuity, momentum, of z-momentum, the remainder of the flow reduces, with no-slip between disks, 10 the trivial results ye wy = O . 7 = p= constant (Ans.) For creeping flow, no secondary motion is generated. As Reynolds number increases, acceleration causes nonzero vp and v; 10 arise, like the K érmén rotating-disk solution. 338 Set-up the method of separation af variables for finding tdy, z) for a rectangular duct, Fig. 3-9 and Eq, (3-48), by analyzing Eq. (3-30). First mote that the separation will not work until one defines a new variable U=u-F, where VF= (U\(dpids), so that V?U' = 0. ‘Then separaie U'into-g and y parts and find the form of each part. Show how an infinite series would be required to satisfy the boundary conditions, but do not determine the series coefficients Conte strut permed ory to teacher and eestor” « GT « ce papaaton yr un ag man ae Solution; First find the function #*. From the figure at z right, a suitable guess is # = K(y’- a"), whence . | y VF = 2K = (Idui(dolds). If U=u--F, then VU =0. Assume that U/can be written as a separation of variables: U2) = YQIZ(z), whence V7U= ¥"Z + YZ" = 0, or: oe ~& = constant => 0 ‘We chose a > 0 so that Y would be trigonometric and Z would be exponential. Thus U(,.2) = [Acos(ary) + B sina y)[Ceosh(arz)+ Dsinh(er 2)] ‘The boundary conditions are no-slip, w= {/+ F'=0 at the duct walls, and symmetry, zero spatial slopes along the center lines of the rectangle: au 2 Ula,z)= 0; wy On=o 3 UQyb) = - F(y,b) =~ K(y? -a") 5 (0) = 0 ‘The second of these conditions requires that =, the fourth requires that = 0. Now absorb (into 4 and weare down to- U =A cos(ary) cosh(az). Satisfying the first boundary condition above requires that cos(at a) = in = J, 621357 owe Fin 1357, aan =, % 2° 2° s|¥ [ROPRIETARY MATUMIL 22006 The Maan ompmin a. insite tration peo only then andeducaterice = BB= ‘use preparation if you are astudent using tis Manual, you are that perm The third (and final) boundary condition requires that L/'equal a quadratic function along the upper walls of the rectangle: Ub) = —KQ?-a) = Avos(ay)cosh(ab) —? This looks impossible, but since Laplace's equation is linear, we may take (/ to be the sum of an infinite series of cosine terms: YO%2) = FAs conv) cosh del 5S ae ‘Then we can find the Fourier coefficients 4, such that the above boundary condition for Uy, b) is satisfied, We asked you not to carry this part out. The complete solution procedure is given in the classic text by Rosenhead (1963), Laminar Boundary Layers, and we put the final solution for u(y, z) in the text as Eq. (3-48), 3-39 Find the pressure distribution for lubrication flow [Section 3-9.8.1] ina parabolically varying gap: 2 Wx) = fiz + n= maid 7) PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2006-Ths MoCo Can pai, Lritedaittion permed onto teacher and edt for -69- ‘eure preparation I you area student wing Di Maral jo a ting without permsion ‘The relevant relation to be solved is Reynolds’ equation (3-239). Using dimensionless variables x*=x/L,h* =h/hg, and p* = (phg?)(WUL), Eq. (3-259) becomes d dh* ; hy 2 a 6. wih w= The gba If we let “pas” be zero for convenience, the: boundary conditions on pressure are: pts O at x*=0 and at x*=l Because h* is cubed and thus leads to the sixth power of x*, itis very laborious to-solve for p* analytically. We therefore program the differential equation above for a computer, using Subroutine RUNGE from Appendix C. Some numerical values of slope are: by fly 09 o7 0s 04 03 dptfdx*(0) = 0.417.357 -2.459 “3.078 3.743 ‘The pressure profiles from these results are plotted below LUBRICATION PRESSURE INA PABABOLICALLY VARYING GAP For this type of gap - with a steep change initially, decreasing to a shallow change at the end - the pressure drops in the gap and there is a song possibility of cavitation for this direction of flow, [PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2006 The McCraw #5 Companies, ne. LUnited distribution permite ani ta teachers and educators for = 7 = " +C, = CF = (-Kh), or: Cy = yest) ‘The final slip-flow velocity distribution is thus Ide) Qu ‘The volume flow rate, with slip, does indeed contain the Knudsen number: (h? + 2th y?) Ans. ue “ O= Judy = FPO Bs 3km) , Kn = Knudsen number = ¢ ‘Ans, a ae "ROPRUETARY MATERIAL, © 2868 The MeGraw Hil Compania, oe Linked eyton pared onto ache and cacnorsto = BY - Dreparairs you area student wun ti Mara, you a ving ebro PROPRIETARY MATERIAL © 2006 Them Lnsted sroution emit unl to tenders our prepara, yo are ater ne 3453 Hadjiconstantinou (2003) has updated a second-order slip theory by Cercignani (2000) to give new numerical coefficients for the wall-slip velocity, to be compared with Eq. (1-91) 2, ty = 0.6102 Sh % a? Repeat Prob. 3-52 with this formulation to solve continuity and x-momentum for laminar slip flow between the plates, Find the velocity distribution and the volume flow rate per unit depth, Does the Knudsen number appear? Solution: From Prob, 3-52 we can get this far without no-slip: ty = LMle Symmetry, duldy=0 at y= 0, hence C1 = 0, To-find C2, apply the new slip condition at y = du 2,dtw Ha = RiP 4c = Ae» » -0.610( gore 2 Solvefor Cy = KH 11fh+0.6107) ‘The final modified slip-velocity distribution is: om Se Ni? a2. m08h w 1.220? - y?) Ans. im ‘The volume flow rate contains the Knudsen number twice: _ 2dpids) = Sey 43.33Kn + 83Ka"), Kn= Knudsen mamber = 1 Ans, ri “* 3-54 — Glycerin, with a density of 1260 kg/m’ and viscosity of 1.5 kg/m-s, flows at 1 m/s past a small smooth sphere, (<2) What sphere diameter will cause the Reynolds number to be exactly unity? For the sphere size in part (a), according to Stokes-flaw theory, what is the ‘gage pressure (relative to freestream pressure) (6) at the front stagnation point; (c) at the rear stagnation point? (d) What is the surface shear stress at these two points? Solution: Numerical problems are a refreshing relief from heavy theory. Calculate Rey: = 19 = BED _ 1260kg/m?X1.0m/s)D = = 000119m A Rep - Elmar Metin D=A019m Ansa) (b,c) From Eq, (3-215), with p. = 0-pascals gage, the fluid gage pressure at the surface is Sua! Su 1.5 kg! ms X10 mi. Plane ~ AY cn = oon dm Shenae) 0.001 19% 2a oo) P prom = ~ 3780005180" = +3780Pa Ans.(b); Prear 8 =-3780c089 = 3780c0s0" = -3780Pa Ans.(c) (d) From Eq, (3-216), the surface shear fg is ZEF0 at both the front (180°) and back (0°), 3-55 Hill and Power (1956) proved that the creeping-flow (Stokes) drag of a solid object is greater than the drag of any inscribed shape but /ess than the drag of any circumscribed shape. ‘Verify this result for the spheroid of Fig. 3-36 by comparing it to inscribed and circumscribed spheres. Do the relative drag forces differ markedly or only by a few per cent? ‘ircumscribed, Solution. The spheroid, shown as a heavy line at right, radus=a has a length 2a and a diameter 26. The drag estimates for the spheroid are given by Eqs. (3-221): Inert [PROPRIETARY MAATERAL © 2006 The McCraw #8 Companies, ne. ined! distribution permite anly te teachers and eduatars Tor = BB = ‘cn repo, gm ara aden tho Manel Yu ae Parallel to 2a; C, = Ga(4+al/by'S , Normal to 2a: C, = 6a(3+2alby/5 For simplicity, let a > 6, the results would simply be reciprocal for a

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