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Demirbas et al Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech Volume 25, Number 2, April 2015
TABLE 1. Number of Cases, Mean Follow-up, and the Incidences of Gallbladder Perforation, Retained Gallstones, and Complication
Rates in Selected Studies
References LCs (n) Perforation (%) Mean follow-up (mo) Complications (%) Retained Gallstones [n (%)]
Schafer etal4 10174 5.7 36 0.08
Rice et al5 1059 29 39 1.3
Sarli et al6 1127 11.6 43 3.8 26 (2.3)
Memon et al7 856 16 44 4.7 106 (12)
Hui et al8 1412 36 0
Diez et al9 3686 17 1.9 40 (6.4)
Hawasli et al10 5526 52 0.04
Horton and Florence11 1130 22 0.35
Manukyan et al12 580 17 121 0 24 (4)
LC indicates laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Despite the reality that the incidence of both imme- follow-up time was 44 months and 4 patients developed com-
diate and late complications is low after spillage of gall- plications due to retained gallstones. All of the patients were
stones after LC,2 serious complications occurring as a result treated conservatively in this study. All the operations were
of lost stones have been reported in the literature. done by a single surgeon. The methods were clearly dened.
Schafer et al4 reported a population of 10,174 LCs The study was prospectively designed, and the number of
with 581 intraoperative gallstone spillage (5.7%). A total of complications was scarce. The review of the literature including
547 of these operations were nished laparoscopically, animal studies was included in the article.
whereas in 34 cases the operation was converted to an open Hui et al8 collected the data of 1412 patients who had
procedure during which all the spilled gallstones were undergone LC and found 512 iatrogenic perforations. They
removed. The authors reported 8 patients who had serious found male sex, weight, gallbladder inammation, thick-
complications due to retained intra-abdominal stones and ening of gallbladder, presence of adhesions, and a dicult
concluded that every attempt to retrieve the spilt gallstones dissection associated with increased incidence of gall-
should be performed. Authors conclude that spillage of bladder perforation. The authors reported only 2 patients
gallstones to the abdomen is a common problem, but with abdominal abscesses. The incidence of the spilled
serious postoperative complications are very rare (0.08%). gallstones were not reported in the study.
The follow-up period of the patients was 16 to 56 months Diez et al9 reported 40 unretrieved gallstones of 3686
and the exact number of lost gallstones was not evaluated. patients. They stated that 12 patients developed complica-
This report revealed a high risk of intra-abdominal abscess tions and 10 patients had to be reoperated. In 7 patients
formation in the elderly patients with acute cholecystitis stones were left at trocar sites. The authors concluded that
and perforation of the gallbladder. The data were analyzed there was no need for routine conversion to open surgery in
retrospectively in this article and the characteristics of the the case of perforation of gallbladder and spillage of gall-
study participants were not clearly indicated. stones. This series was performed by 6 dierent surgeons
Rice et al5 analyzed 1059 patients and found iatrogenic and the level of experience was not dened in the study. The
perforations in 306 patients (29%). In 115 patients spillage of study was a retrospective study and the statistical methods
bile and gallstones were detected. The variables associated with were not clearly identied.
the perforation were male sex, increasing age, body weight, and Hawasli et al10 discussed the results of 5526 LCs and
the presence of omental adhesions. This study revealed that reported 2 patients having complications due to spillage of
gallbladder perforation could lead to signicant complications gallstones. They reported abscesses in 2 patients located
(abdominal and thoracal abscesses) which occurred in 7 of their around the liver occurring 4 years and 4 months after the
cases and therefore retrieval of as many gallstones as possible operation. The other complication was also an abscess
was recommended in the presence of perforation and spillage. around the liver occurring after 2 years from the operation.
Authors also emphasized the long-term eects of gallstone The conclusion of the article was to emphasize the
spillage after LC. The long follow-up period (mean, 3.3 y) and importance of prevention of spillage of gallstones; in the
the low rate of complications was remarkable. The treatment of occurrence of spillage, irrigation and retrieval of the gall-
complications by percutaneous techniques without surgical stones should be performed.
intervention is not discussed in this study. Horton and Florence11 evaluated 1130 LCs and found
Sarli et al6 reported a matched-cohort analytic study of 4 patients who subsequently developed intra-abdominal
131 patients with intraoperative perforation of 1127 LC abscesses as a consequence of spilled gallstones during LC.
patients and compared them with another 131 patients without All of these patients required surgical abscess drainage and
perforation. The study design was focused on the complica- postoperative antibiotics. Follow-up time ranged from 3
tions and morbidities. They reported 26 unretrieved gallstones months to 5 years. Also, the culture results of each patient
among the patient group. The authors reported statistical dif- were dened and the recurrent abscess drainage was per-
ference within the duration of surgery (longer in the perforation formed and advised. However, the authors stated that
group) and surgeons experience was associated with the inci- thorough irrigation in case of perforation does not prevent
dence of perforation but no dierence in the postoperative formation of abscess in the abdomen. This study reports a
complications was reported. The methods were clearly dened series which were performed by 16 dierent surgeons and
but the follow-up period was relatively short. the experience of each was not dened in the study.
Memon et al7 reported 856 cases, 165 perforations (19%), Manukyan et al12 reported 580 LCs, 101 perforations
and 106 unretrieved gallstones in their study. The median (17%), and 24 retained gallstones. Twenty-two patients with
98 | www.surgical-laparoscopy.com Copyright r 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech Volume 25, Number 2, April 2015 Retained Abdominal Gallstones After LC
retained stones were investigated after a median follow-up of 2. Soper NJ, Dunnegan DL. Does intraoperative gallbladder
121 months. Retained gallstones were shown radiologically in perforation influence the early outcome of laparoscopic
2 of the patients without any harmful eects. The authors cholecystectomy? Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991;1:156161.
concluded that whenever possible all the gallstones should be 3. STROBE Initiative. Available at: http://www.strobe-statement.
org. Accessed September 1, 2014.
retrieved. When not possible, irrigation of the surgical area
4. Schafer M, Suter C, Klaiber C, et al. Spilled gallstones after
together with a short course of oral antibiotics seemed to be laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A relevant problem? A retro-
eective in preventing potential complications. The follow-up spective analysis of 10,174 laparoscopic cholecystectomies.
time is the longest among the studies. The number of compli- Surg Endosc. 1998;12:305309.
cations was very low and there was no need for surgical 5. Rice DC, Memon MA, Jamison RL, et al. Long-term
intervention or percutanous drainage. consequences of intraoperative spillage of bile and gallstones
LC is the most commonly performed abdominal surgical during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg.
procedure. The reported series clearly reveal that the perfo- 1997;1:8591.
ration of the gallbladder and spillage of gallstones are not rare 6. Sarli L, Pietra N, Costi R, et al. Gallbladder perforation
during LC depending on the level of the experience of the during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg. 1999;23:
surgeon and the anatomy of the gallbladder. With perforation 11861190.
7. Memon MA, Deeik RK, Maffi TR, et al. The outcome of
and spillage of gallstones, losing some of the spilled gallstones unretrieved gallstones in the peritoneal cavity during laparo-
seems inevitable. Although rare, the retained stones can cause scopic cholecystectomy. A prospective analysis. Surg Endosc.
serious complications and therefore every eort must be made 1999;13:848857.
to avoid perforation and spillage. When all spilled stones are 8. Hui TT, Giurgiu DI, Margulies DR, et al. Iatrogenic
not retrieved completely, copious irrigation of the surgical area gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy:
and use of antibiotics are the most commonly performed etiology and sequelae. Am Surg. 1999;65:944948.
procedure. Conversion to open surgery is not recommended at 9. Diez J, Arozamena C, Gutierrez L, et al. Lost stones during
this point. laparoscopic cholecystectomy. HPB Surg. 1998;11:
Studies have shown that retained stones at trocar sites 105109.
cause a higher incidence of infectious complications. Therefore, 10. Hawasli A, Schroder D, Rizzo J, et al. Remote complications
of spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy:
routine use of bags during the retrieval of gallbladders seems to
causes, prevention, and management. J Laparoendosc Adv
be a safe way to avoid this complication.9,14 Surg Tech A. 2002;12:123128.
11. Horton M, Florence MG. Unusual abscess patterns following
CONCLUSIONS dropped gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J
Perforation of the gallbladder and spillage of the Surg. 1998;175:375379.
gallstones is a rare source of morbidity after LC. If all 12. Manukyan M, Demirkalem P, Gulluoglu MB, et al. Retained
spilled gallstones can not be retrieved, conversion to open abdominal gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
procedure is not recommended. Am J Surg. 2005;189:450452.
13. Brueggemeyer MT, Saba AK, Thibodeaux LC, et al. Abscess
formation following spilled gallstones during laparoscopic
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