AStudyofEnglishOrthodoxTheologicalTerms

ComparedtotheOriginalGreek

..
HolyMonasteryofSt.Gregoriou,Mt.Athos
July2004

 Contents

Introduction 3
ListofBooks 6
Table1:Translationsofthetermsfoundinthebooksreviewed
7
Table2:Translationsoftheterms:GeneralSynopsis
: 8
Table3:Translationsofthetermsasusedwithintwoperiods
9
Table4:Classificationofthetranslations
10
Table5:Theimmaterialdimensionofthehumanperson
Semanticfields:(psyche)inGreekcomparedtoSoulandPsychein
English
:
soulpsyche 11
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:
: (psyche) 12
(nous) 13
(dianoia) 16
(logos) 19
(theosis) 25

INTRODUCTION

, TheoriginalobjectiveofthisstudywastoshowthatOrthodox
theology when translated into Western European languages
is: (1) linguistically not systematic, and therefore causes con
, fusion; (2) that Western European word equivalents convey
only partially the concepts and processes of their Greek
. prototypes.ThelanguageanalysedinthisstudywasEnglish,
, butthesamecouldequallybeapplied,withsimilarresults,to
, , any Latin or Germanic language. Along with the above also
. comes the proof that Western civilisation now distinguishes
, the semantic field of Greek (psyche) into two distinct
fields,andtodaythishasseriousconsequencesforthewhole
, planet.
. This study took seven Greek books and compared them
with their English translations. Five Greek words were
. selectedforcomparison:(psyche),(nous),
,,,., (dianoia), (logos) and (theosis). The meanings
Lampe Greek Patristic Lexicon, giveninLampesGreekPatristicLexiconarealsoincludedin
(. Table 6). the source material (cf. Table 6). What will be immediately
. noticeablewillbethediversityoftranslatedequivalents.The
, real problem appears when various translators use the same
. .., intellect wordfordifferentGreeklexicalitems.Forexample,intellect
,reason is used to translate both nous and dianoia; reason to
, . translatedianoiaandlogos,etc.ThiscanonlyleadtheEnglish
reading public to misunderstanding and confusion of
. Orthodoxtheology.
, , It will be seen that in the English language, Orthodox
, Patristic terminology is in an embryonic stage, although

3
 Introduction

20 Englishtranslationsinthelast20yearshavemadesignificant
moves towards using the original Greek words. This has
. primarily come about from within monastic circles who
, attempt to live Orthodox theology, rather than merely
conceptualisingandreasoningawaytheexperiencesrevealed
to the Holy Fathers of the Church. In earlier translations,
. many Latin and Germanic words were used. This is not
. desirable,becausetheoriginalGreekwordscontainabreadth
,, andadepthofmeaningrepresentativeofspiritualstatesand
, psychicfunctionsandexperiences,whichdonotexistintheir
, , Westernequivalents.
For example, Word and sacrament are poor equivalents for
. Logosandmysteryrespectively.Also,theword(nous)has
, Word sacrament been misleadingly translated by such words as mind or
, intellectwhere in fact no Western concept exists which is
equivalent to the Patristic concept of (nous). Recent
mindintellect, monastic translations have begun to use the original Greek
. words,bydoingsotheambiguitiesandmisunderstandsborn
oftheintellectareeliminated.
The greatest and least understood fault lies in the Biblical
. word (psyche). In English, the meaning of this word
overthelast150yearsorsohasconstellatedintotwodistinct
.150, conceptual fields. On the one hand, we have the words soul,
life and breath, which form one field. On the other hand, we
. , soul, life havethewordspsyche(asinmodernpsychology)andmind(as
breath,., in the mindbody dichotomy), comprising the other field. For
psyche(psychology)mind(mindbody), example, in Greek it is patently clear that it is necessary to
. .., , cure the (psyche), so that it may be saved. In English,
, , onetalksofcuringthepsyche,butneverofsavingitsalvation

4
 Introduction

, psyche, beingreservedexclusivelyforthesoul.Thetwowordsremain
soul. distinct;thereislittleornoconnectionbetweenpsychichealth
, and the eternal animating principle known as soul (cf. Table
psychic () 5).
,soul(.Table5). Thisstudyineffectachievestwogoals.Thefirstobjectiveis
: the wellknown (at least to the English speaking Orthodox
, theologians)butneverspokenaimofdisclosingtheconfusion
, . , presentinEnglishterms,andindoingsohelptoapproachan
, agreed theological terminology, which will be faithful to the
. Holy Fathers. The second objective is to highlight the dis
. location of the psyche () in western civilisation. This
fragmentation is both systematic and indicative of a deep
,, spiritualmalady,whichshowslittleornosignofabating,and
. whoseconsequencesreverberatethroughoutthewholeworld.
George (Robin) Amis, As George (Robin) Amis, who to our knowledge is the first
,: person to highlight this rift, says, this is indicative of the
, dislocation of the psyche that Western civilisation is now
. psychic () subjectto.ThispsychicdisfunctionalityofWesterncivilisation
has only been diagnosed recently, and has as yet had no
. impactoneitherthehealthcaresystemortheology.
Although this study primarily points to the shortcomings
. of translations into English, there also appear inherent
. , directionsforimprovement.Onmustbearinmindthatthisis
. intendedasabriefstudytoshowtheexistingproblems.Itis
, far from comprehensive, and could be expanded to cover a
, widerrangeoftermsfromalargernumberoftranslations.
.

5
ListofBooks

Listofbooks(Thetitlesareinchronologicalorderaccordingtothedateofthetranslation)

Lampe1961 APatristicGreekLexicon.Ed.byG.W.H.Lampe,D.D.,Oxford1961.

19571958 .,
,,,1957;,1958.
Philokalia19791981 ThePhilokalia.TheCompleteText.Tr.byG.E.H.Palmer,PhilipSherrard,KallistosWare.London/Boston,Vol.
One,1979;Vol.Two,1981.

1981 :..
,1981.
Nellas(Russell)1987 PanayiotisNellas:DeificationinChrist.TheNatureoftheHumanPerson.Tr.byNormanRussell.NewYork
1987.

Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 TheoleptosofPhiladelphia:TheMonasticDiscourses.ACriticalEdition,TranslationandStudybyRobertE.
Sinkewicz,C.S.B.Toronto,PontificalInstituteofMediaevalStudies,1992.

1986 .:.1986.
Mantzarides(Schram)1994 GiorgiosI.Mantzarides:OrthodoxSpiritualLife.Tr.byKeithSchram.Brookline,HolyCrossOrthodoxPress,
1994.

1987 ..:().,
1987.
Hierotheos(Williams)1994 BishopofNafpaktosHierotheos:OrthodoxPsychotherapy.ThescienceoftheFathers.Tr.byEstherWilliams.
Levadia1994.

1985 :.,,
1985.
ElderJoseph1998 MonasticWisdom.TheLettersofElderJosephtheHesychast.St.AnthonysGreekOrthodoxMonastery,
Florence,Arizona,1998.

1957 .:.1957.
Romanides(Gabriel)2002 JohnS.Romanides:TheAncestralSin.Tr.withanIntroductionbyGeorgeS.Gabriel(MADr.,Acadmiede
ParisSaintDenysInstitutdeThologieOrthodoxedeParis).Ridgewood,NJ,2002.

6
Table1:Translationsofthetermsfoundinthebooksreviewed Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

Termstranslated
Translation (psyche) (nous) (dianoia) (logos) (theosis)
soul intellect(nous)Glossary reason,mind(dianoia) Logos(Logos)Glossary deification
intellect Glossary Logos [divinize]
Philokalia19791981 [intelligible] mind intelligence
[thoughts] reason principle
soul intellect(nous) intellectual Logos deification(theosis)
intellect reason(logos) deification
Nellas(Russell)1987 mind essence(logos)
[intelligible] reason
word
essences
principle
[rational(logikos)]
[intelligence]
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 soul mind()Index discursivemind()Index reason [divinization]
mind mind Word [divinize]
discursiveintellect word [divinizing]
soul intellect mind Logos deification
mind thought Word(Logos) [deified]
Mantzarides(Schram)1994 understanding innerprinciples(logoi)
[intellectual] Word
[rational(logiko)]
[logical]
[rationality]
psyche nous mind(dianoia) Logos deification
soul(psyche) understanding(nous) mind intelligence [deified]
Hierotheos(Williams)1994 soul(psyche) reason speech
hisown(psyche) Word
himself(psyche) word
histrueself(psyche) [intelligence]
soul [intelligent]
soul [word]
soul nous()Glossary intellect()Glossary Word theosis()Glossary
nous intellect words
ElderJoseph1998 mind [rational]
[noetically]
soul mind(nous) Intellect Logos theosis
intellect [mentally] reason theosis(divinization)
Romanides(Gabriel)2002 mind [reasoning]
{understanding} [rational]
[endowedwithreason]
[rationality]

7
Table2:Translationsoftheterms:GeneralSynopsis Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

Termstranslated
(psyche) (nous) (dianoia) (logos) (theosis)
psyche nous()Glossary intellect()Glossary Logos(Logos)Glossary theosis()Glossary
nous intellect Logos theosis
soul(psyche) [noetically] intellectual [logical] theosis(divinization)
soul(psyche) [intellectual]
soul mind()Index reason(logos) deification(theosis)
soul mind(nous) discursiveintellect reason deification
mind [rational(logikos)] [deified]
hisown(psyche) discursivemind() [rational(logiko)]
himself(psyche) intellect(nous)Glossary Index [rational] [divinize]
histrueself(psyche) intellect(nous) mind(dianoia) [rationality] [divinizing]
intellect mind [reasoning] [divinization]
[intelligible] [mentally] [endowedwithreason]

[thoughts] reason,mind( innerprinciples(logoi)
dianoia)Glossary principle
understanding(nous) reason
{understanding} essence(logos)
thought essences

understanding intelligence
[intelligence]
[intelligent]

Word(Logos)
Word
word
words
[word]

speech

8
Table3:Translationsofthetermsasusedwithintwoperiods Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

Dates Termstranslated
(psyche) (nous) (dianoia) (logos) (theosis)
19791993 soul mind()Index discursivemind Logos(Logos) deification(theosis)
intellect(nous) ()Index Glossary deification
Glossary reason,mind( Logos [divinize]
intellect(nous) dianoia)Glossary reason(logos) [divinization]
mind mind essence(logos) [divinizing]
intellect reason intelligence
[intelligible] discursiveintellect reason
[thoughts] intellectual Word
word
essences
principle
[rational(logikos)]
[intelligence]
19942002 psyche nous()Glossary intellect() Logos theosis()
soul(psyche) nous Glossary Word(Logos) Glossary
soul(psyche) mind(nous) mind(dianoia) innerprinciples(logoi) theosis
hisown(psyche) understanding(nous) mind intelligence theosis(divinization)
himself(psyche) mind intellect reason deification
histrueself(psyche) intellect reason speech [deified]
soul [noetically] understanding Word
soul {understanding} thought word
[mentally] words
[intellectual] [intelligence]
[intelligent]
[logical]
[rational(logiko)]
[rational]
[rationality]
[reasoning]
[endowedwithreason]
[word]

9
Table4:Classificationofthetranslations(derivationsnotincludedexceptfor)

A (derivations)

psyche nous Logos [logical] theosis

B
theosis(divinisation)

soul(psyche) mind(nous) mind(dianoia) Word(Logos) deification(theosis)

C [rational(logikos)]
soul(psyche) intellect(nous) reason(logos)
[rational(logiko)]
hisown(psyche) understanding(nous) essence(logos)
histrueself(psyche) innerprinciples(logoi)
himself(psyche)

soul mind mind deification

soul intellect intellect intelligence [intelligence]
intellectual [intelligent]
reason reason [reasoning]
[endowedwithreason]
D [rational],[rationality]
discursiveintellect principle
understanding essences
thought Word
word [word]
words
speech

A Greekterms
B TranslationsbytransliteratedGreekterms
C TranslationsbyEnglishtermswithtransliteratedGreekinbrackets
D TranslationsbyEnglishtermsonly

10
Table5:TheimmaterialdimensionofthehumanpersonLexicalfields:(psyche)inGreekvs.SoulandPsycheinEnglish

Greek English

Soul Psyche

Life Soul
Soul
Lifeprocesses Subjectofour
Subjectofour Breath
Birthtodeath salvation
salvation Essenceofour Psyche
Life Subjectof
modern
Life psychology
Mind Psyche
Lifeprocesses
Mentalfaculty Subjectof Birthtodeath
modern
psychology
Mind
Mentalfaculty
Breath
Essenceofour
Life

1field 2fields
11
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(psyche) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

19571958 Philokalia19791981
soul soul
1981 Nellas(Russell)1987
soul soul
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992
soul soul
1986 Mantzarides(Schram)1994
soul soul
1987 Hierotheos(Williams)1994
.91... p.97TheSoul(Psyche)...Whatthesoul soul
is soul(psyche)
.92.... p.98...thetermusedforlifeispsyche. psyche
.92... p.98Soulisthelife...Sincethetermsoul soul
... hasmanymeanings...
.93... p.99Thedifferencebetweensoul soul(psyche)
(psyche)...andlife(psyche)...appears
: alsoinanotherofChriststeachings:
, Whoevercaresforhisownsafety hisown(psyche)
(psyche)islost;butifamanwilllet
,(.,25). himself(psyche)belostformysake,he himself(psyche)
willfindhistrueself(psyche)(Matt. histrueself
16,25,NEB). (psyche)
.93.. p.99Thewordsoulisalsoused...
1985 ElderJoseph1998
soul soul
1957 Romanides(Gabriel)2002
soul soul

Translation Definition
Lampe1961 Lampe1961
p.1542bsoul,...vitalprinciple p.1542bi.e.vitalprincipleincreatures

12
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(nous) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

19571958 Philokalia19791981 Philokalia19791981
A30 1,22OnGuardingtheIntellect intellect p.362(Glossary):
Intellect(nous):thehighestfacultyinman,
A31 1,25Whentheintellectresuesthesouls
throughwhichprovideditispurifiedheknows
... sensesfromthedesiresoftheflesh... Godortheinneressencesorprinciples(q.v.)ofcreated
A199 1,210everythinginmanisasleep:the thingsbymeansofdirectapprehensionorspiritual
intellect,thesoulandthesenses perception.Unlikethedianoiaorreason(q.v.),from
whichitmustbecarefullydistinguished,theintellect
127 2,210Andthehumanintellect,...
doesnotfunctionbyformulatingabstractconceptsand
,... occupied...withthedivineprinciplesof thenarguingonthisbasistoaconclusionreached
,...... thenoeticworld,isaheavenitself. throughdeductivereasoning,butitunderstands
divinetruthbymeansofimmediateexperience,
[thoughts] intuitionorsimplecognition(thetermusedbySt
A199 1,210allowingfreeentrytodivine
IsaactheSyrian).Theintellectdwellsinthedepthsof
thoughts
thesoul;itconstituestheinnermostaspectoftheheart
53, 2,115Createdbeingsaretermed [intelligible] (StDiadochos...).Theintellectistheorganof
intelligible contemplation(q.v.),theeyeoftheheart(Makarian
Homilies).
1981 Nellas(Russell)1987
.35 p.35intellectanddesire intellect
.206,... p.180Theintellect(nous)... intellect(nous)
.208 p.181eventheintellectismixedwith
clay
.217 p.189Awakenmymindandturnme mind
back
.217 p.189thetaskofpurifyingthethoughts
() bywhichthemindfunctions

.242, p.216totheintellectivefaculty,thatis,
(..) themind
.240(. p.215thingssensibleandintelligible [intelligible]
.)
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992
p.901,10... p.911,10thenthemindawakens... mind p.411(GeneralIndex):mind()

13
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(nous) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

p.881,7, p.891,7distractionsofthediscursive
,... intellect,captivityofmind,...
1986 Mantzarides(Schram)1994
.39... p.27Themindofman mind
.100, p.116Theintellect,whichisthehighest intellect
... powerofthesoul...
.101 p.116Whilethemanshouldhavehis
,... intellectfixedonGod,...
,... p.159OholyVirgin,...Onlyincliningto mind
, youhasmademymindmoreclear,
raisingitstraighttothedivineheight.The
(. eyeofmyunderstandingismadeclearin
.11,.53,41.312314) you.
1987 Hierotheos(Williams)1994
.91..., p.97hownous,heartandmind nous
() (thoughts)arehealed
.114(. p.122heopenedtheirunderstanding understanding
24,45) (nous) (nous)
.115..., p.123IwillpraywiththespiritandIwill nous
(.,14 praywiththenousalso
15)
1985 MonasticWisdom1998 MonasticWisdom1998
.58 p.58Thenousshouldhuntoutthe nous p.404(Glossary):
. meaningofthehymn.Theintellect Nous():TheChurchFathersemploytheterm
nouswithseveralmeanings.Theymainlyrefertothe
shouldbesweetenedbythethoughtsof nousasthesoul(thespiritualnatureofamanSt.
. thenousandshouldbeleduptotheir IsaactheSyrian)andtheheart(ortheessenceofthe
contemplation. soulvid.Philokalia,vol.II,p.109,73).More
.95, p.89Thusthenousbecomesalllight,all specifically,itconstitutestheinnermostaspectofthe
heart(St.Diadochos79,88).However,theyalsorefer
. clarity.
toitastheeyeofthesoul(TheOrthodoxFaith,St.John
.125; p.115Forwhohathknownthemindof mind ofDamascus,FCvol.37,p.236)ortheorganof
theRulerofAll? theoria(MakarianHomilies)whichisengagedinpure
.165. p.148...whilemymindtheologized prayer(St.IsaactheSyrain).Whenreferringtothe
energyofthenous,theycallitapowerofthesoul
unceasingly,...
(OntheHolySpirit,St.GregoryPalamas,2,9)

14
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(nous) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

.416 p.354Ifheisprayingnoetically,he [noetically] consistingofthoughtsandconceptualimages(Onthe
,... noeticallyperceivestheradiantcloud,... Hesychasts,St.GregoryPalamas,p.410,3).However,it
ismorecommonlyknownastheenergyofthesoul,
whereastheheartisknownastheessenceofthesoul.
1957 Romanides(Gabriel)2002
.95... p.106Thisissupposedtocausecessation mind
ofallmovementsofthemindandwill
, towardanyotherpersonorthingsince
thereisnothingmoredesirableforthe
. humanintellectthanthedivineessence.
.136 p.149f.Indeedhestatesthatbetweenthe
divineandhumanmindsnocomparison
. canexist.
.154... p.168Hiswholemind(nous)was mind(nous)
,... continuouslybeholdingGod;...
.99 p.111Therefore,itisnotpossibleto
defineGodasmindinHisessence...
,...
.135...... p.148...Manisnot...merelyarational {understanding}
. animalcapableofunderstandingand
(.) receivingknowledge,
.99...,, p.110...and,unlikePlato,hedoesnot intellect
...(. saythatsometimesHeisintellectand
.,...,. sometimesHeissoul.
PG59,3334)

Translation Definition
Lampe1961 Lampe1961
p.923aI.mind
p.927aIIsense,meaning p.927aIIsense,meaningofscripture,esp.ofnonliteral
sense

15
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(dianoia) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

19571958 Philokalia19791981 Philokalia19791981
A166 1,190ButagainChristwillresolvethis mind p.364(Glossary):
, doubtifwealwaysbaseourmindfirmly Reason,mind(dianoia):thediscursive,
conceptualizingandlogicalfacultyofman,the
. onHim. functionofwhichistodrawconclusionsorformulate
A199, 1,210Thustheintellectineachofus reason conceptsderivingfromdataprovidedeitherby
,, resideswithinlikeaking,whilethe revelationorspiritualknowledge(q.v.)orbysense
reasonactsasdoorkeeperofthesenses. observation.Theknowledgeofthereasonis
consequentlyofalowerorderthanspiritual
137, 2,223Intelligenceandreason...They knowledge(q.v.)anddoesnotimplyprinciples(q.v.)
, labourlikeaservantandahandmaidfor ofcreatedbeings,stilllessofdivinetruthitself.Indeed,
,... everyonewhopractisesthevirtues,... suchapprehensionorperception,whichisthefunction
232,... 2,334Thesensesofthesoul,...,are oftheintellect(q.v.),isbeyondthescopeofthereason.
,,, intellect,reason,opinion,fantasyand
. senseperception.
1981 Nellas(Russell)1987
.242(. p.216theintellectualworld intellectual
.)
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992
p.861,5...,... p.871,5turmoiluponthediscursive discursive p.406(GeneralIndex):
intellect... intellect discursivemind()
p.881,7, p.891,7distractionsofthediscursive
,... intellect,captivityofmind,...
p.921,11 p.931,11Christrisesinthefirmamentof
... themindatprayer...andthemindgoes mind
,... aboutitswork,...
1986 Mantzarides(Schram)1994
.57.7 p.74fn.1Amindthathasfoundspiritual mind
,...(,.74) wisdom...(St.IsaactheSyrian)
.103.17... p.117fn.16...Asitiseasiertosinin thought
thoughtthanindeed,...(Evagrios
,...(,.) Pontikos)
.40 p.29Butthisreturnisnotsomesimple [intellectual]
,... intellectualmatter,...

16
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(dianoia) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

,... p.159OholyVirgin,...Onlyincliningto understanding
, youhasmademymindmoreclear,
raisingitstraighttothedivineheight.The
(. eyeofmyunderstandingismadeclearin
.11,.53,41.312314) you.
1987 Hierotheos(Williams)1994
.91..., p.97hownous,heartandmind mind
() (thoughts)arehealed
.111..., p.118distinction,amongthetermssoul, mind(dianoia)
, nous,heart,andmind(dianoia)
.115 p.122Nousandreason reason
.115 p.123Soherenousisidentifiedwith
,. reason,intelligence.
.115 p.123OtherFathersusethetermnousto
, defineattention,whichismoresubtle
. thanreason.
1985 ElderJoseph1998 ElderJoseph1998
.58 p.58Thenousshouldhuntoutthe intellect p.402(Glossary):
. meaningofthehymn.Theintellect Intellect():Thewordmeansthereason
ofman,thatis,hisdiscursive,conceptualizing,and
shouldbesweetenedbythethoughtsof logicalfacultyofconsciousthinkingandcognition.It
. thenousandshouldbeleduptotheir drawsconclusionsandformulatesconceptsfrominfor
contemplation. mationeitherobtainedbyrevelationorbythesenses.*

*(p.410,footnotetoGossary)Wechosetotranslate(dianoia)asintellect,becauseitisthewordclosestinmeaningtotheGreekterm.For,accordingtotheOxfordDictionaryoftheEnglish
Language,theintellectis:thatfacultyorsumoffacultiesofthemindorsoulbywhichoneknowsandreasons(excludingsensation,andsometimesimagination;distinguishedfromfeelingandwill);
powerofthought;understanding.Rarelyinreferencetotheloweranimals.(vol.IX,p.369)
Thewordmindcouldbeusedtotranslatedianoiabecauseoneofthemeaningsofthewordmind,accordingtothesamedictionary,is:thecognitiveorintellectualpowers,asdistinguishedfromthe
willandemotions.Oftencontrastedwithheart.(vol.XIII,p.461)However,thiswordalsohasothermeaningswhichrenderitambiguous.Inparticular,theprimarysenseofthewordis:theseatofa
personsconsciousness,thoughts,volitions,andfeelings;thesystemofcognitiveandemotionalphenomenaandpowersthatconstitutesthesubjectivebeingofaperson;also,theincorporealsubjectsof
psychicalfaculties,thespiritualpartsofahumanbeing;thesoulasdistinguishedfromthebody.(Ibid)Thismeaningofthewordmindisnotonlydifferentthanthemeaningoftheworddianoia,but
itisalsoremarkablysimilartothemeaningoftheword(nous).Furthermore,thewordmindisneededtotranslatethetermnousinphrasessuchaskeepinmind,themindwanders,etc.Thus,if
thewordmindwereemployedtotranslatethetermdianoia,itwouldbeunclearwhetherdianoiaornousismeant.Therefore,inordertoavoidthisconfusion,wedecidedtousetheclearerword
intellect.
Unfortunately,though,thewordintellecthasbeenusedwithanewmeaninginrecentyears.SomeOrthodoxbookspublishedtodayhavetranslatedthewordnousasintellectandtheworddianoia
asmind.Asexplainedabove,itisnotwrongtousethewordmindfortheworddianoia,giventhatthereaderunderstandsthatitisthelimitedmeaningofthewordmindwhichisintended.
However,tousethewordintellectforthetermnousisinaccurateoratbest,innovative(ifonebearsinmindthatthemeaningofawordinalanguageisnotstatic,butdevelopsaccordingtousage).

17
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(dianoia) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

.74,, p.72Andinthismanneroneisexercised,
,,, tried,andperfected,assuchasour
,. nature,nous,intellect,andsoulsvessel
canhold.
.293... p.252...Iturnedmyintellecttoprayer
. oncemore.
1957 Romanides(Gabriel)2002
.95... p.106Thisissupposedtocausecessation intellect
ofallmovementsofthemindandwill
, towardanyotherpersonorthingsince
thereisnothingmoredesirableforthe
. humanintellectthanthedivineessence.
.139...... p.152...Christ...wasperfected(notfrom
(, sintoperfection,butfromaninfance
conditiontoamentallyandphysically [mentally]
... matureman,...).
).

Translation Definition
Lampe1961 Lampe1961
noentry noentry

18
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

19571958 Philokalia19791981 Philokalia19791981
98... 2,173...letusstrugglenottobetraythe Logos p.363(Glossary):
... Logostothepassions... Logos(Logos):theSecondPersonoftheHoly
Trinity,ortheIntellect,WisdomandProvidenceof
B27,97, 2,82Apureintellectseesthingscorrectly. intelligence Godinwhomandthroughwhomallthingsare
., Atrainedintelligenceputstheminorder. created.Astheunitarycosmicprinciple,theLogos
containsinHimselfthemultiplelogoi(innerprinciples
137, 2,223Intelligenceandreason...They orinneressences,thoughtsofGod)inaccordancewith
whichallthingscomeintoexistenceatthetimesand
, labourlikeaservantandahandmaidfor places,andtheforms,appointedtothem,eachsingle
,... everyonewhopractisesthevirtues,... thingtherebycontaininginitselftheprincipleofits
127 2,210Andthehumanintellect,... principle owndevelopment.Itistheselogoi,contained
,... occupied...withthedivineprinciplesof principallyintheLogosandmanifestintheformsof
thecreateduniverse,thatconstitutethefirstorlower
,...... thenoeticworld,isaheavenitself.
stageofcontemplation(q.v.).
53, 2,115Createdbeingscanbeknown
rationallybymeansoftheinner
,... principles...
1981 Nellas(Russell)1987
.24 p.25...cleavingtotheLogoslikea Logos
...(.) shadowandhavingbecomerational [rational(logikos)]
(logikoi)...
.27 p.28Forasourownreason(logos)isan reason(logos)
,,...(. imageofthetrueLogosoftheSonofGod Logos
) ...
.35 p.35Mansarchetypeisthereforenot
, simplytheLogosbuttheincarnateLogos.
.
.34...... p.34withlifeandreasonandwisdom reason
(.)
.50 p.47derivedfromthenatureofbeings [intelligence]
lackingintelligence
.218 p.190itcanbenourishedbythelife word
givingtruthofthedivineword
.242...... p.216Andthebodilysensesthemselves, essences

19
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

... inaccordancewiththemoredivine
(..) inwardessencesbefittingthem,...
... ibid.throughtheirownapprehensionof essence(logos)
(..) theinwardessences(logoi)ofcreated
things
... ibid.hasnaturallybeassigned principle
beforehandtoeachofthesoulsfaculties
(. inananalogousmannerandbyacertain
.) hiddenprinciple
... ibid.Itissaidthatthesenseofsight reason
,, belongstotheintellectivefaculty,thatis,
,,, tothemind,thesenseofhearingtothe
,...(..) rationalfaculty,thatis,toreason,...
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992
p.1001,23 p.1011,23theharmonyandunionof word
mind,wordandsoul...
p.1704,5 p.1714,5Byhiswordhehealedher
rationalsoul
p.26413,4... p.26513,4...thenyougivebodily
... existencetothewordofvirtue...
p.26413,4... p.26513,4...andstraightawayyouwill Word
... conceivetheWordofGod...
p.1182,14... p.1192,14slippingintothedarknessof reason
, loveforthesenses,heabandonslovefor
thedivinelight,isseparatedfromreason,
... exiledfromknowledge...
1986 Mantzarides(Schram)1994
.35, p.23AsacreatureofGod,madewithhis Word
,... Wordasthearchetype,...
.42,...(..) p.29ThedivineLogos...(St.Maximus Logos
theConfessor)
.38, p.28WhensomeonedeniesGod,heisnot [logical]
. makingsomelogicalmistake.
.35. p.23Mansummarizestheinner innerprinciples
principles(logoi)ofallbeingsintheimage (logoi)

20
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

. ofGodtheWord(Logos).Thatis,asthe Word(Logos)
o innerprinciplesofbeingsreferbackto
, andaresummarizedintheWordofGod,
soalsotheinnerprinciplesofbeingsare
concentratedandsummarizedinmanin
. theimageofGodtheWord.Here
. moreover,therationalityofmanreaches [rationality]
, itspeak.Inotherwords,manisarational [rational(logiko)]
. (logiko)being,becauseheistheimageof
GodtheWord.
1987 Hierotheos(Williams)1994
.100..., p.106...thattheHolyTrinityisNous, Word
WordandSpirit
.100..., p.106thesoul...isendowedwithnous, [word]
(.) wordandspirit
.193194,... p.205InmanyFathers,...thewordisalso word
. calledthelogistikon,intelligence.The
. wordinmanissaidinwardlybutalso
, expressedoutwardly.Outwardsilence
. doesnotmeanthatthereisnotaninner
. word.Butafterastudyoftheworksof
, theFathersitcanbeassertedwithsome
, cautionthatthewordisinwardand
outwardandisunitedwiththenous,
, whiletheintelligencewhichisconnected [intelligence]
withthemind,istheorganthrough
whichthewordisexpressed.Thusitcan
. bestatedthatthereisasubtledifference
betweenthewordandintelligence,justas
, thereisbetweenthewordandmind.St.
. Thalassiosteachesthattheintelligence
bynaturesubmitstotheLogos.The Logos
,. intelligentmanmustsubmittotheWord. [intelligent]
Word
.

21
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

.115, p.123Apurenousseesthingscorrectly. intelligence
., Atrainedintelligenceputstheminorder.
(B27, (cf.abovePhilokalia2,82)
97,.)
.115...,, p.123...andtheintelligenceisthatwhich
. formulatesandexpresseswhathasbeen
seen.
.115..., p.123butalsoexpression,thatistrained speech
speech,inordertoexpressthese
supernaturalrealitiesasfarasispossible.
.
1985 ElderJoseph1998
.339, p.291ThenChrist,WhoistheWordwith Word
theFatherandtheSpirit,willcomewithin
,... you,...
.295 p.253WithwhatwordsshallIrebukemy words
; wretchedsoul?
.61 p.62Sincemanwascreatedrationaland [rational]
,... gentle,...
.312... p.267...everyshepherdofrationalsheep
... ...
1957 Romanides(Gabriel)2002
.135... p.149Notasinglething...caneverbeen Logos
,... comparedtotheLogosofGod,...
.64... p.73...ThisiswhyJohndoesnotbegin...
..., butwithInthebeginningwastheLogos
... ...
.50... p.57BasiltheGreat...says,Indeed,the
divinenature,despitethenuancesofall
,,, theappellationsbywhichitiscalled,
... remansasindiscernableasourown reason
reason....
.65 p.74ReasoningcreaturesmadebyGod... [reasoning]
...
.135...... p.148...Manisnot...merelyarational [rational]

22
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

. animalcapableofunderstandingand
(.) receivingknowledge,
.136()... p.149(Irenaeus)...hewrites,Being [endowedwith
... endowedwithreason...Hewasmadea reason]
. rationalbeing,andhelostthetrue [rational]
rationality. [rationality]
.134 p.148Buthedidnotlosehisrationality
. andsovereignty.

Translation Definition(s)
Lampe1961 Lampe1961
p.807bword; p.807b
I.ingen.
A.spokenexpression;
1.word
2.statement,sentence
3.command 3.ofdivineauthorityingen.
4.promise
5.story,conversation,discourse
6.report,tale
7.treatise 7.dist.fromsermon
8.sermon,homily
9.passage 9.ofscripture
10.formofwords,mannerofspeaking 10.opp.literalsense
p.808a p.808a
11.meretalk 11.opp.truthorfact
12.teaching,opinion,knowledge 12.substanceofwhatissaid,...esp.ofdoctrine...
13.learning,education 13.hence,plur.
14.speech,language 14.ingen.
B.immanentrationality
1.reason,understanding
2.ground,reason,motive
3.explanation
4.definition,description
5.principle;
a.ground a.ofcosmicorder
b.law,essentialdisposition b.formativeandregulativelawofbeing

23
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(logos) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

Translation Definition(s)
p.808b p.808b
c.principleorrule c.principleorruleembodyingtheresultof

6. 6.for.,...
C.reckoning;
1.computation
2.account
3.account,creditaccount,credit 3.financialaccount;hencecreditaccount
4.onaccountof,forthesakeof;inregardto,in
respectof
5.for,onbehalfof
D.matter,fact
E.regard,esteem
F.concern,interest
G.relation
H.manner,arrangement
I.condition,limitation
J.status
K.function
II. II.theol.,ofsecondPersonofTrinity;
(...) (...)

24
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(theosis) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

19571958 Philokalia19791981
98, 2,173Godmadeussothat...wemight deification
... cometobelikeHimthroughdeification
. bygrace.

22 1,349Thesoulisdivinizedthroughthe [divinize]
intellect
1981 Nellas(Russell)1987
.40 p.39meaningofdeification deification
.41 p.39TheFathersdescribedthePauline deification
...... lifeinChristasdeification(theosis)... (theosis)
.243...(. p.218love...productiveofdeification
.)
Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992 Theoleptos(Sinkewicz)1992
p.861,3 p.871,3Itsfruitistheacquisitionofthe [divinizing] p.407(GeneralIndex):
virtues,divinizingloveandthejoywhich divinization()
... cannotbeseveredfromthese.
p.26413,4... p.26513,4mindfulnessforthedivinizing
... commandments...
p.34221,5... p.34321,5ButtheSunofGod...he [divinize]
... divinizedus...
p.35823,12...... p.35923,12...so,too,themind,... [divinization]
, undergoesadivinetransformation...
Thusthemindreceiveslifeand
. divinizationfromknowingandloving
God.
1986 Mantzarides(Schram)1994
.132 p.149Deification deification
.133 p.150Thelongingfordeficationisinnate
. inman.
...... ibid....man...hecannotbefulfilledifhe [deified]
,, isnotledtowhathedesires,ifheisnot

25
Table6:Sourcematerialforstudy:(theosis) Note:[]denotetranslationsofderivedterms,{}translationswithdifferentsyntaxinEnglish.

OriginalBook Translation Termstranslated Definition

. deified.
.142 p.156Bygrace,deifiedmanreceives
,. anythingthattheuncreatedGodhas.
.32 p.161fn.24Themandeifiedbygraceis
everythingthatGodisexceptforidentity
..., ofessence.St.Max.Confessor,To
61,.16,PG90,44D. Thalassios61.16,PG90.44D.
1987 Hierotheos(Williams)1994
.61... p.65Bycontrast,theProphetisonewho deification
. hasattaineddeification.
.66...() p.70...mysticaltheology(deification)
.69 p.75Thebishopisafruitofdeification,
, and,havinghimselfbeendeified,by [deified]
gracehehelpshisfellowChristianalong
. hisownjourneytowardsdeification.
.61 p.66Thedeifiedapostlesandprophets
... ...
1985 ElderJoseph1998 ElderJoseph1998
p.409(Glossary):
Theosis():Connectedwiththetheoriaof
uncreatedLight,theosis,ordivinization,isa
participationintheuncreatedgraceofGod.Atthis
stageofperfection,onehasreacheddispassion.
ThroughthecooperationofGodwithman,theosisis
attainedthroughtheactionofthetransfigurativegrace
ofGod.
1957 Romanides(Gabriel)2002
.100... p.112...thefailureofmantoattainto theosis
... perfectionandtheosis(divinization)... (divinization)
... ibid....throughtheperfectingandtheosis theosis
. ofman.

Translation Definition
Lampe1961
p.649bdeification,divinization

26