Chapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) Dynamics Fluid Dynamics Qi 1. Define the term ‘Viscosity’. Ans, The amount of force required to slide one layer of liquid over another layer is called as viscosity Q#2. What do you know about drag force? Ans. An object moving through a fluid experience a retarding force called the drag force. The drag force depends upon the velocity of object in a fluid, ie, the drag force increases as the speed of the particle increases. Q #3. State the Stoke's law. Ans. The drag force Fp on a sphere of radius r moving with speed v through a fluid of viscosity 7 a a: Fy = 6nqrv 5 Q#4, Write a note on terminal velocity ofthe objet when it moves through an fluid. “\ ‘Ans. When an object moves through a fluid, the force pulls the object downward. As zh gult the velocity of the object during its motion through fluid increases Dung dows fe het da oa oo ea ov aeting onthe droplet is Net Force = Weight ~ Drag Force NY the speed of the ‘The drag force depends upon the velocity of object drag force increases as the speed of the particle increases Groplet continues to increase, the drag force eventuall}yapproaches weight im so, Then the droplet with fal magnitude. Finally, when the magnitude of th weight, the net force acting on the droplet be with constant speed called terminal veloc Q#5. Derive the expression of termjagtMeocity for an object magn afuid. Ans, Consider spherical object fps m moving a fluid of (Reokty n with terminal velocity vp. We know thatthe object will move ~aegna velocity when iS weight will equate the drag force ie, INS me x o [As mass(om) = defisity(p) x volume (V) g. Also volume DE SGP) ° = m 2S fin seer ams a mr) _ Dap? omr Oo er eee % Thi Q# 6. Differentiate among the laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar Flow ‘The flow is said to be streamline or laminar, if every particle that passes a particular point moves along exactly the same path, as followed by particles which passed through that points earlier. TH ax eaay approach fe Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) ‘Turbulent Flow ‘The irregular or unsteady flow of the fluid is called turbulent flow. Qi#7. Describe the condition of an ideal fluid. Ans, The conditions of an ideal fluid are: 1. The fluid is non-viscous 2. The fluid is incompressible 3. The fluid motion is stendy Q#8. Derive the equation of continuity. \ Ans. Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe of non-uniform size. Let the particles in fluid moy. “he Ina small time At, the fluid at the lower end of the tube moves a distance Ax, wit Ne ity »,. IAs find out by the expression: am, = p1¥, AAs mass(m) = density(p) x voll) am, = pyAyBx, Vy = Aye ieee 1am 8 Similarly the uid move with velocity v» through NL the upper end of the pipe (area of cross- Point 2 section Az) in the same time A¢ has the mass: Am, = prAyvrAt ‘The mass that flows into the bottom eee the same time, Therefore, Res Am, = Am, = pA = pan, As the density is or the steady flow of tncobupdssible fluid, he equatrbecomes: Arve A Tis Ga we enn 4 CO ei “The product of the cross-sectional area of the pipe and ty. This equation the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is a constant”, ‘The equation of continuity is the statement of law of ‘conservation of mass for the ease of fluid motion. ax easy apgeroachto Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) Q#9. Derive the expression of Bernoulli’s equation for the ease of an ideal fluid. Ans. Consider a fluid that is incompressible, non viscous and flows in a steady state manner through a pipe of non-uniform size as shown in the figure ‘The force on the lower end of the Point 1 fluid is Py, where Py is the pressure and Ay / * Ax, 4 is the area of cross-sectional at the lower end. ‘The work done on the fluid in moving through distance Ax,, will be: W, = Fax, = P.AsAx, ‘Similarly the work done on the fluid at the upper end is: W, = -Fydx, = —PyA,dx oy Where P, is the pressure, A, is the area of cross-section of lower end and 1 distance moved by the fluid fore “» ‘The net work done is Y eee a W = PpA,Axy — PpAphxy ‘S Iv, and v2 are the velocities atthe upper and ee is respectively, then W = PAD, E- PaAgvat o in the same time interval ¢, The work done W is taken to be oes this work is done against the fluid From the equation of continuity, Ayn, = Apv &y ee: “e (Volume of fluid-whdldr consideration) ‘The equation (1) will be w=(P, Q) If'misthe web of fluid, thea Vi= ™ So the equation (3¥ will become: oe ~ Pe nae is work is utilized by the fluid in changing its K.E. and a partis used in changing its gravitational P-E. Change ink. = AK.£-= tv} -L mv? = AK.E.= 5 mv} ~ 5 mv} Change in P.E,= AP.E.= mghz ~mgh; Where hy and hy are the heights of the upper and lower ends respectively. Applying the law of conservation of energy to this volume of fluid, we get mio. d %—PA™ = mo} —Fmv? + mah —mgh ax eaay approach fe Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) 1 py? (— P= m [50 Fut + ahs —ahy 1 pt — ppv? (P,—P,) = pv} — 5002 + pahs — pahs Rearranging the above equation: 1 1 Py + spur + pgh, =P, +5003 + pg, This is Bernoulli's equation and is often expressed as: 1 P+5pv? + pgh = constant Q# 10, State and prove the Torricelli’s theorem, Statement ‘The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by a ® Py 7 the Mud in falling through a distance (hy ~ h) unde the aeton of gravity. Proot ‘Suppose a large tank of fluid has a small orifice on it. Since the hy =) orifice is so small, the efflux speed vz is much larger than vy of | - a V2 the top surface of water. We can therefore, take v;\ hy Ui 2 srrcrnecly eit Hee te Beal seeing CO Ptpah=P+kpoi+eam NY ar = P, = Atmospheric Pressure gh, = 5pv3 + pgh: fel ahah s aA This is the,exphgSkion of speed of effluxfrok the orifice. It is important to note that the speed of the eimoxof soca in asthe pedo alist aight hy ~ The speedos effliteis eqiual 10 the velocity gained by the fluid in en renee ere & Describe the relationship between speed and pressure of the fluid, ee Spier geet aepreme nee oe Explanation Dr Suppose that water flows through a pipe system as shown in the figure. Clearly, the water flows faster at point 2 than it does at point 1 Consider the flow speed at point 1 is 0.20 ms™* and at point 2 it ax eaay approach fe Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) Fluid Dynamics is 2ms~, Applying the Bernoulli’s equation and noting that the average P.E. is the same at both places, we have Li 1 a Pt ppvt =P +50} Substituting v, = 0.20ms"*, v, = 2ms“* and p = 1000 kgm”, we get: P, —P, = 1980 Nm? ‘This shows thatthe pressure in the narrow pipe where the streamline are closer together is much smaller than in the wider pipe. (12. spine ainshp vee ay am presi se lvingsnes, SY Un onan Aeroptane “ Swing of the tennis ballin air aca Ans. 3 Lift on an Aero plane #\ |B ‘The lift on an aero plane is explained on the basis of relationship between pressure and velocity. The wing of the aero plane is designed to_| When a tennis ball shit by the racket in Sg way hat it spins as well as moves forward, the velocity of aifoR one side of the ball increases due to spin and hence the @ffssure decreases. This gives an extra curvature tothe ball an opponent player. SS #13. Derive the Venturi relation for an ideal fluid? Ans, If one part of a reel ‘1 much smaller diaineter than the other, we write Bernoulli equation in more is swing which deceived 2 conenint form. yah tht the pp is horton ph terms becomes equal, Tn the Bemoallinttion is expressed Soot p gs -P= ie = SPP = zp( v3 — v7) As the cross-sectional area A, is small as compared to the area As, then from equation of conti (£2), wi be small as compared to vp Thus we ean neglect» onthe right han side othe equation. Hence P.-P=spu Po =tpul This is known as Venturi relation, which is used in Venturi meter, a device used to measure speed of liquid flow. ax eaay approach fe Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1*' Year) Fluid Dynamics Q# 14, How the blood pressure of a person is measured? Ans. The blood pressure of a person is measured using a device called sphygmomanometer. It consist of an inflatable bag, that is wound around the arm of a patient and extemal pressure on the arm is increased by inflaing the bag When the extemal pressure applied becomes lager than the systolic pressure, the vessels collapse, cutting off the flow ofthe blood. Opening the release valve onthe ball gradually decrease the external pressure A.stethosope detects the instant at which the external pressure becomes equal to the systole pressure Ahi i ldo hgh se wth ey EN se Ass Row nly As the pressure drops, the extemal pressure eventually equals the diastolic pressure. The ah ine blood switches from turbulent to laminar and gurale inte stethoscope disappears. This isthe sf@PI0 record \ Ss the diastolic pressure. EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS QL. Explain what do you know about the term ‘Viscosity’? Ans. The amount of force required to slide one layer of liquid over anothg} layer is called as viscosity. It is denoted by the Greek word 7, — Q #2. What is meant by drag force? What are the factors u th the drag force acting upon a small sphere of radius r, moving down through a liquid, deper Ans. An object moving through a fluid experience a ng force called the dia@\fntce. The drag force ¢Usag fore ‘The other factors upon which the drug force sn are the shups adds of rats depends upon the velocity of object in a uid, ie, increases as the speed of the partic increases. #3. Why fog droplets appear tobe sus Ans. When the magnitude ofthe drag @2pn the fog droplet become eal its weight, the net free acting cnt teins eae et saline it stat ed nd ob see 244 oh het eet he. Laminar Flow The tay ANG o be sueamline or lan i ery pail tha pases pacar point moves long cxaly he rt mop nm irregular or unsteady fl0Ww of the fluid is called turbulent flow. 1 followed by partiol&8 which passed through that points earlier. me Bernoulli's relation for a liquid in motion and describe some of its applications? Ans. The principle states that the sum of pressure, the kinetic and potential energy per unit volume for an ideal fluid remains constant at every point of its path. = ax eaay approach fe Intermediate | According ta Slabs Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 ‘Available Online @ ht: mowfconlineinfoChapter 6 (Physics 1“ Year) Fluid Dynamics Q#6. A person is standing near a fast moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall towards. Ans, When a person is standing near a fast moving train, then the air between them is also fast. According to Bernoulli, where the speed is high, pressure will be low. So the pressure between the person and train will be low as compared to the pressure of side way. So there will be a chance of force a ing on the person from high pressure region to the low pressure region and that he may fall towards the tain, theorem? Q#7. Identify the correct answer. What do you infer from Bernou 1) Where the speed of the ‘Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure is also high. XN lil) This theorem is valid only for turbulent flow of the liquid. is high the pressure will be low . Ans. The correct answer is (1) where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be low. 6 ‘This isin accordance with the Bernoulli's equation, which states for a horizontal pipe, li 1 Pott put =P, + Sou} 6 i other. Explain? ‘Ans. When two boats are moving parallel in the same dreetion, then the wélbe elven them is also lowing Q#8. Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towarr fast. Accoring to Beroul, where the sped s High, presse wil be Hat the pressure betwcen the ow boats decreases as compared 10 the pressure of side way. So the sidey way high pressure pushes the two boats towards each other. Ny (019. Explain, how the swings produce fast moving et al? Ans. When he ike hal town sich way tht RAR wll as ves orn he velocity fhe i som ie noe rn ein ge re oes A ec ca ttl Anon 6 ing which ds er Ans. The carburetor of a motor car uses-P)YEnturi duct to give correctwiXture of air and petrol to the engine. es oppo Q# 10. Explain the working of a ate eee car using Bernoulli's principal. ‘The petrol tank is atached with a pif irough a very small inlet, Air'moves very fast through this pipe. As a res, pressure inthe pipe deeb as comparcd tthe lisre in the petrol tank which is atmospheric pressure. So the petrol mox@itom the tank to tha fig Te. from high pressure to low pressure), and a conret mitt of Q #11 For zien will the maximam) bloga pressure in the body have the smallest value. (a) Standing up Fight (b) Sitting (c) Lying Horizontally (d)Standing on one’s head? Ans. The ofitiph (c) is correct. The bloodpressure will have the smallest value when a person lying horizontally agen space station, Would the blood pressure in the major arteries in the leg ever be greater the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck. Ans. In an orbiting space station, due to weightlessness, the blood pressure in the major arteries in the leg will bbe equal to the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck. District Khushab a Fee Ontineinfo Chapter No. 6 ax eaay approach fe Satermediae |} According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI ‘Available Online @ http://www faconline info